hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 ڡ / page 8 (22)

spelling - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2020-02-03 Mon

#3934. ꥹ er ȥꥫ uh [interjection][spelling][pronunciation][ame_bre][rhotic][onomatopoeia]

դˤĤݤʤɤθɤߤŵŪ filler Ȥơɸθ줬롥er uh ȯ纹ʤ /ə, əː, ʌ/ ǰפƤȤäƤ褤ڥ󥰤礭ۤʤꡤǤ̡δ (interjection) ȤưƤ롥ŪˤСer ꥹѸ졤uh ꥫѸŵŪ filler Ǥ롥
ʬۤϡƤߤФʤۤɤǼǤ롥ɸŪˤ non-rhotic Ǥ륤ꥹȯʶŪˤ RP ʤɡˤǰƬˤСer Ȥڥ󥰤첻ΤߤȯбƤΤ̤ΤȤǤ롥rhotic ʰ̥ꥫѸʶŪˤ General American ʤɡˤǰƬˤȡer Υڥ󥰤첻ΤߤȯбΤˤ񹳤Τ⤷ʤꥫѸǤϡer Υڥ󥰤ȯδ֤Ե§ȤȤǡuh Ȥ̤֤ȯפ줿ΤǤϤʤCook (183) դλ˿Ƥ롥

. . . characters who hesitate in British novels say 'er', whereas those in American novels say 'uh', though the sound is doubtless the same. The American correspondence of <er> would have to be /ər/, whereas <uh> can correspond to /ə/ in a more straightforward way.


ʤer uh ɤߤ˺ݤ뿴ŪŪʺѤη̤Ȥȯ줿򥹥ڥ󥰤˽񤭵ηΤϤʤ꿷OED ˤȡer Ͻ㤬1862ǯuh 1962ǯǤ롥
Ѽ֤Υڥ󥰤κۤϤޤȵ󤲤뤳ȤǤ뤬cf. #244. ֻαƺΥꥹȡ ([2009-12-27-1])ˡȯ non-rhotic/rhotic ΰ㤤ڥ󥰤κ̩ۤܤ˴ϢƤ뺣Τ褦ϤۤȤɸȤʤäȤ er uh ϥڥ󥰤κۤǤϤʤܼŪˤϸκۤǤȵ뤳Ȥϲǽ⤷ʤ

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

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2020-01-28 Tue

#3928. ڥ󥰤˼ҲŪ¦ [sociolinguistics][spelling][orthography][spelling_pronunciation_gap][silent_letter]

ѸΥڥ󥰤ȤСƤȯȤЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ꤬濴Ȥʤ롥1Ĥʸ¿βбƤդ1Ĥβ¿ʸбƤޤۻ (silent_letter) ¸ߤʤɡ˻礫ʤܥ֥Ǥ spelling ¿εǼ夲Ƥ
ȯȥڥ󥰤б§ϡ켫Ρɵ椷Ƥͤ롥ѸˤȤΩ줫鶯ĴƤΤϡб§˾Ȥ餺ڥ󥰤ΤļҲŪ¦̤ˤܤƤ餤ȤȤñΥڥ󥰤뤤ϸʤɤȤ硤ȤƤΤɸŪǵŪˡ (orthography) ¸ߤǤ롥䤿褯ΤäƤ褦ˡˡϷ褷ƹŪǤ⵬§ŪǤʤΤγˤϼҲŪˡפȤΤդ롥
ǤϡïΤդͿƤΤõȤȡѸˡ夲ƤˡˤƤ˼ҲŪʰҿͿƤΤηаޤҤȤɬפƤ롥busy <u> /ɪ/ ȯ뤳ȡdoubt <b> ̵Ȥʤ뤳ȡcolour color ˤߤ륹ڥ󥰤αƺʤɤϡб§ǤƱˡ䤽ʾˡʤΤ褦ʥڥ󥰻ƤΤȤ˼ҲŪʤΤǤ롥
ѸΥڥ󥰤ˤĤơCook (178) ⤽μҲŪ¦̤˸ڤƤ롥

Group loyalty manifests itself in several ways in the English writing system. At one level it becomes a matter of patriotism: your national identity is shown by whether you spell in a Canadian, a British or an American fashion. While people accept that speakers have different accents; they are far less tolerant about variations in spelling. A paper of mine was returned with the comment 'American spelling for an American journal': no one has ever required me to use an American accent for an American conference. As Jaffe (2000: 502) puts it, 'Orthography selects, displays and naturalises linguistic difference, which is in turn used to legitimise and naturalise cultural and political identity'.
   At another level spelling can be a mark of regional or social group membership. The actual pronunciation of the group can be mimicked through unusual sound correspondences, as in dialect spelling such as 'Down Vizes way zom yoars agoo, When smuggal'n wur nuthen new . . .'. Or an arbitrary group standard can be adopted unrelated to pronunciation, for instance British 'colour' versus American 'color'. Particular conventions act as a way of excluding outsiders, say the chat-room convention of abbreviations such as 'LOL' ('laughing out loud'). Jargon makes insiders feel they belong and outsiders feel uncomfortable, whether the groups consist of teenagers, street gangs, football fans or syntacticians.


ѸѤʵȤ֤Ρ֡ȤñϤʤߡߤΤ褦̯֤򤹤ΤǤפФˤϡƤ˭˼ҲŪطʤǤ롥Ե§ʤΤޤްŵ褦פǺѤޤˤϤޤˤäʤŪɷ٤ͥˤǤ롥

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.
Jaffe, Alexandra. "Non-Standard Orthography and Non-Standard Speech." Journal of Sociolinguistics 4 (2000): 497--513.

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2020-01-24 Fri

#3924. ɸѸΥͥƥ֤ڥ󥰤ؤ־Ѥʤ [spelling][orthography][cockney][efl][cockney][h]

ޤܸȤ͡¿ϡѸ򳰹ȤƤαѸ (EFL) ȤǤߤƤ롥Ω줫顤ѸˡʤγؤӤ䤹ˤˤɾꡤ줳Τ̤Ǥ롥ˡ˴ؤ¤ꡤѸȤ (ENL) üԤλҶ⼫˽櫓ǤϤʤ٤βǰռŪ˳ؤФʤФʤʤENL λҶϤǤ˱Ѹβ򤢤餫dzؽפȤǡEFLؽԤȤ󤬰ۤʤäƤΤǡ#3889. ͥƥ֤褯ְ㤨륹ڥ󥰡 ([2019-12-20-1]) Ǥߤ̤ꡤEFLؽԤߤäʥڥ󥰤δְ㤨򤹤뤳Ȥ롥䤿ˤȤäƤߤСEFL֤ϿɤפȸȤͥƥ֤̤δENL֤ϿɤפȤܤ䤭ϤǤ롥
Ȥ櫓ƼϰʤɸѸˤȤͥƥ֤ˤȤäơɸѸ˴ŤѸɽŪˡʤȤϤȾüɽΤǤϤ뤬ˤǤ롥åˡ (cockney) ʤɤȤ롤 /h/ ⤿ʤѸüԤˤȤäơhit it ȯƱȤʤ뤬񤯺ݤˤԤ <h> ǡ <h> ʤ֤ȤȤŪ˳ؽʤФʤʤĤޤȤŵȤȤˤʤꡤ㤤 hit <it>it <hit> 㤤֤ꡤ֤ѤߤȤȤ⤢롥षη˴ؤƤϡ<h> βǤܸȤѸؽԤΤְۤ㤨ˤ
Ʊ褦ʤȤth-fronting ȤΤ븽ݤ˴ؤƤ⤤롥ϤѸѼĿͤȯˤơth /θ/ ǤϤʤ /f/ ȯΤǤ롥ȯΥͥƥ֤λҶˤ褯ߤ븽ݤCook (129) ϡ̤θԤˤ East Tilbury (Essex) 4--7Фȯ˴ؤĴ̤򼡤Τ褦˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥

Children preferred 'fing' over 'thing' by 56% to 32%, 'nuffing' over 'nothing' by 37% to 34%. Overall they opted for the dialect spelling 30% of the time. Learning to spell English is a problem for any child who speaks English with an accent that is non-standard in a particular country, whether England or Australia. To make the spelling system work, children with non-standard accents have either to invent correspondence rules for their own dialect that are different from those they are taught, that is, <th> corresponding to /f/ or /v/ in East Tilbury, or have to imagine what a standard speaker would say rather than themselves and their parents. In other words to some extent they are in the position of second language learners, basing spelling correspondence on a phonology that is not their own.


ܸüԤϡѸˡɸѸ˥ͥƥ֤ФƤĤ¦̤ˤϡʤʤŤʤαѸ֤ϡˤ貿κľ̤뤳ȤˤʤΤ

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

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2020-01-21 Tue

#3921. ڥ󥰥ߥ5ʬ [spelling][orthography][typology][levenshtein_distance]

#3889. ͥƥ֤褯ְ㤨륹ڥ󥰡 ([2019-12-20-1]) ǥͥƥ֤Ȥʥڥ󥰥ߥ󤲤1993ǯ NFER (The National Foundation for Educational Research) ˤĴǤϡ11--15ФΥͥƥ֤λҶȤ䤹ڥ󥰥ߥ餫ˤ줿NFER ϥڥ󥰥ߥʲ5ʬषƤʰʲΰѤȿͤ Cook (124) ˡ

insertion of extra letters, such as the <l> added to 'until'
omission of letters, such as the <r> missing from 'occurring'
substitution of different letters, such as <a> instead of <i> in 'definate'
transposition of two letters, such as <ei> for <ie> in 'freind'
grapheme substitution involving more than two letters but only a single cause, for example when an equivalent according to sound correspondence rules is substituted for the usual form, as in 'thort' for 'thought'


5ΥߥߤƤߤȡinsertion (17%), omission (36%), substitution (19%), transposition (5%), grapheme substitution (19%), ¾ (3%) ȤȤǤ롥οͤ򸫤Ƥ褽ʤȤȤݤägrapheme substitution ͽۤ¿äΤǡäȤȯäͤοͤϤޤۤʤäƤ뤫⤷ʤ˥ͥƥǤϤʤL2ؽԤʤСϤ̤οͤФΤǤϤʤȵ롥
L1, L2ؽԤˤ餺Υڥ󥰥ߥ5ʬñǡŪѤǤ褦˻פ롥ڥ󥰤ΥߥΤߤʤ餺ѲѰۤ෿ˤΩʬ
ʤڥ󥰤κۤ¬ꤹˡȤƤϡۤ "Levenshtein distance" (levenshtein_distance) ȤΤ⤢롥ˤĤƤϡ#3406. Levenshtein distance ([2018-08-24-1])#3399. ֻٷ׻ ([2018-08-17-1])#3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1])#3398. Ѹ such Υֻ ([2018-08-16-1]) 򻲾ȡ
 
Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

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2020-01-11 Sat

#3911. ηϤϡƱŪʣλΤֽвä̤Ǥ [spelling][orthography]

#3083. ֱѸΥڥ󥰤ƲΤ褦Ǥס ([2017-10-05-1])#3874. ֱѸˡϥѥΤ褦ԲǤס ([2019-12-05-1]) ǡѸˡʪԻԤˤʤ館븫Ҳ𤷤ʸؤؤξԡ٤ɤߤʤ顤θ岡ͤ˽вäëˤְۤG֥顼ηǯˤĤơפꤹ롤ѻ˳ؼԥ֥顼 (George A. Kubler) ɾǤ롥֥顼 The Shape of Time: Remarks on the History of Things (Yale UP, 1962) ˮػΤ١ˤŸʬ䤹󤷤ƤƤ롥ʲë (87--89) Ѥ롥

ȤबҤ٤ʪȤϡĤǤ˴Ը뤳ȤϤǤʤصŪ̿̾ˤषмΰۤʤǤ񤷤饹«ˤʤΤǤ롥֥顼ˤäƿ˼줿ǰȤϡʪʬˡ֤ή줿ȤǤäޤλ֤ñ̤ϰͤǤϤʤ줾λʪǤϤ줾˸ͭλ֤äƤ롥Τᡤʪ粽쿷ʻʪȤƷ¤ȤλʪƱŪǤäʣλΤֽвäΤ褦ʷ̡֡ˤĤȼĥΤǤ롥ƥ֥顼ϡΤʤǤλʪؤϢή򥯥饹classӤȤǰˤäޤʪϡλʪФȤƸΤǤꡤƱˤϿ߽ФäƻʪήϡˤäƤĤʤ졤Ƥ椯ΤǤ롥֥顼Ϥ򳫤줿饹ʤ󥹡sequenceӤƤ롥ޤդˡФĤʲˤ빭βǽ򼺤äΤĤ饹ʤ꡼seriesӤƤ롥
ȤСƲΤ褦絬Ϥʹʪϡۤʤ륷󥹤°뵻ѤդʣΤǤ롥
ΤƤϡΤʤǤΡ饹ðۤʲƳФȤĤ饹⡤ȯˤäƺƤӳ饹ؤŸƤǽĤͤƤΤǤ롥ʸ楯֥顼ϥܥꥸˤμ鳨ȸݽѤˤŪȤζŦꡤޤᥭʸˤӤξħǤäå⡼ȥꥹθĦȤǤäإ꡼ࡼ (Henry Moore) ĦȤζŦƤ롥ŪˤϤδ֤ˤʤɬŪƥȤߤʤषŪ뤤϶ΰפȤߤʤ롥ʤ饯֥顼ιͤˤСϤäĤ饹ήžΤʤǺƤӿʹ֤ˤߤ쿷饹ϤȤطʥ󥹡ˤˤäƺϢ뤵ƤΤǤ롥֥顼ϤΤ褦̾ŪŪϢ³Ķʹ֤ˤȯŪ٥Ȥʸνפʥ⡼ȤȤưꤳ⤦ȤΤǤäμ礭
˥֥顼ϼˡºݤλʪΡ鸽ߤޤǤ¤λˤƹͻƤ롥¿¿β𤹤ǤСߤޤǡ꤬Ѥ뤳ȤϤʤäƻʪˤϡ饹ȯüȤʤ̤ʪΡץ饤ࡦ֥ȡprime objectŪ¸ߤ¸ߤƬˡθˡʣʤʪĤʤ뤳ȤˤäơĤΥ饹¤ΤǤ롥ץ饤ࡦ֥ȤȤϡĤޤȯʪǤꡤФŪŪʲǤ롥ޤץ饤ࡦ֥ȤϤޤϡʥԡǤϤʤषĤˤĤơȤ⡤Τ褦ԲŪѷή켫ΤΧŪѰ (mutant) ߽ФΤ


ĹѤʸϤϡˡηϤηϤӤ̻ŪѲͤǡŪʻŦ٤Ǥ롥ȤСηϤϡְۤʤǤ񤷤饹«ˡפǤꡤֹǤϤ줾˸ͭλ֤äƤסʸˡͤƤߤСˡȤܤϰĸͳ褹˸ŤܤλϸűѸˤʤäƤ褦䤯ϤޤäܤǤꡤʸŪʡ˿ʹԷ϶Ѹˤ㤤ܤˤʤ줾ιܤΡǯפ礭ۤʤ뤬ѸʸˡηϤȤIJβǶƤ롥ƱŪʹܤäΤѸˤƶ˰ֽв񤦤Ȥˤʤꡤΰ֤̤䤿ϺįƤΤǤ롥
ޤΤ褦ʸαʸˡηϤϴʤΤǤϤʤ¿ΡפƤ롥ФơֿפФ졤ˤäƱʸˡή줬֤Ĥʤ졤Ƥ椯סΰ̣ǡʸˡηϤϡֳ줿饹ʤ󥹡sequenceӡפǤ롥
ʸˡηϤˤˡηϤˤ衤˴ؤηϤϡƱŪʣλΤֽвä̡פȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥ɷŪ̥ŪʸѤǤϤʤ

ë ΡְۤG֥顼ηǯˤĤơסʸؤؤξԡ ԡˡҦ˼2012ǯ85--117ǡ

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2019-12-23 Mon

#3892. greengrocer's apostrophe (2) [punctuation][apostrophe][spelling][orthography]

#1772. greengrocer's apostrophe ([2014-03-04-1]) ³ԡ-s Ȥ֤٤Ȥ apostrophe դ -'s ֤ɸŪʻ㤬פ䤿ʤŵŪȬɴͻˤߤʸˡʤΤǡ̸򤸤 "greengrocer's apostrophe" ȾΤ롥
μ The Golden Apostrophe Awards ʤ륵Ȥ롥ȥåץڡ˷ǤƤΤϡ"Trump's First Campaign Event Had It's 4th Anniversary" Ƚ񤭹ޤ줿̿Ǥ롥ͭ̾ its apostrophe it's ֤äƤޤˤ褯1Ĥ (cf. #198. its ε ([2009-11-11-1]))
ꥹޥߤ󤲤Τդ路Υڡ ˷ǺܤƤįƤߤȡapostrophe ʤ٤Ȥˤäꡤդˤ٤Ȥˤʤä͡˳ڤ롥

To our Valued Gowings Customer's Merry Christmas & Happy New Year
Camera's follow Vatican insiders to reveal the intrigue and manoeuvring behind the election of a new pope.
Your invited to join us for our Family Service each Sunday at 9.30am.
16 DELUXE CHRISTMAS CARDS IN ASSORTED DESIGN'S

ѸˡȤƤϳΤˡָѡפȤΤŪˤߤ apostrophe դդʤˤĤƤĹѤλ夬äʲεǴϢ夲ƤΤǡɤ졥

#3661. ʣͭʤΥݥȥեθ˲άƤ뤫Τ褦˴Τϼ ([2019-05-06-1])
#3656. kings' Τ褦ʣͭʤΥݥȥեθˤϲάƤΤǤ ([2019-05-01-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-06-1]

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2019-12-21 Sat

#3890. ѸΥڥ󥰤Ф Chomsky θ [spelling][orthography][chomsky][mental_lexicon][generative_grammar][writing]

츫ȱѸΥڥ󥰤 Chomsky ȤϷӤĤʤ褦˻פ뤬¤ϴط롥Chomsky ϡοŪɽˡΥڥ󥰤˶ᤤ¸ߤƤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ뤫Cook (77) ͳǡ2ĤۤɰѤ

. . . conventional orthography is . . . a near optimal system for the lexical representation of English words. (N. Chomsky and M. Halle 1968: 49)


In short, conventional orthography is much closer than one might guess to an optimal orthography, an orthography that presents no redundant information and that indicates directly, by direct letter-to-segment correspondence, the underlying lexical form of the spoken language (N. Chomsky 1972: 12)


ʸˡǤϡüԤε˳ǼƤδϡΤ˺Ŭ줿ɽäƤΤȤ롥δȽϤβۤʤäƤȤȤ¿ˤʤȤäξԤ˸̩˰פƤȤ櫓ǤʤξԤδطϴˤطǤ롥δˤϡΥڥ󥰤ȯδطˤƤϤޤ롥ʸˡǤȱѸˡΥڥ󥰤ȤΤϡΩ֤ȤƤƤΤǤ롥
ˤĤơCook (78) ϾˤѤ Chomsky ˰͵򤷤ʤ鼡Τ褦Ƥ롥

Most claims that English spelling is deficient are based on the view that English spelling corresponds to the sounds of speech. The purpose of English spelling is instead to link to the underlying lexical representation. However bad English writing may be as a sound-based system, it is efficient at showing the underlying forms of words stripped of the accidental features attached to them by phonological rules. Its purpose is not the representation of sounds but the representation of word forms. Looked at in this light, 'conventional orthography is . . . a near optimal system for the lexical representation of English words' (Chomsky and Halle 1968: 49).


ǽҤ٤ƤΤϡѸ쥹ڥ󥰤ɽȤĤ뤫⤷ʤɽȤܤʤСʤ꤯äƤȤȤ#3873. ֻɸಽ경餳ѸνηϤʣˤʤä ([2019-12-04-1]) 䡤ĥäεǼĥƤ褦ˡѸˡˤ륹ڥ󥰤νſϡɽȤɽˤȹͤƤ롥
ʤȤ Chomsky ȤĤʤäƤȰճǤϤ롥 Chomskian!?

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.
Chomsky, N. and M. Halle. The Sound Pattern of English. London: Harper & Row, 1968.
Chomsky, N. Phonology and Reading. Basic Processes in Reading. Ed. H. Levin. London: Harper & Row, 1972. 3--18.

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2019-12-20 Fri

#3889. ͥƥ֤褯ְ㤨륹ڥ [spelling][elt][writing][orthography]

Cook (86) ˡͥƥ֤γ褯ְ㤨륹ڥ󥰤ǺܤƤ롥ʲ˵󤲤Ƥߤ褦

definately, knew (for new), bare (for bear), baring (for barring), demeening, tradditional, detatchment, finnished, grater (for greater), senario, compulsary, relevent (for relevant), illicit (for elicit), pronounciation, booring (for boring), layed out, pysche, embarassing, accomodate, quite (for quiet), syllubus, their (for there), sited (for cited), where (for were), to (for too), usefull, vocabularly, affect (for effect), percieved, principle (for principal), sence (for sense)


Τ˴ְ㤨䤹Ǽ⤢ΤΡǤˤθʤȯˤΤäƤͥƥ֤δְ㤨įƤȡѸ2ȤƳؤǤŵŪܸüԤδְ㤨ȤϰۤʤäƤΤ¿Ȥ˵ŤĿͤȤƤ knew/new, grater/greater, to/too, where/were Τ褦ʺƱ̤иǤ롥ޤˤϵ󤬤äƤʤͥƥ֤褯ְ㤨ֻȤ⤤ it's/its ˤĤƤ⡤ʤƱΤԥʤȯƱȤƤ餫˵ǽۤʤǤ礦ͤùߤʤ (cf. #198. its ε ([2009-11-11-1]))
Τ褦ʥͥƥ֤ͥƥ֤Υڥ󥰤δְ㤨κۤϡạ̈ƤΤȯ꤭ΥͥƥŪ콬ȡʸˡ꤭ܤαѸ춵Ū콬Ȥΰ㤤ˤΤȤ뤬˴ߤ٤Ǥ롥콬Ѹ춵ϤȤꡤʸɤ߽񤭤βʳؤʤɤγغŪθư٤

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

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2019-12-19 Thu

#3888. Ѹʸϲɽ魯ǤϤʤʳθŪħɸ [orthography][spelling][writing][grammatology]

ε Venezky ˤ#3887. Ѹˡΰ̸7 ([2019-12-18-1]) Ҳ𤷤Ρָ3פܤ"Letters represent sounds and mark graphemic, phonological and morphemic features." ȤСֱѸʸϲɽ魯ǤϤʤʳθŪħɸפȤȤˤʤ롥̤ѸǤ˸ʤС#3882. ֻȯΡб§פȤ̤¸ߤˡ§ס ([2019-12-13-1]) ǸȤꡤб§פȡˡ§פξε§ȤȤǤ⤢롥
˽ǡVenezky ⥹ڥ󥰤ñ̡"functional unit" ȸƤФˤ2˶ʬƤ롥1Ĥϲб "relational unit" Ǥꡤ⤦1ĤϤʳ̤ "marker" Ǥ롥Venezky (7) ˤCook (63) ͳǷǤ褦

Functional units
1 Relational units 'map directly into sounds'
2 'a marker is an instance of a letter that has no pronunciation of its own; instead, it marks the pronunciation of another letter, indicates the morphemic status of a word or preserves a graphemic pattern'


1Ĥ "relational unit" ϡñɽʸεǽȤȤʤΤʬ䤹פΤ2Ĥ "marker" Ǥ롥"marker" ȤʤʸˤϡʬȤβɽ魯櫓ǤϤʤ¾ʸˤβŪɽ路ꡤŪϰ̤ƱΤ˵ǽꡤ뤤ֻˡηˤϤ뤿¸ߤ롥¾ʸˤβŪɽ魯ȤΤϡȤ mat/mate ʤɤФˤ magic <e> ŵŪˤߤƯǤ롥Ūϰ̤ƱΤεǽȤϡCook Ф Cooke ۤʤĿ̾Ȥǧθ e 줿Ǥ롥ǸˡֻˡηˤϤ뤿¸ߤʸˤȤϡhouse jive ˤߤ e Τ褦ˡs v ñ򽪤ʤȤѸˡΥ롼˰ȿʤʤˤñ̤Ǥ롥
ʾΤ褦ˡmate, Cooke, house ϡ e Ȥ "marker" λȤϤ٤иߤ䤬ۤʤ뤳Ȥդ

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.
Venezky, R. L. The American Way of Spelling. New York, NY: Gilford P, 1999.

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2019-12-18 Wed

#3887. Ѹˡΰ̸7 [orthography][spelling][writing][silent_letter]

Venezky Ƥ֡1999ǯǡ˱Ѹˡΰ̸ (General principles of English orthography) ϰʲ̤Ǥ (Cook 62)

1 Variation is tolerated.
2 Letter distribution is capriciously limited.
3 Letters represent sounds and mark graphemic, phonological and morphemic features.
4 Etymology is honoured.
5 Regularity is based on more than phonology.
6 Visual identity of meaningful word parts takes precedence over letter-sound simplicity.
7 English orthography facilitates word recognition for the initiated speaker of the language, rather than being a phonetic alphabet for the non-speaker.


Venezky Ȥⴰ򤷤ƤȻפ뤬ѸˡˡְŪʸפϤʤäơǤָפȤ̾⤺ä᤿̣ǤΡָפǤꡤषѸˡλäƤʡפȤȤ館ۤ褤
Τ褦򤷤ǡ嵭ΰ̸7ˤĤƴñˡեޥ­

1 ϡŪ1Ĥθ1Ĥηޤäڥ󥰤򤢤ƤƤ뤬honour honor Τ褦ʥڥ󥰤αƺ꡹¸ߤ롥
2 ϡƱʸ2³ˤƤ⡤<ee>, <oo>, <ff>, <ss> ϵΤˡʤ <aa>, <ii>, <vv>, <zz> ϰŪ˵ʤ
3 ϡƤʸβǤбƤ뤬magic <e> ƼۻΤ褦ˡǤؤбȤ̤εǽ򼨤롥
4 ϡdoubt <b> indict <c> ŵɽֲפˤɽָ츻פŻ뤹¿
5 ϡinn ̾ˤ in ֻˤζ̡art ̾ˤ Art ʸͭ̾ˤζ̤Τ褦ˡȯɽ魯Ȥ֡졦¾ξ礬롥
6 ϡprecede precedence κǽ2ȯ礭ۤʤäƤˤ⤫餺б륹ڥ󥰤ϰפƤ롥
7 ϡǤ˱ѸΤäƤɼԤˤʬ䤹ڥ󥰤ǤʤɼԡʡؼԡˤˤϤ狼ˤ (cf. #3884. ʸɤΡ2ϩפ ([2019-12-15-1]) Ρָ롼ȡפħ򻲾)

ޤȤ˸餷ʤǤϤ롥

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.
Venezky, R. L. The American Way of Spelling. New York, NY: Gilford P, 1999.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-19-1]

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2019-12-15 Sun

#3884. ʸɤΡ2ϩפ [spelling][grammatology][alphabet][reading][writing][psycholinguistics][kanji][frequency]

#3881. ʸɲΡ2ϩǥס ([2019-12-12-1]) εǤߤ褦ˡʸɤˤϡֲ롼ȡ (phonological route) ȡָ롼ȡ (lexical route) 2ϩꤵƤ롥ŵŪˤϳơե٥åȤȴʷɤߡˤ˷ӤĤΤʬ䤹ե٥åȤ֤줿ñ줬롼Ȥɲ򤵤뤳Ȥ⤢Сʸδ롼Ȥɲ򤵤뤳Ȥ⤢ΤǡñǤϤʤCook (25) ϡ2ĤΥ롼ȤʲΤ褦椷Ƥ롥

 Phonological routeLexical route
Converts written unitsTo phonemesTo meanings
Also known asAssembled phonologyAddressed phonology
NeedsMental rulesMental lexicon of items
Works byCorrespondence rulesMatching
Can handleAny novel combinationOnly familiar symbols
Used withAny wordsHigh frequency words


Ǹ2ԤλŦ̣롼ȤϡǤΤäƤ졤Ȥ櫓٤ι⤤褤ȤդˤС̤Τθ٤θȤȤȤΤ˴˳ؤǤʤ¤ɤळȤϤǤʤ٤δϤʤʤ夷ʤΤɤ߽񤭤˺줬Ǥ롥ե٥åȤǽ񤫤줿ϡȤ̤Τǰ̣ǤäƤ⡤褽ɤळȤϤǤ롥ޤե٥åȤǽ񤫤ƤȤϤthe very ʤɤιٸϡ餯롼Ȥɲ򤵤Ƥ
ѤȤС롼Ȥɮ뤳Ȥˡ롼ȤϰŵƤ뤫ľܲ˥뤳ȤȤä褤

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-26-1] [2019-12-18-1]

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2019-12-14 Sat

#3883. 3ʸ§פ㳰ȤƤ Od [spelling][orthography][root_creation][three-letter_rule]

إȤˤʤΤ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1]) 㳰ȤʤƸȤơεǿ줿 ax ox Τۤˡɸ Od Ȥ줬Τä (Cook, pp. 56--57) Scrabble ȤˤϤߤñ餷άȤ櫓ǤϤʤäѤñΤ褦ؽѤαѱѼˤܤäƤʤѸǤꡤַܤ䤯˵ѤפȤä⤢뤬 OED

Od, n.2
Pronunciation: Brit. /ɒd/, /əʊd/, U.S. /ɑd/, /ɔd/, /oʊd/
Origin: A borrowing from German. Etymon: German Od.
Etymology: < German Od (K. von Reichenbach 1845, in Ann. der Chem. u. Pharm. 53 216), an arbitrary formation . . . .

Now historical.

1. A hypothetical force proposed by Baron Karl von Reichenbach as pervading all nature and accounting for various physical and psychological phenomena (also called odyle . . . . ). Frequently attributive, esp. as Od force.
   The Od force was thought to manifest itself in certain persons of sensitive temperament by streaming from their fingertips, and to be exhibited especially by magnets, crystals, heat, light, and chemical action. It was held to account for the phenomena of mesmerism and animal magnetism, among other things.


ϤϤ뤫Ķ뤬 Od ʪؾβŪϤؤ餷ɥĤβʳؼԤˤ캬 (root_creation) ȤȤΤ褦Ф1846ǯ
ۤˤ¤ʤ exotic ʸȤ aa, ai, ba, bo, bu ʤɤ3ʸ§פ㳰ȤƽФƤΤΡդˤСषƸ˴ؤƱ§ΰŪФǧ褦
ʤŻҥ᡼ʤɤ¿Ѥ re (= about) ϡ٤⤤äѤ2ʸñƸǤϤʤǽ3ʸ§פ㳰ˤʤ3ʸ§ˤĤƤϡεΤۤˤ (three-letter_rule) γƵ򻲾ȡ

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

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2019-12-13 Fri

#3882. ֻȯΡб§פȤ̤¸ߤˡ§ [orthography][spelling][grammatology][phonotactics][grahotactics]

ѸˡˤϡʸȲǤδ֤б§ (correspondence rules) ˤĤƹͤ뤳Ȥ¿#3879. ե٥åʸηϤΡ11θס ([2019-12-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡʸʣȯбƤޤäꡤ뤤Ϥεդξ礬äꤹ㤬ΰæȤƹͻоݤȤʤ뤫
ѸˡˤϡʸȲǤбط˴ؤ뵬§Ȥ̤ˡʸζ֤˴ؤäʵ§͡¸ߤ롥ˡ§ (orthographic regularities) ȸƤФΤǤ (Cook 14) ȤС<q> θˤϤۤɬ <u> Ȥħߤ뤬ʸȲǤȤбط˴ؤ뵬§Ȥϡ2Ĥʸζ˴ؤ뵬§Ȥäۤ褤cf. #3649. q θˤɬ u ޤϤɤ櫓Ǥ ([2019-04-24-1]
ۤˤ⡤<th>, <rh> Τ褦2Ż (digraph) ˤĤơ¤ӽ˴ؤ뵬§ŦǤ<th>, <rh> ϱѸˡȤƤ뤬ʸ¤Ӥž <ht> <hr> ϵƤʤʤѸǤ̤ˤˡ
ʸˤñΤɤΰ֤˸뤫ʤȤ٥ε§⤢롥ȤСŪˤ <j>, <h>, <v> ϸˤϸʤȤˤʤäƤ㳰Ū Raj, Pooh, spiv ʤɤϤˡ<k> ϸƬˤΩĤˤϸˤ㳰Ū amok ʤɡˡդˡ<tch> ϸƬ˸뤳ȤϤۤȤɤʤ
ȯ˲ (phonotactics) ε§ΤƱͤˡֻˤʪ뤳Ȥʬ롥ȡǽҤ٤Ƥˡ§ (orthographic regularities) ϡ"graphotactics" 뤤 "graphotactic rules" ȸƤ٤षΤۤѸȤʬ䤹Ѹֻ˴ؤ뵬§ˤϡ礭ʬष correspondence rules graphotactic rules 2ब롤ȤФäǤ롥

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

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2019-12-12 Thu

#3881. ʸɲΡ2ϩǥ [orthography][spelling][grammatology][alphabet][reading][writing][psycholinguistics][kanji]

ܸä˴ˤɤǤΤȱѸɤǤΤȤǤϡ⡼ɤۤʤ褦ʴФ򤺤äȤäƤۤʤۤʤ⡼ɤɤǤΤȤФʤΤȤ̤β褦ʵ롥餵ƤΤɽʸɽʸȤ㤤ͿƤ˰㤤ʤΰ´ŪƤȻפΤʸɲΡ2ϩǥ ('dual-route' model) Ǥ롥켫ΤؾβʤȤˡɸǥפȤˤȤϤä꤯Ȥ롥
ɽʸǤޥ󡦥ե٥åȤɽѸɤǤȤܤӹǤʸ11˰ռȤϳΤ¿ɬ⤽ǤϤʤȤ¿ɤ鲻ռֲ롼ȡ (phonological route) ȸռָ롼ȡ (lexical route) ̡¸ߤƤꡤɼԤϾˤäƤ줫Υ롼ȤΤߡˤäξΥ롼ȤѤɲԤʤäƤȤȤ餷ʲˡ2ϩǥפοޤ򼨤Cook 17 ˡ

                                                     
                                                        Phonological route   
                                                                             
                                             Converting 'letters' to 
                                 Phonemes with a small         
    Reading             Working                set of rules            
    written  out 'letters'                                 Saying words aloud
     words            and 'words'              
                                      Lexical route            
                                                                     
                                                     ???Looking up 'words' in a ???
                                                      large mental lexicon   
                                                     

tip ȤñɤȤ˷ͳֲ롼ȡפͤƤߤ褦ɼԤ <t>, <i>, <p> ʸǧȡơ /t/, /ɪ/, /p/ ȤǤѴν֤¤ /tɪp/ ȤϤ롥ξб§Ϥñ<th> Ǥ /θ/ ˡ<dge> Ǥ /ʤ/ ѴɬפʤɡФйäб§ŬѤ׵ᤵ롥
% ȤɤȤ˷ͳָ롼ȡפͤƤߤ褦% ľܤ˲ɽ魯ǤϴޤޤƤʤΤǡɼԤϤε椬 percent /pəsent/ ȤбƤ뤳Ȥ򤢤餫ΤäƤʤФʤʤɼԤǾʵ (mental lexicon) äƤꡤˤϸäξọ̇ѲʤɡˤäͤޤäƤȤ롥Τ褦ɼԤ % εܤˤȡ򵭲˳ǼƤ percent Ȥȥ꡼ľܷӤĤɲ򤷤Ƥꤵ롥% ʤɤεΤ褦ʸϡ§Ȥơֲ롼ȡפϷͳָ롼ȡ׷ͳΤߤ򤵤ƤΤȻפ롥
tip ξϤɤΤˡֲ롼ȡפͳƤȻפ뤬üפȤ̣䤽¾ȯʳξФˤϡϤɤʳǵإƤʤФʤʤĤޤָ롼ȡפͳƤ˰㤤ʤΤǤ롥
顤ɤȤˤϼȤơָ롼ȡפΤߤ̤ꡤѸɤȤˤϡֲ롼ȡפȡָ롼ȡפξ̤äƤ뤳Ȥꤵ롥ơɤȤ˥⡼ɤۤʤ褦˴Τϡͳ롼Ȥμȿΰ㤤˵ǽ⤤ȤȤ

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-26-1] [2019-12-15-1]

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2019-12-11 Wed

#3880. ե٥åʸηϤΡθ [spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][orthography][alphabet][writing][grammatology][final_e]

ε#3879. ե٥åʸηϤΡ11θס ([2019-12-10-1]) ˰³ե٥åʸηϡʤ뤤ϲʸηϡˤˤˡο¬뤿2Ĥμ礿ɸΤ⤦1ĤΡθ (linearity principle) Ҳ𤷤褦ʲCook (13) ˰͵򤹤롥
θϡʸ¤Ӥϲ¤ӤȰפƤʤФʤʤפȤΤǤ롥Ȥ mat Ȥñ /m/, /æ/, /t/ 3Ǥν¤ȯΤ顤бֻ⡤ơβǤбʸ <m>, <a>, <t> Ʊ¤ <mat> ǤʤФʤʤȤΤ<amt> <tam> ʤɤǤϥȤȤǤ롥
ޤǤʤΤȤǡˤХХʹ븶ʤΤ¤ϤۤɥХХʤȤ name, take ʤɤ˸ magic <e> ͤƤߤ褦Τ褦 <e> ϡβ˸ʶŪˤϤǤ2ʸʬΡ첻û /æ/ ǤϤʤĹ /eɪ/ ȯ뤳Ȥ򼨤ȤǤ롥̤θ򤹤С<e> ϸΤۤΤۤȯλؼФԤʤäƤΤǤ롥̾ξήФƵչŪǤꡤıŪǤ⤢뤫顤θæ롥"Fairy e waves its magic wand and makes the vowel before it say its name." ȤȤꡤmagic <e> ϼǤϤʤˡʤΤ
ۤ ?5 ɽȤϵս "five pounds" ɤޤ뤳Ȥ狼褦ˡθȿƤ롥1, 10, 100, 1000 ȤˤƤ⡤<1> αˤ <0> ³ˤäɤޤȤǡƱæ롥ޤŪ̵ w 2Ż <wh> ֤뽬ѸΩƤ뤬ष2ʸս֤äűѸֻ <hw> ΤۤŪˤϤΤȤ⤤ΤǡֻŪǤȵ롥
ϤƤ⡤Devanagari ʸǤϡҲθ³첻ʸϻҲ֤봷Ȥ /bɪt/ <ibt> ֤뤫ǡǤ롥θפɬХХۤΤȤǤϤʤ褦
ǿ줿 magic <e> ˤĤƤϡ#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1])#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1])#1344. final -e ˡ ([2012-12-31-1])#2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (1) ([2015-10-30-1])#2378. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (2) ([2015-10-31-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

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2019-12-10 Tue

#3879. ե٥åʸηϤΡ11θ [spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][orthography][alphabet][writing][grammatology][digraph][silent_letter]

Cook (12--13) ˤСե٥åʸηϡʤ뤤ϲʸηϡˤˤ2Ĥθ롥11θ (one-to-one principle) ȡθ (linearity principle) Ǥ롥ε#3878. ˡο --- Ѹܸӡ ([2019-12-09-1]) Ǽ夲ˡοȤϡ褽ˡ2Ĥθ餤˰æƤ뤫λɸ򤷤ƺ٤ʤȤϤäƤŪʥե٥åʸηϤƤ٤ȤۤɤΤΤǤϤ뤬1ܤΡ11θפˤĤƹͤƤߤ褦
11θפȤϡʸβǤ11δطǷӤĤƤʤФʤʤפȤΤȤǤ롥ˡŪƱ (orthographic isomorphism) ȸƤ⤤Ѹˡϡθ餷ФаæƤ뤳ȤΤ롥æΥפˤĤƤϡ#1024. ѸֻԵ§줳 ([2012-02-15-1]) ΡԵ§μפˤƤĤ󤲤פ3򼨤м̤Ȥʤ롥

(1) ʸˤФʣβǡˤбƤޤäƤ㡤뤤ϵդˡβǡˤФʣʸˤбƤޤäƤ㡥ȤСcat /kæt/, gate /geɪt/, about /əˈbaʊt/, father /ˈfɑːðə/, also /ˈɔːlsəʊ/ Ǥϡ1첻ɽΤ <a> ʸѤƤ뤬 <a> ɽƤ첻ǤϤ줾ۤʤäƤ롥1ʸФ5ǤбƤޤäƤΤ
/eɪ/ Ȥ2첻Ǥбʸˤͤȡʲñ췲ǤϰۤʤʸˤѤƤ롧mate, eh, great, play, weight, Beowulf, halfpenny, pain, veil, obey, gauge, gaol, champagne, champaign, quoit, bouquet, café, Baedeker, Baal1Ĥ첻ǤФơ¿ʸˤбƤޤäƤ롥餫ˡ11θפȿƤ롥ʴϢ֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤ򻲾ȡ

(2) (1) üʥȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤬2ʸڥˤʤä1ĤβǤб䡤2Ǥڥˤʤä1Ĥʸб㤬롥Ԥϡ<sh> /ʃ/ ɽ路<ng> /ŋ/ ɽ魯ʤɤ2Ż (digraph) ˴ؤ롥2Ż켫Τ1Ĥñ̤ȤȤ館¤ˤƤϡΰæȤϤߤʤʤ⤷ʤ̩ˤʤаæΰȤ褦Ԥϡ/ks/, /juː/ ʤɤ2ǤΤĤʤ꤬ <x>, <u> Τ褦1ʸɽ蘆ؤ

(3) ʸˤ̵б롤ۻ (silent_letter) 㡥С10פδطˤʤäƤޤǡΰæȤ롥sign <g>limb <b>thought <gh> ʤˤȤޤʤۻ¾ˤĤƤϡ#1290. ۻۻ⤿餷üΰ ([2012-11-07-1])#2518. Ҳۻ ([2016-03-19-1])#3857. رѸ춵٤Ϣ9֤ʤѸΥڥ󥰤ˤۻ¿Τס ([2019-11-18-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-13-1] [2019-12-11-1]

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2019-12-06 Fri

#3875. 񤭤Ǥ19ޤǤĤäƤ long <s> [spelling][graphemics][alphabet][writing][printing][typography]

long <s> ȸƤФ <<ʃ>> λˤĤƤϡǤˡ#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1])#2997. 1800ǯ򶭤˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1])#1152. sneeze θ츻 ([2012-06-22-1])#1732. Shakespeare ֤ (2) ([2014-01-23-1])#2998. 18ޤǰȼ񤭤ֻϰۤʤˤä ([2017-07-12-1])#3869. 衼åѽ줬Ѹν񤭸դ˵ڤܤƶ ([2019-11-30-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲Ƥ
long <s> ŵŪ (1) Ƭˤơ(2) <f> ǡ뤤 (3) <ss> 1ʸܤˤơǤ1800ǯޤǹѤƤ񤭤Ǥϡ⤦٤19ȾФޤǻȤƤȤ롥ȤScholfield (153) ǤϡơˤĤƤ⤦٤ǯ夬󤲤Ƥ롥

. . . the letters used from the seventeenth century onwards remain easily recognizable with the exception of the 'long s', written in various ways such as <ʃ> plain or <ʃ> italic, also found with part of the crossbar such as <f> has . . . . The long form derived from an earlier cursive handwritten variant of <s> and, when used, this variant occurred widely in lower case writing (not capitals) except in word final position, where the familiar 'short s' or 'round s' letter shape was used . . . . In some usage it was also not used before/after <f> or as a second <s> in a double <s> the middle of a word, or in other specific circumstances. The long 's' was widely used in print until around 1815, and while it disappeared from published material at a stroke when a printing house or typeface-designer abandoned it . . ., it faded out slowly in the usage of individuals. The author Wilkie Collins is recorded using it in the word in a diary entry as late as 1886 . . ., and it seems that this use in final double 's' position was the one which generally survived the longest.


Ǥ1815ǯդ <<ʃ>> ä񤭤ǤϺǤ٤񤭼19᤯ޤĤäȤΤäǤϤʤ<<ʃ>> οˤĤƤϡ#3869. 衼åѽ줬Ѹν񤭸դ˵ڤܤƶ ([2019-11-30-1]) ǡΦαƶäǽȴñ˿줿Hill (437) ˴Ϣ뵭Ҥ򸫤ĤΦγ˱ƶȤԺѤη̤Ȥơ쵤˿षΤΤ褦εҤˤ1787--88ǯ餤פǯäȤˤʤ롥

   The decline of the long 's' coincides closely with the emergence of the Modern or Didone letter in the eighteenth century. Though used in Bodoni's earlier work, it is absent from Manuale Typografico of 1788, and was not used by François-Ambroise Didot in the types he cut in the 1780s . . . .
   In England, the printer John Bell argued against its continued use. It was not included in the types cut for him by Richard Austin in 1788, or used in his newspaper The World from 1787. Absent from British 'Modern' faces of the late eighteenth century, its use after this date was generally limited to deliberate historical effect or pastiche.


Scholfield, Phil. "Modernization and Standardization since the Seventeenth Century." Chapter 9 of The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016. 143--61.
Hill, Will. "Typography and the Printed English Text." Chapter 25 of The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016. 431--51.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-03-06-1] [2020-01-27-1]

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2019-12-05 Thu

#3874. ֱѸˡϥѥΤ褦ԲǤ [spelling][orthography]

Ѹֻθ Richard Venezky 󥿥ӥ塼ΤʤǡѸֻϥѥΤ褦ԻԤ˻Ƥɽεɤ롥طʬΤߡʲ˰Ѥ롥

I look at English orthography perhaps as a tourist might look at a beautiful big city like Paris. Here's a city laid out with Baron Haussmann's wide avenues converging on a circle at the Arch de Triomphe. But then there are a multitude of side streets and dead end alleys and other patterns that intersect, interrupt, and occasionally complement. And I see the same thing in the orthography. In the same way the orthography has old and new. We have all these new spelling patterns for words like 'inputted' and 'formatted'. We use letter names like 'x-ray' in words. At the same time we have good old Anglo-Saxon words like cow and sheep and raven; and French borrowings in the same way that Paris has the newly remodeled Pompidou Center, the Foundation Cartier, other examples of modern and post-modern architecture along with the older parts of the city.


餷ȤȻפѸֻȤˤĤߤˤƤȤ館ʤߤˡαѸֻˤθҤȤäƤ褤 Simon Horobin ŪȤĤƤ롥#3083. ֱѸΥڥ󥰤ƲΤ褦Ǥס ([2017-10-05-1])#2571. Horobin ֻФݼŪ١ ([2016-05-11-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-12-1] [2020-01-11-1]

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2019-12-04 Wed

#3873. ֻɸಽ경餳ѸνηϤʣˤʤä [spelling][standardisation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][writing][orthography]

17αѸֻζ岽ɸಽ (standardisation) ˤĤ Scholfield (160) ηˤɸ̷˿Ƥ롥ֻѤʤʤäƤޤäȤˤꡤֻȯбطʤηϤϡ֤ФƤзФĤۤƤ줫ƤΤȤƶ⡤ϱѸνηϤ˸¤餺ɤνηϤˤƤϤޤϤȤ

Thanks to the completion of the fixing of lexical spellings associated with standardization, four centuries brought little apparent change to English writing. However, when we look more closely we see that, as happens sooner or later for all writing systems that have been standardized in the same way round the world in national languages, due to sound change, the letter-sound correspondences become ever more complex. The choice of English not to naturalize loanword spellings and only incompletely to apply reason to resolve inherited variation exacerbated this. In essence the fact that the spelling of English words has 'not changed' much in recent centuries disguises the fact that, as a consequence, the English writing system, in the sense of the letter-sound correspondences, has massively changed and become even more complex, while morphemic reference has strengthened. By contrast the appearance of writing was never quite so firmly standardized and has changed rather more due to technological change and the impact of universal psychological requirements.


Ѹֻɸಽ경ȤˤꡤѸηϤˤȯֻбطƩˤʤäƤȤΤϡ̣ǥͥƥ֤ʻŦΤ褦ʹ롥ѤФݥƥ֤˲򤹤뤳ȤǤ롥Ѹֻɸಽ경ϡѸηϤɽʸŪʤΤɽʸŪʤΤؤȥեȤȤǤ롥ԤθǤϱѸηϤΥȥԡ礷Ƥ褦ʹ뤬ԤβǤϤषȥԡϸƤȤǤ
ʲεǤĥƤ褦ˡḽѸֻδܸϡɽȤɽˤΤ

#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1])
#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])
#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ ([2014-11-30-1])
#2312. Ūɽܻؤֻפ ([2015-08-26-1])

Scholfield, Phil. "Modernization and Standardization since the Seventeenth Century." Chapter 9 of The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016. 143--61.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-21-1]

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2019-12-02 Mon

#3871. åȥɱѸˤ wh- ǤϤʤ quh- ֻʸ Alexander Hume [scottish_english][scots][standardisation][spelling][orthography]

ε#3870. Ѹˤ wh- ʤ q- ֻ ([2019-12-01-1]) κǸǿ줿褦ˡ̤ Older Scots ˤƤϡѸƱͤˡwh q ǻϤޤֻǽ񤫤Ƥ16ˤʤȥ󥰥ɤɸŪֻαƶåȥɤˤڤӡquh- ʤɤֻϡ¤äֻȤ졤ʪФμȤʤä
1617ǯåȥɤǤֻǰƬ Orthographie and Congruitie of the Briþan Tongue 路 Alexander Hume ϡܤΤʤ quh- ֻʸHume ϤֻʪФμȤʤääϪƤ⤤롥ΰä Crystal (53) Ѥ褦

. . . to reform an errour bred in the south, and now usurped be our ignorant printers, I wil tel quhat befel my-self quhen I was in the south with a special gud frende of myne. Ther rease [rose], upon sum accident, quhither [whether] quho, quhen, quhat, etc., sould be symbolized with q or w, a hoat [hot] disputation betuene him and me. After manie conflictes (for we oft encountered), we met be chance, in the citie of baeth [Bath], with a doctour of divinitie of both our acquentance. He invited us to denner. At table my antagonist, to bring the question on foot amangs his awn condisciples, began that I was becum an heretik, and the doctour spering [asking] how, ansuered that I denyed quho to be spelled with a w, but with qu. Be quhat reason? quod the Doctour. Here, I beginning to lay my grundes of labial, dental, and guttural soundes and symboles, he snapped me on this hand and he on that, that the doctour had micle a doe to win me room for a syllogisme. Then (said I) a labial letter can not symboliz a guttural syllab [syllable]. But w is a labial letter, quho a guttural sound. And therfoer w can not symboliz quho, nor noe syllab of that nature. Here the doctour staying them again (for al barked at ones), the proposition, said he, I understand; the assumption is Scottish, and the conclusion false. Quherat al laughed, as if I had bene dryven from al replye, and I fretted to see a frivolouse jest goe for a solid ansuer.


ֻͥˡåȥɤϼˤ줿ΤǤ롥

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2019.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-10-29-1] [2021-05-13-1]

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