ɸ who ʤȤ֤Ȥ٤ whom, whose, etc.ˤϤޤܶñǤˡѸؽԤϳֻǤȯ (= /huː/) Ǥ뤳ȤΤޤݰŵƤꡤä˵ʤˤʤ褯ͤƤߤȡֻȯδطԵ§ޤʤñǤ롥ֻǤС /woʊ/ ȯϤ
ޤҲߤƤߤ褦<wh> ֤ä /h/ ȯΤϡ¾ wh ٤Ф狼̤ꡤǤ롥what, which, when, where, why Ϥ /w/ ǻϤޤäƤʤɸѼǤ̵ /ʍ/ ⤢롨cf. #1795. Ĥ wh ȯ ([2014-03-27-1])ˡˤ /h/ ǻϤޤñϡ§Ū <h> ֤ how ΤߤǤhow ΤʤǤ⤳Τ褦˰ѤäƤ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ#51. 5W1Hפʤ̡6Hס ([2009-06-18-1]) ȡˡ
첻ߤƤߤ褦Ҳ <o> ñ줬硤go, ho, Jo, lo, no, so ʤɤˤߤ褦ˡ첻 /oʊ/ Ǥ롥who Τ褦 /uː/ ȤʤΤϡdo, to ʤɤ뤬Ū˾ɤäơwho hoo ȤǤ֤٤ñǤꡤֻϻҲˤƤ첻ˤƤԵ§Ȥ虜ʤ
츫ǼΤʤֻȯδطˤϡŪʷаޤ롥űѸǤñ hwa ֤ /hwɑː/ ȯ줿ơΤ褦ʰϢ첻Ѳ
/hwɑː/ /hwɔː/ /hwoː/ /hwuː/ /huː/
Ĥޤꡤ첻ιä夬ФΤʤؤϤФȰươĤ˹첻幽ãƤޤäΤǤ롥ǽʳ /w/ ξüϡҲȸ塦߿첻˶ޤ줿Ķ15--16˵§ŪѲǡtwo, sword ʤɤȯƤ롥Ĥޤ who two βѲʿŪȤäƤ褤ʤʤΤǼε⻲ͤˤ줿#184. two /w/ ȯʤΤϤʤ ([2009-10-28-1])#1324. two /w/ Ϥ ([2012-12-11-1])#3410. Ѹˤֹٹס ([2018-08-28-1])
ֻˤĤƤϡλҲϸűѸǤ2Ż (digraph) <hw> ǽ줿ѸǤϵž2Ż <wh> ǽ褦ˤʤä첻˴ؤƤϡޤǤ첻Ѳɤ뤫Τ褦 <a> <o> ؤѲɤäϤǥȥåפ<u> <oo> ֻؤ夹뤳ȤϤĤʤäΤǤ롥ơwho = /huː/ ʤطɸಽƤޤäȤ櫓
ˤäƤϡwho Τ褦ܶñǤФۤԵ§褯ѻΤǤ롥Ϣơ#1024. ѸֻԵ§줳 ([2012-02-15-1]) ñꥹȤ⻲ȡ
ʤ<wh> = /h/ Ȥ㳰ŪʻҲʻˤбϡwho Τۤ whole, whore ˤߤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#1783. whole <w> ([2014-03-15-1]) ȡ
ε ([2019-03-13-1]) ˰³ƤꡥѸˤ <u> <o> ʬۤ111ΥƥȤˤĴ Wełna (317) ϡȤưʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
. . . the examination of the above corpus data has shown a lack of any consistent universal rule replacing <u> with <o> in the graphically obscure contexts of the postvocalic graphemes <m, n>. Even words with identical roots, like the forms of the lemmas SUN (OE sunne), SUMMER (OE sumor) and SON (OE sunu), SOME (OE sum) which showed a similar distribution of <u/o> spellings in most Middle English dialects, eventually (and unpredictably) have retained either the original spelling <u> (sun) or the modified spelling <o> (son). In brief, each word under discussion modified its spelling at a different time and in different regions in a development which closely resembles the circumstances of lexical diffusion.
Τ褦˱ʪޤä褦ʷʤΤWełna ϻδ鼡ηŦƤ롥
. . . o-spellings first emerged in the latter half of the 12th century in the (South-)West (honi "honey" . . .). Later, a tendency to use the new spelling <o> is best documented in London and in the North.
Wełna ܿͤҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡĴоݤȤޤ HUNDRED, HUNGER, HONEY, NUN, SOME, SUMMER, SUN, SON 8ĤˤŪʷФΤΤ⤷ʤʤ븦椬ɬפΤ褦
Wełna, Jerzy. "<U> or <O>: A Dilemma of the Middle English Scribal Practice." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 305--23.
ɸ˴Ϣϡ#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1])#2453. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤ (2) ([2016-01-14-1])#3513. come some ֻ ([2018-12-09-1])#3574. <o> ɽ蘆첻 --- donkey vs monkey ([2019-02-08-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥϡ<u> <o> ˤѡפȤֻѸʬۤ礵Ƥäаޤ˾Ƥ Wełna ʸ˰͵ĤġԸθҲ𤷤
Ѹ monk, son, tongue ʤɤˤߤ <o> ֻϡŪˤ <u> äΤѸʹߤ <o> ֤ʤ줿ΤǤ롥֤ʤͳϡ˥ĥäǤƤ褦ˡ̤ "minim avoidance" Ȥ롥[2016-01-11-1]εǽҤ٤褦ˡ첻ɽ <u> ϥåΤǤϽ (minim) 2ܤ¤٤ <<ıı>> Τ褦˽줿Ʊ鹽 <m>, <n>, <u>, <v>, <w> ʤɤʸ¤־ˤϡʸɤζ̤ʤ롥Ѥ路뤿ˡѸμ̻첻ɽ <u> <o> ִפȤȤ
Ѹ˸ˤƤϡ"minim avoidance" ʳβƤƤ碌4Ĥۤɤβ Wełna (306--07) ꡤñ˾Ҳ𤷤褦
(1) Υե䥢ΥޥǤߤ줿 <u> <o> ֻ (ex. baron ? barun) Ѹˤ⤿餵줿
(2) "minim avoidance"
(3) ΥޥΥե [o] [u] ؤȾ夲ФѲֻˤȿǤ줿
(4) եֻˤʤä /y(ː)/ <u> б̡/u/ бֻɬפȤʤä
Τ褦˽⤢ʤ (2) ͭϤȤʤäƤ櫓ºݤˤֻܤĴ٤Ƥ (2) βǤ٤Ƥλ㤬줤櫓ǤϤʤϤʤ꺮٤ȤƤ褦ΤʤǤѸξ˴ؤŪǤ¤ Morsbach ˴ŤƤޤȤСΤ褦ˤʤ (Wełna 306)
a. the 12th century English manuscripts employ the spelling <u>;
b. the first o-spellings emerge in the latter half of the 12th century;
c. <o> for <u> is still rare in the early 13th century and is absent in Ormulum, Katherine, Vices and Virtues, Proclamation, and several other texts;
d. from the latter half of the 13th century onwards the frequency of <o> grows, which results in both old <u> and new <o> spellings randomly used in texts composed even by the same scribe.
Ρ֥פʬۤѸˤޤDZ䡹³ƤȤˤʤ롥ꤴ襤Ǥ롥
Wełna, Jerzy. "<U> or <O>: A Dilemma of the Middle English Scribal Practice." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 305--23.
Morsbach, Lorenz. Mittelenglische Grammatik. Halle: Max Niemayer, 1896.
-o ǽû̾줫鵬§Ūʣˡֻ -s Τߤդ pianos פȡ-es Ȥ potatoes פ̤롥
LGSWE (285) ϡLGSWE Corpus ˤäξפʬۤĴξδ֤ɤΤ⤢Τǡ80%ʾΨˤơ줫Υפ˳꿶äꥹȤǤ롥ӡŰʸˡ٤ä * դˤޤĤġʲ褦
pianos : *autos, avocados, casinos, commandos, concertos, discos, *dynamos, embryos, Eskimos, *ghettos, jumbos, kilos, memos, pesos, photos, pianos, portfolios, radios, scenarios, shampoos, solos, stereos, studios, taboos, tacos, tattoos, *torsos, trios, twos, videos, weirdos, zeros, zoos
potatoes : buffaloes, cargoes, echoes, heroes, mangoes, mosquitoes, mottoes, negroes, potatoes, tomatoes, tornadoes, torpedoes, vetoes, volcanoes
С-s Τߤդ pianos פ§Ǥ롥äˡάͳ褹 -o ǶοȤƲää -o -s ʣΤǥեȤǤ롥ޤ첻 oפȤʤˤ⡤ֻԹȻפ뤬-s ΤߤդΤ§Ǥ (e.g. bamboos, cameos, cuckoos, curios, folios, radios, studios, trios)
potatoes פϤɤ餫ȤС㳰פ¦ˤʤ櫓ΥפˤϱѸ첽ٹ礤Ū줬ޤޤΤդפ롥
ޤ-s -es δ֤ɤ̾⾯ʤʤŰʸˡ٤ǤϡȤ banjo(e)s, buffalo(e)s, cargo(e)s, fresco(e)s, ghetto(e)s, grotto(e)s, halo(e)s, mango(e)s, manifesto(e)s, mosquito(e)s, motto(e)s, tornado(e)s, volcano(e)s, zero(e)s Ƥ롥˵ꥹȤȽʣñ⤢뤳Ȥ顤-o ʣäȺ٤ĴСºݤˤϤ˹Ϥɤ줬ѻΤ⤷ʤ
ʤȴϢơñ potato ֤ potatoe ȸäƳФƤꥫ Dan Quayle Υ롤̾Ρpotato פˤĤơHorobin (2--3) 뤤Ϥ (16--17) ȡ1ʸΥڥߥʤǤϤʤˤǡ̿Ǥ뤳Ȥ⤢Ȥä٤Ǥ롥pianos potatoes ȤϷ褷ʤ
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
ʴ ۡʲˡ, ܳ, ⾾ʶˡŰʸˡ١ʸҡ2000ǯ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ۥӥˡ δˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯ
Brengelman ϡ17˳ΩѸֻɸಽϡȼԤμˤΤȤؼԤʤȥܤԤˤθӤǤȹͤƤ롥ϡ#1384. ֻɸಽ˹Τ17ؼԤȶա ([2013-02-09-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ȤǤ롥ֻɸಽϡ17ȾФĤ٤äݤBrengelman (334) Ѥ褦
Above all, it is significant that the English spelling system that emerged from the seventeenth century is not a collection of random choices from the ungoverned mass of alternatives that were available at the beginning of the century but rather a highly ordered system taking into account phonology, morphology, and etymology and providing rules for spelling the new words that were flooding the English lexicon. / Printed texts from the period demonstrate clearly that, during the middle half of the seventeenth century, English spelling evolved from near anarchy to almost complete predictability.
ǤϡؼԤ϶Ūˤɤˡβ⤿餷ΤΩä5Brengelman (347) ꤢ褦
1. The rationalization of the use of final e.
2. The rationalization of the use of consonant doubling, including the use of tch and ch, dg and g, ck and k.
3. The rationalization of the use of i and j, v and u.
4. Resolution of the worst problems relating to the use of i, y, and ie.
5. The almost total regularization of morphemes borrowed from Latin, including those borrowed by way of French.
βϡġñ٥ǤߤзʤΤˤʤŪˤֻθɤȸŪˤƤ줿
ֻɸಽ˴ؤ Brengelman νפͤˤĤƤϡ#1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ ([2013-02-08-1])#1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])#1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])#1387. 츻ŪֻκѤ17 ([2013-02-12-1])#2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> (1) ([2015-10-30-1]) ǤڤƤΤǤΤȡ
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.
Ƕ Merriam-Webster εȤ How to Pronounce 'Ae' in English Words ܤˤȤޤä2Ż (digraph) <ae> 뤤Ϲ (ligature) <æ> ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥϡ#2419. ꥷƥѸˤ <ae> ([2015-12-11-1]))#2424. digraph (2) ([2015-12-16-1])#2515. 첻Ǥ첻ʸǤбɽ ([2016-03-16-1]) ǰäƤεϤ褤ˤʤ롥
ꥷƥѸŵŪˤߤ <ae> ֻϡ§ȤƤ /iː/ Ĺ첻б (ex. algae, Caesar, aqua vitae, arborvitae, antennae) ΤʤäΤ /iː/ ˲äơŪ2첻 /aɪ/ ȯ <ae> ⾯ʤʤ褦Ȥơalumnae, larvae, lacunae, Bacchae ʤɤƤ롥㳰㳰§Ȥ /aɪ/ ȯ <ae> ͣαñȤƤϡmaestro /ˈmaɪstrəʊ/ 롥οꥢѸȤȤǤ㳰ޤ㳰ȤСñ첻ɤޤ aesthetic /ɛsˈθɛtɪk/ ⤢롥
첻Ĺɤޤ뵭ȤƤ <e> Ȥ˴դߤС<ae> /eɪ/ ȯ봷ȯãΤԼǤϤʤaegis ȯ /ˈiːʤəs/ ¹Ԥ /ˈeɪʤəs/ ԤʤƤ褦
Τ褦 <ae> Фȯɤ줬㤷Τϡ⤽⤳ֻ٤㤯ȯȷӤĤΤ˽ʬʵ˳ͤդʤŵѸ¿Ȥ¤⡤ɤ֤Ƥ롥ξʸ蘆ä <æ> ϡűѸǤϤ֤٤ʸäȤפС֤ȿषƤޤäΤʤȴѸǤȯʵˤȤƤ /æ/ Ͻʬ˹٤ʡ#1022. ѸγƲǤ١ ([2012-02-13-1]) ȡˡ20Ĥۤɤ첻Ǥ٥4̤ϤʤʤΩɡ
ɸ2Ĥιٸֻˤϡ˰츫פȻפ e դƤ롥ʤ e ΤȤȡʤʤǤ롥ŪˤⶦŪˤ <o> ɽ路Ƥ첻û첻Ǥꡤ"magic <e>" νФϤʤäϤcf. #1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1])ˡ
Ȥ one, none, done 줽#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡŪĹ첻äƤȤ㤤롥θ <e> ϡĹ첻ȿǤ magic <e> Ǥ뤳ȤǤ뤬come, some Ϥ⤤ʤޤؤäƤΤ <-me> ǤΤǡ#1827. magic <e> Ȥ̵ط <-ve> ([2014-04-28-1]) Ǥߤ <-ve> Ȥ𤬰ۤʤ롥
̡ <e> ϤƤ<o> = /ʌ/ ʬܤСϡ#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1]) #2453. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤ (2) ([2016-01-14-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ˭٤٤ŪǽǤ롥 "minim avoidance" Carney (148) ˤ⡤<o> = /ʌ/ ˴ؤƼΤ褦ʵҤ롥
The use of <o> spellings [for /ʌ/] seems to be dictated by minim avoidance, at least Romance words (Scragg 1974: 44). Certainly, TF [= text frequency] 90 per cent, LF [= lexical frequency] 76 per cent of /ʌ/ <o> spellings occur before <v>, <m> or <n>. Typical <om> and <on> spellings are:
become, come, comfort, company, compass, somersault, etc.; conjure, front, frontier, ironmonger, Monday, money, mongrel, monk, monkey, month, son, sponge, ton, tongue, wonder, etc.
On the other hand there are equally common words with <u> spellings before <m> and <n>:
drum, jump, lumber, mumble, mumps, munch, mundane, number, pump, slum, sum, thump, trumpet, etc.; fun, fund, gun, hundred, hunt, lunch, punch, run, sun, etc.
There are also a few <o> spellings where adjacent letters do not have minim strokes: brother, colour, colander, thorough, borough, other, dozen. In the absence of context-based rules, such spelling can only be taught by sample lists . . . .
<e> Ϥޤ褵ʤޤޤǤ롥
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
ε ([2018-11-18-1]) ˰³ƤꡥƥƬ ad- ϡ³캬Ƭ˱ ac-, af-, ag-, al-, ap-, as-, at- ʤɤȻѤѤ롥б벻Ʊ (assimilation) 椨ΰ۷ (allomorph) Ǥ롥Ȥơaccuse, affirm, aggression, allude, appeal, assemble, attend ʤɤ롥դˤС캬ƬȤδطDzؤʤˡ ad- ѤȤȤaddress ˤ衤嵭ñ췲ˤ衤ƬλҲŤʤä֤Ƥ롥餯ΤۤȤɤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ʤΤǤϤʤˤǤ롥ĤޤꡤťեѸǤλҲϤ褽1Ĥ֤ƤѸˤơ츻ǤƥȤƻҲ֤餻ΤǤϤʤȡ
ˤĤơBarnhart ǸŪʵҤͿƤ롥ޤϡХ address ˤĤơ
The present spelling with -dd- is a refashioning of the prefix a- into ad- in English, after the Latin form, and occasionally occurs in Middle French.
ơŪʲ⤬ ad- θФΤȤͿƤ롥
Words formed with ad- found in modern English do not always reflect a direct passage from Latin into English. The prefix ad- was transformed to a- in Old French, and so appeared in words that entered Middle English through Old French. In the 15th century many of these words were respelled with the ad- to restore the connection with Latin. . . . When the process went too far, as in advance, English acquired a d that had no historical justification.
Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
ʤ address Ǥ <dd> ȽŻҲѤƤΤȤʥˤĤƤβYahoo!ηޤǥХäƤȤñadressaddressɤ餬ڥǤ礦ˡϡ̾ĥüŪ˼Ƥ̤Ѹ˥Хä츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) Ǥ롥
ȯռϤ狼롥եѸǤ adresser, adressen ʤɤ <d> 1ĤǤꡤǤɤʤΤˡѸǤϤʤ <d> ŤͤΤ˸츻ŪˤƱƥƬ ad- դΤǤ⡤adapt, admire, adnominal, adopt, adverb ʤɤǤ <d> ŤʤäƤʤȤ⤢롥
Upward and Davidson (101) ˡƥƬ ad- ղäȴϢƼεҤߤ롥
Lat AD- attached to a stem beginning with D results in Lat and ModE -DD-: add (< Lat addere), addiction, address, adduce. (OFr and ME often wrote such words with single D.)
D has been doubled in developments from Fr where there has been a stress shift to the first syllable in ModE: boudin > podyng > pudding, sodein > sodayn > sudden.
Some words with single medial D (e.g. hideous, medal, model, study) were occasionally written with DD in EModE.
2ܤ3ܤεҤ狼뤳Ȥϡ֤˱ơŪʡֻ§פɤ˻ҲŤͤŤͤʤäꤹ㤬Ѹ˸줿ȤȤܲľܿƤ1ܤǤϡѸťեǤ϶֤ιθʤƤ褦ѸʹߤˤϤʤƤ餺षƥֻ˰줿̤Ǥ뤳ȤƤ롥̤ȤΩ address, addict, adduce ʤɤֻϡ֤첻ĹʤɤȿǤɽŪֻȤϡad- ޤǤƬǤꡤʹߤʬ캬Ǥ뤳ȤɽŪֻȤ٤ơϸ츻ŪֻǤ⤢ä
ѸˤζʽʤɤǤϡƬ ad- Ȥ d 츻ŪֻŵȤ admonish, advance, advantage, adventure, advise ʤɤФеʺǸθˤĤƤϡ#1153. ̾ adviceư advise ([2012-06-23-1]) ȡˡ캬Ǥ d ǻϤޤ뺣Τ褦ʸˤơƬˤޤ d ̤Ȥ <dd> ȤʤˤϤޤǵŤʤäष줳ƥߤ츻ŪֻιȤȤǤ뤫⤷ʤȤޤ졤Ū ad- ˤƸ츻ŪֻȤ d 줿ϡޤǻ䤬פäƤ⤫ʤ¿褦Ǥ롥
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
ε#3472. ֱͧ (1) --- ˾ȱѸס ([2018-10-29-1]) ³1028ͧǹԤʤäֱֱѸΥڥԻġפΥ饤ɤåפƤޤ
1. ֱѸΥڥԻġ
2. Ϥ
3. ʲñΥڥβԵ§ס
4. 夲
5. I. 515̤ through --- ѸΥڥ
6. 515̤ throughפ
7. 1. Υޥڥ
8. ΥޥѸޤǤά
9. 515̤ through
10. through ֤10
11. Ѥʵ
12. 6ñǤߤѸڥ
13. <i> <u> <e>
14. busy, bury, merry, etc.
15. 14ȾʹߤΥɥθ
16. Ѥʵ
17. ֥˸פ¾
18. Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales Ƭ
19. 7ܤμܴ
20. 2. ڥ͡ʲ
21. եΥڥ
22. η
23. 2Ż <sh>
24. ¾β
25. 3. ڥκɸಽ
26. 515̤ throughפΤޤȤ
27. II. doubt <b> --- ѸΥڥ
28. doubt <b>פ
29. 1. 츻Ūڥ (etymological spelling)
30. debt ξ
31. 츻Ūڥ
32. island ϡ츻Ūץڥ
33. 2. ʥڥɸಽ
34. ϥڥɸಽ¥
35. 3. Ѹμˤߤ륹ڥ
36. Robert Cawdrey's A Table Alphabeticall (1603)
37. Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language (1755)
38. doubt <b>פΤޤȤ
39.
40. ʸ
ȡ#3464. ͧǹֱ餷ޤ --- ˾ȱѸפȡֱѸΥڥԻġס ([2018-10-21-1]) ǰ⤷ͧǤιֱ餬λޤüԤΤߤʤƲⱿĴطԤ˸鿽夲ޤƲޤơȤƤڤǤ
1Ĥιֱ˾ȱѸפǤϡ֥ꥹȶȱѸס֥ΥޥȱѸס֥ꥫΩȱѸפ3ܤֱѸϡä͡ȤμҲˤäƷƤŪʻʪǤפȤĥޤٷƤ180ʬˤ錄ĹǤǮʹƤޤ̻Ūʻߤ뤳ȤǡѸ줬ΩŪΩ夬ꡤޤǤȤϰۤʤäˤʤäΤǤϤʤȻפޤ
ιֱѤ饤ɤʲ˥ڡȤ˵Ƥޤ
1. ˾ȱѸ
2. Ϥ
3. Ѹˤ̥
4. 夲
5. I. ꥹȶȱѸ
6. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפ
7. ֥ƥؤΥꥹȶ
8. 1. ޥե٥åȤƳ
9. 롼ʸȤϡ
10. 롼ʸε
11. Τ줶뿿¡¸ǸŤαʸϥ롼ʸǽƤ
12. űѸ쥢ե٥åȤ27ʸ
13. 2. ƥαѸäؤαƶ
14. ƥ줫μѸμ
15. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ
16. 3. γ
17. ƻαѸǤΡּεפƬ
18. ͳ褹ɽ
19. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ
20. II. ΥޥȱѸ
21. ֥ΥޥȱѸפ
22. 1. ΥޥȤϡ
23. Υޥͤε
24. Υޥͤήȥɤθ
25. 2. ѸؤθŪƶϡ
26. äؤαƶ
27. ѸäˤեѸΰ֤Ť
28. ؤαƶ
29. ֻؤαƶ
30. 3. ѸؤμҲŪƶϡ
31. ġرѸˡ p. 74
32. ֥ΥޥȱѸפΤޤȤ
33. III. ꥫΩȱѸ
34. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפ
35. 1. ꥫѸħ
36. ֻȯ (spelling pronunciation)
37. ꥫֻ
38. ꥫѸμҲŪħ
39. 2. ꥫΩʤ뤤ϡ֥ꥫ̿ "American Revolution"
40. ꥫѸλʬ
41. ΩȥꥫѸ
42. 3. Υֻ֥
43. ֥Ͽ (1)
44. ֥Ͽ (2)
45. ֻ֥פư
46. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ
47.
48. ʸ
ܥ֥ǤϡʸʬˤĤơ#422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1])#2341. ɽʸɽʸ ([2015-09-24-1])#2344. ɽʸɽʸɽʸ ([2015-09-27-1]) ʤɤǡ͡ʳ٤ͤƤŪˤ alphabet ɽʸǡɽʸʤ뤤ɽʸȤɽʸȤͤˤȸ뤬ե٥åȤ1İʾĤʤ碌ƤޤȤޤʤֻ (spelling) Ȥñ̤ǹͤʤСϴ1ʸȹͤ뤷դ˴¿ޤǤʬǤΤ顤Ǥե٥åȤ1ʸΤȤƸ뤳ȤǽǤ롥ˤĤƤ⡤ľܡܤˡ#284. Ѹֻȴζ ([2010-02-05-1])#285. Ѹֻȴζ (2) ([2010-02-06-1])#2913. Chinese character ǤϤʤ Chinese spelling ȸƤ֤٤ ([2017-04-18-1])#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ ([2014-11-30-1]) ʤɤεǰäƤ
嵭ϡפˡɽʸɽʸȤ褦ʸʬबɤޤʤΤȤǤ롥ˤĤơ (3) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ʸϤɽʸ (phonogram) ɽʸ (ideogram) ʬΤŪ˹ԤƤʬˡǤ뤬ŬäʬȤϤʤʸϲỌ̇̄ηӤĤ쵭ɽΤǤ뤫顤ΰɽΤʸȤϤʤ
ɽʸȸƤФ䲾̾⤽ʸηϤƤϢ³ˤäƸɽƤΤǤꡤɽʸɽȤϤꤽɽβޤɽƤ뤳ȤѤϤʤäơʸηϤʬहʤСηϤơʸɤΤ褦ñ̤ˤޤʬϤɽ褦ȤΤȤʬबʤʤФʤʤȤСϲʸŪIJʸǤꡤϥϲʸŪͭ벻ʸǤȤ褦ˡ
Τ褦ʲʸξǤ⡤ϢˤäɽȤΤϲỌ̇̄η礷Ǥ뤫顤ֻȲȤδ֤˥줬Ƥ⤽ʸȤƤȤƲ̤ȤǤ롥ʤ첻Ȥطݤ櫓ǤϤʤ
Ūʸˤ복ǰѸϡƤɬפ
ˡ1ϡܸ˳ѡ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ1--21ǡ
ʸ٤٤¬ͭ̾ʻɸ1Ĥˡɸ "Levenshtein distance" ȤΤ롤#3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1])#3398. Ѹ such Υֻ ([2018-08-16-1])#3399. ֻٷ ([2018-08-17-1]) ǤȤƤɸǤꡤ#1163. 饤åǡ١ DICT.ORG ([2012-07-03-1]) Ǥ⤳λɸѤֻФץ롥
ͤʤȤʸɸʸѴˤϡĤԽִˤɬפФ褤㤨Сkitten sitting Ѵˤϡkitten k s ִˢ sitten e i ִˢ sittin g ˢ sitting Ȥ3ƧɬפΤǡξֻ֤ Levenshtein distance 3ȤȤˤʤ롥ִ̾Խˤ줾1ͤƤ뤬ơ˰ۤʤͤͿλ⤢롥
ʲˡ̾νŤߤŤ Levenshtein distance ¬ CGI ֤Ƥˡ#1720. Shakespeare ֤ ([2014-01-11-1]) 25ΰֻФơڤʤɤDzϤƤߤƤפ˰ʲԥڡˡShakespeare, Schaksp, Shackespeare, Shackespere, Shackspeare, Shackspere, Shagspere, Shakespe, Shakespear, Shake-speare, Shakespere, Shakespheare, Shakp, Shakspe?, Shakspear, Shakspeare, Shak-speare, Shaksper, Shakspere, Shaxberd, Shaxpeare, Shaxper, Shaxpere, Shaxspere, Shexpere
ֻ֤٤٤η¬ϡۣ渡䥹ڥåʤɤμŪŪˤѤƤ롥ɸŪֻʤäŤѸθˤ⡤ȤΩĤȤꤽ
2֤ε#3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1])#3398. Ѹ such Υֻ ([2018-08-16-1]) ǡֻ֤륹ץȤѤơthrough such ֻ͡ӤΥץȤϡٻȤ꤬뤫⤷ʤȻפŪʷ CGI ȤǤߤ
ȤץȤŪʻͤδطǥоưʤȤȤȯСǰ̵ǰƤ̵̣Ǥ뤳ȤΤΤʲ֤ƤȻפޤʤääΤ伫ȤΥPCǤưƤΤǡˡߤޤ
ȡǤϤޤʤΤǡShakespeare ΰֻӤ̤ϪƤޤ#1720. Shakespeare ֤ ([2014-01-11-1]) ǵ25ΰֻ Shakespeare, Schaksp, Shackespeare, Shackespere, Shackspeare, Shackspere, Shagspere, Shakespe, Shakespear, Shake-speare, Shakespere, Shakespheare, Shakp, Shakspe?, Shakspear, Shakspeare, Shak-speare, Shaksper, Shakspere, Shaxberd, Shaxpeare, Shaxper, Shaxpere, Shaxspere, Shexpere ϤơȤȡΤ褦ʽϤ줿
| Similarity | Spellings |
|---|---|
| 1.0000 | Shakespeare |
| 0.9565 | Shackespeare, Shake-speare, Shakespheare |
| 0.9524 | Shakespear, Shakespere, Shakspeare |
| 0.9091 | Shackespere, Shackspeare, Shak-speare |
| 0.9000 | Shakspear, Shakspere |
| 0.8571 | Shackspere |
| 0.8421 | Shakespe, Shaksper |
| 0.8000 | Shagspere, Shaxpeare, Shaxspere |
| 0.7368 | Shaxpere, Shexpere |
| 0.7000 | Shakspe? |
| 0.6667 | Schaksp, Shaxper |
| 0.6250 | Shakp |
| 0.5263 | Shaxberd |
ε#3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1]) ˰³ such ΰֻˤĤơ#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ ([2016-03-21-1])#2521. Ѹ113 "such" ΰֻ ([2016-03-22-1]) Ǹ褦ˡĴ٤¤ꡤѸΤǤ such ɽֻ212ۤɳǧ롥Τ208ˤĤơƱˡǸɸֻ such ˤɤƤ뤫ƤƤߤ
| Similarity | Spellings |
|---|---|
| 1.0000 | such |
| 0.8889 | sƿuch, shuch, succh, suche, sucht, suech, suich, sulch, suuch, suych, swuch |
| 0.8571 | suc |
| 0.8000 | sƿucch, sƿuche, schuch, scuche, shuche, souche, sucche, suchee, suchet, suchte, sueche, suiche, suilch, sulche, sutche, suuche, suuech, suyche, swuche, swulch |
| 0.7500 | sƿuc, scht, sech, shuc, sich, soch, sueh, suhc, suhe, suic, sulc, suth, suyc, swch, swuh, sych |
| 0.7273 | sƿucche, sƿuchne, sƿulche, schuche, suecche, suueche, suweche |
| 0.6667 | hsƿucche, sƿche, sƿich, sƿucches, sƿulc, schch, schuc, schut, seche, shich, shoch, shych, siche, soche, suicchne, suilc, svche, svich, swche, swech, swich, swlch, swulchen, swych, syche, zuich, zuych |
| 0.6154 | swulchere |
| 0.6000 | asoche, sƿiche, sƿilch, sƿlche, sƿuilc, sƿulce, schech, schute, scoche, scwche, secche, shiche, shoche, sowche, soyche, sqwych, suilce, sviche, sweche, swhych, swiche, swlche, swyche, zuiche, zuyche |
| 0.5714 | sec, sic, sug, swc, syc |
| 0.5455 | aswyche, sƿicche, sƿichne, sƿilche, sƿi~lch, scheche, schiche, schilke, schoche, sewyche, sqwyche, sswiche, swecche, swhiche, swhyche, swichee, swyeche, zuichen |
| 0.5333 | sucheȝ |
| 0.5000 | sƿic, sɩͨh, scli, secc, sick, silc, slic, solchere, sulk, swic, swlc, swlchere, swulcere |
| 0.4444 | sƿilc, sclik, sclyk, suilk, sulke, suylk, swics, swilc |
| 0.4000 | sƿillc, sclike, sclyke, squike, squilk, squylk, suilke, suwilk, suylke, swilce, swlcne, swulke, swulne |
| 0.3636 | sƿilcne, suilkin, swhilke |
| 0.3333 | swisɩͨhe |
| 0.2857 | sik, sli, slk, sly, syk |
| 0.2500 | selk, sike, silk, slik, slyk, swil, swlk, swyk, swyl, syge, syke, sylk |
| 0.2222 | sƿilk, selke, sliik, slike, slilk, slyke, swelk, swilk, swlke, swyke, swylk, sylke |
| 0.2000 | slieke, slkyke, swilke, swylke, swylle |
| 0.1818 | sƿillke, swilkee, swilkes |
#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])#54. through ֤٥10ʥ10ˡ ([2009-06-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡѸ through ֻϡꥨ˭٤Ǥ롥ǤϤΤ515ֻ̤ϥեʸΰǤΡˡåΡʾάʤɤŸΡˡդʸʸʸΰ㤤̵̵ͭ뤹С444̤Ȥʤ롥444ֻ̤ˤĤơɸֻ through ˤɤƤ뤫String::Similarity Ȥ Perl Υ⥸塼ѤƷƤߤ٤륢르ꥺϡʸѴι (Levenshtein edit distance) ˴ŤΤǤ롥˰פƤ 1.0000 ͤꡤޤäۤʤ 0.0000 ǤϡֻƤ褦
| Similarity | Spellings |
|---|---|
| 1.0000 | through |
| 0.9333 | thorough, throughe, throught |
| 0.9231 | throgh, throug, throuh, thrugh, trough |
| 0.8750 | thoroughe, thorought |
| 0.8571 | thorogh, thorouh, thorugh, thourgh, throȝgh, throghe, throght, throwgh, thrughe, thrught |
| 0.8333 | thogh, throu, thrug, thruh, trogh, trugh |
| 0.8000 | thoroghe, thoroght, thorouȝh, thorowgh, thorughe, thorught, thourghe, thourght, throȝghe, throghet, throghte, throighe, throuȝht, throuche, throwght, thrughte |
| 0.7692 | þrough, thorgh, thorou, thoruh, thourh, throȝh, throch, throuȝ, throue, throwg, throwh, thruch, thruth, thrwgh, thrygh, thurgh, thwrgh, troght, trowgh, trughe, trught |
| 0.7500 | thorowghe, thorowght |
| 0.7273 | thro |
| 0.7143 | þorough, þrought, thorȝoh, thorghe, thorght, thorghw, thorgth, thorohe, thorouȝ, thorowg, thorowh, thorrou, thoruȝh, thoruth, thorwgh, thourhe, thourth, thourwg, thowrgh, throȝhe, throcht, throuȝe, throwth, thruȝhe, thrwght, thurgeh, thurghe, thurght, thurgth, thurhgh, trowght, yorough |
| 0.6667 | þorought, þough, þrogh, þroughte, þrouh, þrugh, thorg, thorghwe, thorh, thoro, thorowth, thorowut, thoru, thour, throȝ, throw, thruȝ, thrue, thuht, thurg, thurghte, thurh, thuro, thuru, torgh, yrogh, yrugh |
| 0.6154 | þorogh, þorouh, þorugh, þourgh, þroȝgh, þroghe, þrouȝh, þrouhe, þrouht, þrowgh, þurugh, thorȝh, thorch, thoroo, thorow, thorth, thoruȝ, thorue, thorur, thorwh, thourȝ, thoure, thourr, thourw, thowur, throȝe, throȝt, throve, throwȝ, throwe, throwr, thruȝe, thrvoo, thurȝh, thurch, thurge, thurhe, thurow, thurth, torghe, trghug, yhurgh, yorugh, yourgh |
| 0.5714 | þoroghe, þorouȝh, þorowgh, þorught, þourght, þrouȝth, þrowghe, þurughe, thorowȝ, thorowe, thorrow, thorthe, thourȝe, thourow, thowrow, thrawth, throwȝe, thurȝhg, thurȝth, thurgwe, thurhge, thurowe, thurthe, yhurght, yourghe |
| 0.5455 | þrou, þruh, thow, thrw, thur, trow, yrou |
| 0.5333 | þorowghe, þorrughe, thorowȝt |
| 0.5000 | þorgh, þorou, þorug, þoruh, þourg, þourh, þroȝh, þroth, þrouȝ, þrowh, þurgh, þwrgh, ȝorgh, thorȝ, thorv, thorw, thowe, thowr, threw, thrwe, thurȝ, thurv, thurw, thwrw, trowe, yhorh, yhoru, yhrow, yorgh, yorou, yoruh, yourh, yurgh |
| 0.4615 | þhorow, þorghȝ, þorghe, þorght, þorguh, þorouȝ, þoroue, þorour, þorowh, þoruȝh, þorugȝ, þoruhg, þoruth, þorwgh, þourȝh, þourgȝ, þourth, þroȝth, þrouȝe, þrouȝt, þurgȝh, þurghȝ, þurghe, þurght, þuruch, dorwgh, dourȝh, drowgȝ, durghe, tþourȝ, thorȝe, thorȝt, thorȝw, thorew, thorwȝ, thorwe, thurȝe, thurȝt, thurew, thurwe, yorghe, yoroue, yorour, yourch, yurghe, yurght |
| 0.4286 | þorouȝe, þorouȝt, þorouwȝ, þorowth, þrouȝte, thorȝwe, thorewe, thorffe, thorwȝe, thowffe, trowffe |
| 0.4000 | þro |
| 0.3636 | ðoru, þorg, þorh, þoro, þoru, þouȝ, þour, þroȝ, þrow, þruȝ, þurg, þurh, þuro, þuru, ȝoru, ȝour, torw, twrw, yorh, yoro, yoru, your, yrow, yruȝ, yurg, yurh, yuru |
| 0.3333 | þerow, þerue, þhurȝ, þorȝh, þorch, þoreu, þorgȝ, þoroȝ, þorow, þorth, þoruþ, þoruȝ, þorue, þorwh, þouȝt, þourþ, þourȝ, þourt, þourw, þroȝe, þroȝt, þrowþ, þrowȝ, þrowe, þruȝe, þurȝg, þurȝh, þurch, þureh, þurhg, þurht, þurow, þurru, þurth, þuruȝ, þurut, ȝoruȝ, ȝurch, doruȝ, torwe, yoȝou, yorch, yorow, yoruȝ, yourȝ, yourw, yurch, yurhg, yurht, yurth, yurwh |
| 0.3077 | þorȝhȝ, þorowþ, þorowe, þorrow, þoruȝe, þoruȝt, þorwgȝ, þorwhe, þorwth, þourȝe, þourȝt, þourȝw, þourow, þouruȝ, þourwe, þrorow, þrowȝe, þurȝhg, þurȝth, þurthe, ȝoruȝt, yerowe, yorowe, yurowe, yurthe |
| 0.2857 | þrorowe |
| 0.2000 | þor, þur |
| 0.1818 | þarȝ, þorþ, þorȝ, þore, þorv, þorw, þowr, þurþ, þurȝ, þurf, þurw, ȝorw, ȝowr, dorw, yorȝ, yora, yorw, yowr, yurȝ, yurw |
| 0.1667 | þerew, þorȝe, þorȝt, þoreȝ, þorew, þorwȝ, þorwe, þowre, þurȝe, þurȝt, þureȝ, þurwȝ, þurwe, dorwe, durwe, yorwe, yowrw, yurȝe |
| 0.1538 | þorewȝ, þorewe, þorwȝe, þorwtȝ |
island ˤȤСѸˤǤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȤδطǤ褯˵롥ܥ֥Ǥ#580. island --- ʤֻȯ ([2010-11-28-1]) ӡ#3227. ֺ¡֥ڥǤɤѸˡפ4doubt <b>--- ѸΥڥס ([2018-02-26-1]) Υ饤ɤ6ڡǼ夲Ƥ<s> Ϥθ츻δ㤤˴ŤΤǤꡤष츻Ūֻ (unetymological spelling) ȸƤ֤٤Ǥ롥
island ˴ؤơ⤦1ĤޤΤƤʤŪʸäȤҲ𤷤Ԥ봧ʤɤθȤδ֤ˤʬ (metanalysis) ηneiland Τ褦ʸǤ롥Ĥޤꡤan eilond a neilond ʤɤȡָäơڤʬ줿̤ȤǤ롥ѸǤϡMED īlōnd (n.) ˤҤ褦ˡatten "at the" ˸³륱ʤɤǤ㤬ä褦䤬ϤǸĤΤϡThe Bestiary Ǥ롥Cathegrande ʷߡˤ1Ĥ neilond ˤǤ뤫Τ褦ȽҤ٤륷Ǥ롥
a1300(a1250) Bestiary (Arun 292) 387: Cethegrande is a fis..ðat tu wuldest seien get, gef ðu it soge wan it flet, ðat it were a neilond.
ޤ⤫ǤϤʤȤ⡤Ϥؤơ̾ΤʤǤθѤ봷ä褦ǡѸ̾Ȥ Neiland ⸫뤳Ȥ顤ʬŪˤ n ƬˤİʬϷ⡤٤ή̤ƤΤ⤷ʤΤȤϡ1θ츻Ǥ īeg- ēa Ϥֿ塤פΰ̣ķǤǤȤФƤȤ롥ơϿ츻Ū <s> <island> Ω뤿Ǥ⤢Τ
ɸϡ#1995. Mulcaster θåꥹ "generall table" ˤ츻Ūֻ ([2014-10-13-1]) Ǽ夲Mulcaster <ph> ΰˤĤƵŤȤΤ롥
Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) 1582ǯ˽Ǥ The first part of the elementarie vvhich entreateth chefelie of the right writing of our English tung, set furth by Richard Mulcaster "Generall Table" ˤϡƤñֻƤ롥θåꥹȤϡEEBO TCP, The first part of the elementarie Υڡ THE GENERAL TABLE CAP. XXV. 뤳ȤǤ롥 * *
ΥꥹȤ <ph> ǻϤޤ췲ñ줬ǺܤƤսߤȡPhantasie, phantasticall, pheasant, phisician, pharisie, phisiognomie, philip, phrensie, philosophie, phenix 10Фư礷ƥåꡤ"vvhy not all these vvith f" 롥

Ƥ Mulcaster ϸ츻Ūֻμ˾öŪǤꡤ <ph> ⡤鼨褦ˡܿȤƤ <f> ֤ꤿäΤ⤷ʤºݡ<f> ιǤϡfantsie, fantasie, fantastik, fantasticall, feasant, frensie Ƥʤ10Τ٤ƤǤϤʤˡ
λ䤿ˤθηäǷ̤ΤäƤ뤬Mulcaster <f> ˴ؤ뤳Ƥ¤Τϡ10Τ fantasy, fantastical, frenzy 3ΤߤǤ롥ϡ츻ŪֻθؤαƶϤ礭äȤʪäƤȤ褦
Ƭ in- ϡ§ȤƸ³ΤɤΤ褦ʲǻϤޤ뤫ˤäơǥեȤ in- Ǥʤ, im b, m, p , il- l , ir- r , i- g ˤʤɤΰ۷֤Ȥ롥̣ȤƤϡƬ in- ˤϡפȡˡפ2Ĥ̤뤬۷֤ˤĤƤξȤƱͤ˿줾Сinactive, inconclusive, inspirit; imbalance, immature, immoral, imperil, implode, impossible; illegal, illicit, illogical; irreducible, irregular, irruptive; ignoble, ignominy, ignorant ʤɤǤ롥
in- λҲ³벻ˤäĴĴͼ㴳Ѱۤ븽ݤϡҲƱ (assimilation) Ȥ뤬ҲƱȤΤϡۤȤɤξ硤ѸΥƥʤեˤˤƤǤꡤѸäƤݤˤϡǤˤΤ褦ʰ۷֤ȤäƤȤΤ¤Ǥ롥षѸ¦Ω줫ϡμѸ夫ʬϤơƬ in- ڤФȤߤΤǤ롥äΤ褦ʬϤʤ夹ȡʹ in- ϤѸͭƬǤ뤫Τ褦˿Ф۷֤μ⥪ꥸʥΥƥʤɤƱͤ˵§ŪʤΤȤȤ館褦ˤʤä
ƥͳΡפȡˡפ̣Ƭ in- Ͼ嵭Τ褦˿դ٤ϱѸˤˡפ̣Ʊ֤ in ¸ߤ뤳Ȥֻ졦ȤƤαѸ in ƬȤѤˤϡ嵭ΥƥƬ in- Τ褦˰۷֤Ȥ뤳ȤϤʤĤޤꡤin- ѲǤ롥ɸñ input in- ϡȿи output out- ٤ʬȤꡤޤƬ in- Ǥ롥äơ*imput ȤϤʤʤʤʤߤ˥ƥ out- бΤ ex- Ǥˡδ in-between, in-place, inmate ʤɤƱͤǤ롥
ȯϼºݤΤȤҲƱƤ뤳Ȥ¿input ֤ƤƤ⡤/ˈɪnpʊt/ ˲ä /ˈɪmpʊt/ ԤʤƤ롥
ɸε䤬줿ºݤˤϡư can ȤƤɸ cannot Τۤcan't can not 3ब롥̤ˤ1Ǥ뤫Τ褦֤ can't cannot Ū¿ʬ줿 can not ⤢ˤϤ롥ԤѤΤϡŪʸϤ뤤϶ĴоȡտޤƤΤߤǤ롥
ޤ Fowler's Ȥcan't cannot ˤĤƸѸǤλ¤ǧƤcan't ȯϡꥹѸ /kɑːnt/, ꥫѸ /kænt/ Ȥʤ뤬ä˻ҲǤϤФи t ơ/kɑːn/, /kæn/ Τ褦ˤʤ롥 can ȤϰۤʤꡤǤϼ¸ߤʤcannot ϱƲǤ줾 /ˈkæn ɒt/, /ˈkæn ɑːt/ Ȥʤ뤬ºݤˤ can't Ȥȯ⤢롥
can't cannot λȤʬäˤʤ줫Ѥ뤫ϸĿͤνˤȤ礭Ȥ롥§Ȥ cannot Ȥ륱Ȥơ?ʤפ̣ cannot but do cannot help doing ιʸ롥դˡǡϤƤϤߤ?뤳ȤǤʤ褦פ̣ can't seem to do ǤϡäѤ can't Ѥ롥
Ūˤ cannot ΤۤŤѸ줫㤬OED Ǥ a1425 Сˡcan't ѸǻȤƤǽϻĤ뤬ޤȤ˽иƤΤ17Τ褦can't Shakespeare ǤȤƤʤ
ơɸεºݤΤȤ褯ʬʤΤ1Ĺͤ줽ʤȤҤ٤Ƥcan't ϻҲ t 뷹ȾҤȤ櫓³ t, d, n Τ褦ʻԲξˤϡηȿ¬롥ȡƱȤʤäƤޤȤˤ̤ޤѲǽ⤷ʤ䤹Ǥϡcannot 2ȯϡʤȤ2ܤ첻¸ߤǤ뤳ȤݾڤƤ뤿ˡͭǤ롥ޤ can not ȤϷŪˤⵡǽŪˤ̤٤άˤϰ㤤ʤᡤֻάˤդ路1Ǥ뤫Τ褦˽롤ȤȤǤϤʤ¾νưβ֤ȤˤӤƤߤɬפꤽ
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
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