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spelling - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2012-11-07 Wed

#1290. ۻۻ⤿餷üΰ [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][orthography][silent_letter][etymological_respelling]

ε#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) ˰³ֻȯꡥѸֻȯЪΥΤʤǤ⡤äۻ (silent_letter) ȸƤФΤΤ롥̵ֻб륱debt <b> island <s> ϡ츻ʸԤϸä츻ˤ򻲾Ȥ줿ۻ (etymological_respelling) ¿ۻϡɸŪֻޤ꤫Ƥ뤤ޤäˡб벻üȤˤΤǤ롥Schmitt and Marsden (137) ˡȤƲüˤۻ˰ƤΤǡʲˤޤȤ᤿

Silent letterExamplesReason
k before nknight, kneek ceased to be pronounced during C17 (17th century); see [2009-08-27-1], [2012-04-26-1].
g before ngnat, gnawg ceased to be pronounced during C16
m before nmnemonicGreek spelling; m never pronounced in English
p before npneumoniaGreek spelling; p never pronounced in English
p before spsyche, psychologyGreek spelling; p pronounced by learned people probably until C18
w before rwrist, wrongw probably no longer pronounced after C16m (mid-16th century)
w after sswordw probably no longer pronounced after C17m
l after a and before f or vcalf, halfl probably not pronounced after ME
l after a and before ktalk, chalkl probably not pronounced after ME
l after a and before mcalm, palml probably not pronounced after ME
l in modal verbsshould, couldl ceased to be pronounced soon after ME in should; never pronounced in could (added to spelling by analogy with should)
g after a vowel and before m or nsign, paradigmg reflects French/Latin original spellings but was probably never pronounced in English
word-final b after mbomb, thumbb in some words never pronounced (crumb), in others it ceased to be pronounced quite early (thumb), in still others in EModE (dumb); see [2009-06-01-1], [2011-04-21-1].
word-final n after mautumn, columnn reflects original French spelling but never pronounced in English
t after s or f and before -enlisten, softent ceased to be pronounced in EModE; see [2010-05-11-1].
word-initial hhonest, hourThe loanwords are French, where h not pronounced; English usually follows this, but sometimes not (e.g., host)


Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.

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2012-11-06 Tue

#1289. magic <e> [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][phonetics][orthography][meosl][gvs][silent_letter][final_e][diacritical_mark]

ѸˤμȤʤɤ (Great Vowel Shift) 򰷤ȡΤ褦ʼ䤬󤻤뤳Ȥ롥name lake ʤɤ <a> 첻ܤˤ /eɪ/ ȤʤäȤʬä <e> ȯʤΤϤʤ
ϡ "magic <e>" ȸƤФˡľ뤹롥"magic <e>" ˤĤƤϡ#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]) (4) Ǽ夲ǤŵŪˤ <첻ܻҲe> ֻϢ³ˤƺǽ첻Ĺ첻פȯ졤<e> ΤΤ̵ȤʤȤ§Ǥ롥㤨Сtake, mete, side, rose, cube ˤƤ줾1첻ϡ/æ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɔ/, /ʌ/ Τ褦ʡû첻פǤϤʤ/eɪ/, /iː/, /aɪ/, /oʊ/, /juː/ Τ褦ʡĹ첻פȯ롥
嵭 "magic <e>" ħϡ첻βĹΰ㤤ɸΤˡλҲۤȤˤ <e> ̵ͭʤ <e> Τ̵ˤȤ츫ԼʼʤѤƤˤ롥̾ȯۤǤС첻ΤΤѲꡤȯʹ (diacritical mark) դꤹΤʥե󥹸ΥɥĸΥ饦ȤʤɤˡʤѸǤϡۻ <e> ˤפȤŪʡ꤯ɤ첻򼨤褦ˤʤäƤΤ
¤ϡֻ§ϡǽ餫餳Τ褦˲꤯ɤä櫓ǤϤʤȤȤϤҤͤʤɤʤäΤǤꡤ<e> ۻǤϤʤȤۣ첻 /ə/ ǤϤä첻ȤƤβݻƤΤǤ롥䤤ŪˤϡʤȤűѸˤޤ̤ʤФʤʤ#1284. û첻ܻҲξˤϻҲŤͤ -ing ղäȤֻ§ ([2012-11-01-1]) ƱͤˡϴñǤϤʤʲάߤ褦
űѸǤϸ˸첻Ϥ줾촰ʲݤäƤꡤб첻ɽƤѸˤơ첻ϼۣ첻 /ə/ ؤȿʿƤäοʿ첻бʸȤƤϡ <e> ѤƤοʿ˰³ʿ첻æȤѲ /ə/ ˾äƤäֻȤƤϸ <e> ݤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
ơ /ə/ ̵ͭϲŪˤϺ٤ʤȤΤ褦˻פ뤬ṽ¤δǤ롥Ȥơ"name" ɽ魯űѸ nama /nama/ "take" ɽ魯ư niman 1 nam /nam/ ͤ褦ξԤΰ㤤ϸ첻̵ͭΤߤǤϤ뤬βȯãͤȡ줬ŷϤۤɤΰ㤤߽Фnama ϸ첻ʿʳޤǤϡ2αޤäƤꡤ촴ɽ魯1 na 첻ǽ볫Ǥ롥Ȥ첻æȡθ1ȤʤꡤҲ m ǽIJȤʤ롥nam Ϥδ椺äIJ1ΤޤޤǤ롥ΤޤޤǤϡξϲŪͻ礷ƤޤΤ褦ºݤˤϤʤʤäȤΤ⡤ӡѸˤ Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening (MEOSL) ȤѲƤǤ롥ˤäƤʹԤζ礬ۤʤäƤŪˤäơβѲˤ곫첻Ĺ
嵭νѸʹߤΰϢβѲˤꡤűѸ nama /nama/ ϼΤ褦ȯã뤲ޤ첻οʿˤ /namə/ ؤѲˡMEOSL ˤ /naːmə/ ءƸ첻æˤ /naːm/ ؤѲߤδϢˤĤƤϽ⤢ˡơ줬θ˳Ϥ첻ܤϤȤʤꡤѸ /nɛːm/ ƸѸ /neɪm/ Ϥ뤳ȤȤʤä
ʾޤȤСѸ <e> 첻űѸˤ¸ߤ餳Ѹ MEOSL ѤƸ촴첻ĹΤǤꡤĹ餳첻ܤؤǤΤǤ롥̤θ򤹤СѸֻǸ <e> ȤȤϡҲޤäȤˤ첻첻ܤФȤڵʤΤǤ롥"magic <e>" ϡβ꤯ɤϤ뤬Ĺˤδ֤ʣƤֻȯδط򶦻ŪˡȤƸˡȤ

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2012-11-01 Thu

#1284. û첻ܻҲξˤϻҲŤͤ -ing ղäȤֻ§ [spelling][pronunciation][phonetics][orthography][meosl][spelling_pronunciation_gap][degemination][sobokunagimon]

ñʸˡֻ§Ȥɬؤֻ1Ĥˡɸֻ§롥dig digging, hop hopping, run running, swim swimming ϤʤȤѤʵ䤬󤻤줿Τǡά⤹롥
դƤΤϡ -ing ˤơֻǤҲŤͤΤΡȯˤƤҲʣ (geminate) Ȥʤ櫓ǤϤʤȤܸȤƤϡ֥˥󥰡פ /n/ Ťͤȯ뤬ѸǤϤޤǴΤȯ -ing ȯä /rʌnɪng/ Ǥ롥Ѹζ޷ˤƤϡȯȤƤλҲʣ¸ߤʤȹͤƤ褤űѸǤñҲȽŻҲΩʤҲ̡ĹˤΩŪ¸ߤѸŻҲ (degemination) ʹԤʹߡҲ̤Ωä줿Ǥ롥äȤ⡤penknife /pɛnnaɪf/ ʤɤʣʤɤǤϷǴ֤ޤäƤλҲʣϤΤǡѸ˻Ҳʣ̵Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤ
ǤϡѸˤϲŪñҲȽŻҲΩʤˤ⤫餺ˡ <running> Τ褦֤뤳ȤˤʤäƤΤϤʤŪˤϡΤ褦ʽŻҲϡҲΤΤĹǤϤʤľ첻β򼨤ǽ̤ƤȤ롥<running> Τ褦 <n> Ťͤ뤳Ȥˤäơ*/nn/ ɽ路ƤΤǤϤʤľβĹ첻 /uː/ ǤϤʤû첻 /ʌ/ Ǥ뤳ȤƤȤΤǤ롥⤷Ĺ첻ɽ路ΤǤСդ <n> Ťͤ *<runing> ȤФ褤ʼȤơ<hoping> <hopping> Ωʤɤ뤬Ϥ Magic <e> ֻ§ȤϢˡΤ褦ˡѸˡǤϡҲŤͤ뤫ݤˤäơľ첻βʴǤϤʤˤ褽ꤵȤȤߤˤʤäƤ롥
λȤ߼ΤɤΤ褦ȯΤŪõȤС˽Ҥ٤ŻҲλˤ벻ηϡṽ¤ֻμɬפȤʤ롥Ȥ櫓 Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening (MEOSL), loss of schwa, degemination ʤɡߤ˴ϢϢβѲ򤬷礫ʤΰϢβˤŪ¿äϹäƤ롥ñƧ߹ʤΰʤΤǡ̤εפळȤˤǤϴϢǶʸȤ Britton 󤲤ˤȤɤƤ

Britton, Derek. "Degemination in English, with Special Reference to the Middle English Period." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 232--43.

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2012-08-04 Sat

#1195. <gh> = /f/ б [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][phonetics][gh]

ֻ <gh> Фȯ¿ͤǤ뤳Ȥϡ#15. Bernard Shaw äɤ "ghotiy" ? ([2009-05-13-1]) #210. ֻȯЪΥˤ ([2009-11-23-1]) Ǽˤ /f/ бϾʤʤ[2012-06-29-1]ε#1159. MRC Psycholinguistic Database SearchפθȤƵ󤲤chough, clough, cough, enough, laugh, rough, shough, slough, sough, tough, trough ʤɤҥåȤʤΤΤĤϰۤʤȯ򼨤Τ⤢ˡHough Brough ʤɤθͭ̾ˤ /f/ 롥ΰǡborough, bough, dough, plough, though, through ʤɡ̵ΤΤ⾯ʤʤޤ/t/ ³ĶǤ̵¿ (ex. aught, bought, daughter, naught, ought, slaughter, sought, thought, tought)
¿ͲˤΤ뤿ˡ<gh> βˤĴ٤Ƥߤ (443--44) ˤС/x/ > /f/ ѲϡĶˤäưۤʤ뤬14ѻ롥 /rx/ 뤤 /lx/ ȤҲϢ³Ȥʤˤϡ14 /rf/, /lf/ ؤȤ줾ѲűѸ dweorh ϡѸ dwerh Ф dwerf "dwarf" ϤθˤĤƤϡ̤Ȥɽ줿ȯ˹碌 <f> ֤äΤǡ <gh> ľܤˤϴطʤ
ˡ餯15˻Ϥޤäꤵ뤬/uː/ /aʊ/ ԤĶ /x/ /f/ ؤѲ첻ȤƱˤ /x/ /xw/ ؤȿ /f/ ؤѲȹͤ롥줬 enough laugh ΥǤ롥ͳǤ뤬δԤѲʤäbough, through Ǥ롥
/t/ ³ sought, daughter ʤɤˤĤƤϡ/x/ ϰ /f/ ؤѲ17ˤ /f/ 򼨤Τ¿ä˺줿Ω餯ˤꡤ/f/ ݤ줿 laughter draught ⤢ꡤñǤϤʤ
plough ˤĤư<plough> ϡűѸ plōh ͳ褹뤬ѸǤʣ޷ plōwes ˴Ť <plow> ¤Ωä17ʹߡꥹѸǤ <plough> 򤵤졤ꥫѸǤ <plow> 򤵤졤ߤʬۤ˻äƤ롥<enough> ȸŷ <enow> Ʊ͡Ǥ롥<gh> ˤޤĤ뤽¾ξܺ٤ϡUpward and Davidson (182--84) 򻲾ȡ

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2012-07-27 Fri

#1187. etymological respelling ζ [etymological_respelling][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap]

츻ֻ֤ˤĤƤϡ[2009-08-21-1]ε#116. 츻֤֤ --- etymological respellingפϤȤơetymological_respelling γƵǼ夲ƤϡUpward and Davidson (190--92) 򻲾Ȥơ츻֤ˤѲֻ󼨤ʤ顤Ĥ󤲤롥绨ĤǤꡤΰֻάƤΤǡͤޤǤˡѸ褢뤤ִ줿ʸ϶ĴƤ롥

admonish < (earlier) amonest < OFr amonester < LLat admonestare
comptroller < ME counter-roller < ANorm countreroullour "someone who makes a copy of a roll" (confused with OFr cunter < Lat computare)
debt < late ME debte < ME dette < OFr dete < Lat debitum
doubt < ME doute < Lat dubitare
hiccough < hiccup < (earlier) hicket (confused with cough)
island < OE iȝland (confused with Fr isle < Lat insula)
indict < ME endyte, indite < LLat *indictare
rhyme < ME rime < OFr rime (confused with Lat rhythmus < Gr rhythmos)
scissors < ME cisours < OFr cisoires < LLat *cisoria "cutters"
stomach < Fr estomac < Lat stomachus
subtle < ME sotill < Lat subtilem
scythe < ME scythe < OE siðe (confused with Lat scindere "to cut")
victual(s) < ME vitaile < Lat victualia


Τۤˤ⸽ߤޤǤˡפ줿⤢롥

author < EModE auct(h)our < OFr autor < Lat auctor
saint < ModE sainct < OFr saint < Lat sanctum


Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2012-06-26 Tue

#1156. admiral <d> [etymological_respelling][loan_word][latin][etymology][spelling]

admiral ʳ羭ġˤֻˤϡ̣ˤ롥ӥ amīr-al(-bahr) "the commander of (the sea)" ƥäΤǤ롥 d ȯֻޤޤƤʤäƥǡadmīrābilis "admirable" Ȥ䤫顤Ƭ ad- ޤޤƤ뤫Τ褦 admirālis ȤֻԤʤФťե󥹸Ǥϡƥͳֻ admiral Τۤˡӥθ֤򻲾Ȥ amiral ⸫줿θϡ1200ǯ˥ե󥹸줫ѸäƤƤꡤ <d> Τֻʤֻʻ¸Ƥamiral Τۤͥä<d> admiral ֻ夹Τ16ˤʤäƤǤ롥MED amiral (n.) 򻲾ȡ
ֳ羭פΰ̣ϡڥ䥷ꥢΥӥ֥ͤ饻γشԡפ amīr-al-bahr ȸƤȤȯꥹȶ̤ΥꥢθƾΤȤƤѤ줿ˡΥСե󥹡󥰥ɤؤäEdward III ΤȤǡAmyrel of the Se admyrall of the navy ȤѤƤ롥
(105--06) Ǥϡadmiral ϥͥ󥹴οʸԤˤ etymological_respelling 1ĤȤƾҲ𤵤Ƥ롥Τ etymological respelling νϡͥ󥹴ħŪʥƥ줫֤θȤƸڤ뤳Ȥ¿ˤϡդ٤2Ĥ롥1ܤϡ¤ϥͥ󥹴㤬ʤʤȤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤͥ󥹴ħŪǤϤ뤫⤷ʤͭǤϤʤȤȤ2ܤϡե󥹸ǤӤ㤬뤳Ȥ顤ѸͭθݤǤϤʤȤȤǤ롥षƥ󤫤֤Ĭϥե󥹸Ǥ᤯äƤΤǤ[2011-02-09-1]ε#653. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ̡פ򻲾ȡˡ etymological respelling λ㤬ե󥹸ˤǸ٤ʤΤѸˤǸ٤ʤΤ뤤ϤξԤ̤̣ΤɤȽȤʤȤ롥ʤȤ⡤ͥ󥹴αѸͭθݤǤϤʤȤȤõƤɬפ
ʤemir, amir, emirate ˤ⡤ӥƱ캬ͭƤ롥

 礦ҡرѸ˳١dzƼҡ2007ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-11-18-1] [2014-12-13-1]

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2012-06-23 Sat

#1153. ̾ adviceư advise [spelling][etymological_respelling][etymology][metanalysis][caxton][loan_word][pronunciation_spelling][sobokunagimon]

̾ <advice> /ədˈvaɪs/ ǡư <advise> /ədˈvaɪz/ ȰۤʤΤϤʤȯֻξˤѤʵ䤬󤻤줿OED 츻ŵεҤ򻲹ͤˡ򤤤Ƥ椯
ޤθΩ򿶤֤äƤߤ롥ƥƬ ad- "to" ˡvidēre "to see" βʬ vīsum äΤǡ "according to one's view" ۤɤǤ롥顤¯ƥ *advīsu(m) "opinion" ȤäΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥ʩˤ⤳ʿŪäꤵƤꡤce m'est à vis "this is according to my view" ce m'est avis "this is my view" ȰʬϤ줿Τ뤳Ȥ¿ޤ¯ƥʩǤϡ̾ *advīsāre > aviser Ȥư줬
Ѹؤϡ14˸ʩ줫顤̾ưξѤ줿ϡֻˤ⡤1ҲȤ <d> Ƥ餺ǽҲ <c> ǤϤʤ <s> äե󥹸¦Ǥϡ14--16ˡ̻ƥ򻲾Ȥ <d> 褵ֻ advis [2011-02-09-1]ε#653. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ̡פ򻲾ȡˡ15 Caxton ѸƳ夵Ʊ15ˤϡ2첻ĹǤ뤳Ȥ뤿˸ <e> źä줿ơ16ˤϡ̾ˤĤơҲ̵Ǥ뤳Ȥ뤿 <s> <c> ؽ񤭴줿ޤȤС14--16ˤƤ avis > advis > advise > advice ȤȯֻѲɤȤǤ롥
ưˤĤƤϡե󥹸 aviser ͳ褹ΤȤ <s> ͭҲɽ路Τǡηϩκǽʳ˸ <c> ؤν񤭴뤳ȤϤʤääȤ⡤ºݤˤϡѸǡư <c> ֻ⤢ä褦ǡ̾Ȥ¿κƱϤä褦Ǥ롥
̾ advice ư advise ֻϡetymological_respelling "pronunciation spelling" ([2011-07-05-1], [2011-07-31-1]) Ȥäʣʲη̤Ǥꡤζ̤ϸ츻ŪʤΤǤϤʤƱͤȤơ̾ prophecy ư prophesy ⤢롥⡤18˳Ω츻ŪֻΩǤ롥

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2012-06-22 Fri

#1152. sneeze θ츻 [etymology][spelling][onomatopoeia][alphabet][graphemics][palaeography]

sneeze ֤ߡʤ򤹤ˡפνФ14ѸǤ snese(n) ʤɤֻǸ줿ƬҲ <s> Ǥʤ <f> Ǥ۷θСϸűѸ졤Ƥˤޤ̤롥űѸǤ fnēosan "to breathe hard, sneeze" ۤɤΰ̣ʸڤ롥ޥĸǤ *fneusan Ʒ졤ޥ cognate ǤϡƬ <fn>- 뤤 <f> ξü <n>- (ex. MDu fniesen, ON fnýsa, Swed nysa, Ger niesen) ޤfn ȤƬҲϥˡ§ˤ구§Ū˰ĸ *pneu- "to breathe" θƬҲб롥
츻ŵˤȡѸˤ <fn>- <sn>- ؤѷϡ<f> <s> ʸθΤɤΤȤ⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ뤬κƱѷľܤθȤʤꤦΤǤ롥Τ[2010-12-02-1]ε#584. long <s> graphemicsפǾҲ𤷤褦ˡ<f> long <s> ɤƤȤϻ¤Ǥ롥İФʰݤͿ뤯ߤȤݤб줬٥ǤϤʤֻ٥ǺƱơѷȤȤϹͤˤߤϡֻ١θɤꤹˤϤޤİŪǤ褦˻פ롥षΤ褦˹ͤ
θƬҲξü nese Τ褦ʷ֤Ʊ14ԤʤƤꡤѸ fnese ϤǤȯɬΤɽ蘆ʤŤᤫֻѤ椯ֻäȻפ롥ǡƬҲ nese ˵Ūʸ̤դΤ褦ˡ[s] Ƭźä졤snese ζĴȤƸ褦ˤʤäΤǤϤʤεϢۤϡsn- Ƭˤ snarl ʤʤˡsneer ʤФϤʤĤ餹ˡsniff ʤ󤯤󤫤, snore ʤӤ򤫤ˡsnort ɡ©ΩƤˡsnout ʥ֥ʤɤɡ, snuff ʵۤˤʤɤθƵۡɡδϢˤäߤ˶Ƥ롥Τ sneer snore űѸǤ fn- äƤΤǡ sneeze ˸¤餺fn- sn- κƱϡѸˤϹäƤ˰㤤ʤ
Ƭ [f] äƤäȤˡֻ <f> ˾ä椯̿äŤֻȤ <f> ֤ȤĤ륱⤢äȯȤƤϵŪ [s] źäˤäƤߤβŪ᡼졤ֻˤ <s> źä褦ˤʤä<f> ǻϤޤ fnese <s> ǻϤޤ snese Ȥϡ٥ǤϤȤˤ餯 /sneːze/ ȯƤǽ롥Τ褦ʾˤƤϡ<f> <s> Ȥơָɤפȹͤ⡤ȯ˹碌ֺֻؤפȹͤŬäƤ롥ʤȤ⡤ָɡϡ<fn>- <sn>- ؤѷľܤθˤϡ夤Τ褦˻פ롥

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2012-05-31 Thu

#1130. gross [pronunciation][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][etymology][spelling_pronunciation]

Carney (38) ˤȡgross ϡ<oss> ֻ /əʊs/ ȯͣαñǤȤºݤˤϡ츻Ʊ engross /əʊs/ äƤ뤬Ȥ⤫¾ <oss> ĸȰ褹뤳ȤϳΤacross, boss, cross, doss, dross, emboss, floss, gloss, goss, kaross, loss, moss, poss, toss ʤɤθϡ⥤ꥹɸȯ /ɒs/ ġ
ޤ gross θ츻Ĵ٤ƤߤȡŵƥˤϤʤäΥƥ grossum "thick, great" ʸڤ롥ťե󥹸 grosgrosse ȤƸ졤η֤14˱ѸؼѤ줿ΰ̣ϡ礭פäѸǤϰ̣ȯã15ˤϡŪʡפܤʡפƤ롥
ˡֻȯˤ򤶤äĴ٤Ƥߤߤüʴط˻äаޤϤ褯ʬʤäMED Ǥϡgros (adj.) ΰ֤Ȥ grosse groce äȵƤꡤOED ǤƱͤεҤ롥groce ֻĹ첻򼨺뤬줬 Carney (38) νҤ٤ƤȤ "a common medieval spelling" äɤϡξ˴ŤȽǤˡ路֤¸ߤϡ첻Ĺûɤ줬äȤ򼨺롥<oss> ֻĤۤȤɤθǤϡ첻û夤gross ˸¤äƤϤɤ櫓Ĺ첻򤵤졤첻ȤȤ
Ѹ Gross! ȴòС֤ҤɤǰפȤ¯ŪɽȤʤ뤬ѸǤ gross θ촶ƤäݤפȤŪɾȼΤä褦򤷤ʤ鴶𤿤äפȯ Gross! 첻Ĺ̤ˤʤ䤹Ȥ𤬡ĤƤ⤢äΤǤϤʤȹͤΤ speculation ˤʤ
ʤߤˡ̾ȤƤ Gross ϡCEPD17 ˤС/grɒs, grəʊs/ 2बȤԤȯϡĤƤ첻ĹûɤȿǤƤΤ뤤ϡͭ̾ȤƤ spelling pronunciation ȹͤ٤

Carney, Edward. "English Spelling is Kattastroffik." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 32--40.
Roach, Peter, James Hartman, and Jane Setter, eds. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary. 17th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.

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2012-04-25 Wed

#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][phonetics][scribe][paleography][centralisation][minim]

Ѹֻȯδطˤ11ʤ¿¿б㤬̵ˤ뤬<o> ֻ [u] 첻ɽ魯ϤʤΤȤ䤬Ф줿ξǤ˻פĤϤʤäϻפĤԤĤȤϡͤ٤Ĵ٤٤Ǥ롥ͤ٤ȤΤϡʤߤ򤫤ˡĤꤽޤѸDZ첻 /ʊ/ ϺǤ٤㤤û첻Ǥ[2012-02-13-1]ε򻲾ȡˡǡȤʤñпϾʤȤͽ¬Ωġ
ˡ첻ñפ⤫٤Ƥߤ롥˵󤬤äƤΤ push, put, pull ʤɤ <u> ĥ롼פȡbook, foot, look ʤɤ <oo> ĥ롼פǤ롥ԤϸűѸ /ʊ/ = <u> δطѸޤϢʤȷѾƤǤ롥첻ϰŪˤ1600ǯ餤ޤǤ岽ФơѸ³ /ʌ/ Ϥ˿ /l/ /ʃ/ ˶ޤ줿ĶǤϡΤ褦岽Фʤäֿ˸³ĶפҥȤˡɸμб褦㳰ʤȹͤƤߤȡ1ĻפĤȤǤűѸ wulf ͳ褹 wolf 첻ʻˤǤ롥Ԥϡֻǽ (minim) Ϣ³Ķ򤱤뤿 <u> <o> ؽ񤭴ȤѸΰŪֻǤޤǤ롥w <uu> ֤񵭽Ǥϡwolf <uuulf> ȤƼ¸ƤޤҤɤɤߤˤǡ <uuolf> Ȥʶ路򸺤ȤȤǤ (Upward and Davidson 59) <u> <o> Ѥ뽬ˤĤƤϡ[2009-12-06-1]ε#223. woman ȯֻפ[2009-07-27-1]ε#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ񤯤פǤ夲Ȥޤǽ񤤤ơwoman 1첻ʻˤɸμФ⤦1ĤǤ뤳Ȥ˵Ť
³ơ<oo> ĥ롼פͤƤߤ褦Υ롼פ벻ˤϡ/oː/ 첻ܡ /uː/ û /ʊ/ ȤѲǤ롥βѲ򤿤ɤʤֻΤۤŵŪ <oo> 夫<o> äƤ褦õФ褤Ȥˤʤ뤬űѸ bōsm ͳ褹 bosom 1첻ʻˤp. 111ˡ2첻ˤΤ1첻Ѳ <oo> Υ롼פˤȤˤƤ롥
¾ˤϡto μ岽ȯ1ĤȤ /tʊ/ 롥

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

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2012-02-15 Wed

#1024. ѸֻԵ§줳 [spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][pde_characteristic][link][hiragana]

ֻȯЪΥϡФиѸκħʸŪˤϼˤ1ĤȤ⤤[2009-09-25-1]ε#151. Ѹ5ħפ򻲾ȡˡޤǤˤ spelling_pronunciation_gap ¿εǼꤢƤؤμȤʤɤǤŦȡΤԻ׵ĤǤ֤פäƤȤ⤤СƤߤФʤݵ˹ƱѸֻۼƤ⤤롥ǡֻȯЪΥλ¤ˤ⤷դȤǤ褦ˡʲ˵ؤΥ󥯽äƤߤ̤ˤϰʲΥ󥯤򡤰礷Τ ##1024,15,210,565,547,562,580,116,192,62,503

#15. Bernard Shaw äɤ "ghotiy" ?: [2009-05-13-1]
#210. ֻȯЪΥˤ: [2009-11-23-1]
#565. д첻бѸֻ: [2010-11-13-1]
#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ: [2010-10-26-1]
#562. busy ֻȯ: [2010-11-10-1]
#580. island --- ʤֻȯ: [2010-11-28-1]
#116. 츻֤֤ --- etymological respelling: [2009-08-21-1]
#192. etymological respelling (2): [2009-11-05-1]
#62. ʤ֤ȯЪΥƤ椯Τ: [2009-06-28-2]
#503. Ѹֻϵ§ŪԵ§Ū: [2010-09-12-1]

Ǹ˵󤲤ǤϡѸˤ뵬§75--84%ǰճȹ⤤ȡ٤ι⤤ˤȤ櫓Ե§ߤ뤳ȤˤĤƿ줿٤ι⤤Ե§ֻΤΤˤʤäƤȻפCrystal (71) "Some irregular English spellings" ǵ󤲤Ƥ60ƷǤޤǤεǼꤢƤΤ¿ޤޤƤΤǡhellog ܥåñϤǽ⤢ޤ

although, among, answer, are, aunt, autumn, blood, build, castle, clerk, climb, colour, comb, come, cough, could, course, debt, do, does, done, dough, eye, friend, gone, great, have, hour, island, journey, key, lamb, listen, move, none, of, once, one, only, own, people, pretty, quay, receive, rough, said, salt, says, shoe, shoulder, some, sugar, talk, two, was, water, were, where, who, you


ϢơرѸˤDz򤭤ۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ62֤ȯЪΥʤɤ⻲ͤˤɤ
ʤܸβ̾Ϥ褽ñ̤ɽŪǤꡤ§ɽʸϤ1ĤΤ褦ɾ뤳Ȥ¿֤ϡס֤ءפΤ褦ʸȯб12ǤΡ֤פȡ֤פΤ褦б21ǤΡ֤ס֤ס֤¡ס֤šפλͤIJ̾ꡤ֤ /oto:san/ ֤Ȥ /toke:/ ˤߤɽʤɡ岾̾˰ѤƤΰ仺⤢롥

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.

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2012-01-01 Sun

#979. Ѹֻ <e> [spelling][graphemics][alphabet][ame_bre][orthography][final_e]

ޤƤǤȤޤ2012ǯʿ23ǯäǯǤǯ hellog ꤤޤ
ǯν󵭻ϡֻ <e> ˤĤơ<e> ȤƤ褯ΤƤΤϡ"magic <e>" ȸƤФΤǤ롥name bite ʤɤθ e ϡ켫ȤȯʤΤΡԤ첻Ĺ첻뤤2첻Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ƥ롥ʤΤ褦 magic <e> εǽΤɤΤ褦ʲ <e> εǽΤˤĤƤϤ夲 <e> ΤäƤ͡ˤĤƹͤƤߤCrystal (259) (112) 礷10ܤդäվ񤭤򵭤

(1) ΤȤû첻 /ɛ/ 뤤Ĺ첻 /iː/ ɽ魯ȤŪɽǽäƤ (ex. set, me)
(2) ѸΥե٥åȤξEnglish, certain, ballet, serious ʤɤˤƤϡ<e> (1) Ȥ̤첻ɽ路Ƥ롥
(3) ¾첻Ȥ߹蘆äơ͡첻ɽ魯 (ex. great, wear, ear; meet, beer; rein, believe; leopard, people; Europe; bureau)
(4) 嵭 magic <e> Ԥ첻פϡľܤԤ (ex. die, doe) ҲƤ (ex. take, mete, side, rose, cube) 롥
(5) <e> ̵ͭˤäԤҲβꤵ (ex. bathe vs bath, breathe vs breath, teethe vs teeth [2011-03-30-1], [2009-05-15-1]; singe vs sing; vice vs Vic)
(6) ä˶Ūʵǽ򼨤ñˤĤƤȯ򼨺Ȥ礬 (ex. give, have, love, some)
(7) ä˱ơѼ֤Ρֻζ (ex. judg(e)ment, ag(e)ing [2009-12-27-1], ax(e)) 䡤ȯζ (ex. clerk with AmE /ɛr/ or BrE /ɑː/ [2009-10-30-1]) ɽ魯
(8) ޸ǤʤȤ򼨤 (ex. lapse vs laps, please vs pleas)
(9) Ʊְ۵ (homograph) 򤱤 (ex. singeing vs singing, dyeing vs dying)
(10) ¿θ̤ (ex. borne vs born [2011-12-19-1]; blonde vs blond [2010-09-13-1])

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
ס ׯҡؿѸ١罤۽Ź1988ǯ174ǡ

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2011-12-19 Mon

#966. borne of [spelling][verb][conjugation][passive]

Graddol ɤǤơѸ̤ͽ¬˴ϢϤǡΤ褦ʱʸ˽Ф路

Futurologists inhabit a frontierland between historical facts and guesses about the future. Most of the practical techniques of strategic planning used by large corporations employ some kind of mix of empirical evidence together with the insight and judgement borne of practical experience. (16)


ϡֻǼ borne θˡǤ롥ѸεʸˡǤϡư bear βʬϡˡˤä born borne 2̤롥Fowler (113) ˤȡȤʬϰʲ̤Ǥ롥

born(e). The pa.pple of bear in all senses except that of birth is borne (I have borne with this too long; he was borne along by the wind); borne is also used, when the reference is to birth, (a) in the active (has borne no children), and (b) in the passive when by follows (of all the children borne by her only one survived). The pa.pple in the sense of birth, when used passively without by, or adjectivally, is born (he was born blind; a born fool; of all the children born to them; melancholy born of solitude; she was born in 1950).


ưβʬŪ variation õȡborn, borne ΤۤƱ bore ⤢ꤨOED "bear, v.1" 44 ˤȡ17Ⱦˤϡ3ԤΤ borne ˤ餺ͥäƱȾˤ torn, worn ʤɤȤΤᤫ born ˤ餺ͥȤʤꡤ bore ۷Ȥ٤Ƥ18Ⱦˤϡbore Ѥ졤borne 褹Ȥưꡤߤˤޤ³ˡλȤʬΩ
Ѹˤ㤷۷֤ιطʤȡǽŪ Fowler μ褦ʵϤΩطʤˤĤƤ̤Ĵborne born ξΤȯζ̤ϤʤޤֻΤߤǤ뤳ȤʸˡȤʤ館ƤͳʤΤ⤷ʤ
ơ borne of ʸ̮ΰ̣ϡּºݤηиޤ줿ƶϤȽϡפȼ뤬ޤ줿פȤѤƤΤǤ born ΤۤŬڤʤϤǤϤʤȤ䤬⤫֡Fowler OED εҤˤ⤢̤ꡤפȤʪŪ԰٤˾Ƥˤ borne ŬڤȤʤ뤳ȤϤ狼äξˤϡ³ŵŪֻϹ԰ټԤɽ魯 by Ǥꡤɽ魯 of Ϥɤˤ⿨Ƥʤof ǽƤʾ塤׹԰٤Ū˥᡼Ƥ뤳ȤϳΤǡ椨 born ǤϤʤ borne ФƤȹͤ줽ȼ򻲾ȤƤŪʤäΤǾǼʤä
ʤФ BNCWeb borne of 򸡺Ƥߤ顤10郎ҥåȡŬάǥ󥳡󥹥饤򼨤

(1) . . . with a set of expectations borne of years of reading about the Masters . . .
(2) . . . a legacy of bigotry borne of his wish to improve his family's social standing.
(3) . . . with an indifference borne of familiarity.
(4) . . . through instinct borne of experience.
(5) It was a confidence borne of a quarter-of-a century of growing medical ascendancy . . .
(6) With skill borne of long practice . . .
(7) by fears borne of self-selected memories and infused by a false jingoism . . .
(8) It was partially borne of English desperation . . .
(9) . . . ignorance through lack of education, and idleness borne of enforced unemployment . . .
(10) I have also come away with lasting friendships, borne of total trust, respect and deep affection.


borne of ˽ľ̾ˤϷ뤳Ȥ狼롥ԡǰľݡƤʤɡ˿Ѥɽ魯̾ȶƤ褦󥳡󥹥饤󤫤ͯФƤ borne of ΰ̣ϡ?פ⤦Ƨ߹ǡ?ˤä߰Ƥ줿סˤϡ?΢դ줿פȤޤɤ߹٤ǤϤʤϾʤ櫓ؽԼˤҤȤ1ԤդäˡǤ롥

Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm

Referrer (Inside): [2013-01-06-1] [2012-01-01-1]

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2011-12-17 Sat

#964. z ʸȯ (1) [z][alphabet][ame_bre][spelling][alphabet]

z ˴ؤƤϡz γƵǼ夲Ƥ⡤z
z ϥե٥åȺǸʸˤͳ롥 z ϡ䥮ꥷ6ܤʸ "zeta" ȤơˤǤ̤ѤƤƥˤɬפȤʤäΤǡ޿ͤϼƤʤäȤ˥ꥷμѸɽΤѤ褦ˤʤäΤäǡե٥åȤʸκǸ˲ä졤䤬ƻ̱뤳ȤȤʤä (Crystal 2003) Ǥϡz ϸˤä͡ʲ͡ѤƤ롥
ѸˤƤϡ-ize -ise Ω褯ΤƤ롥Ωϡ绨ĤˤäƱѼ̤ΤȤΤƤ뤬[2010-02-26-1], [2010-03-07-1] ε򻲾ȡˡz ˤޤĤ⤦1ĤνפΩϡz ȤʸȤƤȯ˸롥̤ˡBrE Ǥ /zɛd/, AmE Ǥ /ziː/ ȯ롥ΰ㤤ϲˤΤ
OED ˤȡΥޥ衤ꥹǤ zed ȯڤ뤳ȤʤԤʤƤȹͤ롥17ˤϡzad, zard, izzard, ezod, uzzard ʤɤΰ۷ԤʤƤΤʤǡ2ϥꥷ "zeta" ȯãˡޥ󥹽첻Ƭź (prosthesis) 줿Τͳ褹롥
Ȥͥä zed йơѸ˲ؼԤȯȯפAlexander Gill Logonomia Anglica (1619) Ǥ ez ȯCharles Butler The English Grammar (1633) Ǥ ze ȯ󼨤줿ΤǤ롥ϡy ʸȯȤƤĤ ya yi Ƥ줿ΤƱ褦ˡե٥åȤ¾ʸȯȤʿ¸뤿ΡտŪʺ餯϶Ūθäȹͤ롥㤨Сze ȯˤꡤz b, c, d, e, g, p, t, v Τ줾ɸŪȯȵӱƧळȤˤʤ롥
Τ褦ήǡzee ȯ zed ¤ǥꥹǤʬŪˤϹԤʤ褦ˤʤä褦ˤϿष2Ĥȯϥꥫؤޤ졤ΥꥫǤ zee ˷ۤ夬äz ȯˤޤĤƺϡ¿αѸαƺƱ͡ƱΤʤǤΰۤʤ˵ΤȤ狼롥

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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2011-09-16 Fri

#872. -ick or -ic [suffix][johnson][webster][corpus][google_books][spelling][n-gram]

Ѹư panic picnic ϡ޸ղäȡpanicking, panicky, picnicked, picnicker ʤɤ <k> 롥ޤbrick, kick, stick ʤɤǤϤʤ캬ΰȤƤ /-ɪk/ ˤ <k> 롥̤ȤƤ /-ɪk/ ˸硤бֻ -ick ǤϤʤ -ic Ǥ (ex. public, music, specific, basic, domestic, traffic, democratic, scientific, characteristic, academic)
Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) Ǥϡ-ic Ϥ٤ơޤ -ick Ȥ֤Ƥ -ic ؤȲ᤿ΤϥꥫμԻ Noah Webster äब The American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) θפˤ public ֻ夷Τۤ¿ -ic ֻ夷ơ줬ꥫѸΤߤʤ餺ꥹѸؤ礷ƤäΤǤ (Potter 41)
äȤ⡤Webster -ic ֻʤä櫓ǤϤʤष٤λ̱Ƥ餳Webster ΰ첡Ȥ¦̤롥[2010-12-25-1]εǾҲ𤷤 Google Books Ngram Viewer ˤ public publick ٤򸫤СξİǤ롥AmE BrE ǧ줿Ʊǡ Mark Davies ˤ Google Books: American English ͳ10ǯߤ˸ȡpublick 1810--29ǯޤǤ100դ20ʾ帽Ƥ1830ǯˤ4.15ط㸺ƤΤʬ롥

public or publick by Google Books BYU

-ic ˴ϢȤƤϡε⻲ȡ

[2009-08-02-1]: #97. ֥å
[2009-08-03-1]: #98. ֥åפ֥˥åפǤϤʤ֥åפڤФͳ
[2009-08-10-1]: #105. ܸä֥å׸

Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-09-30-1]

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2011-09-15 Thu

#871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ [caxton][printing][spelling][standardisation][cawdrey][johnson]

[2010-02-18-1]εְѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤפǵΰü򸫤Caxton 1475ǯ˱Ѹˤ⤿餷ǰΥƥΥϡɬ⤹ˤϱѸֻθ경ˤĤʤʤäषǽˤϡѤ줿ֻ¿ѤˤäƳȻȤ¦̤ʤǤϤʤäѸֻΤ褽ɸಽ17ȾФΤȤȤƤ뤬ʤۤɤĹ֡Caxton 150ǯʾǯפΤ
ĤˤϡѤϳΤʸ˾γ̿äμʸִ줿櫓ǤϤʤäȤȤ롥Ѹμʸֻ¿ȤƤꡤޤ᤿ʸΰ֤ŤѲȤƤ⡤16ʹߤ³Ƥꡤʸʻ¸ƤȤƨƤϤʤʤ

The two processes of production [prints and manuscripts] were in fact to co-exist for some centuries. Manuscript circulation became more generally confined to certain categories of text, and to particular milieux, while printing established itself as the swiftest and most economically viable method of disseminating texts in large numbers: school books, law books, books associated with the processes of sixteenth-century religious reform, for example. (Boffey 114--15)


ޤƳǤ⿢Ѥ̤ȯãλˤϡü· (justification) ãΤˡǤȤƤĴȤˡǤϤʤΤʤʸξάɲäȤޤޤˡʤƤthe that ѤȤƤ ye yt ϸ鷺⤬ʤǡ[2009-05-11-2]εֱѹΥѥ֤ ye äƤ椷פ򻲾ȡˡonly ѤȤƤο̼ߤ onely, onlie, onlye, onelie, onelye, onelich, onelych, oneliche, onelyche, ondeliche, ondelyche ϡؤγ׿Ȥη³Ǥ (Potter 40) 16ϡRichard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) Τ褦ֻ׼ԤФΤ ([2010-07-12-1]εRichard Mulcasterפ򻲾ȡˡμºŪʱƶϺǾ¤ˤȤɤޤäƤ
17뺢顤ܤ˸ѤäƤ롥ֻɸಽ褤ܳʲΤǤ롥ޤˤеϤƤȤȤطʤˤ϶ŪɸಽοϤѤƤ1ܤϡCawdrey μ (1604) ڤ˱Ѹ켭³ȽǤ줿ȤǤ[2010-12-21-1], [2010-12-27-1]εϤȤ cawdrey γƵ򻲾ȡˡ2ܤˡThe King James Bible (1611) ʤɼԤΤڤȤ⡤ֻθ경ˤä礭3ܤˡ17ȾФ (the Civil War) 礭ͿƤ롥ˤѥեåȤ줿Ϥޤ˻֤ɤƤˡü·ŪǤäȤƤ⡤ʣȤ֤ȤʤäΤǤ (Potter 40)
ơλפ18ˤϡֻͣ졤Johnson μ (1755) äƱѸֻθ경Ȥ˾Ĥ˲̤줿Τä

Boffey, Julia. "From Manuscript to Modern Text." A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 107--22.
Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.

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2011-04-10 Sun

#713. "though" "they" Ʊ۵ [homonymy][homonymic_clash][me_dialect][spelling][conjunction][personal_pronoun]

[2010-10-18-1], [2010-11-07-1]εƱ۵ ( homonymic clash ) 夲³ though ([2011-04-06-1], [2011-04-07-1]) ǵ񤤤ƤȤ˻פФΤѸؤΤƤ "though" "they" Ʊ۵ͤǤ ( Samuels 69--72 )
ѸǤƱǤˤä֤͡򤷤ä˶üȤ[2009-06-20-1] "through" ֻ󤲤ͽۤȤ³ "though" äξǤ롥MED, "though" Ǹֻ˭٤ʬ˴ؤҤ٤ȡѸ쥤󥰥ǤϡűѸ West-Saxon þēah ͳ褹 þeiȝ ʤɤ첻򼨤ͥä໤ϤǤ˾ääƤꡤþei ʤɤֻ⸫롥ǤϸťΥɸƱ ( cognate ) ͳ褹 þouȝ ʤɤθ첻򼨤ͥä
;̾ "they" ˰ܤȡǤϸűѸ hīe ͳ褹 hy ʤ <h> ƬˤķŪͥä (űѸο;̾ηϤ[2009-09-29-1], [2009-10-24-1]Ѹ Chaucer ο;̾ηϤ[2009-10-25-1]򻲾ȡˡǤϸťΥɸ줫Ѥ줿 þey ͥä޼Ūˤϡ þouȝ "though", þey "they" Ȥ߹碌 þeiȝ "though", hy "they" Ȥ߹碌˰Ϥ򤫤褦ȤƤ
ǡ̤ذϤ򤫤ƤΤϿ;̾ þey "they" Ǥ롥줬˿Ū hy "they" äִƤäǤ þey "though" "they" ξ̣뤳ȤˤʤꡤƱ۵ͤƱ۵ͤ餱˲äΤϡ٤ȽŪ³ "though" Τۤä"though" ϡ"they" Τ˶̤ þouȝ ʤɤθ첻򼨤줿̤ȤơȤ߹碌ˤѤ줿Ȥˤʤ롥ơ줬ɸѸˤäƤ롥
þouȝ "though" þey "they" ʬΤϡhy "they" þouȝ "though" פȤ߹碌ȤʸڤƥȤ1ĤʤȤǤ ( Samuels 71 ) Ȥþey "they" Ȳꤷͽۤ þey "they" þeiȝ Ȥ߹碌ϡΥƥȤˤƼºݤʸڤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʥƥȤǤȤȤϡþey Ʊ۵ͤû֤³ʤäȤ򼨺롥Ʊ۵ͤƴ֤ʤþouȝ "though" Ȥǡ꤬褵줿ȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ʾ夬Samuels "though" "they" Ʊ۵ͤ˴ؤǤ롥Samuels ƤʤΤϡʤ þey "they" ޤǽȤȤǤ롥¤ϡˤϤ⤦1ĤƱ۵ͤǤ롥 hy "they" ϡ첻ӽñ;̾ ȷ־ζ̤Ĥʤʤ롥 h Τ˶̤ th η֤ʣ;̾ȤƳ뤳Ȥˤäơ;̾ηϤˤƱ۵ͤ褷褦ȤΤǤϤʤΤ褦˹ͤȡþey "they" 1ܤξͤ褷ǤϤ뤬2Ĥξͤ⤿餷ĥܿͤǤ⤢äȤˤʤ롥

Samuels, M. L. Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. London: CUP, 1972.

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2010-12-04 Sat

#586. ɽˤޤʡֻɤ [dictionary][spelling][cawdrey]

[2010-11-24-1]εǡRobert Cawdrey (1537/38--1604) A Table Alphabeticall (1604) ˿줿ѱѼ1ȤơѸˤǤ̾⤤ǾҲ𤷤ɽ1613ǯǤ3ǤΤΤǡǤǤϤʤ1604ǯνǤǸߤˤޤĤäƤΤ1ʤ ( Bodleian Library, shelfmark Arch. A f. 141 (2) ) ˵ŤʽʪȤʤäƤ뤬νǤ3ǤɽˤϽפʺۤ롥ǤΥȥڡξȾʬʲž褦ֻžԡˡ

A Table Alphabeticall, conteyning and teaching the true vvriting, and vnderstanding of hard vsuall English wordes, borrowed from the Hebrew, Greeke, Latine, or French. &c.
With the interpretation thereof by plaine English words, gathered for the benefit & helpe of Ladies, Gentlewomen, or any other vnskilfull persons.


ֻǼȤꡤ"words" ֻ <wordes> <words> δ֤ɤƤ롥λ餹ȡȤϸΰ̣ȤȤֻεϤ⼨ΤǤȤ󤬤뤬Cawdrey λˤϤϤʤäϤǤ롥Ѹ衤ֻɸϽ˳ΩƤäȤϤ17ȾФޤǤϤΤ褦ɤϤޤΩäƤΰ̣ǡֳΩפȤΤϤ1٤18ȾФΤȤǤ롥3ǤɽǤξȤ <words> 줵ƤΤ⤷ʽˡѸֻɸಽδĬή򴶤뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤ
Ϣ뵭Ȥ[2010-03-30-1], [2010-02-18-1]⻲ȡ

Simpson, John. The First English Dictionary, 1604: Robert Cawdrey's A Table Alphabeticall. Oxford: Bodleian Library, 2007.

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2010-11-13 Sat

#565. д첻бѸֻ [spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap]

ɸ /ɪ/ ȯɽǤʤͤʤΤǡд첻 ( lax front-high vowel ) ʤɤĴŪɽפ it ˴ޤޤû첻ΤȤǤ롥
ߤʤɤǸѸȯֻЪΥݤˡƬȤơ֡ȤȯбֻñζФʤʣ󤲤פȤդˡ֡ȤֻбȯñζФʤʣ󤲤פȤ齬򳧤Dz򤯵񤬤롥Υߤǡ /ɪ/ бֻñζФʤʣ󤲤פƤߤΤθ̤ȯ졤ͤǤϤʤʤפĤʤճ󤲤줿Τǡäʲ˶ɲäʤƸ

<i>: him, it, thick
<y>: hymn, sympathy, yclept
<e>: English, recognize, women ( see [2009-12-12-1] )
<u>: busy, business ( see [2010-11-10-1] )
<a>: acknowledge (AmE), spinach,
<ee>: been
<ie>: sieve
<ui>: build

ճȤ̣Ǥηϡΰͤ󤲤 forehead <ea> Ǥ ( see [2010-01-12-1], [2009-11-24-1] ) ˤäƤ <ehea> ʬڤФ줬 /ɪ/ бȼĥ뤳Ȥǽ⤷ʤʤμΥΰۤΥ롼Ȥơ첻Ҳб롤뤤ϻҲ첻бȤȤ߹碌ϰȿȤƤ褦˻פˡμ ( disguised compound; see [2010-01-12-1] ) 䡤हѸ̾̾ʤɤСȤǤʤ¾ˤ뤫⤷ʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2012-02-15-1] [2011-02-20-1]

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2010-11-11 Thu

#563. Chaucer merry [chaucer][spelling][lme]

ε[2010-11-10-1]ǡѸͳ褹ֻȯЪΥˤ̤ȤƤߤСbusy bury ʤɤֻȯɸಽκݤ̡˿äƤޤäԱǤꡤmerry ʤɤֻȯåȤǹưǤäȤˤʤ롥
ϤޤǶη̤Ǥ롥ɥΤ褦ΤĤܤǤϡºݤˤֻȯΤȤ߹碌줿٤busy ǤСɥǤ /ɪ/, /y/, /ɛ/ ȯʹ줿<i>, <u>, <e> ֻΤ⸫줿339̤Ȥ߹碌Τ⤢롥ɸಽ˺ݤƤκǽŪʷϡѡȤäǤʣ˺Ѥ̤äɸಽû֤ǵä櫓ǤϤʤߤζ줷ߤȤ¿ʻ֤äΤǡδ֤˸ߤ̯˻פ뤳ȤĤĵäȤƤԻ׵ĤǤϤʤbusy bury ϤΤ褦ȹͤ롥
14ȾΥɥǤϡ񤭸դɸಽˤ䤫˻ưƤΥɥѸ򤪤褽ɽƤΤ Chaucer Ǥ롥 The Canterbury Tales "The Nun's Priest's Tale" ɤǤơmerry ˲٤вäΤǡۤʤֻϿʤɤ߿ʤƤߤʲѤ The Riverside Chaucer

<myrie>

Be myrie, housbonde, for youre fader kyn! (l. 2968)
That stood ful myrie upon an haven-syde; (l. 3071)
Ther as he was ful myrie and wel at ese. (l. 3259)
Faire in the soond, to bathe hire myrily, (l. 3267; [:by])
How that they syngen wel and myrily). (l. 3272; [:sikerly])
For trewely, ye have as myrie a stevene (l. 3291)

<mery>

Of herbe yve, growyng in oure yeerd, ther mery is; (l. 2966)
And after that he, with ful merie chere, (l. 3461 in Epilogue to NPT)

<murie>

His voys was murier than the murie orgon (l. 2851)
Soong murier than the mermayde in the see (l. 3270)
This was a murie tale of Chauntecleer. (l. 3449 in Epilogue to NPT)


Chaucer ˤͽ̤ꡤ3ֻ̤äȤʬ롥ΥƥȤ˴ؤ¤ŪͥʤΤ <myrie> 䤿ΤäƤȤꡤɸಽΤϺǤ⾯ɤǤ <mery> 첻ʻˤķ֤Ǥ롥񤭸դɸಽ˿ʹԤΤǤꡤ椨ɸಽβˤʣʻ𤬤ä褦ȤȤ褯ʬΤǤϤʤ

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