hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 ڡ / page 13 (22)

spelling - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2017-04-18 Tue

#2913. Chinese character ǤϤʤ Chinese spelling ȸƤ֤٤ [grammatology][kanji][alphabet][word][writing][spelling]

(43) ˤɤǤơȤɽʸΰĤҤȤĤϡѸʤɤǤȤֻȤǡChinese character ǤϤʤ Chinese spelling ȸƤŬڤǤ롤ȤܤγФ褦ʻŦˤʤ餵줿

ȤΤϡΰİĤλܸΡ֤פȤ֤פȤ뤤ϱѸ a Ȥ b ȤλΤǤϤʤΰİĤλϡѸΰİĤΡ֤ĤŤסʥڥ󥰡ˤΤǤ롥פ sun ⤷ day ˡַפ moon ⤷ month 롥ѸΰİĤñ줬줾ȼΤĤŤĤ褦ˡΰİĤñϤ줾ȼʸĤΤǤ롥Ǥ뤫餷ơΤȤѸ Chinese characters ʥʸʸˤȸɡष Chinese spellings ʥʸΤĤŤˤȹͤۤ褤
ȤɤѸΥե٥åȤϤäϻǡDzǤ񤱤Τˡϲ⤢뤫ऺȸͤ뤬ȤͤϤʤ餺ХǤ롥Ρפ sun day ˤ롥ַפ moon month ˤ롥 sun moon ΤΤĤŤϡϤİĤܤۤʤΤ줭äȤǤ롥̾ϻ餫餯餤Ǥ롥ѸǤ̾ñοϻ餫餯餤Ǥ롥ʤ餤ʤΤǤ롥ǰİĤδ路ƤΤϰĤΰ̣İĤβǤꡤפˤַפˤ褽βϰĤʤΤ顤षѸΥڥ󥰤䤵⤷ʤ


Τˡθ¿ͥƤ롥ե٥åȤ <a>, <b>, <c> γʸϡǤиФ𴧤䤷ˤ礦ʤ뤤Ϥ꾮ʤˤ餬ŬڤˡȤ߹蘆뤳ȤˤäơƤθλѼԤˤȤäƺǤỤ̄ͭñ̤ȴָפȤʤ롥ָפȤñ̤ˤޤǤäƤμ³֤פȸƤ֤ȤСΤ <sun> <sunshine> <> <> ⤤֤פǤ롥ե٥åȤˤƤˤƤ⡤̤ɸϡָפȤñ̤ɽ魯ȤǤǶ̤ƤΤ顤ǰѸ줹뤳ȤǽǤ롥
ʸκǽפεǽ1Ĥɽ쵡ǽ (logographic function) Ǥ뤳ȤϡǤܥ֥¿βսǽҤ٤Ƥ㤨Сʲε򻲾ȡˡѸֻȴǽŪʴƱǤȤȯۤϡʸɽɽθ§򥵥ݡȤƤΤΤ褦˻פ롥

#284. Ѹֻȴζ ([2010-02-05-1])
#285. Ѹֻȴζ (2) ([2010-02-06-1])
#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1])
#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])
#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ ([2014-11-30-1])
#2344. ɽʸɽʸɽʸ ([2015-09-27-1])
#2389. ʸηϤεȯã (1) ([2015-11-11-1])
#2429. ե٥åȤȤ ([2015-12-21-1])

ˡشܿ͡١ʸ麽սҡ2001ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-30-1] [2017-04-19-1]

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2017-03-27 Mon

#2891. ե󥹸 bleu ФƱѸ blue ʤΤϤʤ [yod-dropping][vowel][spelling][french][mulcaster][sobokunagimon]

317դηǼĤǡե󥹸 bleu ȤֻФơѸǤ blue ȤʤäƤΤϤʤȤ䤬󤻤줿e u žɤΤ褦˵äȤǤ롥
ˤϾ䤳Ūаޤ롥ťե󥹸 bleu ѸˤֻDZѸ˼Ѥ졤2ΰ֤ؤ blue ȤʤäȤľŪǺѤΤǤϤʤ褦ʲȯֻʬˤɤäƤߤ褦
ޤȯ顥첻ѸǤȯ [iʊ] ˶ᤫäꤵ뤬줬Ѹˤƶܤˤ徺2첻 [juː] Ȥʤꡤ˸ˤ yod-dropping [uː] Ȥʤäʡ#1727. /ju:/ ε ([2014-01-18-1])#841. yod-dropping ([2011-08-16-1])#1562. Χߤ yod-dropping ([2013-08-06-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ˡ䤳ֻλˤĤơޤθѸǤϡʤѸΥե󥹸Ǥֻˤʤä bleu ֤ƤºݤΤȤ<blew>, <blewe> ʤɤΰֻȤƸƤ뤳Ȥ¿äMED bleu (adj.) 򻲾ȡϢơ#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1]) ⻲ȡˡˡŪ blue ȤֻȤƸ뤳ȤϡѸϤȤ17ޤǵäJespersen (101) ˾Ƥ롥

In blue /iu/ is from F eu; in ME generally spelt bleu or blew; the spelling blue is "hardly known in 16th--17th c.; it became common under French influence (?) only after 1700" (NED)


Ѥˤ⤢̤ꡤѸǤ bleu ¤ blew ֻ⤴Ūäºݡ[iʊ] ȯФƤϡե󥹼ѸΤߤʤ餺ǤäƤ⡤<ew> ֤뤳Ȥ¿ä㤨 vertew (< OF vertu), clew (< OE cleowen), trew (< OE trēowe), Tewisday (< OE Tīwesdæȝ) ΤȤǤ롥
ѸˤơƱ [iʊ] ȯФ <ue> Ȥ饤ХֻƤֻΤϥե󥹸ƥͳ褹ΤääϤФȡ츻ˤ餺¿ñŬѤ褦ˤʤäĤޤꡤƱ [iʊ] ФơŤƱѸ餷 <ew> ȡ꿷ƥե󥹸̣ <ue> 礹褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥η̡ѸǤ argue/argew, dew/due, screw/skrue, sue/sew, virtue/virtew ʤɤɤ줬¿줿ʳƥڥˤԤɸŪֻˡơblue/blew ⤽Τ褦ɤ򼨤ڥ1ĤäΤǤ롥
Τ褦ɤ줬ˤDzäΤñˤäưۤʤäƤꡤ褽ŪǤȤ褦ʤѸ <ew> Mulcaster Τ褦Ԥ⤤줬̤ŬѤ뵬§ȤȯŸ뤳ȤϤʤäΤǤ롥ˡˤ blew ǤϤʤ blue Ǥ뤳ȡeschue ǤϤʤ eschew Ǥ뤳Ȥϡ줤뤳ȤϤǤʤ
ơȤȤεäƤߤ褦ռȤƤϡΥե󥹸ȱѸ٤¤ꡤ<eu> <ue> ʸž褦˸Ūˤϡ<eu> ʸҤä֤ä <ue> Ȥʤä櫓ǤϤʤ<eu> ȴϢƤȤϻפ뤬ѸȼȯãȤߤʤ٤ѸŪ <ew> ȡѸˤϤ򿭤ФƤ <ue> ȤΩblue Ȥñ˴ؤ¤ꡤޤ޸ԤDzäɸಽƸ˻롤ȤȤǤ롥
ʾ塤Upward and Davidson (61--62, 113, 161, 163, 166) 򻲾Ȥ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2017-03-15 Wed

#2879. comfort m ͳ [suffix][spelling]

ε#2878. comfort m ȯ ([2017-03-14-1]) ˰³ǼĤǴ󤻤줿ˤĤơƥƬ com- ϡ³ǤƬ f ξˤϡ̾ con- ѲϤǤϤʤȤǤ롥Τ conference, confident, configuration, confine ۤȤɤΥ con- ȤʤäƤ롥comfort(table) 㳰Ȥʤꡤ¾㳰 comfort ˴Ϣ줫comfit ̡ˡcomfiture ̡ˡcomfrey ʥե꡼饵ʥҥϥ꥽°¿ǯˤ餤ΤΤǡ˵Ǥ롥
Ƭθ츻ˤĤƤ com- ϥƥ "with, together" ̣ cum ƬȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤǡƥ줫ľܡޤե󥹸줫Ū˱ѸäŪʸΤʤǤϡ m ϲƱˤ͡ʸ򼨤̾ϡb, p, m ʤɤǤ com- Τޤ޸뤬l Ǥ col- Ȥơr Ǥ cor- Ȥơ첻 h, gn, w Ǥ co- ȤƸ졤ʳξˤ con- Ȥʤ롥㳰¿comfort ⤽1ĤǤ롥
Upward and Davidson (142) ϡդΤȤʲΤ褦˲⤷Ƥ뤬comfort comfit ˤĤƤñ㳰ŪȻŦƤΤߤǡθˤĤƤϽҤ٤Ƥʤ

Before B and P, OFr normally wrote CUM-: cumbatre 'to combat', cumpagnie 'company'. Although this was later altered back to the Lat COM- spelling, Eng retained the pronunciation related to CUM-, whence the /ʌ/ vowel of comfort, company, compass, etc.


In comfort and comfit, the CON- was altered in Eng to COM-: comfort < OFr cunforter < Lat confortare 'to strengthen'; comfit < ME confyt < OFr confit.


ˡcomfort ˤĤ Barnhart θ츻ŵäƤߤȡťե󥹸줫μѤ˴ϢƤ䤳𤬤褦ǡֻ˴ؤƤ con- ä˱Ѹ¦ com- ؤѲȤŦ롥

Probably before 1200 cunfort a feeling of consolation, in Ancrene Riwle; later confort (about 1200 and about 1280); borrowed probably through Anglo-French from Old French cunfort, confort, from earlier noun use derived from the stem of Latin cōnfortāre strengthen. Apparently the noun and verb were borrowed separately in English, though the noun replaced earlier Old English frōfor; however, it is possible that the later verb is from the noun. The phonetic change of con- to com- before f took place in English.


Skeat θ츻ŵǤ⡤ϤѸˤ con- com- ѲȤ¤ܤƤʤ

Though the verb is the original of the sb., the latter seems to have been earlier introduced into English. The ME. verb is conforten, later comforten, by the change of n to m before f. It is used by Chaucer, Troil. and Cress. iv. 722, v. 234, 1395. [The sb. confort is in Chaucer, Prol. 775, 7788 (A 773, 776); but occurs much earlier. It is spelt cunfort in Ol Eng. Homilies, ed. Morris, i. 185; kunfort in Ancren Riwle, p. 14.]


ѸǤΰֻʬۤťե󥹸ǤֻܤĴƤߤʤ¤ꡤcomfort m Ρ֤ʤפˤϡʾ뤳ȤϤǤʤǤ롥
ʤcomfit ֻˤĤƤϡإåץ꡼Ѹ츻ŵ٤ confectionery ιˡ̣Ū comfort ȴˤ䤫˴ϢŤ줿ΤǤϤʤȤλŦ롥

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
硼 T. åץ꡼ ƻ ϻ إåץ꡼Ѹ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ

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2017-01-29 Sun

#2834. wimmin herstory [political_correctness][pronunciation_spelling][spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap]

ɸκǽθ woman ʣ women ɽ魯 PC ŪֻǤ롥ɸŪֻǤϡwoman/women man/men ǤꡤäŪǤȤްդȼˡ٤եߥ˥ȤɽŪֻФȤаޤäߤǤפʱ¼ŵˤϸФȤƵ󤬤äƤ뤬ۤȤɤαѱѼŵǤϸФΩƤƤʤ֤줿¤ήԸ졤ȤʤΤǤϡŪʲͤĤäƤʤ
Ʊͤˡhistory Ф herstory ⡤PC ˤǤϤȤΤۤ褯ΤƤ롥֥եߥ˥ȤδˡˡפؤϤ긽ߤαѱѼŵǤϰƤʤ
Hughes (183) θˤ˴ؤƲäƤ롥ξȤ⡤äꤳˤƤޤäΤǤ롥

Wimmin . . . attracted a lot of publicity in 1982--3 before going through the phases of satire and obsolescence prior to fading away. A similar feminist coinage was herstory, briefly institutionalized in the acronym "WITCH --- Women Inspired to Commit Herstory," in Robin Morgan's Sisterhood is Powerful (1970, p. 551). Jane Mills made this telling observation in her compendium Womanwords: "The rewriting or respeaking of history as herstory --- coined by some feminists in the 1970s --- is guaranteed to annoy most men, many women and almost all linguists" (1989, p. 118). Although the currency of herstory has declined, Elaine Showalter showed further creativity in her study Hystories: Hysterical Epidemics and the Modern Media (1997).


wimmin ˤĤơPC ˤδϡΰѤ˽Ҥ٤Ƥۤ˸٤ȤϤʤֻȴϢơ⤦³Ƥߤֻסʤ뤤ֻˤطʤˤͤϡƬ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡ<women> Ȥֻݱʤ <men> ϢۤƤޤŪ˱ƧǤ (eye rhyme) Ǥ롥ξη̣֡ŪʤĤʤϡ̵뤷ʤۤɤǤ롥
Ȥȯ̤äȯȤƤϡष /mɛn/ /ˈwɪmɪn/ DZƧޤʤĤޤꡤȯ¤ɸ褦ֻѤСξδط򸫤ˤ뤳ȤǤ롤ȤȤˤʤ롥ȯֻЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ϱѸˤ밭̾⤤ħ<wimmin> Ϥޤˤħռ˼ä pronunciation_spelling εˡ̤ʤΤǤ롥
ѸֻηϤδˤɽ (phonography) Ȥɽ (morphography) ˤ뤳Ȥϡ#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1])#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ ([2014-11-30-1]) ʤɤǸƤ̤Ǥ롥üŪˤСֻϲ̣ɽ魯ۤ˽֤Ȥˤ<wimmin> ؤֻפϡ΢򤫤ơmen Ȥΰ̣ϢۤǤĤΤˡΩȤƤɽŻäƤ롤ȤάȤäȤˤʤ롥ֻôɽǽɽǵǽȤʸΩPC ȤҲŪŪΤѤȤֻѤ1֤ȸäƤ褤PC ʤŪǺάŪѤƤ෿ͤݤˡ<wimmin> Ϥ⤷󶡤ƤƤ롥
women ȯֻˤĤƤϡ#223. woman ȯֻ ([2009-12-06-1])#224. women ȯֻ (2) ([2009-12-07-1])#246. ϡ֥󥺡פϡ ([2009-12-29-1])#247. ֥󥺡פ female ([2009-12-30-1]) ⻲ȡ

Hughes, Geoffrey. Political Correctness: A History of Semantics and Culture. Malden, ML: Wiley Blackwell, 2010.

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2016-12-23 Fri

#2797. floccinaucinihilipilification [spelling][word_formation][latin][neo-latin][lexicology][phonaesthesia][sound_symbolism]

ĹαñˤĤơ#63. پɤϱѸǺǤŤµ ([2009-06-30-1])#391. antidisestablishmentarianism ȿ񶵲ѻ߼ס ([2010-05-23-1])#392. antidisestablishmentarianism ˤߤѸΥޥ󥹸첽 ([2010-05-24-1]) εƤ⤦1ġɤɽȤѤɸñ floccinaucinihilipilification ΤäإϥѸ켭ŵ٤ǤϡֱѸǺǤĹñȤư礤˽ФפȤ롥
OED ˤȡ"humorous. The action or habit of estimating as worthless." Ȥ롥̵ͤȤߤʤȡڻʡפΰդǤ롥
츻Ū˲⤹ȡƥ floccus ϡӤΤդסnaucum ϡּ­ʤΡסnihil ϡ̵סpilus ϡְܤӡפ̣Ρ֤ĤޤʤΡפ«ˡ¾ư facere ղäơ򤵤̾첽Ǥ롥ƥθ§§äƤޤDZѸǤ¤ǤȤǤϡαǤʴϢơ#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
OED ˤȡФ1741ǯʲˡ2ĤۤʸѤ褦

1741 W. Shenstone Let. xxii, in Wks. (1777) III. 49, I loved him for nothing so much as his flocci-nauci-nihili-pili-fication of money.
1829 Scott Jrnl. 18 Mar. (1946) 39 They must be taken with an air of contempt, a floccipaucinihilipilification [sic, here and in two other places] of all that can gratify the outward man.


ʤȯ /ˌflɒksɪnɔːsɪˌnɪhɪlɪˌpɪlɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ ȤʤäƤ롥12ᡤ27ǤʤĹ1ñǤ롥12첻ǤΤ8ĤޤǤ첻 /ɪ/ ǤȤȤϡ#242. phonaesthesia 羮 ([2009-12-25-1]) phonaesthesia פ롥Ρʤ̵ͤʤΤϡħδ첻褤ȤȤ⤷ʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-29-1]

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2016-09-29 Thu

#2712. ѸθŪ֤ꤿ [eme][me_dialect][manuscript][orthography][spelling][standardisation][scribe][ormulum][ab_language][spelling_reform]

ѸֻɸಽˤϡȥɸŪʤΤ뤬ΥޥνѸˤϤ줬̵˵Ѹˤʤäƽ˺ɸಽѸɸಽʤߡ17--18ɸֻΩ绨ĤǤ롥γѤˤСѸֻɸबޤǤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥ϤǴְäƤϤʤֻɸȤϤ鷺Ȥ⡤ٰӤֻȤȤǤСλˤĿͤ侮ĤΥ٥ǼƤפĤ롥褯ΤƤΤϡ(1) "AB language" ֻ, (2) Ormulum κ Orm ֻ(3) ֥ƥ Brut 򥢥󥰥եǤ Laȝamon ֻǤ롥
(1) "AB language" ̾ϡƻΤλ Ancrene Wisse ޤ Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 402 Ȥ (= A) ȡϢ佡ޤ Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodley 34 μ (=B) ͳ褹롥2ܡʵڤӴϢ뤤ĤμܡˤˤϡʤӤֻηϤѤƤꡤʣμ̻ˤäƤ줬ѤƤ뤳Ȥ顤餯13Ⱦˡνƻܼ濴Ȥʤäơɸֻ夲ߤʤƤΤȿ¬Ƥ롥
(2) Orm ϡLincolnshire ΥƥνƻΤǡ1200ǯˡʬ䤹ʪ Ormulum 路¸ͣΥƥȤ2ԤĶʸǤꡤ줬äۤɰӤֻǽ񤫤Ƥ롥Orm ϡ첻̤ˤäƸ³ҲŤͤʤɤιɵ椷äֻηϤԤߤʬκʤǼΤǤ롥 Orm ֻϡ¾μܤˤहΤȯƤ餺ƸĿŪֻɸಽλϸ16θŪֻԤȤäƤ褤
(3) Laȝamon ϡWorcestershire λʺפǡ13Ƭ˱ʸǯ嵭ʸDZѸǤ˸ŤᤫʤäƤȤܤƬ (alliteration) 䡤ʸáֻ褵Υ른åʷϵ򤫤⤹ȤLaȝamon ϡºݤ˸űѸˤäֻɤ̤ȤơˤűѸֻռŪѤðۤǤꡤ򤢤θĿŪֻɸಽλߤȤߤ뤳Ȥǽ
ʾ塤Horobin (98--102) 򻲾ȤƼɮ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

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2016-09-26 Mon

#2709. tomorrow, today [etymology][punctuation][conversion][spelling][word_formation][distinctiones]

εmorn, morning, morrow, tomorrow ([2016-09-25-1]) tomorrow θ츻˿줿Ϥθȡ⤦1ĸϢ today ˤĤõäƤߤ褦
tomorrow θȤƤϡֻ to ˡ֡īפɽ魯̾ morrow ͿʷղäΤȹͤ졤Ǥ˸űѸǤ tō morgenne ȤȤѤƤΰ̣ϡεDz⤷ȤꡤǤˡˡפȯŸƤѸǤϡmorrow Τɤä͡ʷŪȯãˤä to morwen to morn ߤˤơԤɸŪ tomorrow ˡԤʤɤ˻Ĥ tomorn Ϣʤä衤ֻǤ뤫顤ޤˡפȤȯã15ʻžˤꡤ̾ȤƤѤ褦ˤʤä
#2698. hyphen ([2016-09-15-1]) Ǵñ˿줿褦ˡ to morrow ʬ񤭤줿Ѹ to-morrow ȥϥեǷ礵졤1Ȥ֤褦ˤʤäʤǤѸκǽˤϡض٤ Shakespeare First Folio ʤɤǡޤʬ񤭤Τ̤ۤäˡϥեǤĤʤֻ20Ƭޤ³θ塤ϥեæߤɸŪֻ tomorrow Ω
today ˤĤƤ⡤餯Ʊͤλ𤬤äȻפ롥űѸֻ tō dæġ (on the day; today) Ǥꡤ16ޤǤʬ񤭤줿θ20Ƭޤ to-day ȥϥեդ֤줿̾ȤƤˡϡtomorrow Ʊͤ16Ǥ롥
tomorrow today ȯŸηаޤƤ¿ߤ˴ϢŤڥǹͤɬפ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-09-27-1]

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2016-05-30 Mon

#2590. <gh> ޤñˤĤƤ [statistics][spelling][grapheme][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][digraph][gh]

ɸˤĤơJones English Pronouncing Dictionary (12th ed.) Ѥơ<gh> ޤͭ̾졤졤ʣ90оݤȤĴԤʤäƤ롥ʲˡ (145--46) ƼƤ򼨤

1. Spelling ˤĤ

(1) Digraph 'gh' ΰ֤ˤʬ

Ƭˤ6 (7%)
ˤ19 (21%)
ˤ (-t ޤ65 (72%)

    Ƭ 'gh' Ϥ٤ gh [g] Ǥ롥

(2) 첻ˤʬ

- ough(t) ޤ2973
-igh(t) ޤ24
-augh(t) ޤ10
-eigh(t) ޤ10
¾17 


2. Sound ˤĤ

(1) 'gh' ˤʬ

gh [g] 14 (16%)
gh [f] 10 (10%)
gh-mute 62 (70%)
¾β4 (4%)

   'gh' [g] ɬפ˺줿ѸǤ롥ѲˤΤȤƤ [f] 줬䤢볰ϤۤȤۻǤȤ롥

(2) gh-mute ʬ

[-ait] Ȥʤ2554
[ɔːt] Ȥʤ19
[-eit] Ȥʤ10
¾β8 

   βѲΩڤȤȤˡ 'gh' digraph 첻Ȥδط̩ܤǤäȤܤ٤Ǥ

(3) ˤʬ

ñ68 (76%)
219 (21%)
33 (3%)

   'gh' word ñ frequency ι⤤ܸ줬¿դ¿ϤۤȤɤü͢Ǥ롥


ȤƤϡ<gh> ޤñǤϡthough thought Τ褦ñ줬ǤŵŪǤ롥7ۤɤñǤ뤫2ŻĤ̵б뤫Ǥ롥
<gh> ˴ϢȤơ#15. Bernard Shaw äɤ "ghotiy" ? ([2009-05-13-1])#210. ֻȯЪΥˤ ([2009-11-23-1])#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1])#1902. ֻɸಽˤ־塤־ ([2014-07-12-1])#1936. ʹΤѲ ([2014-08-15-1])#2085. <ough> β ([2015-01-11-1]) ʤɤε⻲ȡ

ͺDigraph 'gh' ȯã˴ؤŪͻסعظ浪ס41967ǯ128--47ǡ

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2016-05-11 Wed

#2571. Horobin ֻФݼŪ [spelling][orthography][spelling_reform][hel_education]

ܥ֥Dz٤夲ƤѸֻˤ路 Horobin ϡκǽϤνˤơֻפؤȿ򷫤깭Ƥ롥ֻˤ礷ʤԤãΤϡޤ˳ؼŪݼǤ롥Horobin ϤĤŤѸ츦ԤǤʸΡ˸ԤʤΤʤȴäȤ櫓줬褯ɤ߼ʬ2ս

Etymological relicts like these have a further function in making visible the linguistic richness of the language and its varied history, thereby maintaining a closer relationship with texts of the past. While silent letters like those in knight are unhelpful for modern learners of English, they do enable us to retain a link with the language used by Chaucer, and before him by the Anglo-Saxons. When English speakers turn to Chaucer they may find much unfamiliar, but they will not be thrown by the line 'A knyght ther was, and that a worthy man' thanks to our preservation of the medieval spelling. Historical spellings like this preserve that link with the past, as well as standing as a monument to the language's history.
   The English language has come into contact with numerous other languages throughout its history, all of which have left their mark, to a greater or lesser degree, on the language's structure, spelling, and vocabulary. To remove the idiosyncrasies that they have contributed to our spelling system would be to erase the evidence of that history. Our spelling system could be likened to a cathedral church, whose origins lie in the Anglo-Saxon period, but whose structure now includes a Gothic portico added in the Middle Ages, a domed tower added in the Early Modern period, and a gift shop and café introduced in the 1960s. The end result is an awkward mixture of architectural styles which no longer reflects the builders' original plan, nor is it the ideal building for the bishop and his clergy to carry out their diocesan duties. But, in spite of these practical limitations, it would be hard to imagine anyone suggesting that the cathedral be demolished to allow the rebuilding of a more functional and architecturally harmonious modern construction. Quite apart from the practical and financial costs of such a project, the demolition and reconstruction of the cathedral would erase the rich historical record that such a building represents. (Horobin 249)

Finally, there seems to me another reason for resisting any attempts to reform English spelling, and retaining traditional spellings, silent letters and all: such spellings are a testimony to the richness of our language and its history. This argument is harder to defend as it has no practical purpose, although it does help to maintain a connection between our present-day language and that of the past. Modern English speakers would surely find it more difficult to read the works of Chaucer and Shakespeare if our spelling system was to be radically reformed. Silent letters are silent witnesses to pronunciations that have since been lost, but which continue to be preserved in a spelling system that boasts a long and rich heritage. (Horobin 251--52)


1ĤΰѤǡѸֻƲˤʤ館ƤȤǤ롥ξѤ˶̤ΤϡѸФݼŪ٤ԤΥꥹˤʸذ仺ФɰդȰ˴ŤƤ뤳Ȥܿͤǧ褦ˡεˤϳΤ˼ŪĹϤʤ褦˻פ롥ʤˤԤζ̿Τ褦ʤΤ롥ѹǤ⡤ܤǤ⡤Ƕܲܤηڻ뤬ФʤԤΤμĥϷİ٤ȹͤ롥

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-05-1] [2017-10-07-1]

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2016-05-05 Thu

#2565. ʤֻ͡ˤΤ [spelling][orthography][prescriptive_grammar][language_myth][spelling_reform]

ѸˤĤơɸŪˡˤ͡¿Ѹֻˤ路ܥ֥ǤӤӼ夲Ƥ Horobin ϡΤ褦ֻФݼŪ٤̢䤷Ƥ븽ˤĤƤ롥ɸ˵󤲤褦ˡ⤽ʤΤ褦ʿֻ͡ˤΤ˴ؤ Horobin θ򤬶Ž̤ƤΤβսǤ (pp. 228--29)

Why is correct spelling so important? Throughout this book I have tried to show that standard English spelling comprises a variety of different forms that have developed in an erratic and inconsistent manner over a substantial period of time. We must therefore discard any attempt to impose a teleological narrative upon the development of English spelling which would argue that our standard spelling system is the result of a kind of Darwinian survival of the fittest, producing a system that has been refined over centuries. We have also seen that the concept of a standard spelling system is a relatively modern one; earlier periods in the history of English were able to manage without a rigidly imposed standard perfectly well. What is more, informal writing, as in the letters and diaries of earlier periods, has often allowed more relaxed rules for spelling and punctuation. So why should it be different for us? I suspect that one reason is that spelling is the area of language use that is easiest to regulate and monitor, and thus the area where users come under the strongest pressure to conform to a standard. Older generations of spellers have considerable personal investment in maintaining these standards, given that they themselves were compelled to learn them. As David Mitchell confesses in his Soapbox rant against poor spellers, 'I'm certainly happy to admit that I do have a huge vested interest in upholding these rules because I did take the trouble to learn them and, having put that effort in, I am abundantly incentivized to make sure that everyone else follows suit. The very last thing I want is for us to return to a society where some other arbitrary code is taken as the measure of a man, like how many press-ups you can do or what's the largest mammal you can kill'. But is correct spelling more than simply a way of providing puny men with a means of asserting themselves over their physically more developed peers?


ֻϸˤĤƿ͡ǤݼŪˤʤ꤬ΰǤȤĥˤϡ˻롥λ¤Ͻ񤭸դħԲʬǤ롥񤭸դäդȰäơָפĤޤǤֻĤΤǤ롥ݤǤ褦ˡäդǤиäʤΤޤ⤷ʤ񤭸դǤʪŪư̾ڵ򤬻ĤäƤޤˤޤʤ񤭸դǤ⡤ʸˡˡʤɤϸֻɾΥåȤȤˤ礭Ūñ̤Ǥꡤ̤˵󤲤ʤ뤤Ͼ޻ˤˤϸֻȤΤüᤤñ̤ʤΤɤˤĤˤĤֻɾФ̵ʤΤ
⤦1ġ֥ϳعǶϫֻФ©Ҥ衤ޥϫƳФ⡤狼ʤǤϤʤǤ¦̤롥 Horobin ˤȤäƤϡŪޥåʤ̡Ʊ餤ϼŪޥåȸ褦դ֤֡԰פȤŪʸݤȴؤäƤꡤŪʲϤʤʤ񤷤ȴϢơ줿ˡΥ뤳ȤؤοŪ񹳤Ȥװ⤢뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ#2087. ֻפؤοŪ񹳡 ([2015-01-13-1]) #2094. ֻפؤοŪ񹳡פθ ([2015-01-20-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-07-1]

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2016-04-27 Wed

#2557. ѸΥ饭͡ࡤ뤤ϥ饭饹ڥ [spelling][onomastics][orthography][personal_name]

ܸˤͤ̿̾˴ؤơ饭͡ǯȤʤäƤ롥ˤȯȤƤŪ̾Ǥʤ鶯ƻɽΤ⤢С⤽ŪǤʤܿ̾ʤ䵭ˤɽΤ⤢롥ä͡ʰո뤳ȤϼΤ̤Τ褦̾դ̾դƤϡҶθμʤǤȰͤ˼ĥ롥
ȤȤǤСΤαѸʸΤۤʤǤΤǤϤʤ뤬ºݤ˥饭͡Τ϶ǯ褯ߤ롥Ϥۤʤ褦Horobin (225) εҤߤƤߤ褦

The idea of a personalized orthography is also apparent in the recent phenomenon of giving children names with non-standard spellings. Often such names remain phonetically identical to their traditional spellings, but changes in spelling are used to endow them with a unique identity. While many popular names already have variant spellings, such as Catherine, Katherine, Kathryn, others have only recently developed alternative forms. Parenting websites are littered with helpful suggestions of ways of respelling traditional names to give 'funky' alternatives, such as Katelyn, Rachaell, Melanee, Stefani. Discussion boards record lively debates between those in favour of such personalizations, and those for whom such 'incorrect' spellings are complete anathema.


ѸΥ饭͡ˤĤħŪʤΤϡȯȤƤŪ̾ѤƤ뤬ɽֻˤ򤤤äƤȤ㤬̤Ǥꡤ⤽Ūʼ̾ϤޤäƤʤȤȤޤܸǤϤȤɤߤʣʴȤʸηϤѤơƻפȤˡʤΤФơѸǤϸ§ȤɽʸǤ륢ե٥åȤѤơֻˤäɸŪʸܻؤˤȤɤޤ롥ѸΥ饭͡Ȥϡ褽饭饹ڥ󥰤ȸƤ褤٤ΤΤǤ롥
ܸδ٤СѸΥڥ󥰤ȯΰæ٤ϤƤ롥ѸǤϥ饭饹ڥ󥰤ѤƤ⡤ȤƤŪ̾Ǥ뤫Ƚ̤ϤäưפǤϡ饭饹ڥ󥰤ˤ̿̾ԤϰƳݼŪȤ⤤뤫⤷ʤȤΤϡɤΤȤΤ褦̿̾ԤɸѸֻˡ˴Ťʤ顤ȯŸŪ˱ѤƤˤʤȤͤ뤫
ͤ̾Ǥʤʤ䥵ӥ̾˿񤵤Ϳ뤿˰֤ѤȤ⡤ʿŪ˹ͤ뤳ȤǤ롥Horobin (226) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

An important feature of many such novel spellings is that they should be easily understood as an alternative spelling of a particular standard English word, so that the product or service to which it relates is clear.


̾ˤ辦ʡӥ̾ˤ衤ѸǤɸֻȤ졤ɸȯɽȤϤۤȤɤʤȤդɬפ롥ޤ̾βŪ¸ϼҲ˹ͭɸŪŪʤΤˤȤɤޤΤǤ롥

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

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2016-04-16 Sat

#2546. ƥȤιȼ [editing][owl_and_nightingale][manuscript][spelling][punctuation][evidence]

θԤűѸѸʸɤ硤ܤľɤळȤ⤢뤬񤬤Τǡ̾Ϲ줿ǥɤळȤ¿줿ƥȤϡԤˤ¿쾯ʤ꤬äƤꡤʤ餺ȼΡֲפäƤΤǡܤ˵ϿƤʪΥƥȤΤΤǤϤʤäơɼԤϡԤβ׻줿ǥƥȤֵʤФʤʤȤȤϡɼԤˤƤ⡤ԤˤäǺߤˤ̤ƤʤФʤʤ
ԤǺߤˤ͡ʼΤΤ롥The Owl and the Nightingale Cartlidge (viii) ˺ݤ른ޤ򤷤ƤΤǡɤǤߤ褦

The presentation of medieval text to a modern audience---even leaving aside the question of emending obvious errors or obscurities in the extant manuscripts---inevitably faces the modern editor with a dilemma. The conventions of spelling, punctuation and word-division followed by the scribes have to be modernized to some extent in order to produce a reasonably accessible text for readers accustomed to the different conventions now current---but how much modernization is actually compatible with editorial fidelity to the text as it survives in the manuscripts? For example, neither surviving manuscript of The Owl and the Nightingale provides punctuation of a kind expected by a modern reader (except very occasionally) and units of sense are generally marked quite naturally by the metrical structure. It is only reasonable that modern punctuation should be inserted by the editor of a medieval literary text, but the effect of this is that the edited text often makes syntactic links much more explicit than they are in the medieval copies. Thus, even punctuation is not just a matter of presentation, but also, potentially, an act of interpretation. Recent editors of medieval texts have generally agreed that the editor should be prepared to punctuate, but once intervention has begun, even at this fairly minimal level, it is impossible to claim that the text has been handled wholly "conservatively". The problem is that editorial conservatism is not a matter of a choice between various absolute principles (and fidelity to them), but a scale that stretches from an absolute conservatism at the one end (which could only be achieved in a facsimile---if at all), through changes to word-spacing, capitalization, punctuation, spelling-reforms of various kinds, morphological regularization, alterations in syntax---and so to the point, at the other end, at which the "edition" is not an "edition" at all, but a translation into modern English. The challenge is to determine the point along the scale of editorial intervention that yields the greatest gain, in terms of making the text accessible to a modern readership, in exchange for the smallest loss, in terms of fidelity to the presentation of its medieval copies.


Cartlidge ϪƤΤϡ(1) ꥸʥʷϵݻĤĤ⡤(2) ɼԤΤ˥ƥȤɤߤ䤹󼨤Ȥȿ׵ĶߤˤĤƤǤ롥(1) ΤߤŻ뤷ơޤäʤΤǤСܤ򤽤Τޤ޼̿˻äƥեߥȤƸФ褯ǤФ̣Ϥʤޤ(2) ΤߤŻ뤹ΤǤСüʾˤϰʤĶʤ˶ŤǡǤ¸߰յΤǤСԤ (1) (2) ΤʥХ󥹤Ȥꡤټ줿ƥȤ󼨤ɬפ롥֤١פ٤ˤäƤϡȤˡ1ĤˤʤȤƤ⡤ϹԤβɼԤ˲Ĥ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫⤷ʤΤǤ롥Ԥˤۤܤ٤ƤβʸŪʲκۤ⤿餹ǽޤǤ롥
editing ȤȤϡƥȤ presentation ˤȤɤޤ餺Ǥ interpretation ΰ12Ƨ߹ǤȤȤ򡤹ǤѤɼԤȤƤΤäƤɬפ롥
ȴϢơ#681. ܤǤʤܤ򻲾Ȥ٤6Ĥͳ ([2011-03-09-1]) #682. եߥǤʤܤ򻲾Ȥ٤5Ĥͳ ([2011-03-10-1]) ε򻲾ȡ

Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-10-24-1]

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2016-04-11 Mon

#2541. through wrought ʤɤžǤʤǽ [metathesis][phonetics][spelling][through]

ʤɤñ䲻ΰ֤ߤ˸򴹤ž (metathesis) βϡѲΥᥫ˥1ĤȤƤ褯ΤƤ롥#60. ž ( metathesis ) ([2009-06-27-1]) ϤȤơmetathesis εǰäƤѸˤŵŪȤ through βž󤲤롥#55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1]) ǵ̤ꡤűѸ þurh u r ֤Ҥä֤Ȥ顤 through θޤ줿ȤƤ롥
Samuels (17) ϡɬʲžǤϤʤǽȻŦ롥

. . . the order of /r/ and a vowel may be reversed, as in L. *turbulare > Fr. troubler, OE þridda > third, OE þurh > through, Sc. dial. /mɔdrən/ 'modern'; this may amount to no more than insertion of a glide-vowel and misinterpretation of the stress (OE worhte > worohte > wrohte 'wrought', þurh > þuruh > ME þorouȝ > through).


ʤۤɡϤߤФⲻžäΤ褦worohte þuruh Τ褦 r ξ¦첻褦ֻʸڤΤǤС1ĤǤϤʤʣβϢ³ȤΤƵ뤳ȤϤǤʤSamuels ϡ r θ첻Ϥ겻Ȥ졤θ˶֤첻ؤȰܤäȤǽͤƤ뤬ϤäüŪˤϡr θ˿첻졤³첻üȤ2ĤϢ³Ȥ
Samuels Ͽβǽ򼨺Ƥˤä˶ĥƤ櫓ǤϤʤޤϤ겻ꤷˤűѸ ascian > axian fiscas > fixas Τ褦ˤϡƱŬѤǤʤäơžȤΤΤ򵿤褦ʰոǤϤʤǤ⡤Τʸڤֻ¸ߤθơȤϰۤʤ륢ǥǽȤ󼨤ˤϡ롥
through ֻˤĤƤϡ#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1]) 򻲾ȡwrought ˤĤƤϡ#2117. playwright ([2015-02-12-1]) 򻲾ȡthree/third ˴ؤƤϡ#92. third βžϤĵä ([2009-07-28-1])#93. third βžϤĵä (2) ([2009-07-29-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Samuels, M. L. Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. London: CUP, 1972.

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2016-04-10 Sun

#2540. ФʸỌ̇̄ʸ [punctuation][capitalisation][noun][writing][spelling][semantics][metonymy][onomastics][minim]

ѸˤʸѤˤĤƤϡĤδʲεǰäƤ

#583. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä ([2010-12-01-1])
#1309. ʸȾʸ ([2012-11-26-1])
#1310. ѸʸѤδ ([2012-11-27-1])
#1844. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä (2) ([2014-05-15-1])

ƬʸѤˤĤơĤʸɤѸθƬʸѤˤϡֻФʸפȡְ̣ʸפȤȤФʸȤϡʸƬιƬ֤κǽʸʸˤΤǤꡤñʻʤʸʸñεǽδ֤ľŪʤĤʤ꤬ʡפʸƬȤƬ򼨤ɸȤƤΰ̣⤿ʤ (47) ŪбζĴȤǤ롥
⤦1Ĥΰ̣ʸȤϡỤ̄¤˴ؤΤǤ롥ŵϸͭ̾θƬʸǤꡤĤϤħ̾ǰפɽƤ롥̣ŪˤϡΡǰפɤߤ뤫פǤ롥 (48--49) βƤΤǡطս

ʸ줿̾ϼʤΰ̣¤ΰĤǤǰȯǰ롥̾ΰ̣¤ΰĤǤǰʸȤǶ벽ȹͤ롥ФʸȤϰ㤦Ǥ롥̾ʳʻˤʸ׵᤹ΰ̣ŪڤӿŪ׵᤬礱Ƥ롥
̾Ū͡ʲǽäƤ롥͡ǽ⡤äˡǰפȤǽ򸽼²ҤΩƤơɼԤδ˶ĴƤߤΤʸǤ롥
ФǰȤϤʤ복ǰǤΤǤ
ǰŪä̾Ǥ롥餢դİƤ˿֥᡼ǰǤ롥İбȤ褦äơŪŪ䵬ԤθŪǰǰǤ롥
ǰˤĤŪ롥
ǰ̾˲äʤˤŪʥ᡼Ǥ롥󥰤ȤƤ̾İбȸƤ֤Ȥ롥̾İбΤͤ˶̤ʬǰȸƤ֤櫓Ǥ롥ä̾ϡǰΰ°¤ꡤǡطʤʿǡã뤳Ȥ롥̾Τˤ褯͸դ罰ãΤ椭ȤɤƤΤۤɰطʤãϤ礭ǡä̾⹭ǰΤ Mass Communicated Sign MCS ȸƤ֤Ȥˤ롥
MCS ϰƤã롥Ǥ狼Τ顤Ρ֤٤ơɬ٤䤫dzǰŪΤƤǤϤʤñľŪʥե᡼˰㤤ʤ
ǰ MCS Τ褦˶̤ƱΥ᡼طʤȤ̤äƤ롥ҹ̤δޤߤǰ̿Ǥ롥äǰλĴޤߤϡĿŪŪǤäƤϤʤʤĿͤˤʤʤˤãˤϿǤ꤬ɬפǤ롥ĿͺʤʤФʤǰȤƤŬϰϤ٤⤯ʤ롥äǰϾ˸̺ʤưȸĤζ̤ռŪӽǸĤɽ路ꡤʬΤɽꤹ롥ǰϸĤ򤳤 ذ̲뷹롥
ǰΰ̲ײȡͭвˤ롥ηϿʹֿ˶ƶڤܤǰǤۤɡͤ˱ƶͿ줿᡼ϰܲ졤ĤθͭʪȤʤ롥
ʾޤȤȡǰˤϡ罰ãȡͭȤĤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥


ǰθͭȤ¦̤ϡŵŪˤ̵ͣθͭ̾줬ħĤκƱˤͭ礬롥㤨СBible, Fortune, Heaven, Sea, World तǤ롥ϡѸʸˤơ̵ͣθͭ̾줽ΤΤǤ뤫Τ褦ˤȤ館ƤǤ롥ʸʸ̮ˤƵͭ̾첽ȤäƤ⤤ᡤ̤̾ʤɤ⡤ĤκƱ˴ŤʸΤǤ롥Ʊth River, th Far East, the City ʤɤ̾ First Lady, President ʤɤοͤɽƱͤǤ롥ˤ metonymy ѤƤ롥
ǰ罰ãȤ¦̤θΤϡޥߤήۤҲ񸽾ݤ˴ؤǤ롥Communism, Parliament, the Constitution, Remember Pearl Harbor, Sex without Babies λԤˤȤäƤϡΰʤʸǧ뤳ȡˤǡطʤʸ̮ľŪ򤵤ΤǤ롥
ʤ;ñ̾ I 񤹤봷ϡ#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ񤯤 ([2009-07-27-1]) 餫ˤ褦ˡ̣ʸȤϡषФʸȹͤ٤I ΰ̣ǤϤʤñ˻Ū˺Ω뤿ʸȹͤΤ̤ˤϽ (minim) 1ܤǤϼϤνפƸʬդˤȤȤ뤬1ܤǽ񤫤Ȥ¦̤⡤1ʸǽ񤫤ǤȤ¦̤Τۤפ⤷ʤȤΤϡĤθ褦ˡ15Υޥ̥ץȤ򸫤ȤϤʸʤ괧 a 񤷤Ƥ㤬뤫Ǥ (49)
ʸȴϢơͭ̾첽ˤĤơ#1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1])#1185. ͭ̾첽 (2) ([2012-07-25-1])#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1])#2397. ͭ̾ȿ̾̾ ([2015-11-19-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

١Capitalization ˤĤơסػѸظ61桤1967ǯ47--53ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-04-01-1]

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2016-03-22 Tue

#2521. Ѹ113 "such" ΰֻ [spelling][eme][laeme][corpus][scribe][me_dialect][representativeness]

ε#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ ([2016-03-21-1]) ³ϽѸ쥳ѥ LAEME "such" ΰֻФƤߤ (see #1262. The LAEME Corpus ɽ (1) ([2012-10-10-1])) θϡѸǤϷƻ졤졤³ȤѤ졤ƻξˤ϶ޤ⤹ΤǡΤȤ͡ʷ֤롥ե٥åȽ˰褦ʤäοͤʸڤ١ˡ

hsƿucche (1), schilke (1), schuc (3), scli (1), scuche (1), sec (1), secc (1), secche (1), sech (2), seche (1), selk (1), selke (1), shuc (1), shuch (1), siche (1), silc (1), silk (3), sli (1), slic (5), sliik (1), slik (3), slike (1), slk (1), sly (1), soch (5), soche (1), solchere (1), suc (2), sucche (2), such (51), suche (1), suecche (1), suech (1), sueche (1), sueh (1), sug (1), suic (1), suicchne (1), suich (12), suiche (3), suilc (14), suilce (1), suilch (1), suilk (1), suilke (2), sulch (1), sulche (1), sulk (1), sulke (1), suuche (1), suweche (1), suwilk (1), suyc (1), suych (4), suyche (1), svich (2), sƿche (1), sƿic (3), sƿicche (1), sƿich (1), sƿiche (14), sƿichne (1), sƿilc (30), sƿilch (22), sƿilche (1), sƿilcne (1), sƿilk (14), sƿillc (10), sƿillke (2), sƿi~lch (1), sƿlche (1), sƿuc (4), sƿucch (1), sƿucche (4), sƿucches (1), sƿuch (1), sƿuche (1), sƿuchne (1), sƿuilc (1), sƿulc (8), sƿulce (1), sƿulche (9), swch (1), swecche (1), swech (1), sweche (2), swich (5), swiche (1), swics (1), swil (1), swilc (5), swilce (1), swilk (2), swilke (2), swilkee (2), swlc (1), swlch (1), swlche (1), swlchere (1), swlcne (1), swuche (2), swuh (1), swulcere (1), swulch (3), swulchen (1), swulchere (1), swulke (1), swulne (1), zuich (10), zuiche (14), zuichen (3), zuych (10), zuyche (2)


ʸȾʸζ̤ϤĤˡ113ֻʸڤ롥Τʤ٤ˤƥȥå5ֻȴФȡsuch, sƿilc, sƿilch, sƿilk, sƿiche Ȥʤꡤ5369ĤΤ131 (35.5%) 롥
θѸ줫134ȹ碌ʣֻ򸺻ȡѸΤȤ247ΰֻ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ѤϿޤ䥳ѥɬŪǤϤʤΤǡϹʿͤȻפ롥㤨СMED swich (adj.) ˷ǤƤֻäСϤ⤦

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-16-1]

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2016-03-21 Mon

#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ [spelling][lme][lalme][corpus][scribe][me_dialect][frequency]

#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])#219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1]) ˰³ѸˤˤֻѰۤˤĤơϡֻμ¿ɾΤʡ "such" 夲롥
#1622. eLALME ([2013-10-05-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ѸϿ LALME βŻ eLALME ˤơItem List 10 "such" 򰷤äƤ롥ΰֻȴФȡԳΤƾܤ˿Ƥ⡤ʲ134ब󤬤ʤäοͤʸڤ١ˡ

asoche (1), aswyche (1), schch (1), schech (1), scheche (3), schiche (1), schoche (1), scht (1), schuc (1), schuch (3), schuche (4), schut (1), schute (1), sclik (2), sclike (1), sclyk (2), sclyke (2), scoche (1), scwche (1), sech (8), seche (39), sewyche (2), shich (1), shiche (1), shoch (1), shoche (1), shuch (5), shuche (3), shych (1), sic (6), sic- (1), sich (53), siche (101), sick (1), sɩͨh (1), sik (1), sik- (1), sike (2), silk (3), sli (1), slieke (1), slik (10), slike (26), slilk (2), slkyke (1), slyk (13), slyke (26), soch (12), soche (60), souche (3), sowche (2), soyche (1), squike (1), squilk (2), squylk (1), sqwych (1), sqwyche (1), sswiche (1), suc (1), succh (1), sucche (5), such (242), suche (375), suchee (1), sucheȝ (1), suchet (1), sucht (1), suchte (1), suech (4), sueche (6), suhc (1), suhe (1), suich (9), suiche (7), suilk (6), suilk- (1), suilke (3), suilkin (1), sulc (1), sulk (4), sulke (2), sutche (1), suth (1), suuch (1), suuche (1), suuech (1), suueche (1), suych (13), suyche (15), suylk (7), suylke (6), svche (1), sviche (1), swc (1), swch (7), swche (4), swech (19), sweche (48), swelk (4), swhiche (2), swhilke (2), swhych (2), swhyche (1), swic (2), swich (77), swiche (84), swichee (1), swilc (3), swilk (76), swilke (45), swilkes (1), swisɩͨhe (1), swlk (1), swlke (1), swuch (3), swuche (2), swych (56), swyche (65), swyeche (1), swyk (1), swyke (1), swyl (1), swylk (62), swylke (35), swylle (1), syc- (1), sych (23), syche (67), syge (1), syk (4), syk- (1), syke (5), sylk (3), sylke (2)


̤ٳ뤷٤פȡȥå10 suche, such, siche, swiche, swich, swilk, syche, swyche, swylk, soche Ǥ롥ȥåפ2 suche such ϸѸ򸫴ƤԤˤȤäơʬQŪˤߤºݡ2617㤬ʸڤ졤1867Τۤ3ʬ1롥ޤȥåפ10ǡۤ3ʬ2롥äơֻ¿뤫ȤäơΤޤ޴ʤ뺮٤ȤȤˤϤʤʤΤ褦ʻϡѸ¿ֻǧ¿θˤĤǧ졤٤Τʤˤ⤢٤餷ΤɤäƤȤ롥ȤƤ⡤ν񤭼ɤ߼ˤȤäƤϤϤؤʾä˰㤤ʤˤĤƤϡ#1311. ֻɸಽϤʤɬפ ([2012-11-28-1])#1450. Ѹֻ¿ϤϤؤǤ ([2013-04-16-1]) ̤Ǥ롥
ѸḽνĴ٤СäȰֻμŵϼǰˤΤΡ500ۤɤȤ򸫤Ȥ롦

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2016-03-20 Sun

#2519. transition ȯ [phonetics][pronunciation][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap]

#1634. ֥ӥפ equation ([2013-10-17-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡ<-tion> б̾ȯ /-ʃən/ 㳰Ū equation ȯ /ɪˈkweɪʒən/ Ȥʤꡤ໤ͭƤ롥/-ʃən/ /-ʒən/ ɤ <-sion> <-sian> ǤϤ褯Τǡ줬Ū <-tion> ˤ礷Τȹͤ뤬Ϥƾʤ
equation Τۤˡ⤦1ĤȤ transition ʰp. 64ˡLPD ˤȡñˤϥꥹѸǤ3ȯԤʤƤ롥/trænˈzɪʃən/, /trænˈsɪʃən/, /trænˈsɪʒən/ Ǥ롥Preference poll ˤȡ줾λΨ75%, 16%, 9%ǡ /-ʒən/ ȯϺǤ⾯ʤȤƤʹ롥ϥꥫѸǤϹԤʤƤʤ褦

ָѸñ spelling sound discrepancy ˤĤơä˱Ѹˤδ鸫 orthography phonology δطˤĤơסʡؿʸѡ81, 1976ǯ49--75ǡ
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-20-1]

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2016-03-19 Sat

#2518. Ҳۻ [silent_letter][phoneme][grapheme][spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling][consonant][phonology][orthography][digraph][statistics][haplology][spelling_pronunciation]

(118) Ĵ٤ˤȡѸˡˤƻҲۻ (silent_letter) ޤϡ޷ޤ420줢ȤҲ̤򼨤Ȱʲ̤ꡥ<b> (24 words), <c> (11), <ch> (4), <d> (17), <f> (2), <g> (41), <gh> (41), <h> (57), <k> (11), <l> (67), <m> (1), <n> (14), <s> (22), <p> (31), <ph> (2), <r> (1), <t> (37), <th> (2), <w> (33), <x> (2) ʸǤϡζ㤬Ҥ󤲤ƤꡤԴѤǤ롥ʲɤǤƤ⤷äճäʤɤǤиȴФҲ𤷤

(1) <mb> <b> ۻȤʤϡ#34. thumb ֤ȯ ([2009-06-01-1]), #724. thumb ֤ȯ (2) ([2011-04-21-1]), #1290. ۻۻ⤿餷üΰ ([2012-11-07-1])#1917. numb ([2014-07-27-1]) ʤɤǵ󤲤Ƥ⤦ɲäǤ롥űѸѸ <b> (= /b/) Ϥʤä <b> 줿ΤȤ limb, crumb, numb, thumb 롥ĤƤϼ¸Ƥ <b> = /b/ ̵Ȥơclimb, bomb, lamb, comb, dumb, plumb, succumb 롥<mb> Ȥ߹碌Ǥ⡤rhomb ɩ, zimb ʥ֤ΰ, iamb ʼ嶯ʡˤʤɤѸǤ <b> ȯ뤳Ȥ⤢롥
(2) #2362. haplology ([2015-10-15-1]) ¾Ȥơmineralogy < mineralology, pacifism < pacificism, stipend < stipi-pendium, tragicomedy < tragic comedy
(3) perhaps ϤȯǤ /præps/ Ȥʤꡤ<h> ۻȤʤ롥
(4) iron ˤơꥫѸǤ <r> ȯ뤬ꥹѸǤ <r> ̵ /ˈaɪən/ Ȥʤ롥
(5) kiln
ֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) /kɪln/ ̤Ѹ <n> ̵ȤʤäŪȯ /kɪl/ ⤢롥Ʊͤ Milne /mɪln/ ̤Jones ȯŵ (1967) Ǥ /mɪl/ ΤߤǧƤȤ顤ֻȯϤĤǶΤȤΤ褦
(6) Christmas տȯǤ /ˈkrɪstməs/ Ȥʤ <t> ۻȤʤʤΤ褦ʻҲ˶ޤ줿ĶǤϡŪ <t> ̵ȤʤΤ̾ä (see #379. often spelling pronunciation ([2010-05-11-1]))
(7) ҳѸȤƤ southeast, northeast Ǥ <th> ̵Ȥʤ롥/saʊ ˈiːst/, /nɔːr ˈiːst/

ʸɤȡۻΥץˤʤ롪

Silent Consonant Letter ʬϡä˱Ѹˤδ鸫濴Ȥơסʡؿʸѡ51, 1973ǯ117--45ǡ

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2016-03-17 Thu

#2516. ҲǤȻҲʸǤбɽ [phoneme][grapheme][spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling][consonant][phonology][orthography][digraph][statistics]

ε#2515. 첻Ǥ첻ʸǤбɽ ([2016-03-16-1]) ˰³ (19--21) 򻲾ȤơҲʻˤбɽǤ롥

 consonantal phonemeconsonantal grapheme
1/p/p, gh, pp, ph, pe5
2/b/b, bh, bb, pb, be5
3/t/t, th, pt, ct, ed, tt, bt7
4/d/d, bd, dh, dd, ed, ddh6
5/k/k, c, kh, ch, que, qu, cque, cqu, q, cch, cc, ck, che, ke, x, gh, cu17
6/q/g, gu, gh, gg, gue5
7/ʧ/ch, tch, t, c, cz, te, ti7
8/ʤ/j, g, dg, gi, ge, dj, g, di, d, dge, gg, ch12
9/f/f, ph, gh, ff, v, pph, u, fe8
10/v/v, f, ph, vv, v5
11/θ/th1
12/ð/th1
13/s/s, sci, c, sch, ce, ps, ss, sw, se9
14/z/z, se, x, ss, cz, zz, sc7
15/ʃ/sh, shi, sch, s, si, ss, ssi, ti, ch, ci, ce, sci, chsi, se, c, psh, t17
16/ʒ/s, z, si, zi, ti, ge6
17/h/h, wh, x3
18/m/m, mb, mn, mm, mpd, gm, me7
19/n/n, mn, ne, pn, kn, gn, nn, mpt, ln, dn10
20/ŋ/ng, n, ngue, nd, ngh5
21/l/l, ll, le3
22/r/r, rh, rrh, rr, wr5
23/j/y, j, i, ll4
24/w/w, o, ou, u4
  159


Ǹȡ24βǤФƷ159ʸǡdigraph ޤˤбƤ롥ʿѤ1ǤɽΤ6.625ĤʸǤѤ줦ȤȤˤʤ롥
夲첻ȺλҲȤ绻ȡ44βǤФƷ400Ĥʸǡdigraph ޤˤǧ뤳ȤˤʤꡤʿѤ1ǤɽΤ9.09ĤʸǤѤ줦ȤȤˤʤ롥
ȯֻȤ߹碌¿ͲƤŪװˤĤƤϡ#2405. ֻȯЪΥ --- ѸֻԵ§μŪװ ([2015-11-27-1]) ǿ줿̤ˤƤ褯ޤʣƤΤ

ָѸñ spelling sound discrepancy ˤĤơä˱Ѹˤδ鸫 orthography phonology δطˤĤơסʡؿʸѡ81, 1976ǯ49--75ǡ

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2016-03-16 Wed

#2515. 첻Ǥ첻ʸǤбɽ [phoneme][grapheme][spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling][vowel][phonology][orthography][digraph][statistics]

ѸβǤʸǤбˤĤƾܺ٤˵Ҥʸꤷø󤵤įƤȡϳΤʤ褦ٿդʧĤ򽸤ᡤŪ褦ȤȤλäƤ롥ϡ (18--19) ˷ǤƤ첻˴ؤ벻ǤʸǤбɽƸơбޤºݤθˤĤƤϡľʸäƤ

 vocalic phonemevocalic grapheme
1/i/ee, ea, e, e...e, ei, ie. eo, i, ae, oe, ay, ey, eau, e, ui15
2/ɪ/i, ie, e, y, o, ui, ee, u, ay, ea, ei, ia, ai, a, ey, eight16
3/e/e, ea, ai, ay, eo, ie, ei, u, eh, ey, ae, egm, a, oe15
4/æ/a, ai2
5/ʌ/u, o, ou, oo, oe, ow6
6/ɑ/are, ah, al, ar, a, er, au, aa, ear, aar, ir11
7/ɐ/o, a, ow, ou, au, ach6
8/ɔ/aw, a, al, au, ough, oa, or, our, oo, ore, oar, as, o, augh15
9/ʊ/oo, o, ou, oul, oe, or7
10/uː/oo, o, o...e, u, wo, oe, ou, uh, ough, ow, ui, eux, ioux, eu, ew, ieu, ue, oeu18
11/ɜ/ur, urr, ear, ir, err, er, or, olo, our, eur, yr, yrrh12
12/ə/a, u, ar, o, e, ia, i, ough, gh, ou, er, o(u)r, or, ei, ure, eon, oi, or, oar19
13/eɪ/a...e, a, ea, ai, ei, ay, ao, eh, ey, eigh, ag, aig, e, alf, aa, au, ae, oi, e, et20
14/ɑɪ/i, i...e, eye, ay, ie, y, igh, uy, y...e, ign, ye, eigh, is, ui, oi, ey, ei, ais19
15/ɔɪ/oi, oy, eu, uoy4
16/əʊ/o...e, ol, ow, oh, owe, o, ou, oa, oe, eo, ew, ough, eau, au, ogn16
17/aʊ/ow, aou, ou, eo, au, ough, iaour7
18/ɪə/ear, eer, ia, ere, eir, ier, a, ea, eu, iu, e, eou, eor, iou, io, ir16
19/eə/are, air, ear, eir, ere, aire, ar, ayor8
20/ʊə/uo, oer, oor, ure, our, ua, ue, we, uou9
  241


ȯʬǤ϶̵ζ̤θƤ餺դפϤ뤬ޤǤˤߤƤбɽΤʤǤŪȤäƤ
ǤС20βǤФƷ241ʸǡdigraph ޤˤбƤ롥ʿѤ1ǤɽΤ12.05ĤʸǤѤ줦ȤȤˤʤ롥

ָѸñ spelling sound discrepancy ˤĤơä˱Ѹˤδ鸫 orthography phonology δطˤĤơסʡؿʸѡ81, 1976ǯ49--75ǡ

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