hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 ڡ / page 15 (22)

spelling - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2015-10-30 Fri

#2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (1) [final_e][grapheme][spelling][orthography][emode][mulcaster][spelling_reform][meosl][diacritical_mark]

Ѹˤˤơ final /e/ ȡֻ final <e> ʬƹͤɬפ롥15ȡ֤ <e> ϡб첻˼äƤȹͤƤ뤬ֻϤθϢʤȽ³줿Ѹˡˤȯʹ (diacritical mark; cf. #870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])) ȤƤ <e> εǽˤĤƤϡ#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]), #1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) طˡȯãˤĤƤ #1344. final -e ˡ ([2012-12-31-1]), #1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1]) ǿƤϡѸˡˤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> ȯãƤȤ櫓κǽͻҤ˿줿
Scragg (79--80) ϡѸγĹ (meosl) ˸ڤӤʤ顤 <e> εǽε§ϡ16Ⱦβֻ Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) ˵ȤݤǵŸƤMulcaster ˤĤƤϡ#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) ڤ mulcaster γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿ˡ

One of the most far-reaching changes Mulcaster suggested was for the use of final unpronounced <e> as a marker of vowel length. Of the many orthographic indications of a long vowel in English, the one with the longest history is doubling of the vowel symbol, but this has never been regularly practised. . . . Use of final <e> as a device for denoting vowel length (especially in monosyllabic words such as mate, mete, mite, mote, mute, the stem vowels of which have now usually been diphthongised in Received Pronunciation) has its roots in an eleventh-century sound-change involving the lengthening of short vowels in open syllables of disyllabic words (e.g. /nɑmə/ became /nɑːmə/). When final unstressed /ə/ ceased to be pronounced after the fourteenth century, /nɑːmə/, spelt name, became /nɑːm/, and paved the way for the association of mute final <e> in spelling with a preceding long vowel. After the loss of final /ə/ in speech, writers used final <e> in a quite haphazard way; in printed books of the sixteenth century <e> was added to almost every word which would otherwise end in a single consonant, though the fact that it was then apparently felt necessary to indicate a short stem vowel by doubling the consonant (e.g. bedde, cumme, fludde 'bed, come, flood') shows that writers already felt that final <e> otherwise indicated a long stem vowel. Mulcaster's proposal was for regularisation of this final <e>, and in the seventeenth century its use was gradually restricted to the words in which it still survives.


Brengelman (347) ƱͤμݤǵƤ뤬<e> ε§ Mulcaster Τߤ˵ˡLevins Coote ʤƱˡ˴ؿĿ͡νŪʹ׸ȤƤȤ館Ƥ褦

It was already urged in the last quarter of the sixteenth century that final e should be used as a vowel diacritic. Levins, Mulcaster, Coote, and others had urged that final e should be used only to "draw the syllable long." A corollary of the rule, of course, was that e should not be used after short vowels, as it commonly was in words such as egge and hadde. Mulcaster believed it should also be used after consonant groups such as ld, nd, and st, a reasonable suggestion that was followed only in the case of -ast. . . . By the time Blount's dictionary had appeared (1656), the modern rule regarding the use of final e as a vowel diacritic had been generally adopted.


ˤ衤16ˤϡʤ餯15ˤˡǤ˸ŪֻѤΤʤ <e> ΤΤƤռŪ˻Ѥ§褦ȤΤMulcaster 濴Ȥ1600ǯβ׼ԤäȤȤˤʤºݡβװƤ17˺դƤȤˤʤꡤߤ "magic <e>" ε§ΤǤ롥

Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.

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2015-10-20 Tue

#2367. űѸ <c> Ѹ <k> [grapheme][graphemics][spelling][palatalisation][i-mutation][phonemicisation][anglo-norman][vowel][consonant][causation][language_change]

űѸŵŪ <cyning> 뤤 <cyng> ֤Ƥ줬ѸǤŵŪ <king> ֤褦ˤʤäƤ롥 /k/ ɽ魯ʸ <c> <k> ؤ֤줿ȤȤˤϤʤưŤäΤ
/k/ бʸ <c> <k> ִ줿аޤˤĤơScragg (45) ϵǽŪΩ줫鼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . Old English orthography continued to represent the two sounds [= [k] and [ʧ]] by <c> (i.e. both of these words in late Old English were spelt cinn or cynn). Although <c> could still unambiguously represent /k/ before back vowels and consonants (as it still does in cat, cot, cut, climb, crumb), there was no agreed way of distinguishing the sounds graphically before front vowels. The use of <k> for the plosive appeared sporadically from the ninth century but it was not until the thirteenth that it was fully established in words like king and keen, by which time <ch> had been adopted for the affricate.


<c> <k> ؤѲϡ/y/ ߿Ȥ첻ѲͿƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥űѸǤϸ (palatalisation) θ̤ˤꡤ첻Ԥ /k/ [ʧ] ȤƼ¸褦ˤʤäƤ첻Ԥ /k/ [k] ȤƼ¸³ƤꡤߤʬۤʤᡤξϤޤƱ첻Ǥΰۤʤ¸Ǥˤʤääơɽ魯ʸ <c> 1Ĥǻ­ꤿ
Ȥ첻 /u/ i-mutation ˤ첻 /y/ Ȥʤꡤ߿ /i/ ؤѲȡcinn [ʧin] cynn [kin] Ωޤ졤ʬۤ롥 /ʧ/ /k/ Ȥϰۤʤ벻ǤȤƶ̤褦ˤʤäDz (phonemicisation) βǤ롥
ʳˤơۤʤ벻ǤϰۤʤʸɽΤդ路ȤǽŪȯۤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ͤˡϤĤμ¸ȼѤδ֤Ф夤Τϡ/k/ Ф <k> /ʧ/ Ф <ch> 򤢤Ƥˡä <c> ΤΤĤäƤʤȤդ줿
Ѹˤ <k> <ch> Ѥ줿طʤˤϡֻѤ륢󥰥Υޥ̻νͿƤScragg θ򤬲ǤʸǤб˴ؤ뵡ǽŪ˽ϤƤΤФOED K, n. εҤϡ󥰥ΥޥֻˤڤǤꡤХ󥹤μ줿Ȥ롥

Yet, in the Old English use of the Roman alphabet, both the guttural and the palatal sound were represented by C, although in the practice of individual scribes K was by no means infrequent for the guttural, especially in positions where C would have been liable to be taken as palatal, or would at least have been ambiguous, as in such words as Kent, kéne, kennan, akenned, kynn, kyning, kyðed, folkes, céak, þicke. But, even in these cases, C was much more usual down to the 11th century; and K can be regarded only as a supplemental symbol occasionally used instead of C for the guttural sound. After the Conquest, however, the Norman usage gradually prevailed, in accordance with which C was retained for the original guttural only before a, o, u, l, r, and K was substituted for the same sound before e, i, y, and (later) n; while the palatalized Old English c, now advanced to /ʧ/, was written Ch. Hence, in native words, initial K now appears only before e, i, y (y being moreover usually merged in i), and before n ( < Old English cn-), where it is no longer pronounced in Standard English, though retained in some dialects.


űѸǤ⤹Ǥ <k> ѤƤȤˤդ٤Ǥ롥ʸǤֻѲޤᡤѲˤϡʣξװͿƤȤ (multiple causation of language change) ˺ƤϤʤʤ
Ϣơ/k/ бʸŪˤĤơ#1824. <C> <G> ʬ ([2014-04-25-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.

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2015-10-15 Thu

#2362. haplology [haplology][phonetics][spelling][etymology][terminology]

haplology ʽŲæˤϡβؤǤ롥벻䲻᤬Ϣ³Ȥˡæ븽ݤ㤨Сprobably b Ϣ³뤿ˡ¯Ǥ probly Ȥȯ뤳Ȥ롥Ʊͤˡlibry (< library), nesry (< necessary), tempry (< temporary), pa (< papa) 褯ʹ롥Ūˤ⡤humbly ϸŤ humblely haplology Фޤ줿#1145. English England ̾Ρ ([2012-06-15-1]) ȡ#2250. English θƬ첻ʻˡ ([2015-06-25-1]) Ǥߤ褦 England Englaland la 1æΤǤ롥morphophonemic morphonemic Ѥ뤳Ȥ⽽ʬǧƤ롥
haplology ȤѸϡ1893ǯ˽Ф롥ꥷ haplo- + -logy ʤꡤԤ haplo- ϡñΡĤΡפ̣ ha- ȡ?šפ̣ -pl(o) ʤ롥#352. ƥ /s/ ȥꥷ /h/ б ([2010-04-14-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡꥷ h ϥƥ s бΤǡhaplo- simple ƱǤ롥
haplology ϲæ褦æֻˤߤ졤 haplography ʽŻæˤȸƤФ롥<philology> <philogy> Ƚ񤤤ꡤ<repetition> <repetion><Mississippi> <Missippi> Ƚ񤯤褦तǤ롥ʤդ˻ʣ dittography ʽʣ̡ˤȤݤ⤢롥<literature> <literatature> Ȥ褦ǯϡ񤭤⥿ԥ󥰤ε¿ʤꡤhaplography dittography λϤषƤΤǤϤʤ
ǤֻǤʣʬæϡϤ餷ʤѤȤȤ館뤳Ȥ¿֤ȤȤѤȤƺѤ褦ˤʤäΤ⤢롥Τ褦ʥǤϡhaplology haplography ̻ŪʲȤȤ館ɬפ롥ʲˡ˾ؿѸؼŵ (529) 餤Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

OE eahtatiene > ME eightetene > eighteen
OE eah(ta)tiġ > eighty
ME honestetee > honesty
OE sunnandæġ > Sunday
OE Mōn(an)dæġ > Monday
OE fēowertēneniht > fortnight
Missis > Miss
Gloucester > [ˈglɔstə]
Leicester > [ˈlestə]
OE berern > ME beren > barn
OF cirurgien ME surgien > surgeon
Poleland > Poland


ϢơMerriam-Webster μ haplology ⻲ȡ

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2015-09-23 Wed

#2340. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (2) [writing][medium][history_of_linguistics][phonetics][spelling][sign][semiotics][spelling_reform]

ε ([2015-09-22-1]) ˰³Vachek ʸ򻲾Ȥơ񤭸դμΩˤĤƹͤ롥Vachek ϡפʤȤ顤񤭸դäդʴطĥ롥ɽ (phonetic transcription) ֻɤ߾夲 (spelling out) Ǥ롥
ɽä̩ʲɽ (narrow phonetic transcription) ϡŪˤϤޤɤߤˤؤǤͭѤŪɤ߽񤭤Ѥ­ȤˤʤäؤޤʤʤȤɤ⤦ȤʤСɽ򤿤ɤʤ顤ä˽ФƬDz뤳ȤˤäơŪˤñΤȤǧ򤹤뤳Ȥˤʤ񤫤줿ɽ򸫤ƤƤ򤹤ޤǤˡĤιФʤФʤʤɽǤϤʤ̾ʸֻǤСƤƤ򤹤ޤǤιϡäȤäľŪǤ롥
ֻɤ߾夲Ȥϡ1ʸ˽Фƥڥ륢ȤΤǡ㤨 apple ǤС1ʸ [eɪ piː piː ɛl iː] (= A P P L E) ɤ߾夲롤ΤǤ롥 [ðɪs ɪz ən æpl] (= This is an apple.) ʹСΤޤƤ򤵤Ȥ[tiː eɪʧ aɪ ɛs aɪ ɛs eɪ ɛn eɪ piː piː ɛl iː] (= T H I S I S A N A P P L E) 1ʸɤ߾夲줿ɤʹʤ1ʸɤäƤƬֻȤΩƤơThis is an apple. ΤȤȻפ롤ʤȤ꤯ɤи򤹤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥1ʸĤɤ߾夲ʹʤƤ򤹤ޤǤˡĤιФʤФʤʤɽֻɤ߾夲ϡγϤȽλ޲𤳤ߤ˰ۤʤäƤ뤬ޤǤιҤɤ꤯ɤǶ̤Ƥ롥󡤤ޤˤͳˤꡤŪˤѤʤΤǤ롥
ɽֻɤ߾夲ζ̹Vachek ΤȤФɽС "a sign of the second order"Ĥޤ국εǤȤȤФơäդˤ첻񤭸դˤʸֻϡ"a sign of the first order"ĤޤľŪʵǤ롥δطʲοޤǼƤߤ

+---------------+----------------+--------------------------+
|               |                |                          |
|               |     Speech     |         Writing          |
|               |       |        |            |             |
+---------------+-------+--------+------------+-------------+
|               |       |        |            |             |
|               |       |        |            |             |
|               |     phones     |         letters          |
| First order   |    phonemes    |        graphemes         |
|               |                |        spellings         |
|               |              |                        |
|               |              |                        |
+---------------+-----------------------------------------+
|               |              |                        |
|               |              |                        |
|               |                |                          |
| Second order  |  spelling out  |  phonetic transcription  |
|               |                |                          |
|               |                |                          |
|               |                |                          |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------+

ֻɤ߾夲 (spelling out) ϽϤä (speech) °Ƥ뤬Ū˺ƸƤΤϡ¤ϡ񤭸դʸֻ (letters / graphemes / spellings) Ǥ롥ɽ (phonetic transcription) ϽϤ񤭸 (writing) °Ƥ뤬Ū˺ƸƤΤϡ¤ϡäդβ (phones / phonemes) Ǥ롥Τ褦ʴطǤ뤫顤꤯ɤˤޤäƤ롥䤿ϡŪˤϤΤ褦ʲ꤯ɤ second order εѤfirst order εѤ­Ƥ롥äդǤľܤ˲򡤽񤭸դǤľܤʸֻѤ롥
Τ褦äդȽ񤭸դоŪоŪʴط򼨤ȡ줾줬Ω޲ǤȤ⤤ˤǼ줾줬ȼŪäơŪ¸޲ȤʤäƤΤ
θϡɽܻؤֻפˤȤäƤפʶȤʤΤ褦ʲפϡfirst order ε򡤤虜虜꤯ɤ second order εؤȳʲ褦ȤƤȲǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ˤĤƤϡ#2312. Ūɽܻؤֻפ ([2015-08-26-1]) ⻲ȡ

Vachek, Josef. "Some Remarks on Writing and Phonemic Transcription." Acta Linguistica 5 (1945--49): 86--93.

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2015-09-18 Fri

#2335. parliament [parliament][etymology][etymological_respelling][history][med][spelling]

ѹϡIJιǤ롥󥰥ˤϡ񲦤ȵIJ褤ˤȤǽǤꡤparliament ȤñΤİյ礭ѸˤˤƤ⥤󥰥ɵIJˤϽפǤꡤΤȤϺε#2334. ѸȵIJȯŸ ([2015-09-17-1]) ǿ줿̤Ǥ롥ޤ#880. ˤ⥤ꥹѸ졤ˤ⥢ꥫѸñ ([2011-09-24-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡparliament ϡꥫѸФƥꥹѸħŤ륭ɤ1ĤȤʤäƤ롥
parliament ȤϡAnglo-Norman parlement, parliment, parliament Old French, Middle French parlement 13˱ѸؼѤ줿ΤǤꡤϡä礤ġפǤ (cf. ModF parler (to speak); PDE parley) θȤʤƥǤ parlamentum ȤѤ줿ꥹʸΥƥˤƤϡФ parliamentum ֻԤƤѸǤϼ -e- ʤɤֻŪǤꡤ-ia- ֻѤ褦ˤʤΤ15Ǥ롥MED parlement(e (n.) ˤꡤ¿ֻͤǧ줿
-ia- ȯŸˤĤƤϡΤʤȤϤ狼äƤʤƥư -iare 䡤бե󥹸 -ier αƶäȤ⤵ (cf. post-classical L maniamentum (manyment), merciamentum (merciament)) ѸǤϡ-ia- ȯ /ə/ б뤳Ȥա
parliament ȤȤλؼоݤŪôϤ᤿ΤϡHenry III (߰ 1216--72) μˤƤǤ롥OALD8 parliament ιʸ˰ʲεҤä1ˡ˱ѹˤΥå󥹤ͤޤäƤ뤳Ȥ

The word 'parliament' was first used in the 13th century, when Henry III held meetings with his noblemen to raise money from them for government and wars. Several kings found that they did not have enough money, and so they called together representatives from counties and towns in England to ask them to approve taxes. Over time, the noblemen became the House of Lords and the representatives became the House of Commons. The rise of political parties in the 18th century led to less control and involvement of the sovereign, leaving government in the hands of the cabinet led by the prime minister. Although the UK is still officially governed by Her Majesty's Government, the Queen does not have any real control over what happens in Parliament. Both the House of Lords and the House of Commons meet in the Palace of Westminster, also called the Houses of Parliament, in chambers with several rows of seats facing each other where members of the government sit on one side and members of the Opposition sit on the other. Each period of government, also called a parliament, lasts a maximum of five years and is divided into one-year periods called sessions.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-19-1]

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2015-09-04 Fri

#2321. ֻɸಽδĬή [emode][spelling][standardisation][printing]

ѸֻɸಽĬήϡü郎Ѹ줫顤ѸФơ1755ǯ Johnson Dictionary Ǥ˻ޤǡĹ³Ѹˤե󥹸ѤοȤݤƱͤΤ褦˿ˤ錄äƴ³ŪȤΤϡɤ򤷤ˤ15ǤϤɤʳʤΤ17ǤϤɤդ꤫ʤɡľŪˤȤ館뤳Ȥ񤷤
ϼ̤14ȾChaucer λդ˽񤭸ɸβߤ줿15ɸಽή줬ˤ䤫˿ʤȾΰѤƳϡɬ̤˿ƤۤɷŪֻɸಽʤ櫓ǤϤʤ³16ˤƤ⡤ɸಽؤĬήϴˤ䤫ˤߤ줿֤ۤ⤬פϴʤ17ȡȼԤȤϤषؼԤ䶵դƯˤꡤɸŪֻϰϤŸ뤳Ȥˤʤä1650ǯˤϻ¾ɸಽãƤռŪʡפʳ˿ʤΤλ夿18ΤȤǤ롥ơJohnson Dictionary (1755) ˤᲡä줾ܤϡܵդ cat:spelling standardisation 򻲾Ȥ줿

δȤֻɸಽĬή򤹤٤°桦 (73) Ըܤۤä16ʹߤΤĤŤסڡĤŤνǤˤʤɤ򳵴Ѥʤ顤?ȾСפȤåݥȤߤĤġʲΤ褦ʬ䤹󤷤Ƥ롥

ĤŤؤפϤǤ16ȾФ鸫Ϥᡤ17ȾФˤϡΤɸϤʤȤ⡤濴ŪʡĤŤؤγˤȤ⤤٤ΤϤƤꡤ줬17ޤǤˤϤ˽㲽ꤵñ첽η򤿤ɤꡤǤ Johnson's Dictionary ˤΤȤޤʤĤŤԤƤȤ


򿿤򤷤ȸˤϡåݥȤȤʤƻʸɤߴ졤ŪФȤɸಽ٤İǤ褦ǤʤФʤʤΤ

#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1])
#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1])
#871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1])
#1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1])
#1384. ֻɸಽ˹׸Τ17ؼԤȶա ([2013-02-09-1])
#1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹׸ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])

° ̭ ͡ΤäƤѸˡ١ҡ2014ǯ

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2015-08-26 Wed

#2312. Ūɽܻؤֻפ [spelling_reform][spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling][grapheme][grammatology][alphabet][writing][medium]

Roman alphabet ȤɽʸѤѸˤäơϢʤ³Ƥֻפˤϡ֤ȤȤЪΥƤֻȯδط򡤤̩ʴطؤȲ褦Ȥߤäȸ뤳ȤǤ롥ɸΤ褦ˡ긷̩ʲŪɽؤܶᡤɽƤ褤
ֻפϱѸ "spelling_reform" ȸƤФ뤬reform Ȥˤ "change that is made to a social system, an organization, etc. in order to improve or correct it" (OALD8) Ǥ뤫ָäΤפȤްդĤޤꡤֻפˤǡǤ˴¸ֻηϤָäƤפȤʤȤⲿۤɤްդƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ǤϡʤǸäƤΤۤȤɾ̤ˤΤϡֻɽݤƤʤȤºݤΤȤѸֻϡʲεǤ⸫ƤȤꡤɽŪɽŪˤʤȵ뤳ȤǤΤǤꡤŪɽŪʤϼ夤

#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1])
#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])
#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ ([2014-11-30-1])
#2058. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (1) ([2014-12-15-1])
#2059. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (2) ([2014-12-16-1])
#2097. ɽʸƱֻ֡ȯ ([2015-01-23-1])

ɽŪɽȤϡ⤽ʤΤʴŵȤɽŪɽϡۤɰʤΤˤĤơ°桦 (92) λŦŪΤǤ롥

ĤŤɤȤŻϡפˡ֤äȲŪɽؤβɡפȤȤˡۤʤʤǤ˲ŪǤˡǺɤΤΤǤ뤫Ȥȡξ⡤줬쳵ˤ褤Ȥ⤤ʤΤǤ롥äˡ񵭸ʰ켡ŪΰĤȹͤΩ줫餹С񵭸ϸ첻褯ɽƤʤФʤʤʤȤȤʤʤäƤά͡Ѹˤ衤ܸˤ衤ŪɽǤС˺ɤɽˡǤȤͤϽ٤Ǥ롥


ѤǿƤ褦ˡ񵭸ΩȤŪ⡤碌ƹθ٤writing Ȥ medium ΩˤĤƤϡ#1665. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (4) ([2013-11-17-1])#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1]) ʤɤε򻲾Ȥ줿

° ̭ ͡ΤäƤѸˡ١ҡ2014ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-04-1] [2015-09-23-1]

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2015-08-21 Fri

#2307. ֻ; (2) [spelling][redundancy][statistics][information_theory][alphabet][final_e][silent_letter]

#2249. ֻ; ([2015-06-24-1]) Ǽ夲ꡥ̤δѸֻ;ͤƤߤ褦
Roman alphabet Τ褦ñʸηϤˤäƤϡ1ʸ1ǤбΤŪ˾ޤŪŪ¾λǡۤϤޤ¸ʤȤäƤ褤¤ۤ11æƤΤǤϡŪˤϤɤٰæƤΤ
ǡ#1159. MRC Psycholinguistic Database Search ([2012-06-29-1]) ѤơʸȲǤбٹ礤򤪤褽¬Ƥߤ뤳ȤǤ롥⤷̤ñʸηϤǤСñֻʸȡȯ벻ǿϰפѸäñˤĤơʸȲǿᡤΤʿͤʤɤͤФСŪʻɸϤֻ;Ū (redundancy) ǤȤȤϤޤǤεͽۤȤǤϤ뤬Ūˡʸвǿϡ2:1 ٤ʤΤ 3:1 ٤ʤΤɤʤΤ
ޤϡMRC Psycholinguistic Database Search ʲΤ褦˸ơñ줴ȤΡʸǿξԤʡ;λɸˤΰSQLʸ where ʲϡӽ뤿ξˡ

select WORD, NLET, NPHON, NLET/NPHON as REDUNDANCY, PHON from mrc2 where NPHON != "00" and WORD != "" and PHON != "";



ΰȤˡƼͤ׻Ф褤ʸȲǿʿͤϡ1.192025 ä0.2ߤˤȤäٿʬۿޤ򼨤

Letter-Phoneme Ratio in Words

ʸ̤ʿͤȤäƤߤȡ̣Ȥ3ʸʲñǤ; 1.166174 ˤȤɤޤꡤΤʿͤ꾮ʤ롥4ʸ7ʸޤǤñǤʿѤ⤤ 1.231737 Ȥͤ򼨤8ʸʾˤʤȺƤ;Ͼʤꡤ1.157689 Ȥʤ롥ʸǿ٤Ĺñ;⤯ûñĹñǤϤषŪ;㤤褦ͳˤĤƤϾܤʬϤƤʤ#1160. MRC Psychological Database Ƽפв ([2012-06-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡñǺǤ¿8ʸ6ǤǤȤȤ䡤final_e ϤȤۻ (silent_letter) ʬۤȲ餫δط뤫⤷ʤ
ơΤʿ 1.192025 Ǽ;٤ɤ줯餤ΤΤʤΤۤоݤʤΤɾˤˤŪˤۤ 1.0 Ƴȳ֤äƤʤʤȤݤǤ롥ñˤʸȲǤδطϡ#2292. ֻȯϥפǤĤʤ줿2ۤΥܡȡ ([2015-08-06-1]) ȤǤС褯ĥ줿ûΥפǷФ줿طȤ⤤ΤǤϤʤ
οͤˤĤդ٤ϡñˤʸȲǤбĤҤȤľȤ餷碌ƤϤФΤǤϤʤϤäʣбϤξԤδط򡤤줾ĹȤͤȤäΤˤʤȤȤǽŪ˵᤿ֻ;ΤΤǤϤʤ򤢤鼨ɸȤäۤ褤Ǥ⡤ܰ¤Ȥʤˤϰ㤤ʤ

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2015-08-06 Thu

#2292. ֻȯϥפǤĤʤ줿2ۤΥܡ [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][medium][writing][spelling_reform][spelling_pronunciation]

ѸֻȯδطҤƤϸˤ񤭸դäդδطˤĤĹ餯ͻƤ뤦ˡƬΤʤɸΥ᡼Ǥޤä

Two-Boat Model of Spelling and Pronunciation


ޤȤȯäաˤֻʽ񤭸աˤ§ȤƤ줾ΩΤǤꡤηϤǤȤȤˤĤƤϡ#1928. Smith ˤ٥γإǥưŪǥ ([2014-08-07-1]) ˤ Transmission 䡤#1665. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (4) ([2013-11-17-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿줾Τ򡤻֤ȤήΩܡȤȤ褦
ơȯֻϳΤ˸§ȤΩƤϤ뤬Ǹߤ˰¸礦ʬ⾯ʤʤΤϻ¤Ǥ롥δˤط2ۤΥܡȤĤʤפɽ롥ʤ٤˿̼ߤʡǤǤפȤΤ褤ΤǤϤʤȻפäƤ롥
ξΤߤ˰¸礦ȤϤŪ¿ΤϡȯֻƳȤطǤ롥ȯäƤƤ⡤֤ȤȤѲƤΤǤ롥ȯΥܡȤϡ¦ˤΤ򤹤뤳ȤǤ롥ֻήδˤ䤫ʥˤäơߤޤäɤưꤹ٤ΡŪȤʤܡȤǤ롥äơ֤ФƤзФĤۤɡξܡȤεΥϳƤǽ⤤2ۤϥפǤĤʤäƤʾ塤Υ줭äƤޤ櫓ǤϤʤĤΥ줺ȤΥǡƱήƤ
ʵˡֻΥܡȤȯΥܡȤȲ¤Ӥˤʤ롤뤤ɤۤȤ餢뤫⤷ʤΤ褦ʻ֤ϼǤϤۤȤɤꤨʤդǤϡʹ֤տŪ˥פûƤäꡤֻΥܡȤȹҤƤʤɤвǽǤ롥ϡֻ (spelling_reform) ֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) Τ褦ʥ롥
"Two-Boat Model" ϡɽʸηϤĸˤƤϤ餯ŪƤϤޤäդȽ񤭸դΤϡȾΩʤȾа¸äƤꡤߤ˴Ĥ뤳ȤʤĤΥ줺Ƕ¸ƤΤǤ롥

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2015-08-04 Tue

#2290. ƻޤĹ첻û [final_e][ilame][inflection][vowel][phonetics][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling][adjective][afrikaans][syntagma_marking]

<look>, <blood>, <dead>, <heaven>, ʤɤ첻ʬϡ2Ĥ첻֤뤬ȯȤƤϤ줾û첻Ǥ롥ϡѸˤͽ̤ۤ2äΤθ塤û1ȤʤäǤ롥<oo> ֻȯδطӤطʤˤĤƤϡ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1])#1353. 첻Ĺû ([2013-01-09-1])#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1])#1866. put but 첻 ([2014-06-06-1]) ǿ줿<ea> ˤĤƤϡ#1345. read -- read -- read γѡ ([2013-01-01-1]) Ǵñ˿줿ˤʤΤǡȤƼ夲
Ҥ̤ꡤ<ea> Ĺ첻ɽ路ǤѸˤƤλ3Ҳ֤ûäƤꡤdream / dreamt, leap / leapt, read / read, speed / sped Τ褦첻̤Ω (cf. #1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1])) ޤñҲ֤ˤƤ⡤ѸޤǤˤĤñˤûƤ (ex. breath, dead, dread, heaven, blood, good, cloth) ΰۤʤûβˤĤƤϡ#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1]) #2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1]) ǸȤǤꡤ˲Ūʴ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤä˽Ѹˤûϰθä˸¤ƤȤ𤬤ꡤޤǤ롥
Görlach (71) ϡεˡŪǤϤ뤬˷ŪʴǤ롥

Such short vowels reflecting ME long vowel quantities are most frequent where ME has /ɛː, oː/ before /d, t, θ, v, f/ in monosyllabic words, but even here they occur only in a minority of possible words. It is likely that the short vowel was introduced on the pattern of words in which the occurrence of a short or a long vowel was determined by the type of syllable the vowel appeared in (glad vs. glade). When these words became monosyllabic in all their forms, the conditioning factor was lost and the apparently free variation of short/long spread to cases like (dead). That such processes must have continued for some time is shown by words ending in -ood: early shortened forms (flood) are found side by side with later short forms (good) and those with the long vowel preserved (mood).


Ҳǽñ촴ηƻϡѸޤǡŪʾ˱ơƶ޸ e ݤĤȤä (cf. #532. Chaucer ηƻζޡ ([2010-10-11-1])) ޸ e ̵ͭϲṽ¤Ѳ촴첻Ĺûꤷ1Ĥηƻˤ뤳ĹûѰۤǥȤʤäơṽ¤¾δĶˤƤĹûѰۡʤƸûˤ褦ˤʤäΤǤϤʤȤ Görlach glad vs. glade 󤲤ʤҤ٤ƤΤϡϡ˷ŪʵǽͭƤ޸ -e Ū˾üƤǡεǽ򼺤촴첻Ĺûΰ㤤ˤκפĤΤߤȤʤäƤäȤаޤǤ (cf. #295. black Blake ([2010-02-16-1])) Ϣơ#977. ƻζ޸ο syntagma marking ([2011-12-30-1]) ǿ줿եꥫ󥹸ˤƻ޸Ρʸˡפλ㤬פФ롥

Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-11-16-1] [2015-08-07-1]

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2015-08-02 Sun

#2288. åԥ󥰥ȤǤΥڥ󥰥ߥ̿ŪȤʤꤦ [sociolinguistics][spelling]

ҲؤˡԾ (linguistic marketplace) Ȥǰ롥Ҳˤơʸ̤˥ͤβԾǤȤͤȷкѤδط̩ܤǤ뤳Ȥϡ䤿褯ΤäƤ롥кѤΡ̲ߡפϱѸɮƬȤ󥬡ե (lingua_franca) Ǥ뤷¿ȤʤͤϻԾͤ⤤Ȥ롥ĶȥޥϸոߤǤжӤ夬ʤɤľܤ˸DzԤȼǤ롥ۤˤ⡤ͥˤơդˤ밧λȤοͤηкϤӤĤƤ뤳Ȥϡ#1623. ͥ¿Ծ --- ޥȥߥμҲء ([2013-10-06-1]) ǸȤǤ롥Τ褦ˡ졤ǽϡѤˤϡԾͤ롥
λԾͤȤ顤̣Ŧ롥־Υåԥ󥰥ȤǤϡڥ󥰤Τľ뤹פǤǤȤȤޤȤˤϴְ㤨ڥ󥰤䤤路ɽƤ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤꡤ㤤ʪҤϥȤˤֻߥˤҴʤΤǤ롥㤤ʪҤϡ꤬ˡ֤ȡ׾䤷Ƥ뤫ʬŪֻΤ¬äƤȤHorobin (4--5) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . there is an economic argument for the importance of correct spelling. Charles Duncombe, an entrepreneur with various online business interests, has suggested that spelling errors on a website can lead directly to a loss of custom, potentially causing online businesses huge losses in revenue (BBC News, 11 July 2011). This is because spelling mistakes are seen by consumers as a warning sign that a website might be fraudulent, leading shoppers to switch to a rival website in preference. Duncombe measured the revenue per visitor to one of his websites, discovering that it doubled once a spelling mistake had been corrected. . . . So the message is clear: good spelling is vital if you want to run a profitable online retail company, or be a successful email spammer.


ȷкѤδطˤĤƤͤ͡뤬#2163. 쥤ǥ ([2015-03-30-1])#2166. argot ʱˤ¾Χ ([2015-04-02-1]) Ǽ夲ΤȤ Irvine ʸ󤲤Ƥ

Irvine, Judith T. "When Talk Isn't Cheap: Language and Political Economy." American Ethnologist 16 (1989): 248--67.
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-03-1] [2017-10-07-1]

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2015-07-29 Wed

#2284. eye ȯ [pronunciation][oe][phonetics][vowel][spelling][gvs][palatalisation][diphthong][three-letter_rule]

eye ˤĤơʣŪ¿#219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1]) Ǽθϡȯ˴ؤƤŪʣʲФƤƤ롥ϡeye βѲˤάҤ褦
űѸθȥǤϡθ <eage> ֤줿ȯȤƤϡ[æːɑɣe] Τ褦ˡĹ2첻 [g] ໤³û첻³äޤűѸ˸Ƭ2첻경 [æːɣe] Ȥʤäˤ첻Ͼ夲βФơѸˤ [eːɣe] Ȥؤȯã
ͭ໤˴ꡤ໤ޤꡤ˸첻ۣ沽 /eːjə/ Ϥ줿λҲȾ첻ǽŪˤϹ첻 [ɪ] ȤʤäǡԤ첻 [e] Ϥ [ɪ] ͻ礷ơʤ夲Фơ[iː] Ȥʤ˻롥ۣ첻ṳ̈ȤƸѸˤϸΤȤ [iː] Ȥȯ褦ˤʤä
ϡѸ I [iː] ʤɤθȤȤ˻Ĥˤࡥ⤤Ĺ첻 [iː] ϡ첻 (gvs) Ф2첻ޤ [əɪ] ء [aɪ] ؤȯãɸѼʳǤϡʳȯãߤޤäꡤۤʤäȯã뤲Τ⤢ɸѼǤϰʾĹФƤʲȯãˤޤȤƼ

/æːɑɣe/
/æːɣe/
/eːɣe/
/eːjə/
/eɪə/
/iːə/
/iː/
/əɪ/
/aɪ/


ʤߤɸŪֻ <eye> ϸűѸ <eage> ̱Ƥ뤬Ūˤϡ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1]) 餷Ƥ뤫Τ褦ֻȤʤäƤ롥ˤäƤ *<ey> 뤤 *<y> ΤߤǤѤ­뤬ߡ <e> Ѥ3ʸϤƤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2024-03-11-1]

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2015-07-25 Sat

#2280. <x> [alphabet][grapheme][x][pronunciation][spelling][verners_law]

Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤ24ʸܤ <x> ˤϡԤΥ᡼ĤޤȤޤ1ʸʤΤ2ĤλҲ /ks/ бȤΤ٤⡤#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1]) Ǽ̤ꡤ<z>, <q>, <j> ˼ǵʸǤ롥̵̵ǺѤޤ줽ʸ
Ѹˤˤ <x> ñ˿֤äƤߤ褦ʸǤϡΤ /ks/ 뤤 /hs/ бʸȤƸűѸ줫鸫줿eax (axe), fleax (flax), fox, oxa (ox), siex (six), wæx (wax) ʤɤΰ찮ñ˸Τߤǡ餫ΩäʸǤϤʤä (Upward and Davidson 62) ñϡѸؤ <x> ݤäޤäƤ롥θ塤ѸȡˤäƤ <x> ¿ѤΤ⤢ä (cf. #663. Ѹؤˤֻȯδط ([2011-02-19-1])) Ϥ공٤ι⤤ʸǤϤʤä
Ѹˤʤȡ<x> ϥƥ䥮ꥷ줫μѸ¿ޤޤƤˡޤǤλ٤ƽи٤Ƭ ex- ¿θ˲ä anxious, approximate, auxiliary, axis, maximum, nexus, noxious, toxic ʤɤ˸줿Ǥ apex, appendix, crux, index ʤɤäۤˤ complexion, crucifixion, connexion, inflexion ʤɤ -xion 䡤ե󥹸줫 faux pas, grand prix˥ե󥹸ʣɽ魯 bureaux, chateaux, jeux ʤɡ<x> 뵡ܤ˸
<x> ϤȤ櫓ŪʼѸä¿롥Ƭ桤줾δĶ˸ <x> ⤦Ƥߤ褦 (Upward and Davidson 213--14)

θƬϡ xenophobia, Xerox, xylophone
θϡ anorexia, apoplexy, asphyxia, axiom, axis, dyslexia, galaxy, lexical, hexagon, oxygen, paroxysm, taxonomy
θϡ anthrax, calx, calyx, climax, coccyx, helix, larynx, onyx, paradox, phalanx, pharynx, phlox, phoenix, sphinx, syntax, thorax

Τ褦˥ƥ䥮ꥷ濴ȤѸäι׸礭ΤۤˤűѸ줫³Ҥθ췲 <x> ݻФǤʤcox (< cockswain) smallpox (< pl. of small pock) ʤɤṳ̂ˤäƺ줿 <x> 褦ˤʤäȤܤ롥20ˤϡƱͤṳ̂βФ sox (< socks), fax (< facsimile), proxy (< proc'cy < procuracy) ޤƤ롥

The X of cox 'boatman' arose from cockswain, while pox (as in smallpox) was respelt from the plural of pock (as in pockmarked). These replacements of CC or CKS by X are first attested in EModE; other examples are 20th-century: sox for socks, fax from facsimile. Proxy < proc'cy < procuracy. (Upward and Davidson 168)


ơѸˤ <x> ȯؤбCarney (377--78) ˵äƸƤߤ褦ƬǤϡ嵭1θˤߤ̤ /z/ ܤǤ롥㳰Ȥ Xhosa /ˈkoʊsə/ Xmas /ˈkrɪsməs, ˈɛksməs/ ˤ (<Xmas> Christ θƬҲб륮ꥷʸ <> ͳˡƬʳǤϡ³첻˶ /gz/ 롼 (ex. exact, exaggerate, exalt, examine, executive, exempt, exert, exhibit, exhort, exist, exonerate, exotic, exult) ʳϡ/ks/ ܤǤ (ex. axe, boxing, extra, fox, mixture, orthodox, praxis, texture, vixen, wax) . ֤Ǥ /ks/ /gs/ θؤˤĤƤϡ#858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1]) ȡ#2230. Ѹ໤̵ͭʸ ([2015-06-05-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ۤˤϡ<i> <u> ֤ǡ/kʃ/ Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ (ex. anxious, connexion, flexure, luxury)
<z> ŪԤäȤϡ#446. ֤ȤĤäƤ <z> ([2010-07-17-1]) ǤǧȤ<x> 餱Ƥʤ̤Τοʪɽ魯Τ x äƤ봷뤬ͳԾܤǤ롥⤷ȡʤΤ̤ʤΤˤ <x> ԤȤƤߤͿƤΤǤϤʤȤ⵿롦

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

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2015-07-19 Sun

#2274. heart ֻȯ [spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling][pronunciation][vowel]

ˤ <ear> ֻɽ蘆ȯˤϡ3ब롥hear beard Τ褦 /ɪər/learn dearth Τ褦 /ər/heart hearth Τ褦 /ɑr/ Ǥ롥Ȥ櫓Ҳ³ˤϡ2Ĥ learn Τ褦 /ər/ ȯȤʤΤ̤ǡbeard heart ΥפǤä heart hearth Ե§ˤĤƹͤ
ͻˤäƤϡѸβѲˤĤΤɬפ롥Ѹ /er/ бֻˤϡŵŪʤΤȤ <er> <ear> äԤ첻2ʸ֤뤳Ȥ狼Ȥ긵첻뤤Ĺ첻ɽ路˻Ҳ³ĶǤϱˤûˡ<er> ˤʤä14餯 Chaucer λ夢ˡ¿ñˤơ <er> 뤤 <ear> ɽ蘆줿 /er/ 첻βФơ/ar/ ؤѲβѲȼäơֻ <ar> Ƚ񤭴㤬¿ä㤨Сdark (< derk), darling (< derling), far (< fer), star (< ster), starve (< sterve), yard (< yerde) Ǥ롥ѲξФ餯ɤ򼨤ƤȤȿǤֻǤ <ar> ѹ줺<er> <ear> ݤäΤ⤢ä17ˤȯ /ar/ ̤ȤʤäƤ18ˤֻȯαƶ /er/ äΤ⤢ꡤͿñ췲ˤơȯֻδطϰ괶礯Ȥˤʤä̤Ȥơȯ /ar/ ѲΤɸಽɡֻ <er> <ear> ǿ֤Ȥ㤬Ƥޤä
<er> ˤϡsergeant 䥤ꥹȯȤƤ clerk, Derby ʤɤcf. #211. spelling pronunciation ([2009-11-24-1]), #1343. ѸαƺʼȤȯȸáˡ ([2012-12-30-1])) ޤ<ear> ȤƤ heart, hearth Τۤhearken ʤ餯 hear ֻ˱ƶΡ<harken> ֻ⤢ˤͭ̾ Liskeard ʤɤ롥Kearney ʤɤǤϡȯȤƤ /ər/ /ɑr/ ξβǽʰʾ塤Carney (311)Jespersen (197--99), (207--08), Scragg (49) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥˡ
beard μԵ§ˤĤƤϡƱ첻 fierce, Pierce ˤ⤫Ĥ /ər/ ȤѰȯ¸ߤȤҤ٤Ƥդˡߤ /ər/ vers /ɪər/ Ѱȯʹ줿Ȥ⤢ä (Jespersen 365)

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.

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2015-06-25 Thu

#2250. English θƬ첻ʻ [pronunciation][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][i-mutation][haplology]

ѸǶˤ <en> Ȥֻκǽ첻 /ˈɪŋ/ бΤϡEnglish England ȤñˤƤΤߤǤ롥ޤ˸ƤΤǰ´Ф뤳Ȥʤ2ϤԵ§ֻȯδط򼨤Ƥ롥ŪطʤɤäƤߤ褦
#1145. English England ̾Ρ ([2012-06-15-1]) 褦ˡEnglish England ϡ줾űѸˤ졤ʣǤ롥ԤϴΤ Engle (or Angle)ʥ󥰥͡ˤ˷ƻ -isc դ֤ǤꡤԤƱΤʣ°ʷ land դ Englaland la haplography ʽŻæˤФ֤Ǥ롥űѸδ Engle ϡޥĸ *anȝli- ̤ꡤ (angle) η򤷤 Schleswig ΰ̾ȴϢŤ뤬줬ƥ˼Ѥ Anglus (nom. sg.) Angli (nom. pl.) ȤѤ줿ΤűѸäΤǤ롥
ޥĸθƬ˼ [ɑ] 첻ϡβ i ˤ i-mutation Ф [æ] ȤʤäɡǤϤ˾夲Ф [ɛ] ˻ä2Ĥξ夲ϡ2 i-mutation Ȥ⤤٤ΤǡCampbell (75) ˤȸűѸΥƥȤˤϤ褯ȿǤƤʤѸ South-East Midland ϰǤʤäˡƱѲФȤƤϡmenn (< *manni), ende (< *andja) ʤɤp. 222--24ˡΰϢβѲȿǤ˸ˤ夷ȤƤϡ(East) Anglia Anglo-Saxon ʤɤ롥
ơ14ˤʤ /eŋ/ > /iŋ/ Ѳڤ褦ˤʤ롥senge > singe, henge > hinge, streng > string, weng > wing, þenken > þinken, enke > inke ʤɤǤp. 169ˡȤƤϡޥĸΤȤȤ첻 [ɑ] 夲β٤ФƤĤ˹첻 [ɪ] ˤʤäƤޤä櫓Ǥ롥
ơ˵󤲤ñ췲Ǥϡ첻ξ夲ȼɸŪֻǤ <eng> <ing> Ƚ񤭲Ƹ˻뤬English, England ˤĤƤϡϹԤʤƤ <Inglish>, <Ingland> ʤɤֻɸಽ뤳ȤϤʤ<Eng>- ¸³뤳Ȥˤʤä (cf. #1436. English England ̾ (2) ([2013-04-02-1])) ͳϤ褯狼ʤˤ衤2ˤĤƤԵ§ֻȯδط夷ƤޤäȤſ

Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

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2015-06-24 Wed

#2249. ֻ; [spelling][orthography][cgi][web_service][redundancy][information_theory][punctuation][shortening][alphabet][q]

; (redundancy) ѤˤĤơ#1089. ȸ; ([2012-04-20-1])#1090. ; ([2012-04-21-1])#1091. ;١ѡ ([2012-04-22-1])#1098. ؤͿƤ뼨2 ([2012-04-29-1])#1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1]) ʤɤǵƤηϤΤȤƤߤ;Τۤˡ㤨бѸֻȤɽŪηϤˤ;ͤ뤳ȤǤ롥#1599. Qantas ȯ ([2013-09-12-1]) Ǿ̤ꡤ㤨 <q> θˤ <u> 뤳Ȥ˹⤤ΩǴԤ뤿ᡤ<qu> ;ζˤƹ⤤ʸϢȤȤǤ롥
ѸֻηϤΤȤƤߤƤ;⤤ΤᡤѸθá֡졤Ѥʤɤ˴ؤ塤Ѿμ˭٤ǤСɬˡ̤֤ƤʤȤ⡤ʬʸϤɲ򤹤뤳ȤǤ롥ġñֻεϤΰæϤȤꡤʸʸζ̤ʤꡤʬ񤭤¾ζˡάƤ⡤¿ΤΡ褽ɤ뤳Ȥϲǽ̤˸ѲѰۤˤƷû (shortening) ӻǤ뤳ȤͤСɸŪʽ񤭸դˤƤ⡤ֻˤṳ̂ˤȤưפ롥δϡγݤѤκǾϾΩطˤꡤξԤϤ줫Фꤹʤ褦ʷǡֻηϤХ󥹤ݻƤΤȹͤ롥
줫ϤФꤹηϤȤƵǽʤʤΤΡ¿ФˤȤɤޤ¤ϡʤȤѤ­ΤǤ롥ȤƷӵѤ󶡤ƤǶ Short Messages Service (SMS) ǤϡѼԤϡ򥯥ꥢ뤿ˡåɲǽϰǤʤ٤̤ɬפ롥ѸΥåˤĤƤСֻ;Ǿˤ褦ʸץˤ뤳ȤˤäơºݤΰΨ뤳ȤǤ롥ſʸΤθǤȤäȤ
ºݤˡθƤߤ褦ʲ "Text Squeezer" ϡ첻礿ˤȤḁ̊ץ1ĤǤPerl ⥸塼 Lingua::EN::Squeeze ѡˡϤƥȤˤ뤬10%ʾΰΨ롥ϥƥȤϡΤ˲뤬ƤȤʤѤ­Ȥ狼롥Ṳ̆ˡǽ񤫤줿ʸǡѸˡ;Ǥ뤫ΤƤ餤


Referrer (Inside): [2019-04-24-1] [2015-08-21-1]

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2015-06-10 Wed

#2235. 3ʸ§ [spelling][orthography][final_e][personal_pronoun][three-letter_rule]

Ѹˡˤϡ3ʸ§פȸƤФ롼뤬롥Ķ٤εǽñ3ʸʾ֤ʤФʤʤȤΤѸǤ "the three letter rule" 뤤 "the short word rule" Ȥ롥Jespersen (149) εҤϤ褦

   4.96. Another orthographic rule was the tendency to avoid too short words. Words of one or two letters were not allowed, except a few constantly recurring (chiefly grammatical) words: a . I . am . an . on . at . it . us . is . or . up . if . of . be . he . me . we . ye . do . go . lo . no . so . to . (wo or woe) . by . my.
   To all other words that would regularly have been written with two letters, a third was added, either a consonant, as in ebb, add, egg, Ann, inn, err---the only instances of final bb, dd, gg, nn and rr in the language, if we except the echoisms burr, purr, and whirr---or else an e . . .: see . doe . foe . roe . toe . die . lie . tie . vie . rye, (bye, eye) . cue, due, rue, sue.
   4.97 In some cases double-writing is used to differentiate words: too to (originally the same word) . bee be . butt but . nett net . buss 'kiss' bus 'omnibus' . inn in.
   In the 17th c. a distinction was sometimes made (Milton) between emphatic hee, mee, wee, and unemphatic he, me, we.


2ʸȤʤꤦΤϵǽ줬ۤȤɤǤ뤿ᡤε§ưŤƤװȤơƸȵǽȤäβ̶ʬͿƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ΰѤκǸ Milton hee he ̤ƤȤ¤ϡ⤦1ĤưŤβǽ򼨺롥ʤǽΤߤ2ʸ֤줦ȤΤϡǽ줬ƤȯȤƤûȤȤֻȿǤǤϤʤȡȴϢơoff of ȤƤƱζȼͳ褹뤳ȤפФ (cf. #55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1])#858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1])#1775. rob A of B ([2014-03-07-1])) Milton John Donne 顤;̾ζȼֻȿǤƤ򸫤Ƥߤ褦 (Carney 132 ѡˡ

                       so besides
Mine own that bide upon me, all from mee
Shall with a fierce reflux on mee redound,
On mee as on thir natural center light . . .
Did I request thee, Maker, from my Clay
To mould me Man, did I sollicite thee
From darkness to promote me, or here place
In this delicious Garden?
                                     (Milton Paradise Lost X, 737ff.)

For every man alone thinkes he hath got
To be a Phoenix, and that then can bee
None of that kinde, of which he is, but hee.
                            (Donne An Anatomie of the World: 216ff.)


Carney (133) ϡ3ʸ§κݤä㳰Ȥ <ox> (cf. <ax> or <axe>)̵ε§ǤϤʤȤǧʤ⡤Ʊ§򼡤Τ褦˸Ƥ롥

Lexical monosyllables are usually spelt with a minimum of three letters by exploiting <e>-marking or vowel digraphs or <C>-doubling where appropriate.


Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

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2015-06-09 Tue

#2234. <you> ֻ [personal_pronoun][spelling][orthography][pronunciation]

#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1]) Ǥϡ㳰ŪֻȤƤ <you> ˤĤƿ줿§Ȥ <u> ǽϤʤΤκǽ׸̤Τ褦Ǥ롥˴Ϣο⤦1Ĥθ⡤Ʊ㳰򼨤Ť2;ñ̾ <thou> Ǥ롥꤬⤷ʤäƤط뵭ҤõƤߤȡUpward and Davidson (188) ˤĤƴñ˿Ƥ롥

OU and OW have become fixed in spellings mainly according to their position in the word, with OU in initial or medial positions before consonants . . . .
    OU is nevertheless found word-finally in you and thou, and in some borrowings from or via Fr: chou, bayou, bijou, caribou, etc.
       The pronunciation of thou arises from a stressed form of the word; hence OE /uː/ has developed to /aʊ/ in the GVS. The pronunciation of you, on the other hand, derives from an unstressed form /jʊ/, from which a stressed form /juː/ later developed.


Upward and Davidson ˤϤʾεҤäˤʤäΤǡ˾ܤĴɬפ롥ŪˤߤС*<yow> ֤ˡ⤢뤫⤷ʤֻ§˾Ȥ餹 /jaʊ/ бƤޤԹ礬<ewe> <yew> ֻϡǤˡֻӡס֥פ̣ȤƻȤƤ롥ۤˡ*<yue> Τ褦ֻϤɤʤΤʤɤȤͤƤߤ롥ͭʤ <your> ϸ <ou> Ȥֻ§Ū˵Ƥ뤬ֻ§§äƤΤǤСбȯ */jaʊə/ ȤʤϤǤꡤǤ꤬롥ϿޤФ
ΰѤǤ⿨Ƥ you ȯˤĤơܤϡ#2077. you ȯˡ([2015-01-03-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-21-1]

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2015-06-05 Fri

#2230. Ѹ໤̵ͭʸ [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][consonant][phoneme][grapheme][degemination][x][phonemicisation]

516դΡѤʵפˡ<s> <x> ֻȤ̵Ҳ /s, ks/ ǡȤͭҲ /z, gz/ ȯˤĤƼ䤬󤻤줿Ƭ <s> ɬ /s/ б롤Τ첻Ԥʤ <x> /gz/ б뷹ʤɡŪ˻ͤȤʤ뵬§⤢ˤϤ뤬ǽŪˤñ줴Ȥ˷ޤäƤ륱¿Ūʥ롼ߤʤΤǤ롥Τ褦ˤϡŪۤʤ
ѸŪˤϡ/(k)s, (g)z/ ˤȤɤޤ餺໤󤬤֤ƤӸƤɬפ롥ȤΤϡŪˡűѸǤ໤ΩϤʤäȹͤƤ뤫Ǥ롥űѸˤ໤Ȥ /s/, /θ/, /f/ ۤβǤäбͭ໤ [z], [ð], [v] ͭ˶ޤ줿Ķˤ۲ȤƸ줿ˤǤȤΩƤʤä (cf. #1365. űѸˤ뼫IJˤϤޤ줿̵໤ͭ ([2013-01-21-1])#17. դ٤űѸ֤ȯ ([2009-05-15-1])ˡʸϲñ̤бΤ̾Ǥ뤫顤ʬۤʤ໤̵ͭγƥڥФ1ĤʸǤбƤнʬǤꡤ<s>, <þ> (or <ð>), <f> ʾ塤<z> <v> ʤɤʸפä
ͭ໤ϡѸˤƲDz (phonemicisation) θˤĤƤϽ⤬ƤƤ뤬פʤΤ󤲤ȡȤΤŪʱѡæŻҲ (degemination)ˤƬ໤ͭ (cf. #2219. vane, vat, vixen ([2015-05-25-1])#2226. ѸǸƬ໤ͭäͳ ([2015-06-01-1]))ͭ໤ĥե󥹸äμѤʤɤǤʤ˴ؤǿʸȤơHickey 򻲾Ȥ줿ˡʲǤϤȤ櫓ե󥹸äμѤȤװǰƬˤƵʤ롥
ͭ໤Ǥϰ̤ȡбΩʸǤԹ礬褤/v/ ˤĤƤϡȤͤե󥹸줬 <v> ʸäƤˡѸ <v> Ƴ뤳Ȥ⤿䤹ä⡤ե󥹸Ǥ /f/ = <f>, /v/ = <v> ʼºݤˤ <<v>> ¤ <<u>> Ѥ줿ˤδطꤷƤᡤƱ괶Ѹˤܿ졤ᤤʳ夷ߤ˻롥Ѹ /f/ = <f>, /v/ = <v> 㳰ƾʤͳǤ (cf. of)
/z/ ˤĤƤϻ𤬰ۤʤäƤűѸǤťե󥹸Ǥ <z> ʸϤä/s, z/ ΤβФƤ <s> ѤΤ̤äե󥹸Ǥ /s/ = <s>, /z/ = <z> ΰꤷطۤƤʤäΤǤꡤѸ /z/ DzǤ⡤/z/ = <z> δطꤢưŤ /v/ = <v> ξ夫äȻפ롥̤Ȥơ<s> ̵ͭΤɽ魯ȤűѸ줫νѸˤ줺Ρפߤˤޤ³Ƥ롥
/ð/ ˤĤƤϡ˻𤬰ۤʤ롥űѸ <þ> <ð> ϸ򴹲ǽǡⲻ /θ/ ΰ۲ [θ] [ð] ɽ魯ȤǤѸꡤ̵ͭ줾ΩǤˤʤäƤ⡤줾ΩʸǤͿ褦ȤʤäͳΰϡöŪǤϤ뤬ե󥹸ˤβ¸ߤʤäȤ
/v/, /z/, /θ/ ΩʸǤͿ줿ɤȤǰۤʤ뿶񤤤򼨤Τϡե󥹸б벻ǤʸǤδطäɤȤ礭ƤۤˤϳơβDzߤ˰ۤʤ륿ߥ󥰤ǡۤʤװˤ줿餷ȤͿƤDzᤵȡǤȿʸǤȤδطΰȤϢưƤ褦ˤ⸫롥Ѹˤ໤ȯֻδطˤäƤϡŪ˹ͻ뤳Ȥפ

Hickey, Raymond. "Middle English Voiced Fricatives and the Argument from Borrowing." Approaches to Middle English: Variation, Contact and Change. Ed. Juan Camilo Conde-Silvestre and Javier Calle-Martín. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2015. 83--96.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-04-1] [2015-07-25-1]

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2015-06-02 Tue

#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ [spelling][final_e][orthography][silent_letter][grapheme][sobokunagimon]

Ѹˤϡ§Ȥ <u> ʸǽñ줬ʤºݤˤϼѸʤɼŪñǤϤꤦ뤬̾ѤäˤϤߤʤϤʤ
פطʤ1ĤȤơѸˤˤĹ餯 <u> <v> ƱʸȤưƤ¤롥2ĤʸѸʹѤƤñǤΰ֤ˤäƻȤʬäȤϻ¤Ǥ롥#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1]) ǤߤƤ褦ˡʬۤʤʸȤƤȤ館褦ˤʤäΤ϶ѸǤꡤʤɤǤ19äƤޤǤƱʸǤȤưƤۤɤä<u> <v> ϡĹ֤Ȥ첻Ҳɽ路ΤǤ롥
ξˤƤϡ㤨Ѹ <lou> ȤֻߤȤˡ low Τ뤤 love ΤȤʤΤۣȤʤ롥Τ褦ФơѸǤβˡ2ढäȻפ롥1Ĥϡ#1827. magic <e> Ȥ̵ط <-ve> ([2014-04-28-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ<u> ñȤǤϤʤ <ue> ֤뤳Ȥˤä /v/ Ūɽ魯ȤˡǤ롥<e> ȯʹ (diacritical mark; cf. #870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])) ŪѤȤ䵤ˤꡤlove <loue> ֤뤳Ȥˤʤꡤlow ȶ̤䤹ʤ롥 -<ue> ֻϡ˺ǽʸ <v> ֤졤-<ve> ȤƸߤ˻롥
ˡŪ˻Ҳ /v/ ɽ綠ȤϤȤС⤦1ĤˡŪ첻 /u/ ɽ綠ȤϤǤ롥ϡä˸ˤ첻ȤƤ <u> 򤱡ۣӽ <w> Ѥ뤳ȤäΤǤϤʤ <ou> ˸¤餺 <au>, <eu> ʤɤ첻ϸˤ <ow>, <aw>, <ew> ֤褦ˤʤä<u> <v> ʬƤʤСľ <lov> "love" <lou> "low" ȤФˤʤäƤ⤷ʤʬƤʤäˡ줾ˤĤȼβˡϺ졤̤Ȥ <loue> <low> ȤֻФ뤳ȤˤʤäΤΤ褦ˤơ <u> 뵡񤬸뤳Ȥˤʤä
ҤȤĹͤΤϡˤ <i> ΰŪԻѤȤʿ̾ˤ <i> <y> <ie> Ѥ롥ϡ <u> <w> <ue> ѤΤӤ롥<i> <u> ʸ˶̤ΤϡνΤǤϤ (minim) ǹ뤳ȤԤʸˤޤޤˤϡϢ³Ƹ뤳ȤˤʤȽ̤ˤǡ<y> <w> ȤȽ̤䤹ʤ뤷ǤŪȤʤꡤԹ礬褤cf. #91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ񤯤 ([2009-07-27-1])#870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1])ˡޤ̤첻³Ѥȡ<ay>, <ey>, <oy>, <aw>, <ew>, <ow> ʤɤΤ褦2첻Ǥ뤳ȤӤɸ뤳ȤǤåȤ롥
ʾΤ褦ʾޤäơ̤Ȥ <u> ˸ˤʤäΤȿ¬롥פ㳰1ĤΤǡ̾ (45) 夲Ƥ

ʤɤ̤ȤơѸθϴŪ u ǽ뤳ȤϤޤ󡥸Ǥ w Ȥ (au, ou, eu aw, ow,ew), blue, sue Τ褦ˡe դơu ǽʤ褦ˤޤyou ϱѸٶϤƤ˳ؤñǤ¤ u ǽ֤ñȤȤˤʤޤ


̾ ϡرѸʸ֤ꡦȯΤߡ١ҡ2014ǯ

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