ε#5539. Chancery English ˤߤ츻Ūֻ ([2024-06-26-1]) 䡤Ρ#5535. Ƭ en- in- ɤ Chancery English Ǥߤ ([2024-06-22-1]) ǡChancery English ˤ륹ڥɤѻƤ Fisher et al. ˤ륢 "Glossary of Forms" Ѥơ٤Ͽ (numeral) Ȥ̤θΥڥѰۤ夲ƤߤˤϡפʿΤ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡޤ Chancery English ˤΥڥɤʬǧˤȤɤޤ롥ͤޤǡ
- one n. and adj. (17) P3, C3; on (9) P3, C3; oon (4) C8, S1; oone (1) C4; oo (5) P2 (D.122); o (3) C8, S1.
- first adj. (9), adv. (7) S1, P2; firste (1) C5; furst (9) S1, S2; ffirst (2) P2; ferst (2) C3, C5; ferste (2) C1, C3; fyrst (1) N8; furste (1) C3. There are no distinctions between adj. and adv. usage.
- two adj. (24) S1, P1; twoo (3) C5; too (5) P3, C3; twey (2) C1, C5; tweye (1) P5.
- twayn adj. two. (1) C3; tweyn (1) C3.
- twelve n. and adj. (1) C1 (D.163.47); twelf (2) C2, N5.
- twelfemonethe n. (1) C3; tuelfmoneth (1) C3; twolfmonth (1) P2.
- twenty adj. (2) N5 (D.240).
- second adj. (6) S1, C1; seconde (5) P3, C3; secund(e) (2) P3, C3.
- three adj. and n. (1) P2; thre (3) P3, C3; þre (2) P3, C3.
- third adj. (3) C5; thridde (9) C3, P4; thrid (3) P4; þrydde (2) N2; thirde (1) N2; thryd (1) N8, C3; þredde (1) P5 (D.159.33); pl. thriddes (3) P4 (D.156).
- thirdly adv. thirdly. (1) S2 (D.78.7).
- four(e) adj. (3) C1, C2.
- fourthe ordinal adj. (2) P3, N2 (D.144.9, 234.1); four (1) C1 (D.163.4).
- fourtieth adj. (2) N6.
- fifte adj. fith. (2) P3, N5; fyfte (2) C3.
- sixt adj. (1) N5; syxth (3) N5 (D.241); sext (2) N2; sixte (1) C3; sexte (1) N2.
- tenthe n. (1) P5 (D.159,36).
- hundred numeral (2) P3, N5; hundreth (1) P3 (D.143.3); hundred n. subdivision of a county. (1) C3; pl. hundredes (2) P3. C3.
Ȥ櫓 third ˤĤƤϡ#92. third βžϤĵä ([2009-07-28-1]) #93. third βžϤĵä (2) ([2009-07-29-1]) ǤѸ쥹ڥɤ15 Chancery English Ǥ⡤ȤˤɤϤޤʤĤäƤ롥
ʤߤˡ623ˤ˳Ť줿Ѹ춨41ءˤΥݥֽѸˤ륹ڥפˤơ3ȯɽԤȤơֿΥڥɤɸಽ --- Ѹ줫ѸءפäޤȺεϡƤȤȤǤ
Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.
15αѸΡֽɸפȤƻŦƤ "Chancery English" ˤĤƤϡchancery_standard γƵǼ夲ƤChancery English ΥԤ Fisher et al. (34) ˤϡ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ˤĤƾҤ롥
Prefixes which appear in MnE with Latin ad still usually appear in their French form a. The MnE noun advice is 32 times a (avis, etc.) and 19 times ad; the MnE verb advise is six times a and five times ad. Adnullacion and adnulling appear once each alongside annullen once. Hypercorrection appears when an official hand notes on the dorse of a petition "he hath be resumed to þe kynges advayle [avail]" (227.20).
ۤˤϡ "Glossary of Forms" ðǰˤɤäƤȡ츻ŪֻñäƤȤǤ롥Ǥ "Etymological Respellings on the Eve of Spelling Standardisation" ܤ66θùܤȤ濴ˡGlossary ȴФȤΤǤϢܤƷǤֻɮԡˡS (= the Signet letters), P (= Privy Seal), C (= Chancery), N (= the Indentures) ʤɤεϥŵؤܺ٤Ʊ˾롥
- adnullacion n. a law voiding specified grants of a previous reign. (1) C5 (D.227.11). MED gives ad as a variant for an; no tion form OED obs. 1670.
- aduis(e) n. (17) S1, P2; auis(e) (10) S1, P2; auys (7) C8, C1; avis(e) (6) S1, P3; S1, C2; avys(e) (4) S1, C3; auice (1) C5; aduyce (1) C4; aduyse (1) N5.
- assault(e) n. (3) C3, C4 (D.195.7, 11); assaut(e) (6) C3, C4 (D.1995.1 etc.).
- auctorite n (35) C1, P3; autorite (8) C2, C3; auctoritee (6) P2, C3; auctoryte (2) C3, C5; aucorite (1) C3 (D.202.44); pl. autorites (1) C3.
- avail n. (1) P1; availle (4) C3, C4; avayle (2) C3, C5; availl (1) C3; advayle (1) C5; avaylle (1) C4.
- avise inf. advise (1) P2; past part. aduised (5) S1, P2; auised (2) P3; aduysed (1) C5; auysed (1) S1, C4; avysed (1) S1.
- convent n. (1) C5 (D.226.2); couent (7, all Signet Office documents) S1; conuent (6) C1, S1.
- doute n. doubt. (1) P2; dowte (4) S1 (1), C1 (3); dobȝthe (1) C5 (D.218.16).
- endorsement n. (1) P3; endocement (1) P3.
- endosed vb. past part. indorsed. (1) C3; endoced (1) P2 (D.122.6). OED obs. 1613.
- parliament n. (18) C3, C4 (D.194, 195, 199, 213, 216 only); parlement (104) C1, S1; parlament (1) C4; parlemet (1) C5 (D.226.21 error?); pl. parlementes (2) C5; parlementȝ (2) C5.
- receit n. act of receiving. (1) C3; receyte (1) C4 (D.210.28); pl. recepts (1) P2 (D.115.19).
- souereign n. (5) C3; souerain (55) S1, P2; soueraigne (41) C2, P2; souuerain (21) P2, P3; souerayne (18) C3, C5; souerayn (12) C3, P4; souereyne (10) P2 (D.213); soueraign (9) C2, C3; souueraign (8) P2; souereyn (6) P1, C3; souereigne (5) C1, C3; souuerayn (4) P3, C3; souueraigne (3) P2; souuerein (2) P3, C3; souuereigne (1) P2; souerainge (1) P1 (D.112.12); soueragne (1) C3; souerein (1) P1; pl. soueraines (1) S1.
ޤǻĤʤä adnullacion (cf. "annul"), auctorite "authority", advayle "avail" ʤɤֻܤαޤ롥ֽɸפȤ̾ФǡChancery English λϡޤޤɤη㤷äȤʬ
Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.
Hotta, Ryuichi. "Etymological Respellings on the Eve of Spelling Standardisation." Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature30 (2015): 41--58.
ε#5535. Ƭ en- in- ɤ Chancery English Ǥߤ ([2024-06-22-1]) Ǽ夲ˤĤơäĴ٤Ƥߤʤ OED en- PREFIX1 츻 Note 3 ˡɤˤĤƾܤŪаޤƤ롥ٶˤʤäΤǡβս٤ưѤƤ
3. From 14th cent. onwards the prefix in- (im-) has been frequently substituted for en- (em-); and, conversely, en- (em-) has been substituted for the prefix in- (im-) of words of Latin or Italian origin, and for the native English in- prefix1. Nearly every word, of long standing in the language, which is formed with en- has at some period been written also with in-. Hence it is often impossible to determine whether in a particular word of English formation the prefix en- or in- is due to the analogy of words of French, Latin, or purely English origin; in many instances it must have been applied merely as a recognized English formative, without reference to the analogy of any individual word. In 17th cent. the form in- (im-) was generally preferred; the now prevailing tendency is to use en- (em-) in English formations, and where the prefix represents French en-; and in modern reprints of 17th cent. books, and in dictionaries, the in- (im-) of the original texts is often replaced by en- (em-). In some words, however, as em-, imbed, en-, inclose, the form with in- still occurs, but in most cases less frequently than the en- forms; in a few instances in- has entirely superseded en-, even where the latter is etymologically more correct, as in imbrue, impair, inquest. In a few words (e.g. ensure v., insure v.) the alternative forms have (in very modern times) been appropriated to express different senses. As a general rule the en- and in- forms are in this Dict. treated as belonging to one and the same word. A word still surviving in use is treated in the alphabetical place of its now more frequent form. In the case of obsolete words, where there is no decided preponderance in usage, the choice of the typical form has been determined by etymological considerations: thus the adapted words from French or Spanish with en-, and new formations apparently on the analogy of these, are by preference placed under E; while words apparently formed on Latin analogies, or probably originating as compounds of the English preposition in n.2, will appear under I.
The substitution of in- for en- has in part been due to notions of etymological fitness, the Romanic en- having been regarded as a corrupt and improper form of the Latin in-, while the English formations in en- were either referred to Latin analogies or treated as compounds of the native preposition. The phenomenon seems, however, to be partly of phonetic origin. Tendency to reduce and slightly raise the vowel in this prefix results in homophonic pronunciations of word pairs such as embed and imbed, enclose and inclose. Occurrence of spellings such as inbassed for embassade in the fourteenth century may suggest this phenomenon has existed from an early period.
ɤװˤĤƤεܤװѤƤ褦Ǹ¤Ϥʣ츻ե줫ƥ줫ȤװϤפġñˤƤϳơθߤ˾줷Ƥꡤˤ褦ʡʤ褦ʤȤˡѸǤθξˤϡեƥϡΥǥȤƤޤǴŪ˺ѤƤˤɤƬװʤΤФʬʤϻŪʥޤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ᤰˤƤ롥
ǽνˤƤϡɤ줬ԻԤλǺޤǤ뤳ȤƤ롥OED ǤƬ en- in- §ȤƱʪȤưǤϡɤƬǼ縫ФΩƤ٤ȤºŪǺߤϪƤΤɤ롥
ѸֻŪߡʰǡˤ⤦1ΤäƤޤä
Ѹˤ ensure/insureencase/incase, entitle/intitle, embed/imbed, enclose/inclose, enwrap/inwrap ʤɡƬ en- in- ɤڥ롥̣ˡۤʤ⤢С־αƺ⤢뤷ñʤ۷ֻǤ⤢롥⤽ΤϤƬεϰĤʤΤƥ in- ͳ褹եη֤ en- ʤΤǤ롥
2Ĥΰ۷֤ϡŪˤϡʾɤƤ褦ܲ䤬ܤƤ15 Chancery English Ǥϡɤ줬ߤ롥Fisher et al. (33) Ѥ롥
Since prefixes were unaccented, they were subject to the same kinds of irregularities and inconsistencies as the inflectional endings. Adding to the confusion was the lack of standardization of often competing Latin- and French-derived prefixes such as in, im, en, and em.
Many words with prefixes beginning in in/im in MnE were written with en/em prefixes in Chancery documents. One explanation for this is the continuing French influence; another is the drift towards e as the regular vowel in unaccented syllables, noted above. But the relative strength of each explanation is difficult to determine. In any case, en prefixes where MnE requires in are sometimes preferred in Chancery writing. There are, for example, 33 instances of entent(e) as opposed to one of intent, and that in an ecclesiastical petition (153.8) where the Latin in would be expected. Likewise we have endenture and its plurals 25 times and indenture/indentures only six times, five of them in non-Chancery items (238 and 239). Informed is found once (as a past participle, 146.9), while variants of the infinitive enforme are the clear preference, with 27 listings. Other cases where the en form is preferred include enheritaunce and endented. Prefixes beginning with im in MdE show the same kind of variation, with preferences for empechment and enprisoned.
Chancery English ϸɸֻ˨ɾ뤳Ȥ¿Τ褦ˤޤɤ礭 en-/in- ĸä˸¤äƤߤ¾ΰ̤θäˤĤƤϤ褽ƱѸˤˤֻɸಽƻΤĹäΤǤ롥夲ƬȴϢơʲεȡ
#1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1])
#4241. ʤƬ en ĤưˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-12-06-1])
#3510. Ƭ en- ưʻž֡ ([2018-12-06-1])
Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.
ɸѸŪפϤɤˤ뤫ϱѸˤǤνײǤ롥ˡ˴ؤ¤ꡤѸ Chancer English ˵롤ȤΤ Samuels (1963) ͭϤǤ롤ˤĤƤϡ#306. Samuels ѸȯãȤɸ4ס ([2010-02-27-1])#1228. ѸˤˤɸѸȯŸȳΩäơ ([2012-09-06-1])ˤ#3214. 1410ǯ夫30ǯˤƤ Chancery English ˨ ([2018-02-13-1]) ϤȤ chancery_standard εȤ줿
Chancery ȤϡˡģפΤȤǡȤδνȿؤǤϡ̾ˤ䤫äƸ Chancer English Chancery Standard ȸƤФ뤳ȤˤʤäѸѼȤϡŪˤϲΤȤʤΤFisher et al. (xii) ꡤ̤ͿƤ
We follow M. L. Samuels, in calling the official written English of the first half of the 15th century "Chancery English" although it emanated from at least four offices, Signet, Privy Seal, Parliament, and the emerging Court of Chancery itself. The generalized term is valid in an historical sense. By the end of the 15th century the term "Chancery" had come to be restricted to the royal courts of law, but until the departmentalization of the national bureaucracy into various offices, which began in the reign of Henry VII, Chancery comprised virtually all of the national bureaucracy except for the closely allied Exchequer. Thomas Frederick Tout, who made a life-time study of the workings of Chancery and its affiliated offices, begins his Chapters in The Administrative History of Mediaeval England by quoting Palgrave's observation that "Chancery was the Secretariat of State in all departments of late medieval government."
Chancery Ȥϡ̼ (Signetˡ (Privy Seal)IJ (Parliament)ˡȽ (Court of Chancery) 濴Ȥ (Exchequer) ۤܤ٤ƤιȻ̳ɤؤȤȤѤ줿Ūֻͤˤäɽ蘆ѸѼ郎Chancery English ȤȤˤʤ롥ǤϤʤȤϤ̤Ϥǽʬ
Samuels, Michael Louis. "Some Applications of Middle English Dialectology." English Studies 44 (1963): 81--94. Revised in Middle English Dialectology: Essays on Some Principles and Problems. Ed. Margaret Laing. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1989.
Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.
#5438. μ̥ --- ǤΡإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ٤ ([2024-03-17-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ǥ줿Ϸޱ¼ŵοǤˤĤƺƤӼ夲ޤ
ƱδϿ¤ƤޤϿƥĤΥȥåפΤ֤ĤŤȯ (pp. 1666--77) ǤѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ˴ؿΤϡҽɤƤߤȯ¿Ȼפޤ
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ#1025. blow - blew ֥֥롼 - blownꤷơblew /bluː/ ֻȯδطˤĤƤäޤ֥֥塼פȯdzФƤ⤤뤫⤷ޤϡyod-dropping ƤΤǡ blue Ʊ֥֥롼פȯǤdrew, flew, grew, slew, threw Ʊͤǡ/juː/ ǤϤʤ /uː/ 첻ޤ
Ǥϡإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ٤Ρ֤ĤŤȯפꡤblew ȯˤϢ uː ι (p. 1668) Ƥߤޤ礦
15uː
ܸΡ֥פ꿰ݤͤФ褦ˤơ֥פĹȯ롥
§ŪʤĤŤ
(ōō): boot /búːt/ Ĺfood /fúːd/ ʪ
s, ch, j, l, r θ
(ü): super /súːpɚ | -pə/ Ф餷June /ʤúːn/ 6blue /blúː/ Ĥrule /rúːl/ §
ew (=ü): chew /ʧúː/ 褯ࡤJew /ʤúː/ ͡blew /blúː/ blow βcrew /krúː/ Ȱ
դ٤ĤŤ
(ui): suit /súːt/ ʰΡˤҤȤjuice /ʤúːs/ fruit /frúːt/ ʪ
ou (=ōō): group /grúːp/ 졤soup /súːp/
ä <ew> /uː/ δطСƤΤǤ͡

ֿ ԡˡإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ١ҡ2023ǯ
3ָ224ڡˤ 15:30--18:45 ˡī㡼ɶˤƥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ4ȤʤֶѸֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơ֤ޤ

ιֺ¤ϡ4Υ4ȤʤޤΥ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤Ǥ
1ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤʽա429
2űѸֻ --- μʤʲơ729
3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡʽ107
4Ѹֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơߡ224
٤4ˤĤƤϡ Voicy heldio ˤ#971. Ѹֻ --- 224ڡˤīΥֺ4˸ơȤƳפҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡİйǤ
ޤǤ3ιֺ¤ǤϡѸֻɸಽˤįƤޤϤ褤ḽˤɸಽμ֤ޤޤ15 Chancery Standard ˻Ϥޤꡤ1617ˤƤ Shakespeareض١αѸ켭λФơ18--19μ˻ޤǤλܤñֻɤɤޤθ塤ꥫѸֻƸֻפưޤǤեơѸֻβˤĤͽǤƻαñֻζʤ⤷ޤΤǡ»Ҥˤʤ뤳ȤϤޤ
ֺܹ¤ˤؿΤϡΥڡꤪߤֺϡ̤Τۤ饤ǤλäǽǤޤϿޤȡָ1ָ֡ƨۿפİǤޤԹΤ褤ˡǤäФȻפޤֺ¤ǤϤޤƲƤΩƤޤΤǡΤߤñȯΤäǤޤäꤢޤʤֺ¤ѤϡüԤγͤŻŪۤͽǤ
ܥȴϢơʲ hellog Voicy heldio ۿ⤴Ȥ
Ρ1ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤꡡ
heldio #668. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ2023ǯ330
hellog #5088. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ ([2023-04-02-1])
hellog #5119. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ1ޤ ([2023-05-03-1])
Ρ2űѸֻ --- μʤ
hellog #5194. 729ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤס ([2023-07-17-1])
heldio #778. űѸʸ --- 729ڡˤīΥֺ2˸ơ2023ǯ718
hellog #5207. īΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤפޤ ([2023-07-30-1])
Ρ3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡ
hellog #5263. 107ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡס ([2023-09-24-1])
heldio #848. Ѹɸʤֻ --- 107ڡˤīΥֺ3˸ơ2023ǯ926
Ρ4Ѹֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơ
heldio #971. Ѹֻ --- 224ڡˤīΥֺ4˸ơ2024ǯ127
¿ΤäԤƤޤ
ε#5366. England English θ츻ꤹ ([2024-01-05-1]) ǿ줿 England ˤĤơŪʰ۷֡ʤ뤤ϰֻˤ OED ˽äƤߤOED ˤȡθΰ۷֤礭3Ĥηʬ롥
α. OE Ænglaland, Anglaland (rare), Englalond, OE-eME Ængleland, Englaland, lOE Englæland, lOE-eME Engleland, eME Aenglelond, Englalande, Englelond, Englelonde.
β. eME Anglenelonde, Engleneloande, Englenelond, Englenelonde.
γ. ME Ægeland, Eangelond, Engelande, Engelond, Engelonde, Enguelonde, Enkelonde, Ingelond, Ingelonde, Inglond, Inglonde, Yngelond, ME-15 Englond, Englonde, Ingeland, Ynglond, ME-16 Englande, Ingland, ME- England, 15 Eingland, Eyngland, Yngellond, 16 Inglant (Irish English), 17 Englone (Irish English); Sc. pre-17 Engelande, Englande, Englonde, Ingland, Inglande, Yngland, Ynglande, Ynglond, pre-17 17- England.
αֻθ츻˺ǤᤤΤǡAngle ʥ͡ˤʣ°ʷǤ Angla land ϡˤ³ʣǤ롥ֻ <l> ʸ2١ŵŪˤ <lala> Τ褦ʷҤǸΤݥȤǤ롥
βϡʣ°ʸ趯Ѳ̾ͽۤ -a ǤϤʤѲ̾ޤڤƤȤܤ -ena ѤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡA. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §610 (7) Ȥ褦ˤȤäΤǻȤƤߤȡ֥ޡͤΡפ̣ Mierċcna (-ena) η֤ǰƬ֤ĤļΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The adoption of g.p. -ena, -na is obscure; once adopted it caused further confusion with the weak nouns (Seaxan, Englan, &c.).
βγϡα <lala> Ϣ³äƽŲæ (haplology) ФֻǤ롥ɸ England ϢʤƤ褤#2362. haplology ([2015-10-15-1]) ȡ
ʤߤ MED Engelōnd n.[/sic] ˤȡ "Also Eng(e)land, (early) Engle(ne lond, (late) Ing(e)lond." Ȱ۷֤ͿƤ
Τ褦 England Ȥפʹηֻ֡ȤŪˤĹ餯ɤƤΤǤ롥Ϣưʲεȡ
hellog #1145. English England ̾Ρ ([2012-06-15-1])
hellog #1436. English England ̾ (2) ([2013-04-02-1])
hellog #2250. English θƬ첻ʻˡ ([2015-06-25-1])
heldio #16. ⤽ English Ȥñϥʥ餱
heldio #251. ʣ Englishes νи
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
ѸΥڥᤰäơ#1238. Υޥ̻οá ([2012-09-16-1]) Ȥ꤬롥Ϥޤ夲ʤʤäʸǸڤ뤳ȤϤ롥ѸΥڥűѸεϤæƤ¤ؤơ̻ϱѸäʤΥޥͤ˰㤤ʤȲ᤹Ǥ롥
ˤ⸽ߤˤ⡤ѸüԤǤäƤѸݤ˥ڥߥȤȤӤνֳ꤬͡פǤȤϡñ˷ŤΤǤϤʤѸ̾ˤĤƤ Clark (548--49) ⡤ȽŸƤ롥
Orthography is, as always in historical linguistics, a basic problem, and one that must be faced not only squarely but in terms of the particular type of document concerned and its likely sociocultural background. Thus, to claim, in the context of fourteenth-century tax-rolls, that 'OE þ, ð are sometimes written t, d owing to the inability of the French scribes to pronounce these sounds' . . . involves at least two unproven assumptions: (a) that throughout the Middle English period scriptoria were staffed chiefly by non-native speakers; and (b) that the substitutions which such non-native speakers were likely to make for awkward English sounds can confidently be reconstructed (present-day substitutes for /θ/ and /ð/, for what they are worth, vary partly according to the speakers' backgrounds, often involving, not /t/ and /d/, but other sorts of spirant, e.g., /s/ and /z/, or /f/ and /v/) Of course, if --- as all the evidence suggests --- (a) can confidently be dismissed, then (b) becomes irrelevant. The orthographical question that nevertheless remains is best approached in documentary terms; and almost all medieval administrative documents, tax-rolls included, were, in intention, Latin documents . . . . A Latin-based orthography did not provide for distinction between /θ/ and /t/ or between /ð/ and /d/, and so spellings of the sorts mentioned may reasonably be taken as being, like the associated use of Latin inflections, matters of graphic decorum rather than in any sense connected with pronunciation.
Clark ΤǤ롥̾Υڥ˴ؤ¤ꡤ⤽ѸǤϤʤƥǡʤ뤤ϺˡȤƥƥˡ֤ΤäΤ顤ѸüԤȥΥޥüԤΤȯΥåפʤɤȤǤޤΤǤ롥
̾ʳΰ̸ΥڥˤĤƤɤΤ褦ʾäΤϡǤϤ롥
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. Olga Fischer. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 542--606.
ۿ YouTube ΡְʼδѸظإͥפκǿ#169. ʤ Z ϥե٥åȤκǸɤ줿Τ --- Ϯ줿 Z ʪǤŪˡ ZפȾΤƤ襤ʸ˥ݥåȥ饤Ȥơ12ʬۤɽ椷Ƹޤ Z ¿ʤȤ̾־ǤФ褤ΤǤ
z ʸˤĤƤϡ hellog Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ΤǤ⡤͡˼夲ƤޤZ α̾־Τ˽ϤƤǤ Z ˴ؤϤʾ師ĤʤʤäƤޤΤǡͥȤƤϤäǤڤˤʤꤽǤ
ޤǤ Z ο䤷ޤ
hellog
#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])
#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1])
#446. ֤ȤĤäƤ <z> ([2010-07-17-1])
#447. Dalziel, MacKenzie, Menzies <z> ([2010-07-18-1])
#799. ±ʣ <z> ([2011-07-05-1])
#964. z ʸȯ (1) ([2011-12-17-1])
#965. z ʸȯ (2) ([2011-12-18-1])
#1914. <g> ֤ ([2014-07-24-1])
#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1])
#2925. autumn vs fall, zed vs zee ([2017-04-30-1])
#4990. ư -ize/-ise ˡ ([2022-12-25-1])
#4991. -ise -ize --- 2Ĥ ([2022-12-26-1])
#5042. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ24ʺǽˡ֥ե٥åȺǸʸ Z Υߥƥס ([2023-02-15-1])
heldio (Voicy)
#171. z r ȯϰճȻƤ (2021/11/18)
#540. Z ˤĤƸޤ (2022/11/22)
#541. Z zee zed (2022/11/23)
[ helsta (stand.fm) ˻Ϥޤ ]
#3. ư -ize á (2023/10/08)
Z ˴ؤ뿷ͥŹळȤǤС Z α̾־ư®䤫ĤǤ͡줫 Z ˤϤҤȤͥܤƤƤ͡
2ָ107ڡˤ 15:30--18:45 ˡī㡼ɶˤƥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ3ȤʤѸֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡ֤ޤ

ιֺ¤ϡ4Υ3ȤʤޤΥ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤Ǥ
1ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤʽա429
2űѸֻ --- μʤʲơ729
3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡʽ107
4Ѹֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơߡ̤
ޤǤ2ιֺ¤ǤϡޤѸ˰ʸե٥åȤεȯãǧ˸űѸ449--1100ǯˤˤѤμºݤѻƤޤ3ܤѸ1100--1500ǯˤǤλޤǤ˱ѸüԤϥˤϤäǤޤ1066ǯΥΥޥη̡ɸѸפüñ֤ȤѸ˾Ǥޤʻ֤ŸƤޤ礲˸СġαѸν꤬פפ˹ʤ褦ñ֤äǤȤߤХͥƥȤʤޤͳȤߤХݥƥǤϤƤξϡαѸѸΥڥˤʤƶͿΤǤ礦Ѹ쥹ڥˤˤơäȤ㥯ʻǤ餳⤷Ƥޤֺ¤ΤʤǤѸ츶ʸɤߤʤ顤λΥڥįƤߤȻפޤ
ֺ¤λäˤؿΤϡΥڡꤪߤ̤Τۤ饤ǤλäǽǤޤϿ줿ˤϡƨۿȤƥưؤΥͽǤԹΤ褤ˡǤä4ΥΤǤϤޤƲƤΩƤޤΤǡñȯǤΤäⴿޤǤ
ܥȴϢơʲ hellog Voicy heldio ۿ⤴Ȥ
Ρ1ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤꡡ
heldio #668. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ2023ǯ330
hellog #5088. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ ([2023-04-02-1])
hellog #5119. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ1ޤ ([2023-05-03-1])
Ρ2űѸֻ --- μʤ
hellog #5194. 729ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤס ([2023-07-17-1])
heldio #778. űѸʸ --- 729ڡˤīΥֺ2˸ơ2023ǯ718
hellog #5207. īΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤפޤ ([2023-07-30-1])
Ρ3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡϡʰʲ2023/09/26(Tue)θ嵭
heldio #848. Ѹɸʤֻ --- 107ڡˤīΥֺ3˸ơ2023ǯ926
#5194. 729ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤס ([2023-07-17-1]) Ǥ⤷̤ꡤī㡼ɶˤƥֺʸֻαѸˡ2ȤʤָűѸֻ --- μʤ֤ޤ¿̤뤤ϥ饤ǻäޤƴտ夲ޤ꤬Ȥޤ
űѸˡˤƱѸüԤޥ̱²äƤ롼ʸΤơƤΤơˤƥDZѸɽˡˤĤƻ֤ϺƤäΤޤƳˡμʤƥѸֻűѸֻɸಽ (standardisation) űѻ Beowulf ˤߤʸֻˤĤơ3֤äޤ
βä4Ⱦ2λȤˤʤޤ3ϾΤȤˤʤޤ107ڡˤ 15:00~18:45 ˡѸֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡפȤƳ֤ͽǤѸˤϡűѸȯãƤֻ1066ǯΥΥޥˤä뤹ȤŪѲޤǷˤꡤθαѸֻϥƻɤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפϥȤϤƲϴϢĤĤΩƤȤʤäƤޤʹߤβ³ꤤޤԹ礬դʤǤ⡤ÿޤȸư1ָۿˤ˥Ǥ褦ˤʤޤΤǡѤ⤴Ƥ
ܥȴϢơʲ hellog ɤߤ
hellog #5088. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ ([2023-04-02-1])
hellog #5194. 729ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤס ([2023-07-17-1])
ƱͤˡȴϢŤ Voicy heldio ۿ⤪İФȡ
heldio #668. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ2023ǯ330
heldio #778. űѸʸ --- 729ڡˤīΥֺ2˸ơ2023ǯ718
轵729ڡˤ 15:30--18:45 ˡī㡼ɶˤƥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ȤʤָűѸֻ --- μʤ֤ޤ
ϡʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤפꤷ3429ڡˤ˳֤ޤ2ϡѸäƤܳŪѤϤűѸ˾ƤޤűѸüԤϡˤƼƤƮʤ⼫ƻȤƼʤƤäΤƻڤɤޤºݤ˥ǽ줿űѸΥƥȤɲˤĩ路ƤߤȻפޤ
ؿΤϤҤäֺ¾Ҳ𤪤ӻäߤɤ̤Τۤ饤ǤλäǽǤޤϿ줿ˤϡư1ָۿˤΥͽǤԹΤ褤ˡǤä4ΥΤǤϤޤƲƤΩƤޤΤǡñȯΤäⴿޤǤ
4Υȥϰʲ̤Ȥʤޤ
1ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤʽա429
2űѸֻ --- μʤʲơ729
3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡʽ̤
4Ѹֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơߡ̤
ܥȴϢơʲ hellog Voicy heldio ۿ⤴Ȳ
hellog #5088. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ ([2023-04-02-1])
heldio #668. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ2023ǯ330
2023/07/18(Tue) 嵭heldio #778. űѸʸ --- 729ڡˤīΥֺ2˸ơ2023ǯ718
#3082. "spelling bee" εȯã ([2017-10-04-1]) ǡꥫǤ "spelling bee" Ȥڥ̱Ū͵ؤäƤ롥ˤ Scripps National Spelling Bee ȸƤФ롥ꥹʤɤ¾αѸǤб붥Ϥ뤬ꥫǮŪʿ͵ˤϵڤФʤ褦Horobin (199--200) ꡤspelling_bee αפսѤ롥
The spelling bee began in the 1700s, forming a key part of a child's education. By 1800 spelling bees came to be viewed more as social entertainment; such frivolous pleasures were frowned upon by the Puritans who rebranded them as spelling 'schools' in an attempt to re-assert their educational focus. Spelling bees gradually fell out of favour in New England society, but were preserved within a frontier culture for whom correct spelling was still considered an index of education and social status. The publication of The Hoosier Schoolmaster (1871) led to a craze in spelling contests, following which the term spelling bee was introduced. The use of the word bee to refer to a social gathering of this kind, often with a specific purpose in mind, such as apple-bee, husking bee, or the more sinister lynching-bee, is based upon an allusion to the social character of bees themselves. But while these gatherings were social, they were also highly competitive, as the alternative name 'spelling fight' makes clear. The first national spelling bee was introduced in 1925, subsequently rebranded the Scripps bee in 1941, and is still going strong today. . . . The popularity of the spelling bee is far greater in America than it is in Britain. The British equivalent, the BBC's Hard Spell, was a short-lived innovation, while British schools rarely engage in the spelling bees that are such an integral part of American society.
Ǥϡʤꥫ spelling bee ޤǿ͵ʤΤꥹֻȰ褹륢ꥫȼֻֻԤǤ갦ԤǤ⤢ Noah Webster (1758--1843) ˤäƳʤ줿ȤϡѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤ롥Ω夫ȼֻ夲ƤȤ̱Ūȼ餬ꥫǤΥڥ͵طʤˤΤǤϤʤȻˤǤ롥ˤС罰ˡޤˤǤ褦ˡspelling bee ¿̱²ȥꥫˤȤäơСֹ̱ξħפ˶ᤤΤʤΤǤϤʤꥫϡWebster spelling bee ˻ޤǡֻȤܤ˸Τ̱ν餹٤ϤȤƷǤ뤳Ȥˤäơ̱ɤη«ǤᡤݤȤȤƤΤǤϤʤꥹ spelling bee ؤǮʤȤ椷ơΤ褦˹ͤƤߤǤ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ۥӥˡ δˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯ
ֻηϤϡäդǤ˼̤äƤɬפϤʤüԤˤȤäƤϡäդΥҥȤͿнʬǤ롥ާƤСֻηϤüԤΤˤꡤüԤΤȯãƤΤǤ롥ȤŪˤΤ褦ʤΤ
Lass and Laing ϡֻηϤԴ;ˤĤơ"A spelling system is a mnemonic for native speakers." ȳˤƤ롥
A spelling system is a mnemonic for native speakers. . . . [A] literate native speaker can routinely understand spellings that may seem strikingly 'defective'.21 All spelling systems have built-in redundancy, and interpretation of even bizarre spellings is possible as long as the reader knows the system and has a good idea in advance of what a word is likely to be, or what the range of choices is. In the present context, no reader who knows English would have any difficulty reconstituting the defective representations <spllng> or <rthgrphc>.
21 For instance, the Cypriot syllabary failed to represent half the vowels and two-thirds of the consonantal contrasts . . . ; and Latin did not represent vowel length, which means that roughly half of the possible graphic word-forms available were potentially ambiguous.
ϡѸüԤѸֻɾݤ˺ƤϤʤʤǤ롥ѸüԤȤƳؤǤ䤿ϡФбѸֻ˷¿Ȥܤ䤯⤽ΤϤǡѸֻηϤϡѸüԤΤ˲ɤǤκ¤ΥҥȤͿФ褤ȤۤɤθȯãƤΤ⤽üԤ¸ߤǰƬ֤Ƥʤ
Lass, Roger and Margaret Laing. "Interpreting Middle English." Chapter 2 of "A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English: Introduction." Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme2/laeme_intro_ch2.html .
ѸϿ LAEME Ի Lass and Laing LAEME ȤĹȥϡΤȤѸκɤƳŪȤäƤ褤ɮԤΰ Roger Lass ȤȤΤسνäǤꡤΥȥˤƤ⡤Ͽޤ䥳ѥԻˡۤȸ¤顤ȯθѸϿ LALME γػŪյޤǽIJ̵ԤƤꡤǡΤ롥
"Interpreting Middle English" ꤹ2ǤϡѸֻܺ٤Ƥ롥ξϤϡѸΤߤʤ餺̤˱ѸֻŪȤʤäƤꡤ̤˴ؿΤˤɬɤǤ롥äȤСֻȤϲȤܼṲ̄鰷äƤΤǤ롥Lass and Laing (3--4) 1Ѥ롥
A spelling system is a mapping of some chosen set (or sets) of linguistic units into a set of visual signs.5 The standard inventory of linguistic units is the word, the morphophonemic representation, the syllable6 and the 'phoneme'. In relatively rare cases allophones of certain phonemes may be represented (e.g. the velar nasal in the elder Futhark, Gothic and Greek).
5 Just what kind of units is a complex matter. In the earlier part of this exposition we will be considering phonemes, allophones and other traditional kinds; later on we will adopt a more medieval and less anachronistic perspective. The mapping need not be one-to-one and in no case does it have to involve one level of unit only.
6 We will be concerned here only with segmental styles of representation, as syllabaries are not part of the Germanic tradition. Even the oldest Germanic writing, the runic inscriptions in the Elder Futhark, are in principle alphabetical, if often 'defectively' so.
ֻη ("spelling system") Ȥϲ嵭ʬɤǡͽۤʾʣʪǤ뤳Ȥ٤˸ŪʬϤפ롤1ĤνפΰǤ롥
Lass, Roger and Margaret Laing. "Interpreting Middle English." Chapter 2 of "A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English: Introduction." Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme2/laeme_intro_ch2.html .
ƻ high ̾ height ϡ줾 /haɪ/, /haɪt/ ȯޤֻȯδطˤĤơԤϵ§̤ȹͤޤԤ㳰ŪǤϤʤǤ礦
ޤ high ֻȯȯã֤äƤߤޤ礦űѸ hēah Ѹˤ hēh > hēih > heih/hīh ȯãޤǸʳǰ۷2ĸޤԤ hīh 첻ܤФƸѸ high /haɪ/ ˻ޤԤ heih ѸǤϤषͭϤǤ high ˼ʤϤޤ
ʤߤˡűѸ nēah "near" ޤäƱȯã뤲ƤޤѸˤ nēh > nēih > neih/nīh Ѳޤǽʳΰ۷ΤԤ neighbour 1Ǥ˸ƤꡤԤ nigh Ϣʤޤ
ơ̾ height θűѸη֤ hēhþu ǤϷƻ hēah Ĵ·ѸˤƸȯãƤhēhþ > hēihþ > heiht ˵夷ޤƻȰۤʤꡤǸʳͽۤ۷ *hīht ϤޤǤ̾˴ޤޤ þ ³ĶǤϡƻˤѲߤ줿Ǥ
ơֻ̾ˤĤƤϡθֻμ㴳ѲФĤĤ height 夭ޤȤȯΤۤϷƻ˰Ĥ褦ˤ /haɪt/ 夷ޤȯֻʣȯãѤη̡ height /haɪt/ ȤϤʴطˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ
ʾ塤Prins (97) ȤƼɮޤϢơheldio #595. heah/hih/high --- ֤إ饸פӽФ̻ŪѥȤ
Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.
ɸ3ȯϳơΤ褦ˤʤ롥Ҳܤ줿
knowledge [ˈnɑlɪʤ]
Greenwich [ˈgrɪnɪʤ, ˈgrɛnɪʤ, ˈgrɛnɪʧ]
spinach [ˈspɪnɪʧ, ˈspɪnɪʤ]
ֻ̾ȯδطǤ <dge> [ʤ]<ch> [ʧ] ̤Ǥ롥knowledge ͽ̤Greenwich, spinach ˤĤƤ <ch> [ʤ] ȯ⤢ȤǤۼǤ롥
θˤͭ˻ [ʤ] ϡ̵˻ѸͭΤǤ롥ѸǤ Verner's Law ȤΤ벻Ѳ (cf. #858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1])ˡ֥ȤҲľˤʤȤλҲͭפȤ§ѲǡȤƤ褯Τ ˈabsolute -- abˈsolve, ˈanxious -- anxˈiety, ˈexecute -- exˈecutive, exhiˈbition -- exˈhibit, ˈluxury -- luxˈurious, ˈoff -- of ʤ [s, z, ks, gz, ʃ, ʒ, f, v] ؤڥɸθΤ褦˻ [[ʧ, ʤ]] ؤΤ⤢롥
Prins (225) ꡤԤȤ
5. ʧ > ʤ
ME knowleche > MoE knowledge partriche > partridge spinach > spinach ['spinidʒ]
and in the suffix -wich in place-names: Norwich [noridʒ], Greenwich [grinidʒ], Woolwich [wulidʒ], Harwich [hæridʒ], Bromwich [brʌmidʒ]
Instead of the obsolete old pronunciation Ipswich [ipsidʒ] we find now [ipswitʃ].
The voicing is also found in MoE ajar < Scots and Nth dialect achar < on char-e (OE čerr, 'turn').
ѤκǸˤ̤ꡤajar űѸ on cierre ̤ȤΤ̣
Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.
֤إ饸פ餳hellog~Ѹ˥֥Ǥ줿
(1) ܥ֥Υȥå500
(2) note Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ͵50
(3) note ֤٥ ֤إ饸סߡְʼδѸظإͥסߡVoicy Ѹθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ס
(4) ֤إ饸פ˴طε
Ǥ줿إ˥¼ŵ6ˤơߥֱѸQ&AפɮƤޤƱŵ˴Ϣ hellog genius6 ɤˡνбϤδϢǤǤٸȤȤƱŵڥڥäƤ⤷ܤ˵Ť顤ơ䤪ȯΤޤޤ٤ŸȤ֤إ饸פ餷ǤŪ˿줿¿ˤ錄ޤhellog heldio ʤɤǼ夲Ƥȥԥå¿ΤǡϢĥäƤޤ
Ρ -esque (e.g. Rubenesque, Kafkaesque)
hellog #216. ̾ƻ -esque ħ ([2009-11-29-1])
hellog #935. (1) ([2011-11-18-1])
hellog #3716. ֤˱ƶڤܤ ([2019-06-30-1])
ΡƬ un- un- θáˡ
hellog #4227. ʤɽ魯ˤ n- ǻϤޤΤ¿ΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-22-1])
رˤѸ˥ƥ #36. 츻θ¦ ~ in- un- a- äƲ㤦Ρ~ܲ khelf ŸΡֱѸ˥ƥ50פ
ΡԻҲɽ魯3Ĥʸ <k, c, q>
hellog #1824. <C> <G> ʬ ([2014-04-25-1])
heldio #255. ԻҲ c, k, q Τɤ졩 (2022/02/10)
Ρܸ줫μѸ (e.g. karaoke, karate, kamikaze)
hellog #4391. kamikaze bikini --- 略魯ΰ̣Ѳ ([2021-05-05-1])
hellog #142. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸʬۡ ([2009-09-16-1])
hellog #3872. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸμǯ ([2019-12-03-1])
hellog #4140. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸΡ֤ġפȡ֤ɤΤ餤ס ([2020-08-27-1])
heldio #60. Ѹäܸ줿 (2021/07/31)
Ρư en- -en (e.g. enlighten, strengthen)
#1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1])
#3510. Ƭ en- ưʻž֡ ([2018-12-06-1])
#4241. ʤƬ en ĤưˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-12-06-1])
heldio #62. enlighten Ƭˤ⤪ˤ en Ĥ (2021/08/02)
ΡʸˡѸ桧tense, voice, gender
heldio #644. ֻפ tense ȡֶĥפ tense Ʊ츻 (2023/03/06)
heldio #643. ʤư֡ǽư֤Ρ֡פ "voice" ʤΡ (2023/03/05)
hellog #1520. ʤư֤Ρ֡פ voice ʤΤ ([2013-06-25-1])
hellog #1449. ˤơס ([2013-04-15-1])
Ρminister θ츻
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֤إ饸פ餳hellog~Ѹ˥֥Ǥ줿
(1) ܥ֥Υȥå500
(2) note Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ͵50
(3) note ֤٥ ֤إ饸סߡְʼδѸظإͥסߡVoicy Ѹθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ס
äȤܤƤ餤ΤϡѸ1100--1500ǯˤ through Υڥ515̤ꤢäȤλ¤ǤΥȥԥåˤĤƤϻϵΤ뤿Ӥ¾͡ʥǥȯƤޤ餯ܤˤ϶κΤ褦˱ǤΤǤϤʤȻפޤ
⤫Ǥ뵿ϡʤƱñʤΤˤۤ¿ΥڥѤƤΤؤǻʤǤϤʤȤΤǤεǤ͡ξQϹͤʤǤʤλ𤬤äΤǤˤĤƺī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤäޤ#709. ʤƱñ¿Υڥ¸ߤΤ --- ֤إ饸б2Ȥʤä515̤ through βİ
Ϥ䡤Ѹ through ʤȾάֻ thru 餤ˡˤˤޤȤޤäƤơ꤬Ǥ͡
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