hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 ڡ / page 5 (22)

spelling - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-10-21 Fri

#4925. ޻ɽɤȱѸ쥹ڥ󥰴 [romaji][spelling][japanese][writing][register]

Ρ#4905. ְΡפ Aichi Aiti ([2022-10-01-1]) ȴϢơīīʹī2̤ǡ֤狼롪޻ΤĤŤʣΡפꤹ2Υ޻β⤬ǺܤƤˤȡ־عιǤϡչ𼨤դޤƷἰ濴˳ؤ֡Ǥ⡤ѥݡȤɽƻϩɸʤɼҲǤϡѸ˶ᤤإܥ󼰤¿롥ʸģ9ȯɽ2021ǯ٤ι˴ؤĴǡ̾ʤɤ޻ǽ񤯤ʤɤ졩ʹȡإܥ󼰤ƩƤդ¿äἰ¿Фդ⤢äפȤ롥
衹ΤȤǡ夲ƵˤĤ̾Υ޻񤭤ˤĤƿҤͤȤ̣ȤʸģĴƱͤˡĿͤˤäɤ줬褦ȤȤʬä伫ȤϡȤĤŤΤ̤ȻפäƤΤˡȤĤŤͤ⤱äΤʤȵŤʤʤեåʷиä
Aiti/Aichi, Gihu/Gifu, Uzi/Uji, Akasi/Akashi, Atugi/Atsugi, Gosyogawara/Goshogawara, Tanba/Tamba Τ褦ʷἰȥإܥ󼰤κۤˤĤơȤΤĤŤ򿶤֤ꡤʬϤƤä⤷ʬϤФΤǤĤҲ𤷤褦

ĿŪˤ sho ǤϤʤ syo Ȥ⤷餽θ syo ȤʸѸǸ뤳ȤʤΤǡti ȰäƱѸȯǴĤƤʤȤ𤬤Τ⤷ʤ
ռŪˤ̵ռˤϤ狼ʤɽ줬ѤʤɤθƤޤΤǤϤʤ㤨СפϴѸҸѤ뤳Ȥ¿顤޻ǽ񤯤Ȥʤä˱Ѹʡإܥ󼰡ˤռǽȻפä
ĿͤȤƤϡTamba ðȡ˰ʳϽ񤯤Ȥ⥭ܡɤǤĤȤ⤹٤ƥإܥ󼰤äΤǡʤʤΤȹͤƤߤ餯 chi shi, sho ʤɤϡñǤܤˤ뵡¿ƬDZѸ˼ưѴ䤹ʤäƤΤȴ롥ǡ֤Сפ֤ƤפפΡ֤פȤ m ȼưѴǤۤɤˤϱѸǾˤʤäƤ餺ޤܿͤδФβǥ޻񤤤Ƥ
ѥǤʸϤκݤˤϡ֤פϱѸŪʡchiפϤΤФơ֤פܸŪʡˤʡsyoפǤĤΤ¿ɤǤäΰ첻첻Ǥΰ㤤ϤɤΤ褦ʸˤäΤʤΤ˵ˤʤä
Ǥ˽ФƤɤޤ뤳Ȥռƽ񤯤ȤȤ礭ƶȴ޻޻ȤɽܸüԤǤϤʤ͡ʼ˱ѸüԡˤꤹΤǡ񤯾ϥإܥ󼰤ǽ񤯤Ȥ¿褦˴롥ѥǤľʤɼºݤɽɽ˽Фʤϥإܥ󼰤ȷἰ򺮺ߤƻȤäƤ褦˻פ

ɤ޻ɽɤΤˤϡĿͤαѸи佬ҲŪθ˻ޤ͡װǤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ѸΥڥ󥰤ؤδ˴ŤĤȤװܤͤ롥
Ѥ variation ΤɤäΤǡҳ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-06-27-1] [2023-02-07-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-10-01 Sat

#4905. ְΡפ Aichi Aiti [romaji][spelling][japanese][writing][register]

īʹī1335̡ˤˡAichi Ȥ Aiti޻ĤŤߡʸģƤפꤹ뵭ǺܤƤ롥30ʸģ2021ǯ٤ֹ˴ؤĴȯɽ줿3ǯ١ֹ˴ؤĴפη̤ˤĤơ (PDF) Ǥ롥
Ĵ̤ΤʤܤΤ3ϤΡ֥޻ɽ˴ؤռפˤĤƤǤ롥ܸΥ޻ɽ˴ؤ뤤Ĥμ䤬ΩƤƤΤСסְΡפʤɤɤΤ褦˥޻ɽ뤫Ȥ󥱡ȷ̤⤷ä
㤨ССפξ硤Akashi 75.4%Akasi 23.3%ȤʤäƤ롥֥إܥ󼰡פȡַἰפΰ㤤ɤǤԤˤɽϤȤ櫓70аʾ41%ȹ⤤ͤ򼨤ƤȤְΡפˤĤƤ Aichi 88.0%Aiti 10.8%ȤʤꡤǤإܥ󼰤ͥǤ롥
Ȥָ޽פˤʤȡἰ Gosyogawara 54.8%إܥ Goshogawara 43.9%ȤʤꡤžƤΤ⤷ˡפκ֤ⶽ̣إܥ󼰤 matcha maccha 줾32.4%12.1%ἰ mattya 23.6%Ȥإܥ󼰤ϴˤֱѸ켰פªƤ褤Ѹˤ <tch> ֻˤĤƤϡ#4033. 3Ż <tch> ʬۤˡ ([2020-05-12-1])#4034. 3Ż <tch> ֻ˹׸ Caxton ([2020-05-13-1]) DZѸˤδȤ롥
֤ɤΥ޻ɽȤפȤβ̤ɤ߲򤯤ȡΤοȤƤϷἰإܥ󼰤ͥǤȤܸüԤѤ޻ɽȤƤϡܸβηϤ˴źäἰΤۤ§Ū㳰ʤߤ䤹ȤΤεʤΤºݤΤȤϱѸ춵ʤɤ̤ƱѸֻ˴ƤǤͤ¿إܥ󼰤ؤηФǧ줿Ȥˤʤ롥
ܸΥ޻ɽˤĤƤϡܸ첻ηϤ뤤ϱѸֻηϤȤοȤֻδ顤ἰȥإܥ󼰡ʤȤ¾ˤΤ줬ޤȤʤƤפϡɤΤ褦ʵܸ줬޻ɽΤȤҲŪʸ̮ˤȻϹͤƤ롥
ܸ򤷤ʤХˬԤǰƬܸ޻ɽȤ̤ǤСݸǤѸ˴źäإܥ󼰤Ѥۤ䤹Ȥ¿ܸüԤܸ򥿥ԥ󥰤ݤ˥޻ѤȤ̤ǤСǿδܸ˴źäἰΤۤŪǤ롥
ǤϡƻϩɸʤɤǴ񤭤줿̾ο겾̾Ȥƥ޻Ѥˤϡɤ餬٥ܸüԤˤȤäƤϴɤ߲򤯥ҥȤ̤⤷ʤɤʤܸüԤˤȤäƤϡ޻ɽϥҥȤɤ󥵡ΤΤȤʤ롥
ʣΥ޻ɽȺ򾷤ΤΤ褤ȤոǤ롥Ȥ櫓Ūʿ̤ζʸǤϤ̤ҤΤ褦˥޻Ȥ̡ʼҲŪʥ쥸ˤϸʸʳˤ⤢ꡤ¿ͤǤ롥ˤ衤ɤޤΤ褤ΤȤȤϤɬפ롥
޻ hellog Ǥ romaji εǼ夲ƤΤǡ⻲ȡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-09-09 Fri

#4883. magic e Ȥƾ [oed][final_e][spelling][vowel][terminology][mulcaster][walker][silent_letter][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap]

take, meme, fine, pope, cute ʤɤθ -e ϡ켫ΤȯʤԤ첻ĹפɤޤޤȤƵǽ롥Τ褦ˡ e magic e ʥޥå eˤȸƤФ롥ˡΤ褦¾첻ȯƤޤѸ춵顦ؽѸȤƤ褯ΤƤ롥
magic e Ưˤξܺ٤ hellog ʲε򻲾Ȥ줿

#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1])
#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1])
#1827. magic <e> Ȥ̵ط <-ve> ([2014-04-28-1])
#1344. final -e ˡ ([2012-12-31-1])
#2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (1) ([2015-10-30-1])
#2378. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (2) ([2015-10-31-1])
#3954. 첻Ĺûʬ褦ȤѸο ([2020-02-23-1])

magic e ȤƾΤΤΤ˾ƤOED magic, adj. (and int.) ΤȤɤ߸ФΩƤƤ롥

magic e n. (also with capital initials) (chiefly in primary school literacy teaching) a silent e at the end of a word or morpheme following a consonant, which lengthens the preceding vowel and consequently appears to transform its sound; as the e in hope, lute, casework, etc.
     Cf. silent adj. 3c.
   1918 Primary Educ. Mar. 183/2 Let us see how the a will sound after magic e is fastened on mat. (Write mate on board. Pronounce.) You see what trick he did. He changed short a into long a.
   2005 L. Wendon & L. Holt Letterland: Adv. Teacher's Guide (2009) ii. 58 It was recommended that children play-act the Magic e's function in tap and tape.


Ф100ǯۤζػȤʤäƤ롥1918ˤ̤ʤŪɽǤϤʤͽۤƤä褦
嵭 Cf. ȤƵ󤲤Ƥ silent, adj. and n. 򻲾ȤƤߤȡ3c ι "silent e" ˴ؤ뵭Ҥä

c. Of a letter: written but not pronounced. Cf. mute adj. 4b, magic e n. at magic adj. Compounds.
     Sometimes designating a letter whose absence would have no impact on the pronunciation of the word, as b in doubt, and sometimes designating a letter that has a diacritic function, as final e indicating the length of the vowel of a preceding syllable, as in mute or fate.
   1582 R. Mulcaster 1st Pt. Elementarie xvii. 113 Som vse the same silent e, after r, in the end, as lettre, cedre, childre, and such, where methink it were better to be the flat e, before r, as letter, ceder, childer.
   1775 J. Walker Dict. Eng. Lang. sig. 4Ov Persuade, whose final E is silent, and serves only to lengthen the sound of the A in the last syllable.
   1881 E. B. Tylor Anthropol. vii. 179 The now silent letters are relics of sounds which used to be really heard in Anglo-Saxon.
   2017 Hispania 100 286 The letter 'h' is silent in Spanish and is often omitted by those who are not familiar with the spelling of a word.


magic e "silent e" ƱͤǤϤʤԤϸԤüǤ롥ΰѤ Mulcaster ν magic e ΤȤҤ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤդɬפǤ롥2ܤ Walker ϡΤ magic e ΤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥
mute, adj. and n.3 4b ιƤߤ "mute e" ȤƤ⤢ʬ롥 "silent e" ƱͤǤ롥θƾΤνϼ̤ǡǤϼ¼Ū magic e ΤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥

1840 Proc. Philol. Soc. 3 6 It gradually was established..that when a mute e followed a single consonant the preceding vowel was a long one.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-14-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-09-07 Wed

#4881. ηϤ򹭤ϤǤη5 [writing][spelling]

Sampson ˤηϤ˴ؤκǸ2ڡǡƱǷ֤ƤŪʥơޤȤ5󤲤Ƥ롥ηϤ򹭤ϤǤη餷ΤȤäƤ褤줾ȴ褷ƾҲ𤹤롥

First, scripts are diverse. . . . A logographic script really is a different kind of thing from an alphabetic script, and syllabic scripts are different again. (265)


1ܤϡ͡ʼνηϤȤŪʻ¤Ǥ롥ظˤϡμνηϤܼŪͥƤ롤äƤȤäǤϤʤȤԤμĥ롥ơ¿ˤΤȤȡˤߤ褦ˡʬŪˤбäդԤϹͤƤ롥

Second, spoken languages are diverse, and sometimes scripts differ because different kinds of writing suit different kinds of language. Logographic writing works well for Chinese, where morphemes are clearly separate in the spoken language. It would be much harder to adapt to a "synthetic" language such as the European classical languages, where it is difficult to decide just what morphemes an inflected word includes. Syllabic writing is a natural approach for a language whose syllables are mainly of the CV type, but the Linear B example shows that it is not easy to make it work for a language with a more complicated phonological structure. Vowel-less writing works for Semitic languages, but would work less well for European languages. (265)


ηֲŪħ˱ơμνηϤդ路ȤϤǤȤ줬ɬ⶯ϤʵˤϤʤʤȤ򡤼Τ褦դäƤ롥

This second point should not be pressed too far. I do not suggest that differences between script types are always explainable in terms of difference between the spoken languages they record. . . . Many properties of scripts result from external historical causes unrelated to language structure. (265--66)


Ūħ쳰ŪװΤۤåѡϥɤ򰮤äƤȤ櫓ƺǸˡɽŪʽηϤǤŪǤȤΤϡˤ򸫤ʬȤꡤθۤǤȼ̤˳ˤ롥

Finally, contrary to what is often supposed, the history of writing systems does not support the assumption that the ideal script for a language is one that records speech sounds with perfect fidelity. (266)


ǸκǸˡѸΥڥ󥰤ϤɤȤСѸҲˤϤʤŬ礷Ƥ᤯롥

And, as one implication, English spelling may suit English-speaking societies better than is often supposed. (266)


5ηˤǼ

Sampson, Geoffrey. Writing Systems. 2nd ed. Sheffield: Equinox, 2015.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-05-15 Sun

#4766. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ15֤ʤ I ʸǽ񤯤Ρ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][minim][spelling][orthography][punctuation][capitalisation][alphabet][hel_contents_50_2022][hellog_entry_set]

δñѸ in English٤6椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ15ϡѸ˾֤Ȥ⤤Ѥʵ夲Ƥޤʤ1;ñ̾ I Ͼʸǽ񤯤ΤȤǤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ6



Ϣϡܥ֥Ǥ#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ񤯤 ([2009-07-27-1]) Ϥ͡ʷǼ夲Ƥޤطʤˤξʸ <i> λΤ˴ؤԹʻ¤ޤʤ <ı> Τ褦˽ (minim) 1ܤǽ񤫤줿ΤǤ줬ΡפȤˤʤޤϢܵǤϡΤ䤳ʤ٤ʬ䤹⤷ޤΤǡɤɤ
¤ܲʹ khelf ٥ֱѸ˥ƥ50ˤơ415رˤ줿ƥĤޤˤν򰷤äƤޤ||||||||||ɤޤȤƥĤǡޤǤǺǤ͵Τ륳ƥĤ1ĤȤʤäƤޤϢܵȹ碌ơƤߤƤ
ϢܵǤϡ⤽ʤե٥åȤˤʸȾʸΤȤ⤦1ĤѤˤ⿨ƤޤˤĤƤϰʲ򤴻Ȥ

hellog-radio: #1. ֤ʤʸȾʸΤǤ
heldio: #50. ʤʸƬͭ̾ʸǻϤΡ
heldio: #136. ̾ʸ񤭤ǻϤƤ17-18
Ϣå

ۤ1ǯۤΤȤˤʤޤ2021ǯ514ʶˤ NHK Υƥȡ֥˼롪פˤơʸȾʸפꤷƤ꤬夲졤ƽԡԤȤƽб餷ޤʲǤͤˡ  *

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-04-27 Wed

#4748. ѸΥڥ󥰤ѰۤȽ񤭸դμΩ [me_dialect][variation][spelling][writing][medium]

ѸΥƥȤˤ¿¿ͤʥڥ󥰤ߤƤ롥ޤѰۤλѸäդѰۤĴХեޥȤ˿ҤͤʤɼҲؾμˡѤ뤳ȤǤ뤬꤬Ѹν񤭸դǤСʤ٤ȤѤäƤ롥եޥȤĤޤʤФ꤫ȯˤɤ夯Ȥ񤷤ΤǡѸΥڥ󥰤ѰۤˤĤĴ٤褦ȻפСȼˡȯ¸ʤФʤʤ뤲ΤA Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English (= LALME) Ի Angus McIntosh Michael L. Samuels Ǥ
McIntosh and Samuels ˤ LALME General Introduction (3.1.2) ˤȡѸΥڥ󥰤Ѱ߽ۤФ줿طʤȤơ5ब̤Ȥ

(i) Normal dialect variation, e.g. as in border areas . . . .
(ii) Variation of textual or codicological origin, e.g. layers of variants resulting from successive copyings.
(iii) Sociolinguistic variation, especially in writers affected by the spread of Standard English.
(iv) The combination of two separate dialects in a writer of mixed upbringing.
(v) Especially in the fifteenth century, an unusually wide range or eclectic combination of spellings in a single writer.


Ѱ (variation) ȤϲȤ򡤸ʱѡ˸äդȤǤϤʤѸν񤭸դȤįʤǡƱ꤬ɤ˭ӤӤ뤳Ȥ(i), (iii), (iv) äդˤΤ뤬(ii), (v) ˤĤƤϽ񤭸դͭλͳ褹Ѱۤȹͤ롥
ؤˤƤϽ񤭸դФäդͥȤΤQŪȯۤǤ롥ʸؤ칶ƤΤ褦ʼԤˤȤäƤϡξQŪ󤬲Ȥɤ񤭸դμΩȤΤ򿮤Ƥ뤫Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϲεǤ͡˵Ƥ㤨аʲεɤ

#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])
#2339. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (1) ([2015-09-22-1])
#2340. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (2) ([2015-09-23-1])
#2431. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Bolinger ε ([2015-12-23-1])
#2508. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Samuels ε ([2016-03-09-1])
#2819. ä濴æĤĤء ([2017-01-14-1])
#3886. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (6) ([2019-12-17-1])

McIntosh, Angus, M. L. Samuels, and M. Benskin. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-04-28-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-04-14 Thu

#4735. ʤ Webster ֻפʤ [webster][spelling_reform][sociolinguistics][linguistic_ideology][ame][spelling][orthography][american_revolution]

Ūˤäֻ (spelling_reform) ʤΤǤ롥ºݡѸˤǸ¤ϤۤȤɤʤͳˤĤƤϡ#606. ѸֻפԤͳ ([2010-12-24-1])#2087. ֻפؤοŪ񹳡 ([2015-01-13-1])#634. ǯֻ (1) ([2011-01-21-1])#635. ǯֻ (2) ([2011-01-22-1]) ʤɤǿƤ
ѸˤˤֻפʤȤߤʤȤΤǤۤͣλ㤬Noah Webster ˤ륢ꥫѸˤֻפǤʲפоݤȤʤäñϡ#3087. Noah Webster ([2017-10-09-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Ǥϡʤ Webster ֻפतʤΤˤĤƤϡ#468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1])#3086. ꥫΩȥꥫѸؤλפ ([2017-10-08-1]) Ǥ夲ƤüŪˤСֻ֥פϡȿꥹֻˤȤȤȤǤ롥ꥫΩ̿Ȥȼꥫο͡οȤФ밦񿴤˻٤ơ̾Ǥϼ¸񤷤ֻפոΤǤ롥Webster Ȥ⶯Ԥä
Webster ΰ񿴤ζˤĤƤϾ嵭βεǤڤƤ򤵤ͺۤ˸򸫤ĤΤǾҲ𤷤εǤ⿨줿 Coulmas (267) ꥫѸˤ路 Mencken ŬѤʤ顤 Webster ֻǥˤĤưŪʵҤܤƤ롥

   Webster was an ardent nationalist who had an intuitive understanding of the symbolic significance of the written language as a national emblem. Like many of his contemporaries in England and in the colonies, Webster promoted a reformed mode of spelling; however, what distinguished him from others is that he realised the political significance of claiming an independent standard for American English. Spelling to him was a way to write history. Webster's various publications on the English language were intended to further America's intellectual independence and to prove political nationalism with a manifest appearance for all to see and identify with. 'As an independent nation, our honor requires us to have a system of our own, language as well as government' (Webster 1789: 20).
   Reducing the number of letters, weeding out silent letters, and making the spelling more regular were general principles of reform in line with the Enlightenment's call for more rationality. While Webster subscribed to these ideals, to him the 'greatest argument', as Mencken put it, 'was the patriotic one: "A capital advantage of his reform in these States would be that it would make a difference between the English orthography and the American"' (quoted from Mencken 1945 [1919]: 382). Regulating spelling conventions since the Renaissance had been intended to advance homogeneity, but Webster's new spelling was, on the contrary, designed to bring about a schism. Reversing the printers' plea for as wide a distribution of print products as possible, he argued that 'the English would never copy our orthography for their own use' and that the alteration would thus 'render it necessary that all books should be printed in America' (Mencken 1945 [1919]: 382). The assumed economic advantages of a simpler spelling system that would accrue from savings in the cost of teaching as well as publishing books at home rather than buying them from England were an important part of his reasoning.
   Self-interest and nationalism thus prevailed over rationalism. Webster's new spelling could succeed because it was supported by a strong political ideology, because it was not so sweeping as to burn all the bridges and make literature in the conventional orthography unintelligible, and because the population concerned was favourably disposed to novelty and not strongly tied to a literary tradition, hailing to a large part from less-educated strata of society. If any generalisation can be drawn from this example, it would seem to be that in spelling reforms ideological motives are more important than correcting system-intrinsic flaws of the extant norm, although it is usually properties of this kind --- irregularity, redundancy, polyvalence --- that are first put forth by reform proponents.


䤬̣줿Τϡ2Ⱦ˸ڤܺ˴ؤ뤯Ǥ롥ꥫֻǰ줿ܤϥꥹǤʤϷ빽ʤȤǤ롥ꥫǰȤĤȤˤʤꡤꥹܤ͢ɬפʤʤ뤫ֻפкŪѥȤͽƤȤСWebsterޤ˶٤Ǥ롥

Coulmas, Florian. "Sociolinguistics and the English Writing System." The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. London: Routledge, 2016. 261--74.
Webster, Noah. Dissertation on the English language. Boston, MA: Isaiah Thomas and Co., 1789. Available online at https://archive.org/stream/dissertationsone00webs#page/20/mode/2up.
Mencken, H. L. The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States. 4th ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945 [1919].

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-24-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-04-13 Wed

#4734. ǥҲϱѸνηϤɤѤ뤫 [writing_system][spelling][orthography][sociolinguistics][standardisation]

ѸνηϤˡּҲءפƤߤɤʤCoulmas ʸϡΤ褦ʻߤǤ롥
ǥ䥳ߥ˥ȯãƤȼưѥѲˤꡤᤤ衤Ѹν񤭸դϤɤΤ褦ѲƤΤïˤȤäƤ̤ΤΰǤϤ뤬Coulmas (271-72) 򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ롥

The admittance of spell checkers and electronic dictionaries in ever-lower grades at school could alter public attitudes toward the importance of spelling.
By virtue of easy access to materials in other languages and automatic translation software, language contact in the written mode has acquired a new dimension.
Non-native written English text is made public on an unprecedented scale.
Communities of vernacular writing are more easily formed. To what extent is this potential actually exploited?
More people partake in word play (Leetspeak, Lolcat) and Internet memes like Doge.
Non-standard and loaded spellings (e.g., imagiNation, a book title prior to Scotland's independence referendum) and cacography (wot? magick, marshall law) can gain currency in ways unimaginable only a generation ago (by 'going viral'). The exposure of the reading public to text on the Internet that has not gone through the traditional filters has grown exponentially. Will this have an effect on what is considered Standard English?
The authority the written word was traditionally accorded could be undermined and the grip of norm-preserving institutions (i.e., school, government printing offices, newspapers, dictionaries) on the language could weaken as a result.
New forms of writing practices evolve as the new media take hold in society. The handwritten CV is already anachronistic, while it is becoming more common for employers to screen job applicants' social media pages. At the same time, digital literacy is becoming ever more important for any employment and full participation in society.

Coulmas ε󤲤Ƥ⤫Ӿ夬äƤΤϡΥǥ֤ˤƤޤޤ¿ɸŪʱѸɽӸ򤦤ȤˤꡤɸŪʽ񵭤ΰæʹԤΤǤϤʤȤ̤¾Ϥ뤷ɸफΰæ񹳤ϳؤⲿ餫ηǺѤ˰㤤ʤ٥ߤʤɤǵˤդ路Ȥߤ

Coulmas, Florian. "Sociolinguistics and the English Writing System." The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. London: Routledge, 2016. 261--74.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-03-20 Sun

#4710. <o> /u:/ Ȥʤ [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][vowel]

ѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) 夲Ϥȥ꤬ʤºݤ˥ʤܥ֥Ǥ⵭񤤤ƤäȵˤʤäƤ̤꤬롥ɸ <o> /u:/ Ȥʤ륱Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϲ٤󤻤Ƥ伫Ȥ⤪˴ؿΤȤȤƲˤǼˤäƤʤǡޤط󤲤ȤϤᡤĴˤĤʤȻפ
Ǥȶ do, to, who, whose դȻפäƤޤۤɿȶǤ롥does, done ˤĤƤϡ#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) Ǽ夲Το do ˤĤƤϹͤƤʤäwho ˤĤƤϡ#3630. ʤ who ϤֻǤȯʤΤ ([2019-04-05-1]) Ǽ夲ɤѤڤʤ֤Ȥ two 󤲤Ƥ褤ˤĤƤϡ#184. two /w/ ȯʤΤϤʤ ([2009-10-28-1])#1324. two /w/ Ϥ ([2012-12-11-1]) Ǽ夲
move, remove, removal; prove, approve, approval, improve ʤɤ <-ove> ֤Ǥ롥#1882. move prove ˤĤƸ줿첻Ȥαƶ ([2014-06-22-1]) Ǽ夲Ǥ <o> /u:/ δطˤĤơ伫Ȥ褯ʬäƤʤ
ơlose ȤԲĻ׵Ĥ㤬롥OED ˤȡΤ褦˲⤬롥ߤαƶˤꡤֻ̾ȯбطäȤǤ롥

The regular modern English pronunciation representing Old English losian would be /ləʊz/; the standard English pronunciation /luːz/ seems to be due to association with LOOSE v., which in some contexts (e.g. to loose hold) closely approaches this verb in meaning. Many dialects have the phonetic form normally descending from the Old English verb. The Scottish form loss is probably evolved from the past tense and past participle lost.


¾ˤϡȾХ shoe, canoe; tomb, womb դϢȤƵ󤲤Ƥ
ơͭ̾Ȥơꥹ̳᤿ Sir Alec Frederick Douglas-Home Home the Stone of Scone Scone ˸ۤ Brome, Scrome ⤢ (Carney 353)
嵭ν <o> /u:/ θ뤬δطʤ˻äŪаޤϡ餯̤ʤФʤʤ礷ǤʤФ꤫ĤҤȤĤǤ롥

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-03-15 Tue

#4705. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ13֤ʤ one, two ϤֻǤȯʤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][numeral][spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][hellog-radio]

οǯ٤⡤1ǯ³ƤNHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in EnglishפǤϢܡֱѸΥܥʵפ³뤳ȤˤʤޤɼԤɤȴդƤޤ꤬ȤޤܥʵŪʴʤ٤狼䤹⤹ȤΤϢܤμݤǤ³ɤΤۤɡꤤޤ
ȯ䤵줿4ƥȤˡϢܤ13󤬷Ǻܤޤǯ٤˸Ƥΰȯܤϡ֤ʤ one, two ϤֻǤȯʤΡפȤֻȯЪΥ˴ؤǤ󡤤Ǥ˸졤ɤߴƤñǤΤԻ׵ĤʤɴʤȻפޤ̤Ǥ one ǡ֥סtwo ǡ֥ȥפʤɤȤϤҤä֤äƤɤʤϤǤʤľˡ֥͡פ֥ȥפʤɤȤʤʤΤǤ礦ˤϡäȶäŪͳäΤǤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ4



one, two ˸¤餺Ѹˤȯֻ߹äƤʤñ줬ޤȤޤ¤ΤȤŪñǤФۤɥϥʥ¿ΤǡؼԤˤȤäƤä˥ĤΤǤ§ΤǤϤʤʤԵ§櫓Ǥ顥
ϢܵǤϤǤ¤ǫ򿴤ޤƱˤĤܥ֥䲻ǥǤ夲ȤޤΤǡ碌ƻȤ򿼤ƤФȻפޤϢåɤǥˤĤƤϡʲľܤİ


[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-03-11 Fri

#4701. ڥ <ae> б벻 [spelling][ligature][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][greek][latin][loan_word][gvs][combining_form][mond]

Ѹ <ae> Ȥڥ󥰤ϵǤ롥2ʸȤ߹碌1ʸȤ (ligature) Ǥ <æ> ˻äƤϡȯСˤޤޤɤ̾ϤܤˤʤΰǤ encyclopædia mediæval ʤɤΥڥ󥰤̤ˤߤ줿ߤǤϹǤϤʤ2ʸʬ encyclopaedia mediaeval ֤褦ˤʤꡤꥫǤϤ⤽ <ae> Ѥ <e> ǺѤޤ encyclopedia medieval Υڥ󥰤ŪǤ롥
űѸ衤<æ> <ae> Υڥ󥰤򷫤֤ƤűѸǤ <æ> ϥե٥åȤʸǤꡤ̤Ѥ줿Ȥ12--13ˤϿषб첻ñ <a> ֤褦ˤʤäcf. #3998. ʤ apple a ̤Ρ֥פǤϤʤ֥פ˶ᤤȯʤΤǤ ([2020-04-07-1]
Ȥꥷƥ줫Ѹ줬̤ή16ˡθŵ˴ޤޤƤ ai ae ѸˤƤ <æ> ʸǼޤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤХХ̤嵭Τ褦˶ḽˤƹ <æ> 2ʸ <ae> ֤ʤ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ <e> ˴ά뤳Ȥ¿ʤꡤߤ˻롥ߤǤ <ae> <æ> ܤ򸫤ʤڥ󥰤̤ƤƤ (Upward and Davidson 179--80)
<ae> Υڥ󥰤ݻƤΤϡۤܤ٤ƥꥷ <ai> ޤѸ졤뤤Ϥ줬ƥͳ <ae> ѲΤͳ褹ȤäƤ褤ѸǤϸŤϸ§Ȥ <ae> /eː/ бطä첻 (gvs) ФơǤ <ae> /iː/ бطŪǤ롥Carney (283) ꡤĤñ򼨤

in Greek words --- aegis, aeon, aesthetic, anaemia, anaesthetist, archaeology, encyclopaedia, leukaemia, paean, etc.;
in classical names --- Aegean, Aeneas, Aesop, Athenaeum, Caesar, Judaea, Bacchae, Mycenae, Thermopylae;
the Latin feminine plural in scientific terms --- alumnae, aortae, lacunae,, lamellae, ulnae, etc.


Ȥ<ae> <r> ³˴ؤƤȼλ𤬤ꡤ <aer> /ɛə(r)/ ΩƤ롥aeration, aerial, aerobic, aerodrome, aeronaut, aerosol, anaerobic ʤɤǤ롥ۤܤ٤Ƥꥷͳ褷μѸ졦¤ȤϢ (combining_form) aero- ޤǤ (Carney 282) 츻Ūˤ̣Ūˤ air /ɛə(r)/ ȴϢ뤿ᡤ ߤȯӤĤ줿ȤưפǤ롥ʤߤˡԵפ̣ airplane ˤĤơꥹѸǤ aeroplane θֻ
ʤܵϡMond˴󤻤줿 aerobics ʤɤƬ aero- 򡤡֥פȯΤϤʤǤ礦Ȥ䤤ʲĤƼɮؤβɤ

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-03-09 Wed

#4699. ѸΥڥ󥰻ˤȸܿ [spelling][orthography][contact][loan_word][old_norse][latin][french][dutch][greek][lexicology][historiography]

Ѹ줬ƻܿƤȤδط̤ƱѸθûˤȤϡѸˤΥɤ1ĤǤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1])#2615. Ѹä ([2016-06-24-1])#2966. Ѹä (2) ([2017-06-10-1])#3381. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻ס ([2018-07-30-1])#4130. Ѹä¿Ͳȳˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-17-1]) ʤɤǷ֤Ҳ𤷤Ƥ
Ȥ褽ϢưϤΤΩߤȤơѸ줬ƻܿƤȤδط̤ƱѸΥڥ󥰻ˤȤǤ롥ơλߤɬ⥹ɤǤϤʤѸˤΤʤǤΰϾäȤäƤ褤
ѸΥڥ󥰻ˤȸܿ ˤĤ Horobin (113) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

English spelling is a concoction of written forms drawn from a variety of languages through processes of inheritance and borrowing. At every period in its history, the English lexicon contains words inherited from earlier stages, as well as new words introduced from foreign languages. But this distinction should not be applied too straightforwardly, since inherited words have frequently been subjected to changes in their spelling over time. Similarly, while words drawn from foreign language may preserve their native spellings intact, they frequently undergo changes in order to accommodate to native English spelling patterns.


ûˤȥڥ󥰻ˤϡФϢư뤬§ȤΩˤǤ롤ȤªϤȤƤȻפHorobin ƱͤΤʤǡѸˤγƻ头Ȥ˥ڥ󥰤˱ƶڤܤ졦ˤĤƼΤ褦ʸޤ򼨤Ƥ롥ͤΥ󡦥ȥȴФǤޤȤƤߤ褦



Old English (650--1066) ]

Germanic
Old Norse

Middle English (1066--1500) ]

English dialects beyond London
French
Dutch

Early Modern English (1500--1800) ]

Latin
Greek
Celtic
Native American languages

Modern English ]

Continued developments



ڥ󥰻ˤθޤȤƤ⤷ûˤȤ褽ϢưƤʤ⡤Ϥ㴳ۤʤäƤΤΤ褦ʱѸˤθϼ¤˿ʤȻפä补

Horobin, Simon. "The Etymological Inputs into English Spelling." The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. London: Routledge, 2016. 113--24.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-01-20 Thu

#4651. ʤ fire ƻ fiery ϤֻʤΤǤ [sobokunagimon][spelling][pronunciation][adjective][gvs][vowel][syllable][analogy][suffix]

ѤʵϻĹ餯ʥäΤǤǶ᥼ߤγ˻ŦƤ餦񤬤ꡤƹͤФǤfire -y դΤǤСΤޤ *firy Ǥ褵ʤΤǤʤ fiery ȤʤΤǤ礦expire expiry, mire miry, spire spiry, wire wiry ʤɤϤΤǤfire fiery Υפ¾㤬ʤ褦ʤΤǡޤޤԻ׵ĤǤ
Ū뤤ϥҥȤȤƤϡѸ fire 1ǤϤʤ2ǡfiery 2ǤϤʤ3ȯ줿ȤطΤǤϤʤˤǤޤ
ʽŪˤСѸ [fiːr], [ˈfiː ri] 첻 (gvs) ФƳơ [fəɪr], [ˈfəɪ ri] ѲޤĹ첻2첻ѲǡѲǤ줾첻ѲϤޤǤ
r αƶǡľϤ겻Ȥۣ첻 [ə] 졤줬ΩγˤȤʤ褦ȯѸˤѰ۷Ȥ¸ߤ褦ʤΤǤפ fi-er, fi-e-ry Τ褦ʥץ饹1ΰ۷֤äȤȤǤ褦ʲĸˤĤơλݤƱ夫餢ޤJespersen ʡ11.11ˤεҤ򸫤Ƥߤޤ礦

The glide before /r/ was even before that time [= 1588 or 1639] felt as a distinct vowel-sound [ə], especially after the new diphthongs that took the place of /iˑ, uˑ/. This is shown by the spelling in some cases after ow: shower < OE scūr bower < OE būr . cower < Scn kūra . lower by the side of lour < Scn lūra 'look gloomy'. tower < F tour; cf. on flower and flour 3.49. Thus also after i in brier, briar, frier, friar, ME brere, frere; fiery, fierie, fyeri (from the 16th c.) for earlier fyry, firy. The glide-vowel [ə] is also indicated by Hart's phonetic spellings 1569: [feiër/ fire (as /heiër/) higher) . /meier/ mire /oˑer/ oar . [piuër] pure . /diër/ dear . [hier/ here (hie r, which also occurs, many be a misprint).


פˡfire ηƻ˴ؤ¤ꡤȤȤȯ2Ǥꡤֻ2ˤߤͳ firy ⤢äɤ⡤ѸդˤȯϤ겻3Ȥʤꡤֻ⤽3ȯȿǤ fiery ʻѤ줿ȤȤΤ褦ǤơȤ̾ǤƱȤäƤȡ
ȤѸδ鿶֤äƤߤȡ̾ǤϤ겻ȿǤƤʤΤ褦 fire ֻɸȤƺѤ졤ƻǤϤ겻ȿǤΤ褦 fiery ֻɸȤƺѤƤޤä褦˸ޤɤ顤ѸˤǤŵŪʡʤȤ⡤դΡˡ֤ϤפǤⵯäƤޤäȤȤǤϤʤǤ礦
뤤ϡ̣Ρַ㤷פĤʤϢۤƻ fierce Ȥֻ (analogy) ⤢ä⤷ʤȵäƤޤǤ礦
ΰѤǤ⿨Ƥޤflower flour Ʊ츻ƱȯǤʤ⡤ۤʤֻʬȡ϶ᤤ褦˻פޤ#183. flower flour ([2009-10-27-1])#2440. flower flour (2) ([2016-01-01-1]) flower ʲ֡ˤ flour ʾʴˤƱ츻 (heldio) ⻲Ȥ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-12-28 Tue

#4628. 16Ⱦ17ˤƤؼԤ --- Ѹ˾ܳŪֻ׼Ԥ [orthography][orthoepy][spelling][standardisation][emode][mulcaster][hart][bullokar][spelling_reform][link]

Ѹˤˤǽֻ (spelling_reform) ϤĤäȤ䤤ˤˤֲספȸƤ֤ˤϰտŪʱİ٤ǤʤФʤʤǤ㤨С#2712. ѸθŪ֤ꤿ ([2016-09-29-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ Ormulum ֻֻפλʪȤȤˤʤ
ֻפȤϡ̤ˤСĿͤˤ뱿ưȤϽŪʼҲưؤΤǤϤʤ˽Сֻפκǽηϡ16Ⱦ17ˤƤΰϢ (orthoepy) ԤγưˤäȤäƤ褤餳Ѹ˾ܳŪֻ׼ԤäΤˤĤ Carney (467) Τ褦ɾäƤ롥

The first concerted movement for the reform of English spelling gathered pace in the second half of the sixteenth century and continued into the seventeenth as part of a great debate about how to cope with the flood of technical and scholarly terms coming into the language as loans from Latin, Greek and French. It was a succession of educationalists and early phoneticians, including William Mulcaster, John Hart, William Bullokar and Alexander Gil, that helped to bring about the consensus that took the form of our traditional orthography. They are generally known as 'orthoepists'; their work has been reviewed and interpreted by Dobson (1968). Standardization was only indirectly the work of printers.


ˤĤ Carney ϡŪ Brengelman 1980ǯνפʸ˰͵򤷤ƤȤäƤ褤Brengelman ʸˤĤƤϡʲεǤ⿨ƤΤǡ碌ɤǤ

#1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ ([2013-02-08-1])
#1384. ֻɸಽ˹׸Τ17ؼԤȶա ([2013-02-09-1])
#1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹׸ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])
#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])
#1387. 츻ŪֻκѤ17 ([2013-02-12-1])
#2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (1) ([2015-10-30-1])
#2378. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (2) ([2015-10-31-1])
#3564. 17ؼԤˤֻɸಽؤι׸ ([2019-01-29-1])

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-03-29-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-12-10 Fri

#4610. marriage, carriage, verbiage [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][noun][suffix][sound_change]

դȻפĤ䡥marriage/ˈmærɪʤ/ carriage /ˈkærɪʤ/ 2ȯ뤬Ʊ <-iage> ֻ verbiage /ˈvəːbiɪʤ/ 3ȯ롥ʤʤΤ
-age ϥե󥹸̾ͳ褹롥̤ȥƥ -āticum ƻˤˤɤĤѸǤ13鸫졤14--15ʹߡ¿Ѥ褦ˤʤäե󥹸ͳǤ뤫顤ѸǤ϶ȼä /-aːʒ/ ȯƤ14˥ե󥹸줫Ѥ줿Ѹ mariage, cariage ⡤ե󥹸ˤۤɶᤤ /mariˈaːʒ/, /kariˈaːʒ/ ۤɤ3ȯäϤǤ롥
ȤȤˤ2ϡֱѸ첽פƤäѲΥ롼Ȥˡ(1) 1˰ܤꡤ(2) 23ᤫ鶯å -iage /-iɪʤ/ Ȥʤꡤ(3) Ʊʬ˼岽ûƱФ /-ɪʤ/ ȤʤäΤñΤȤƤߤ3ᤫ2ûʤäȤˤʤ롥
verbiage 3ݤäƤ롥嵭Υ롼ȤǤ (1), (2) ޤǤϷФ (3) ϷФƤʤȤʳǤ롥ñ marriage, carriage ⤺ä٤18˥ե󥹸줫ѤƤˡֱѸ첽פʬ˿ʤǤʤȤȤʤΤ
ʤߤƱ <-iage> triage /ˈtriːɑːʒ, triˈɑːʒ/ 18˥ե󥹸줫Ѥ줿ֱѸ첽פΥ롼ȤǤ (1) ʳˤ뤫뤤Ϥޤ롼Ȥ˾äƤʤʳˤȤ
<-iage> ȤֻбȯμϡǯȴˤϢưĤġ¿ͤǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2021-12-11-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-09-15 Wed

#4524. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ7֤ʤ know high ˤȯʤʸΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][silent_letter][spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][link]

NHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in Englishפ10ΥƥȤȯȤʤޤϢܤƤֱѸΥܥʵפ7ȤʤäƤޤϡ֤ʤ know high ˤȯʤʸΡפǤ

δñѸ in English2021ǯ10



ѸˤֻǤϽ񤫤ƤΤȯʤʸȤΤޤ͡ۻ (silent_letter) ȸƤФ졤Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ֤ȤäƤ褤ǤŪͳȤƤϤʥѥ󤬤ΤǤǤ¿ΤĤƤϤʸȯƤȤѥǤΤαѸǤϡknow ϡ֥Υסhigh ϡ֥ҡҡפʤɤȤ٤ʸ̤ȯƤΤȯѲˤβäƤޤäȤ¿ΤǤΰֻϸŤޤޤ˿֤졤ߤޤǥӤΤ褦ĤäƤȤ櫓ǤפˡֻȯѲɤĤƤʤäȤǤ͡
ȴϢơʲεȯŸԤȤɤǤߤƤѸֻˤϡۻ¿Ǥ

#4164. ʤ know ֻˤȯʤ k ΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-09-20-1])
#122. /kn/ ǻϤޤñ ([2009-08-27-1])
#1095. acknowledge Ǥ <kn> /kn/ Ȥȯ ([2012-04-26-1])
#3675. kn k æ벻Ѳβ ([2019-05-20-1])
#1290. ۻۻ⤿餷üΰ ([2012-11-07-1])
#210. ֻȯЪΥˤ ([2009-11-23-1])
#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1])
#2085. <ough> β ([2015-01-11-1])
#2590. <gh> ޤñˤĤƤס ([2016-05-30-1])
#2292. ֻȯϥפǤĤʤ줿2ۤΥܡȡ ([2015-08-06-1])

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-09-06 Mon

#4515. <gn> ȯ [phonetics][consonant][spelling][phoneme][nasal][etymological_respelling][analogy][silent_letter]

Ѹֻ <gn> ˤĤơƬ˸륱ˤĤƤ <kn> Ȥδط#3675. kn k æ벻Ѳβ ([2019-05-20-1]) εǴñ˿줿16--17 [gn] > [n] βȤȤäǤϡƬǤϤʤ <gn> ֻġ˥ե󥹸졦ƥͳθˤĤơֻȯδط˴ؤƤʤбCarney (247, 325) 򻲾ȤƤߤ褦
ޤ <gn(e)> ˤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦arraign, assign, benign, campaign, champagne, cologne, deign, design, ensign, impugn, malign, reign, resign, sign ʤɤ󤬤äƤ롥θˤƤ <g> ۻȤƵǽƤꡤ̤Ȥ <gn(e)> /n/ δطȤʤäƤ롥ʤߤ foreign sovereign Ūֻǡ㤤ޤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) 뤤 (analogy) λʪȤ롥
嵭ñ췲ˤƤ <g> <n> δ֤˲ᶭȯ /g/ /n/ ̡ȯ뤳Ȥ¿assignation, benignant, designate, malignant, regnant, resignation, signature, significant, signify ̤ꡥ
嵭ñ췲ΥȤʤϤƤե󥹸Ǥ롥ե󥹸Ǥ <gn> ϹŸɡ [ɲ] б뤬ѸǤ [ɲ] ΩǤǤϤʤᡤѸ˼ޤݤˤϡɡ [n] Ѥ줿[ɲ] ˶ᤤȤƱѸˤ [nj] ⤢ΤŪ˸ˤϸʤ§ʤΤǡŪ [n] ˽夷Ȥˤʤ롥ʤǤʤ /nj/ Ǽޤ줿⤢롥㤨Сcognac, lorgnette, mignonette, vignette ʤɤǤ롥ꥢ줫 Bologna, Campagna Ʊ͡poignant ˤĤƤϡ/nj/ Τۤ /n/ ȯ⤢롥
ֻˤĤ̯ʤȤäΤϡե󥹸 ligne ͳ褹 line Ǥ롥ǤХե󥹸 signe Ѹ˼ޤ <sign> /saɪn/ Ȥ夷褦ˡligne ѸǤ <lign> /laɪn/ ۤɤ夷ƤϤ롥ԤˤĤƤϱѸŪֻ§§ä <line> ֤ؤƸߤ˻롥ƬĤưˤäƤ <align> ֻ̤ʤ aline ʤǤϤʤˤǤ뤷̤ sign/assign Ȥڥ⸫ˡ<line> ϤʤȤ̯Ǥ롥
line/align Ȥ촴ֻͭΥϥϡۤˤ deign/disdain feign/feint ˸ (Upward and Davidson 140)

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-08-21 Sat

#4499. ˤ Shakespeare ȯꤹ뤫 [shakespeare][pronunciation][reconstruction][spelling][rhyme][pun]

#4482. Shakespeare ȯ񡩡 ([2021-08-04-1]) 褦ˡShakespeare ȯפȤȤ˲̣Ƥ뤫˵ĤɬפϤ뤬Ū Shakespeare Υꥸʥȯʤ뤤ϺƷ (reconstruction)ˤ褦ȻߤȤˡˤʤ4ढ롥ֻ (spelling)ӱ (rhyme)ϸ (pun)ƱκȤΥȤǤ롥Crystal (xx) ʬ䤹ȤȤˡ4Ĥʷ˾Ҳ𤷤ƤΤǡ˰Ѥ롥

- In RJ 1.4.66, when Mercutio describes Queen Mab as having a whip with 'a lash of film', the Folio and Quarto spellings of philome indicate a bisyllabic pronunciation, 'fillum' (as in modern Irish English).
- MND 3.2.118, Puck's couplet indicates a pronunciation of one that no longer exists in English: 'Then will two at once woo one / That must needs be sport alone'.
- In LLL 5.2.574, there is a pun in the line 'Your lion, that holds his pole-axe sitting on a close-stool, will be given to Ajax' which can only work if we recognize . . . that Ajax could also be pronounced 'a jakes' (jakes = 'privy').
- In Ben Johnson's English Grammar (1616), the letter 'o' is described as follows: 'In the short time more flat, and akin to u; as ... brother, love, prove', indicating that, for him at least, prove was pronounced like love, not the other way round.


ĸκƷʤɤǤƱͤμʤγơˤĤȤʤٹ礤Ū˰ۤʤ롥ֻɸಽƤʤλˤϡֻѰۤϤʤפʾڵˤʤ뤷ӱؤοŪ˹⤤ȤäƤ褤ϸϼ¦μѤƤǽäȤжɤ߹ǤޤäƤǽꡤŤɾʤФʤʤShakespeare ˤäƤϤ٤ƤϸȤ⤢ΤˡƱκȤˤȯ˴ؤ᥿ȤˤĤƤ⡤Τ˻ͤˤϤʤ뤬ĿŪȯʤȿǤΤˤʤ⤷ʤƱȯ뤤 Shakespeare ȯŬѤǤ뤫ɤӿŤȽǤɬפ롥
ʣμʤˤƱؤߤ˶礦褦ǤСȤƤοޤ뤳ȤϤޤǤʤŲοϡʣʥѥΤ褦Ϣơ#437. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 ([2010-07-08-1])#758. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 (2) ([2011-05-25-1])#4015. ˤѸȯꤹ뤫 ([2020-04-24-1]) ⻲ȡ

Crystal, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation. Oxford: OUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-14-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-08-06 Fri

#4484. eye rhyme ɸֻ뤫餳Ω [rhyme][orthography][spelling][poetry][spelling_pronunciation][reconstruction]

ѸαʸˤƵӱ (rhyme) ƧȤΤϡ̤˰ȤιθΡ첻ʡܻҲˡʬ̤Ƥ뤳ȤؤޤDzΰפΤȤ򤤤櫓ѼȤ eye rhyme ʻбˤȤΤ롥ϲΰפǤϤʤֻΰפʤΤǤ롥McArthur Ѹ켭ŵ

EYE RHYME. In verse, the correspondence of written vowels and following consonants which may look as though they rhyme, but do not represent identical sounds, as in move/love, speak/break. Eye rhyme may be deliberate, but often results from a changed pronunciation in one of two words which once made a perfect rhyme, or rhyme in a non-standard variety of English, as in these lines by the Scottish general James Graham, Marquis of Montrose (1649): 'I'll tune thy elegies to trumpet sounds, / And write thy epitaph in blood and wounds.' In Scots, both italicized words have the same 'oo' sound.


ΰѤǤϡeye rhyme "deliberate" Ǥ뤳Ȥ⤢롤Ȳ⤵Ƥ뤬Ϥषͤ "deliberate" ˤΤ eye rhyme ȸƤ֤ΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥嵭ΥåȥɱѸˤ벻εӱ sounds/wounds eye rhyme ȸƤ֤ΤϡޤɸѸüԤδǤϤȤΤȤǤ롥eye rhyme ¾Ȥơ#210. ֻȯЪΥˤ ([2009-11-23-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ơeye rhyme Ωϡӱʬֻϰפ뤬ϰפʤȤȤǤ롥ξ郎ΤĤDz褦ȤƤͤΤߤʤ餺ɤ߼ꡦʹˤȤäƤ⤽μݤǶͭƤʤС⤽ eye rhyme ϼԤȤʤϤĤޤꡤ춦ƱΤΤʤǡΰФθˤĤơֻϰפ뤬ϰפʤפȤȤʤäƤʤФʤʤפˡ餫٤ɽȤˡ춦Ʊ˹ԤϤäƤʤС̣ʤʤȤȤդߤСˡǤޤäƤʤˤϡeye rhyme ϡȤäȤƤͭǤϤʤȤȤˤʤ롥
ˡΩƤ븽ѸδȤƤȡϻפʤ褯ͤФȤΤ褦˻פ롥䤬ͤ줿ΤϡϢȤƤ Crystal Shakespeare ΥꥸʥȯΥȥɤߤʤ顤eye rhyme Shakespeare Υꥸʥȯ뤿ΥҥȤˤʤΤʤʤΤȤ˽вäǤ롥Crystal (xxiii--xxiv) ꡤϢʬѤ

Certainly, as poetry became less an oral performance and more a private reading experience---a development which accompanied the availability of printed books and the rise of literacy in the sixteenth century---we might expect visual rhymes to be increasingly used as a poetic device. But from a linguistic point of view, this was unlikely to happen until a standardized spelling system had developed. When spelling is inconsistent, regionally diverse, and idiosyncratic, as it was in Middle English (with as many as 52 spellings recorded for might, for example, in the OED), a predictable graphaesthetic effect is impossible. And although the process of spelling standardization was well underway in the sixteenth century, it was still a long way from achieving the stability that would be seen a century later. As John Hart put it in his influential Orthographie (1569, folio 2), English spelling shows 'such confusion and disorder, as it may be accounted rather a kind of ciphring'. And Richard Mulcaster, in his Elementarie (1582), affirms that it is 'a very necessarie labor to set the writing certaine, that the reading may be sure'. Word endings, in particular, were variably spelled, notably the presence or absence of a final e (again vs againe), the alteration between apostrophe and e (arm'd vs armed), the use of ie or y (busie vs busy), and variation between double and single consonants (royall vs royal). This is not a climate in which we would expect eye-rhymes to thrive.
   'That the reading may be sure.' Poets, far more alert to the impact of their linguistic choices than the average language user, would hardly be likely to introduce a graphic effect when there was no guarantee that their readers would recognize it. And certainly not to the extent found in the sonnets.


褯ȤƤϡֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) ⡤ɽŪֻɸಽ餳ǽȤʤäȤΤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2097. ɽʸƱֻ֡ȯ ([2015-01-23-1]) 򻲾ȡޤŲΤ (eye) rhyme ѤˤĤƤϡ#437. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 ([2010-07-08-1]) ⻲ȡ

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Crystal, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation. Oxford: OUP, 2016.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-07-13 Tue

#4460. űѸ첻ξˤĤĹϼܤˤϤʤΤ [manuscript][oe][punctuation][vowel][spelling][palatalisation][alphabet]

ε#4459. ʤ drive βʬ driven ϥɥ饤ǤϤʤɥʤΡ ([2021-07-12-1]) ϤȤơܥ֥ǤϸűѸθѤ뤳Ȥ¿κݤĹ첻򼨤Τ첻ξ macron ȸƤФ벣ĹˤդȤ¿ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ȳ ǡǤ롥ǤСѸ drove бűѸη֤ drāf äȤ˿줿ǤĹ첻Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨤Τ ā ɽѤƤ롥
դ٤ϡ macron դɽϡޤǸθűѸؽԤصΤ˸ԼԤդѤˤºݤθűѸμܤˤϤޤäʤäȤȤǤ롥macron ˸¤餺θűѸܤʤɤ˰Ƥζ (punctuation) ϡűѸؼԤΤԼԤѸݤäƤƤΤǤ뤳Ȥ¿ºݤμܤΩäƤߤȡΤ褦ϤʤȤȤʤʤĤޤꡤꤿ褦ʡäΤ褦äʤΤǤ롥ΤȤŪ˽Ҥ٤Ƥʤȡ¿θűѸؽԤ򤷤Ƥޤ
ŪˤСűѸϸѸ٤ơֻȯδطȥ졼ȤǤ롥Ѹ knight, through, climb /naɪt/, /θruː/, /claɪm/ ɤळȤϳؽʤ¤񤷤бűѸ cniht, þurh, climban /kniçt/, /θurx/, /clɪmban/ ɤळȤŪ䤹űѸϡѸˤȯֻЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ꤫餪褽ȤƤȰŪ˸롥
űѸˤȯֻΰספɾƤϤʤΤˡ֥޻̤ɤФ褤פȤ§Ǥ褽ޤΤΡ#17. դ٤űѸ֤ȯ ([2009-05-15-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡȯֻɬ11ˤʤʤΤ⤢롥<f, s, þ, ð> ϡŪˤϤ줾̵ͭ (/f, v, s, z, θ, ð/) 뤷<c> <g> ˤ𲻡ʸˤȹŲ롥ԤˤĤƤϡǤ𲻤 /ʧ/, /j/ ϳơ <ċ>, <ġ> ɽ뤳Ȥ¿űѸǤ⡤ȯֻ줤11ˤʤäƤʤϡΤǤ롥
κǤΤ첻ĹûǤ롥ѸˤˤƤϡűѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǡ첻ĹûϾ˽פʶ̤Ǥ³Ƥ㤨к夲 drive (OE drīfan) ǤСû첻 drifen ǤвʬǤꡤĹ첻 drīfen Ǥ³ˡʣߤȤ "we/you/they may drive" ۤɤɽ路Τǡ첻Ĺụ̂ǽ礭㤨ΤǤ롥¸ܤˤƤ macron ʤɤʤ <drifen> ֤ƤȤ˵Ĥ
θ¤ˤơűѸ⸽ѸƱֻͤȯϤưפƤʤäȤ⤤ΤǤ롥٤ȤʤСΤ˸űѸϸѸϥޥäűѸˤȯֻϡȤ櫓첻Ĺû˴ؤƤСΤΤäΤǤ롥ϡѸˤˤƤФиƨƤ˽פʻ¤ȹͤƤ롥
Ϣơ#1826. ޻첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1])#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤס ([2017-03-23-1])#3954. 첻Ĺûʬ褦ȤѸο ([2020-02-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow