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spelling - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2010-11-10 Wed

#562. busy ֻȯ [spelling][lme][me_dialect][spelling_pronunciation_gap][standardisation][map]

ѸֻȯЪΥˤϼŪطʤ롥ŪΤĤˤĤƤ[2009-06-28-2]εˤ (2) ǼΤˤƤʤѸ𤬤äspelling-pronunciation gap ȤƸѸˤޤǻĤäɬ¿ʤˤϤƱѸŪʻ𤬤ä
busy ʵڤӤ̾ business ˤˤȤäƹͤƤߤ褦busy 1첻 <u> ֻʤ /ɪ/ ȯ򼨤ǡѸäΤʤǤǹ٤Ե§ʸȤäƤ
θõˤϡѸθʤФʤʤ[2009-09-04-1]Ǹ褦ˡѸΥ󥰥ɤˤΤʬ¸ߤ󤽤θűѸˤʹߤζѸˤ¸ߤ٤κϤȯãʤϤʤȹͤƤ褤Ǥ⡤Ѹ줬λפȸƤФ졤¸ߤܤΤϡ񤭸դɸबԺߤȤǡ񤭸դΤˤФɽƤǤ롥̻ϼäդΡ¤פ񤭸դξȿǤ̤Ȥ1ĤθФʣֻΩȤʤäʤκǤü㤬[2009-06-20-1]ǾҲ𤷤 through ֻǤˡ
14ʹߡˤ䤫˥ɥȯͤν񤭸ɸ餷ΤƤ롥αѸˤɸλߤζ줷ߤˤȤСѸϤνϤˤʤɥŪˤθǤꡤޤ񤫤ή͡ΤĤܤǤ⤢äɥפȤʤ礦٤Τʤ顤֤򤫤ơʬŪˤϿͰŪˡʬŪˤϼȯŪɸ餷Τ줭ΤǤ롥
嵭طʤ򤷤Ѹ첻äܤűѸ <y> ֻˡ/y/ ȯˤɽ蘆ƤֻȯϡѸγǤϤ줾켡Τ褦ɽФƤ

Dialect Map of ME Reflex of OE y

绨Ĥˤäơ󥰥Ǥ <i> /ɪ/Ǥ <u> /y/Ǥ <e> /ɛ/ Ȥʬۤ򼨤ֻ <u> ϥե󥹸ֻαƶǤˡäơűѸ <y> äƤϡѸǤˤä֤͡졤ȯ줿Ȥˤʤ롥ʲɽ򼨤򻲹ͤ˺ˡ

 Southwestern, West-MidlandNorth, East-MidlandSoutheastern (Kentish)
OE forms/y//ɪ//ɛ/
byrgan "bury"burybirybery
bysig "busy"busybisybesy
cynn "kin"kunkinken
lystan "lust"luste(n)liste(n)leste(n)
myrge "merry"muriemyrymery
synn "sin"sunnesynnesenne, zenne


ơ̤ν֤ɥ濴ȤϰǺä񤭸ɸब֤򤫤ƽ߽ФȤˡ夫ͤм¤̯˻פ֤¿θǤϡֻȯåȤɸȤʤä㤨Сmerry η֤ɸಽǤ롥ġθɸɤͳ褹뤫ϥȤ褦ʤֻȯåȤˤʤäƤΤ̤äȤθǤϡȯϤΤΤɸಽֻ̤ɸಽȤȤäbusy Ǥꡤȯ /ɪ/ ǽŪɸȤƺѤ줿ֻ <u> Ѥ줿ơΤϤʴطߤˤޤǼѤƤ롥bury ʤ̾ burial ˤƱͤλǡߡֻȯδطϤԵ§Ǥ롥
ʤߤˡϿޤϤ褽ΤΤǤꡤˤäƤ첻ʬۤΰۤʤΤºݤǤ롥㤨СLALME Vol. 1 dot maps 371--73 ˤ busy 1첻ʬۤƤ뤬<u> δԤ West-Midland ء<e> <i> 첻ĥФƤ롥ޤdot maps 972--74 Ǥ bury 1첻ʬۤƤ뤬Ϥ <e> <i> ϡֻפγǤѤѤȻ롥äˤ <e> <i> ϤȤ˹ǽŤʤäʬۤƤȤΤΤʤȤ
η֤ˤߤȤƤϡ[2009-07-25-1] ( one will / won't ) , [2010-03-30-1] ( egg ) 򻲾ȡ

סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ38ǡ
McIntosh, Angus, M. L. Samuels, and M. Benskin. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.

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2010-10-26 Tue

#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ [gvs][vowel][spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][centralisation]

Ѹ <oo> ֻɽ蘆ȯˤϡ3ब뤳ȤΤƤ롥

/uː/: doom, food, pool, tooth, soot
/ʊ/: book, good, hood, look, stood
/ʌ/: blood, flood

ֻȯ¿ǤŵŪ3̤ȯΤϡѸۤʤʣβѲ缡 <oo> ɽ魯ФƺѤǤ롥ޤϡ15ʹߤ ( Great Vowel Shift ) Ǥ ( see [2009-11-18-1] ) Ѹˤ <oo> /oː/ Ȥȯб첻ܤˤΧ˾夲 ( raising ) Ф /uː/ Ѳ
ˡ/uː/ Ȥʤä <oo> ΰ /k, t, d/ ³Τΰˡʢ 嵭/k/ ϻǤϤޤǤ2010/10/26(Tue)ˤ16?17û ( shortening ) 򵯤 /ʊ/ Ȥʤä /ʊ/ ؤѲ췲Τ˾ʬ礬٤16Ⱦаʹߤ岽 ( centralisation ) 򵯤 /ʌ/ ȤʤäʰʾޤȤ᤿ޤ򻲾ȡˡ

Sound Changes to <oo>

Τ褦ˡۤʤ벻Ѳ <oo> ĸʬ硤ˤʬФƯˡѸζŪʻߤ <oo> Ф3ȯб뤳Ȥˤʤä
<oo> <oa> δطˤĤƤ[2010-07-06-1]ε򻲾ȡ

ס ׯҡؿѸ١罤۽Ź1988ǯ174ǡ

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2010-09-16 Thu

#507. pear ֻȯ [gvs][spelling][orthography][vowel]

ոͻԤ⤮˽ФβƤԽˤϻǯ1٤ƤȤΤȤǡֹפ˭פäϥ󥴤ʥɤʤΤǡ⤮Ƥ˭򤿤դ٤Ƥ

Japanese Pear

ϸŤϡ֤ʤפȤä褦ǡΤ̣ۤ뤳Ȥʤʤˤά줿Τȸ롥̾Ρ֤Τߡפϡ̵פ̤ΤﵯդȤƵդˡͭμ¡פȤäȤˤʰʾPDFǥɤǤڡʪŵ ֤䤵Ȥ2010ǯǡ ˡΤĤ֤ơפϡ̵פ˰äϤͷӤǡꤲĤ֤ơʾСˤ֤äƤʤȤʤɤֻʤؤΤ褦ϡ̵פ̤뤳Ȥ顤ܤʸ˾塤ͥƥ֤ª뤳Ȥ¿ä
Хʥʥ°οʪ ( Pyrus ) 20郎ʬۤƤ뤬̼ȤƺݤΤäˤ褯ΤƤΤϥʥʥ˥ۥʥˤȥ襦ʥǤ롥Ѹ pear Ϥޤǥ襦ʥǤꡤ˥ۥʥ Japanese [Asian] pear ʤɤȤǶϥ顦ե󥹤ʤβۻҤκȤƥ襦ʥ褯Τ褦ˤʤäѸ pear ܤΡפϤޤ̼Ǥ롥ʲοޤǺ襦ʥ

Pear and Japanese Pear

DZѸ pear ֻȯ˰ܤֻ鸫Dzɤ褦Ȥȡpeer Ʊ *[pɪə] Ȥʤꤽ˻פ뤬ºݤˤ pair Ʊ [pɛə] Ǥꡤͽۤ΢ڤ롥<ear> ֻ̾ [ɪə] б뤳Ȥϡʲ¿θˤäڤ롥

appear, arrears, beard, blear, clear, dear, dreary, ear, fear, gear, hear, near, rear, sear, shear (verb), smear, tear (noun), weary, year


<ear> ֤ȯ¿ѸǤ [ɛːr] Ǥꡤ ( Great Vowel Shift ) ˤĹ첻2ʾ徺 [iːr] Ȥʤä2ʾ徺ˤĤƤ[2009-11-18-1]򡤤㳰ˤĤƤ[2009-11-19-1], [2009-11-20-1], [2010-07-25-1]򻲾ȡˡ˸Ԥ ( breaking ) 򵯤̤Ȥ [ɪə] Ȥʤä嵭θ췲ȯŪˤߤƵ§ŪȤäƤ褤
Ȥ<ear> İθ첻ܤξ夲Ф[ɛːr] ľܤ˳򵯤 [ɛə] Ȥʤ긽ߤ˻äƤ롥ȤƤ pear ޤưʲΤ褦ʸ줬롥

bear ( OE beran ) , pear ( OE peru ) , swear ( OE swerian ) , tear (verb; OE teran), wear ( werian )


㳰Ūʸ췲Ǥϡ [ɛːr] 첻ܤϤޤľ15Ϥ᤯餤 [eːr] 鲼βФϤ餷üʷаޤľ첻ܤϤȤʤʤĶѰդűѸθ򻲾ȤСѸγĹ ( Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening ) ϤȤʤꤦ벻ϢޤޤƤ뤳Ȥ̤Ƥ뤬spear ( OE spere ) Τ褦㳰⤢롥ѲϰǤϤʤ
ʤߤ pear ϥƥ pirum μѤǡPyrus ֥Хʥʥ°פǤϸŤ [i] 첻¸Ƥ롥

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ194--95, 209--10ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-06-12-1]

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2010-07-07 Wed

#436. <ea> ֤ε [spelling][orthography][anglo-norman]

ε[2010-07-06-1] <oa> ˡεꤢĤǤȤ <ea> ΤȤˤڤ줿ñĴ٤ƤߤʤȤ <ea> ˤĤƤϡֻ Flemish ⤿餵줿Ȥƣ (29) κϸĤʤäष<ea> ϸűѸͳֻ Anglo-French ͳ15αѸˤޤ졤ɸಽΤ Scragg (48) Ϥ
Scragg ˤȡ<ea> ֻϸűѸɸȤ West-Saxon ΤΤä줬12 Anglo-Norman ˼ޤ줿Anglo-Norman ν񤭸դΦե󥹸ˡΩ饤󥰥ɤǻȤФƤꡤä˽κ West-Saxon ֻ򶯤ȯãƤAnglo-Norman ˼Ѥ줿 <ea> ֻϡ15˸ʸθ줬 Anglo-Norman ѸؤȥեȤݤˡƤӱѸᤵ줿󥰥ɤɽν񤭸դ OE West-Saxon ME Anglo-Norman LME Chancery English Ѳʤǡ<ea> Ȥֻˤʤ館Ȥ¤̣
<ea> Chancery English ˼줿ˤ첻ܤ̤λäΤǡޤ /e:/ ȶ̤Ƥ /ɛ:/ ɽֻȤ <ea> ƤǤϤʤäθ夤 /i:/ ˼̤Ƥޤ <ea> Ʊ ( homophone ) ̤Ȥ̤ΤߤȤʤäƤޤäǤ⡤ˡ˳Τϰ̤ۤ夲Ƥ <ea> ϤäѤǤ롥űѸ줫鸽ѸˤޤǡļƤ⤪ʤ餤̣¸ߤäˤ⤫餺ιȤ򤿤ޤӤƤȤǡ<ea> ̿Ϥ򻾤
Ѹ ease, reason ФƸե󥹸 aise, raison ȤۤϡԤ OE ȯ Anglo-Norman ͳȤ롼ȤäȤˤ롥ease, reason ȤñֻߤȤűѸΰϢʤ³񤭸դե󥹼Ѹˤ鸫ȤǤ뤳Ȥ˶̣Ф롥ʾηаޤΤäơ <ea> Ф븫ѤäʸűѸɤȤˤ⸽ѸɤȤˤˡ
people, jeopardy ʤɤ˸ <eo> ֻ⡤űѸͳ衤Anglo-Saxon ͳӤƤƱ˦Τ褦ˡ塤<ea> ۤɤϳΤϰ̤ۤƤϤʤ褦Ǥ (Scragg 49)

ƣ ʿֱѸ˹͡סسر227桤1959ǯ15--41ǡ
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-05-11-1] [2015-02-03-1]

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2010-07-06 Tue

#435. <oa> ֤ε [spelling][orthography][gvs][flemish][mulcaster]

Ѹ <oa> ֻϡboat, goal, oat ʤɤΤ褦 RP /əʊ/ бΤ§Ǥ롥ME ޤǤ bot boot ֤뤳Ȥ¿äOE /a:/ ߿첻 /ɔ:/ ȡOE ³Ĥ /o:/ ȯ̤ŪǡѸˤ̤֤褦ˤʤä<oa> Ĺ첻ˡ<oo> ĤĹ첻ббĹ첻Ϥ줾첻 ([2009-11-18-1]) ˤäѲޤǤ moan moon Τ褦ȯֻΩ߽Фб첻ʻˤǤƱͤ <ea> <ee> Ωޤ줿 <ea> бĹ첻첻ܴüʿ񤤤ˤĤƤ[2009-11-19-1], [2009-11-20-1]򻲾ȡˡ
Τ褦 <oa> ֻ1570ǯΰȼԤϤ᤿ΤϰӤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ㤨жؼԤ Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) ϻѤƤʤб첻ɽ <ea> Ϥ⤦Ť Caxton ǤѤƤꡤAnglo-French <ea> ͳ褹ʤƤ켫Τ Old English ͳ褹) ȤФлŦƤ뤬 ( Salmon, p. 27 )<oa> ΤۤϤɤʤΤĴ­ʬʤ16ˤʤäƤƳ줿ΤΤ褦Ǥ롥
꤬ˤʤäΤϡƣ (29) ˼Τ褦ʰ᤬äǤ롥

MEκǸˤʤȺΥ٥륮ޤ͢줿 ea, oe ε椬 deal boat Τ褦ʸ˻ȤϤ᤿ dead boot ʤϰäȯäƤˤ첻ȶ̤뤿Ǥä


פ Flemish ֻڤꤿΤȤǶ̣ΤϰŪ˸Ƥ뤳ȤǤϤʤ褦Ǥ롥ޤ΢ƤʤΤǡ³Ĵ

Salmon, Vivian. "Orthography and Punctuation" The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 13--55.
ƣ ʿֱѸ˹͡סسر227桤1959ǯ15--41ǡ

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2010-03-30 Tue

#337. egges or eyren [caxton][popular_passage][plural][me_dialect][inflection][spelling]

ޤѸˤܤΤʤǷ֤Ѥ롤ŤѸǽ񤫤줿ȤΤĤ¸ߤ롥äѥå缡Υ֥ɲäƤ popular_passage ʤɤȤΤȤǰǤȡѤΤˤȻפäǡϡפɽѸ̾ʣɤˤĤ Caxton 1490ǯ Eneydos νʸǵ󤲤ƤäҲ𤹤롥пȤȤܤͤZealand ظϩ˥ȳߤΤȤȤΩꡤ׿ͤȤǤ롥

And one of theym named Sheffelde, a mercer, cam in-to an hows and axed for mete; and specyally axed after eggys. And the goode wyf answerde, that she coude speke no frenshe. And the marchaunt was angry, for he also coude speke no frensche, but wolde have hadde egges, and she understode hym not. And thenne at laste a nother sayd that he wolde have eyren. Then the gode wyf sayd that she understode hym wel. Loo, what sholde a man in thyse dayes wryte, egges or eyren?


[2009-11-06-1]ʤɤǿ줿ȤꡤѸλǤ롥󥰥ɳϤ¸ߤʥɥǤ顪ɸȤƤϰ̤ΩƤʤääơ㤨пȤüԤпȤüԤȤäˤϡ줾줬ʬݽФˤäΤǤꡤ˥ߥ˥ΩʤȤ⤢ꤨΰäǤϡפʣǤ eyrenǤ egges äˡ顤ߤˤ狼礨ʤä꤬̤Ƥ롥
ѸʣɽƤΤ eyren Ǥ롥űѸǤϡפɽ̾ñʤ ǣg Ȥ֤ä r-stem ȸƤФޥʡʶޥפ°̾ǡʣʷ ǣgru Τ褦 -r- Ƥchild / children ƱפǤ ( see [2009-09-19-1], [2009-09-20-1], [2009-12-01-1] )
ѸޤǤϡ -(e)n ղä줿۷֤ޤơűѸͳ r ķ֤ʤƤ14顤ťΥɸͳιŤ <g> ķ֤˸Ϥ᤿β桹ΤäƤȤꡤǽŪɸѸĤäΤο eggs ΤۤǤ뤫ˤϤ⤷
ֻˤĤƤCaxton ϡѤо줷ƶֻθ경θǽǤ뤬([2010-02-18-1])ûΤʤǤ eggys, egges ȸ˰֤꤬롥ֻɸಽϡ150ǯʾ夫ơ1718ޤǡäȿʹԤƤ椯Ȥˤʤ롥

ʰʲ嵭2025/01/19(Sun)
heldio #183. egges/eyren륭㥯ȥͭ̾ʰá


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2010-03-07 Sun

#314. -ise -ize (2) [spelling][bre][bnc][lob][flob][corpus][suffix][z]

[2010-02-26-1]εǼꤢ³ԡεǤϡñˤäΨϰۤʤΤΡꥹѸǤ -ise -ize ξֻԤ뤳ȤBNC ˴Ť餫ˤ20ˤĤƤϡ -ise ֤ΤۤͥȤȤä
̻ŪʴĤⵤˤʤäƤޤʤΤǡǿʵ䤬-ise / -ize ΤΨϡ鸽ߤޤǤ¿ʤȤѲƤΤΤޤǤΤܤʤޤǤ⡤Ѹ30ǯ֤ʬѲ򸫤Ƥͭյʷ̤Ф뤫⤷ʤȻפ1960ǯȾΥꥹѸɽ LOB ( Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen corpus ) 1990ǯȾΥꥹѸɽ FLOB ( Freiburg-LOB corpus ) ӤƤߤ뤳Ȥˤ
줾ΥѥǡεǼꤢ٥ȥå20 -ise / -ize ưˤĤơѲʲʬñ -s -ing(s) ˤޤ᤿٤ΨФƤߤʲɽȡˡ

itemLOB: rate (freq)FLOB: rate (freq)
-ise-ize-ise-ize
recognise59.6% (99)40.4% (67)71.8% (127)28.2% (50)
realise63.2% (134)36.8% (78)68.7% (125)31.3% (57)
organise65.6% (42)34.4% (22)67.2% (43)32.8% (21)
emphasise37.7% (20)62.3% (33)62.9% (39)37.1% (23)
criticise52.0% (13)48.0% (12)80.0% (24)20.0% (6)
characterise0.0% (0)100.0% (4)56.3% (18)43.8% (14)
summarise35.3% (6)64.7% (11)64.7% (11)35.3% (6)
specialise56.3% (18)43.8% (14)81.8% (27)18.2% (6)
apologise68.8% (11)31.3% (5)70.6% (12)29.4% (5)
advertise100.0% (41)0.0% (0)100.0% (55)0.0% (0)
authorise77.4% (24)22.6% (7)68.2% (15)31.8% (7)
minimise90.0% (9)10.0% (1)80.0% (16)20.0% (4)
surprise100.0% (182)0.0% (0)100.0% (173)0.0% (0)
supervise100.0% (10)0.0% (0)100.0% (9)0.0% (0)
utilise70.0% (7)30.0% (3)83.3% (5)16.7% (1)
maximise50.0% (2)50.0% (2)50.0% (9)50.0% (9)
symbolise50.0% (3)50.0% (3)40.0% (4)60.0% (6)
mobilise66.7% (2)33.3% (1)20.0% (1)80.0% (4)
stabilise58.3% (7)41.7% (5)33.3% (3)66.7% (6)
publicise81.8% (9)18.2% (2)84.6% (11)15.4% (2)


100쵬ϤΥѥʤΤǡȥå20ȤϤäƤⲼ̤Τۤθ٤Ϥۤɹ⤯ʤŪʰݤȤƤϡ-ise ֻ30ǯΤˤ露ƤƤ褦Ǥ롥Ψ礭ѲθʤΤΤˤ뤬ӤΤȤ emphasise, criticise, characterise, summarise, specialise ʤɤ롥ϤޤǰݤʤΤǡŪˡ뤤ϸ̤ñˤĤŪͭպΤɤ̤˸ڤɬפ롥ޤLOB ˤ characterise ϰڤʤ characterisation ϳǧ줿Ȥ⡤ưǤʤ̾ -isation / -ization 碌Ĵɬפ롥ˤϡб륢ꥫѸξĴꥹѸ̻ŪѲʤ⤷ȤФǤ뤬ˤȴطΤɤõɬפ롥

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2010-02-26 Fri

#305. -ise -ize [spelling][ame_bre][bnc][corpus][suffix][z]

ϡʡѸ񤯤Ȥˤϥꥹ֤ѤƤ롥ѹα桤Ƴ -ize / -ization θ -ise / -isation ƤռǤ롥ΤäȤʤäΥڥϡ̤ˤϡꥫѸǤϤäѤ -ize ѤꥹѸǤ -ise ѤȤ롥
ꥹѸǤɤͳȤƤϡꥫѸαƶ䡤θ츻Ȥƥꥷ -izein ̤뤿 -ize դ路ȴ뤳Ȥʤɤ󤲤ñˤäɤϰۤʤ褦ºݤΤȤꥹѸǤ -ise -ize ΤɤϤɤ٤Τ
ˤĤơTieken-Boon van Ostade (38) BNC ( The British National Corpus ) Ѥߥ˸Ƥgeneralise, characterise, criticise, recognise, realise 5 -ise -ize ΨĴ٤ȤΤǤ롥Υߥ˸˿ȯơ⤦ŪɤĴ٤Ƥߤ褦ȻפΩBNC-XML Ƿ399Ĥ -ise / -ize ɤΤߤưˤĤƤ줾٤ФƤߤʲϡ-ise / -ize 碌٤ȥå20ưǤ롥ʤߤˡ399ĤưˤĤƤǡ

item-ise rate (freq)-ize rate (freq)-ise + -ize
recognise61.1% (9143)38.9% (5812)14955
realise63.2% (9442)36.8% (5492)14934
organise62.3% (5540)37.7% (3359)8899
emphasise60.0% (2998)40.0% (1998)4996
criticise54.9% (2054)45.1% (1688)3742
characterise52.2% (1398)47.8% (1278)2676
summarise61.4% (1164)38.6% (731)1895
specialise70.7% (1163)29.3% (481)1644
apologise68.8% (1084)31.2% (492)1576
advertise99.5% (1542)0.5% (7)1549
authorise64.5% (987)35.5% (543)1530
minimise65.4% (984)34.6% (521)1505
surprise99.9% (1345)0.1% (1)1346
supervise99.8% (1303)0.2% (3)1306
utilise68.9% (798)31.1% (360)1158
maximise63.2% (719)36.8% (418)1137
symbolise49.2% (324)50.8% (334)658
mobilise45.5% (286)54.5% (342)628
stabilise53.5% (334)46.5% (290)624
publicise69.4% (419)30.6% (185)604


ɽ advertise, surprise, supervise 3ˤĤƤ -ise §ȤߤʤƤ褤ʳŪ -ise ͥʤ餤ǡꥹѸǤ -ize Ͻʬ˰ŪǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥399ʿѤȡ-ise Ψ51.6%Ȥʤꡤ-ize ȤۤɹƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ܤĴ٤иġưδѤȤΤΤ⤷ʤꥹѸ֤ȤƤϡҤȤޤ-ise פȹͤƤΤ꤫⤷ʤ

Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.

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2010-02-21 Sun

#300. explain ˤʤ <i> Τ (2) [etymology][spelling][loan_word][latin][french][etymological_respelling][sobokunagimon]

ε[2010-02-20-1]³ȤơѸäΤʤǥƥѸȥե󥹼Ѹ줬ɤΤ褦ʰּǶ¸Ƥ뤫ͤƤߤ
餫ˤ̤ꡤexplain <i> ϡӥե󥹸첽ƱѸäƤƤ plain ֻˤ롥ľܥƥ줫Ρ explane ե󥹸ˡ줿 explain ˶ȤǤ롥βΤ⤷ϡѸˤǤ褯夲 etymological respelling ȿФδطˤ뤳ȤǤ ( see etymological_respelling )
ŵŪˤϡetymological respelling ϡ˥ե󥹸첽DZѸäƤֻ˽Ѹ˳ؼԤˤäơץƥηؽ줿Ȥؤ㤨Сƥ perfectum ˤΤܤ perfect ϡѸ˥ե󥹸첽 parfit ηDZѸäƤѸ˥ƥֻ˴Ť perfect ؤѹ줿ե󥹸ˡ줿׷ƥΡΡ׷줿ȤǤ뤫顤 explain ȤϹоȤʤ
explain <i> ֻ˸ꤵƤΤϤѸǤ뤫顤λˤϾ夫ζʥƥˤȲʥե󥹸ˤξƯƤȤȤƥ줫֤γؼԤƳˤϥƥ˴Ť etymological respelling ꡤ⤦̱Ūʥ٥ѤΤǤ folk respelling ȤǤ⤤٤ݤäȤȤäȤ⡤ä˸ԤϡѸ˸¤餺ĤǤⵯݤǤϤ롥
plain ʿʡפ˴ϢưĤ⤷¤դä褦θϡƥ plānus ե󥹸첽ֻ14˱Ѹꡤߤˤޤ³Ƥ롥ؤѸȤƤΡʿ̤ΡפȤˤĤƤϡѸˡƥ򻲾Ȥֻ plane ô褦ˤʤäؼŪʤˤΤˤϳؼŪ򤷤ֻդ路ȤȤʿʡʿפʡפȤ줳ʿפʸϡʿ̱ˤդ路줿ֻ礤äȤȤ
explain <i> ꤫Ϥޤäơ⤷ȯ꼡

Referrer (Inside): [2015-01-26-1]

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2010-02-20 Sat

#299. explain ˤʤ <i> Τ [etymology][spelling][loan_word][latin][french][analogy][sobokunagimon]

νյ٤ߤ˥˥塼ɤ˸αΥ߳顤᡼ǼΤ褦ʼ䤬ä󶡤򤢤꤬Ȥˡ

Ȥ̾줫ưؤʻѤ򤷤Ȥˡexplanation explain ȤΤФƤޤɤ "i" ȤʸФƤΤΰ㤤ϲʤΤȼ䤷Ȥͥƥ֤ǤʬʤȤֻ֤äƤޤǤ


ΤԻ׵ĤǤ롥̾줬 explanation ǤСбư *explanate Ȥ *explane ǤäۤǤϤʤȹͤʤ롥㤨Сprofanation ¡פФ profanate profane ¤פǡǤ롥
®츻Ĵ٤Ƥߤ¨¤˸Ĥäplain ʿפʡפֻ ( analogy ) Ȥexplain ϥƥ explānāre ˤΤܤ롥 ex- + plānāre ʬ򤵤졤촴ʬ plānus ʿʡפ̤ΤǡȤ plain Ȥϸ츻ŪʤĤʤ꤬롥̣Ūˤϡʿ餫ˤעʿ˼עפȤϢǧ롥Ѹˤ1425ǯ˥ƥ줫ä
plain ֻפȤްդΤϡȤȤ explain ǤϤʤ explane ʤɤֻԤƤȤȤǤ롥OED Ĵ٤ȡºݤ1516ˤ explane Ȥֻǧ롥ߤֻ17ʹߤˤ褽ΩΤǤ롥
ǰĵ䤬롥explain <i> ΥǥȤʤä plain ƥ plānus ͳ褹ΤǤʤСplain Τ <i> ϲͳ褹Τƥ plānus Ϥʤ *plane ȤƱѸäƤʤäΤε򤯸ϡѷϩΰ㤤Ǥ롥explain ʤ explane ľܥƥ줫ѸäΤФplain ϥƥ줫ե󥹸ͳƱѸäΤǤ롥ե󥹸ͳʳǡ plānus plain ؤ졤Υե󥹸첽ֻѸäȤˤʤ롥plain αѸؤμѤ13ᤤΤǡѻΰ㤤ѷϩΰ㤤ˤȿǤƤΤȹͤ롥ȤƤϡƥ vānus ե󥹸ͳ vain Ȥ㤬󤲤褦⡤᤯12˱ѸäƤ
ޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥explain <i> ϡplain <i> Ǥ롥ơplain <i> ʤˤ뤫ȤСθ츻Ǥƥ plānus ե󥹸첽ֻDZѸäƤǤ롥̤ȤơѸ plain explain ξˤƥե󥹸ѤȤˤʤ롥

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2010-02-18 Thu

#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ [caxton][printing][spelling][standardisation][german]

[2009-12-24-1]εǡ15Ⱦ Caxton England ˰Ѥ⤿餷аޤˤĤƽҤ٤̤ˡΰѤƳϡ15Ⱦ˿ʹԤƤѸֻɸಽʤȤƲᤵƤ롥ѸˤθŵΰĤȤ٤ Baugh and Cable ϡѤαƶ򼡤Τ褦ɾƤ롥

A powerful force thus existed for promoting a standard, uniform language, and the means were now available for spreading that language throughout the territory in which it was understood. (Baugh and Cable 201)


Caxton ˤѤƳֻɸಽ˹׸ɤϵ路ȤФƤƤ롥

The introduction of the press did not at first assist the adoption of the standard, but over time compositors became more familiar with it and helped to ensure its triumph. (Blake 205 as cited in Horobin 79)


. . . while the advent of the printing press was an important factor for the standardisation of written English, this was a gradual process which even by the close of the fifteenth century still remained unfinished. (Horobin 87)


ˡѤϤषޤĤäƤֻ variation ˹̤ɸಽ˵չԤή߽ФȤո餢롥

. . . it is an irony in the history of the development of the standard that the orthography of early printing represented a backward step when compared with the established conventions of chancery English. (Görlach 24 as cited in Horobin 79)


λܤεŪʰոȴϢơϥɥĸν񤭸ɸಽξפФʲΰѡ

The inflectional system remained unstable during the following Early New High German period. One of the major factors for the instability was ironically the growing standardisation of written language. To quote R. Keller, "the growth of a written standard language spread regional features to other areas and by making them supra-regional increased variation and thus morphological confusion" (German 410) (Hotta 27)


Ѹξ硤嵭ΰոϡCaxton ΰȼԤ spelling λȤܺ٤ʬϤƤߤȤϤʤ餫ˤʤʤεϡĤʸ˾νФ͡ɾǽǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ȥƶ̣

Horobin, Simon. The Language of the Chaucer Tradition. Cambridge: Brewer, 2003.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.
Görlach, M. Studies in the History of the English Language. Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1990.
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
Keller, R. E. The German Language. London: Faber, 1978.

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2009-12-27 Sun

#244. ֻαƺΥꥹ [ame_bre][spelling]

[2009-12-23-1]ֻαƺ˿줿Ϥä˭٤󤲡˺ѤǽȤʤ褦˥ꥹȤηǤޤȤƤʲоɽϡDavies (84--90) The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Τ줾줫顤ƤǤŵŪ֤򤨤ȴΤǤ롥ˡܥޡΤΤϡ¾ֻŪ㤤٤ǤϤ뤬Ѥ줦뤳Ȥ򼨤

USUK
abridgmentabridgement
accoutermentaccoutrement
acknowledgmentacknowledgement
adapter +adaptor
agingageing
aluminumaluminium
amebaamoeba +
analyzeanalyse
anestheticanaesthetic
apologize +apologise
appallappal
appetizer +appetiser
arborarbour
ardorardour
armorarmour
armorerarmourer
armoryarmoury
artifactartefact
authorize +authorise
behaviorbehaviour
behoovebehove
calipercalliper
calisthenicscallisthenics
canceledcancelled +
candorcandour
capitalize +capitalise
catalogcatalogue
centercentre
chamomilecamomile
check (bank)cheque
checkerboardchequer-board
chilichilli
civilization +civilisation
civilize +civilise
clamorclamour
clangorclangour
clarinetistclarinettist
colorcolour
counselorcounsellor
cozycosy
curb (on a street)kerb
czartsar
defensedefence
demeanordemeanour
dependent (noun)dependant
dialingdialling
diarrheadiarrhoea
diskdisc
distilldistil
dolordolour
draftdraught
economize +economise
enamorenamour
endeavorendeavour
enrollenrol
enthrallenthral
equalize +equalise
favorfavour
favoritefavourite
favoritismfavouritism
fervorfervour
fiberfibre
flavorflavour
fulfillfulfil
furorfurore
gagegauge +
gemologygemmology
graygrey +
harborharbour
harmonize +harmonise
honorhonour
honorablehonourable
humorhumour
initialize +initialise
inquiry +enquiry
installmentinstalment
instillinstil
jailjail/gaol
jewelerjeweller
jewelryjewellery
judgmentjudgement
laborlabour
licenselicence
literlitre
maneuvermanoeuvre
marvelousmarvellous
memorize +memorise
misdemeanormisdemeanour
mobilize +mobilise
moldmould
moldingmoulding
mommum
mustachemoustache
naughtnought
neighborneighbour
neighborhoodneighbourhood
normalize +normalise
odorodour
organize +organise
pajamaspyjamas
paralyzeparalyse
parlorparlour
pasteurize +pasteurise
peddler +pedlar
percentper cent
persnicketypernickety
plowplough
polarize +polarise +
practice (verb)practise
pretensepretence
programprogramme
pulverize +pulverise
rancorrancour
realize +realise
recognize +recognise
rigorrigour
rumorrumour
savorsavour
savorysavoury
skepticsceptic
skillfulskilful
specterspectre
spilledspilt
splendorsplendour
story (of a building)storey
succorsuccour
sulfursulphur
symbolize +symbolise
sympathize +sympathise
theatertheatre +
tiretyre
travelertraveller
tumortumour
utilize +utilise
valorvalour
vaporvapour
vaporize +vaporise
vigorvigour
vise (tool)vice
willfulwilful
worshiperworshipper


Davies, Christopher. Divided by a Common Language: A Guide to British and American English. Mayflower, 1997. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007.

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2009-12-23 Wed

#240. ֻαƺ礭 [ame_bre][spelling][webster][l]

ѸαƺȤֻαƺϡȤǼͳݡȤʤɤݤȿ͵ΤǤ롥ʲΤ褦оɽ뤳Ȥ¿

ꥫѸꥹѸ
color, humorcolour, humour
center, litercentre, litre
defense, offensedefence, offence
traveler, traveledtraveller, travelled
ameba, anestheticamoeba, anaesthetic


ơԻ Noah Webster (1758-1843) 礤˽ФƥꥫѸֻפä򤹤Τ֤Ǥ롥
ɽֻαƺΰ򼨤˲᤮ʤȤϤΤΡŪûɽηǤޤȤȤȤϡ⤽⺹ʤȤξڵǤ롥षŪˤ⤪ΥƤꡤʬ줷400ǯ᤯κзήƤˤ⤫餺ʤȤȤ϶äǤ롥
ƺϤȤĴ줬ºݤˤϺ϶ϾǤȤϡ[2009-12-21-1]ǿ줿 Krapp ˸Ǥ롥Krapp ϥꥫѸˤ򥤥ꥹѸˤΩƵҤ뤳Ȥ褷Ȥʤ٤ӤƤȤäƤ롥ֻκˤĤƤ֤ߤפȤոΤ褦Ǥ롥

On the whole, Americans, like the British, have been conservative in their treatment of spelling, and the notion that American spelling is radical and revolutionary seems indeed to be mainly a survival from eighteenth and early nineteenth century political feeling. (Vol. 1, 328)


Krapp, George Philip. English Language in America. 2 vols. New York: Century, 1925.

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2009-12-12 Sat

#229. recognize women [pronunciation][spelling][phonetics]

ѸˤȯֻδطƤ뤳Ȥϡܥ֥ǤƻƻͤȤꤢƤǤ <o> /ɪ/ Υޥå󥰤̯Ǥ뤫[2009-05-13-1], [2009-12-06-1], [2009-12-07-1]Ǹä
Υޥå󥰤θͣȤ women /wɪmɪn/ 󤲤¤ϡͣפǤϤʤ¿μ recognize /ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪz/ ȯȤ뤬 /ˈrɛkɪgˌnaɪz/ ȯ󤲤Ƥ뼭񤬤ex. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionaryˡ첻첻첻Ǥ뤿ᡤ³ /k/ Ĵˤʤꡤ³첻ˤαƶͿȤȤˤʤΤ
recognize ˤ <o> /ɪ/ Υޥå󥰤ϡ(1) ȯѰۤΰĤˤʤȡ(2) 岻ˤߤˤʤȤ顤women ΥΤˤϵڤФʤϤꡤΰ۾ʥޥå󥰤ͣθԤ women ȤäƤ٤

Referrer (Inside): [2010-11-13-1]

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2009-12-07 Mon

#224. women ȯֻ (2) [pronunciation][spelling][phonetics][etymology]

ε[2009-12-06-1]Ǥϡñ <woman> /wʊmən/ Ū餫ˤ䤤ϡʣȯֻäʤ <women> ֤ꡤ/wɪmɪn/ ȯΤ
űѸ wīfmann ʣ wīfmenn ämann -- menn ưפͽ֤ۤǤ롥ʣǤñξƱͤ˰ϢβѲ/f/ /m/ αƶ /m/ ؤƱĹ첻 /i:/ /ɪ/ ؤûȤϡñΥȥѥǤ롥Ȥ/ɪ/ /w/ αƶ /ʊ/ ؤȱ߿ѲϵʤäñξȰۤʤäƤΤǤ롥
ϡ -mann -menn ˤ϶줺ñʣζ̤ۣˤʤ뤿ᡤ첻첻Ω뤳Ȥˤäƶ̤ݤȤȤ̤ǤϤʤȹͤ롥ñ /ʊ Фʣ /ɪ/ ǤȤԤħϡ᤽켫Ȥˤڤӡ/mɪn/ ȯ褦ˤʤäΤǤϤʤ
ֻϡȯȤΩơñֻĴ򤽤ȯŸη̡<o> ֤ä /ɪ/ ȯȤʴطߤˤäƤ롥
ʾ塤εȹ碌 woman women ȯֻäҤΰϢβѲֻȯãΤ褦Ưɤϡ¤ΤȤǤ롥Ѹ濴ȤƳ͡ȯֻʤƤѸ˺֤夤ȤΤ¤ѸˤˤפϡȤñ㲽Ƥʤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǡŤ򤷤

[ | ѥڡ ]

2009-12-06 Sun

#223. woman ȯֻ [pronunciation][spelling][phonetics][assimilation][etymology]

woman ʣ <women> ֤ /wɪmɪn/ ȯ롥<o> ֻ /ɪ/ βбȤΤϡѸ칭ȤɤǤꡤBernard Shaw 򤷤 <ghoti> "fish" ʤֻȯۤɤǤ([2009-05-13-1]) <o> /ɪ/ ʥޥå󥰤ϤˤΤ
򤯤ˤϡޤñ <woman> /wʊmən/ ͤʤФʤʤθθűѸη wīfmann Ǥ롥ϡwīf "wife" + mann "man" ʣǤ롥űѸ wīf ϡֺʡפΤۤˡֽװ̤̣ʥɥĸ Weib ֽפӡˡmann ϸѸƱͤˡˡפΤۤˡֿ͡פ̣äơʣ wīfmann ϡֽǤ͡פʤֽפ̣
űѸʹߡwīfmann ϤĤβѲФ뤳ȤȤʤä/f/ ľ /m/ ˤäĴͼƱ /m/ ؤѲǡĹ첻 /i:/ /ɪ/ ûޤƬ /w/ ³ /ɪ/ ˱ƶڤܤ/ɪ/ /ʊ/ ؤȱ߿ΰϢβѲˤäơŪȯ /wʊmən/ ޤ줿
ȯǤֻ <o> ϤޤƤʤѲη̤Ȥȯȯ̤֤С<wuman> ȤʤϤäºݤˡŪˤ <wumman> ʤɤֻڤ롥
ȤѸˡ<m>, <n>, <v>, <w> Τ褦˽ ( minim ) ǹʸζ٤ <u> ֤Ȥ򤱤褦ˤʤä<u> Ȥǹ뤿ᡤʸɤȽ̤Ĥʤʤ붲줬äǤ롥ǡΤ褦ʴĶˤ <u> Υե󥹸ֻޤͤ <o> ѤȤȯã
̾ȯϼȯãΤֻϿͰŪ˺ѤΤǤ롥ơwoman ϡȯ /wʊmən/ Ȥ夷ֻ <woman> Ȥ夹뤳ȤȤʤä
Ǥϡʣ women ȯֻϡε³

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2009-12-02 Wed

#219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ [spelling][double_plural]

ε[2009-12-01-1]ʣˤĤƿ줿űѸ줫ѸˤƤϡ̾ʣȤ -s ʳ -n ⤽ʤͥǤꡤ¿̾ʣ -n ȼäƤ򤯤ꡤѸˤޤ -n ʣݤ³̾ɽ꤬ eye Ǥ롥ɸѸǤ eyes ȵ§Ū -s 뤬ǤǤСޤ eyen ʤɤη֤ʤƤ롥
ˡѸǻȤ줿 eye ʣ֤ΰ֤Ǥ¤¿褦ȤȤäOEDMED, ¾űѸѸ¿ΥƥȤ齦Ф֤ȤޤȤ᤿̡ʤȤ172̤֤꤬Ѹ˾ǤʤƤȤȽ鷺˥եåȤ¤٤ꥹȤthrough ([2009-06-20-1]) ƱͤԴѤǤ롥

æȜan, æȜen, aies, ain, aine, ayes, eaȜæn, eaȜan, eaȜen, eaȜnen, eaȜum, eagen, echnen, een, eene, ees, eeyen, eeyn, eeyne, eȜan, eȜe, eȜen, eȜene, eȜenen, eȜhe, eȜhen, eȜhne, eȜne, eȜo, eȜu, egan, egen, egena, egȜen, egghnen, eghen, eghene, eghien, eghn, eghne, eghnes, eghun, eghyn, eghyne, egthen, egum, egyn, ehene, ehȜan, ehȜen, ehne, ehnen, ehtyn, eien, eiene, eies, eiȜe, eiȜen, eiȜene, eiȜes, eiȜne, eiȜyen, eighen, eighne, eihen, eiine, ein, eine, eithen, en, ene, ene-, enghne, enn, enyn, eon, ewine, exyn, eye, eyeȜe, eyen, eyen-, eyene, eyes, eyeyn, eyȜe, eyȜen, eyȜene, eyȜin, eyȜne, eyȜnen, eyȜyn, eyghen, eyghne, eygnyn, eyhe, eyhen, eyhene, eyhne, eyien, eyiȜen, eyin, eyn, eyne, eynen, eynes, eynin, eynon, eynyn, eynys, eyon, eys, eyyn, ȜeȜen, Ȝen, Ȝene, Ȝien, he, heen, heȜe, heȜhen, hegehen, heghne, heie, heien, heiene, hene, heyghen, heyne, heynen, heynyn, hiȜen, hyes, hynon, ieen, ieghen, ien, ies, iȜe, iȜen, iȜene, ighen, in, ine, iyen, iyes, jes, jyn, nyen, nynon, nyon, uyn, yeen, yees, yeȜe, yeȜen, yeghen, yen, yene, yes, yeyn, yȜe, yȜen, yȜes, ygne, yhen, yien, yne, yon, yyn, yyne, yys


172̤򥿥ʬС첻ѰۤϤꤢꤦ뤬-e, -en, -ne, -es, -nen, -nes 6ȤΤǸĤʣ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ǽ <n> Ūˤʣɸ˽ʬθ夵 <n> <s> ȤʣղäƤΤǡšפȤ櫓Ǥ롥
ܤϡʸˤơ

Hotta, Ryuichi. "A Historical Study on 'eyes' in English from a Panchronic Point of View." Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature 20 (2005): 75--100.

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2009-11-11 Wed

#198. its ε [spelling][personal_pronoun][punctuation][gender][genitive]

ε[2009-11-10-1]ǡ;̾ its ˡˤĤƿ줿˵󤲤 Shakespeare (First Folio ed.) ΰѤǤϡits ǤϤʤ it's ȤֻѤƤ뤳Ȥ˵ŤFirst Folio ǤΤȤƤߤȡapostrophe it's 9㡤ʤ its 1㡤ǧ롥 it's Τۤ٤⤫äȤˤʤ롥
apostrophe ̵̤ͭȤơ⤽ its ͭ̾ȤƻȤ褦ˤʤäȼΤŪ餷its ν16ǤꡤθűѸ졦Ѹλϡhis ѤƤ his ϡ[2009-09-29-1],[2009-10-25-1]Ǥߤ褦ˡͳ;ñη֤Ǥꡤ;ñ his žѤȤ櫓ǤϤʤƱͤˡŪˤ him ϻ;ñͿʷǤȤȤ˻;ñͿʷǤ⤢ä
Ѹˡʸˡ ( grammatical gender ) ѤƼ ( natural gender ) ̾졦̾Υƥ꡼ȤƳΩƤȡʿ͡ˤ͡ˤΤΤȤƱ̾η֤ͭƤ뤳Ȥ˰´Ƥ롥ºݤˡChaucer ̾η [2009-10-25-1] ǤϡűѸͿʷä him ϻѤäƤ롥ơѸˤ줳ߤϤ´äΰϤϡ°ʷä his ˤڤ his ֤Τϡit Ȥʷ̾νͭʸȤ夷Ƥ -s դ褦Ȥñȯۤ˴Ťƺ줿 its ä
ȤƤ him his ξüִΤۤˤ⡤ͤͤζ̤Τˤ褦ȤϤϡԻ˱ƴط̾ who which Ȥʬ褦ˤʤäˤߤ롥⡤ѸǤ롥
ʾطʤ its 16˸졤17ˤϤۤܳΩֻǤ it's 19ޤǻȯŪˤߤ줿ѤȤƸߤˤޤǺĤäƤ롥it is it has ξάȤƤ it's ȡ̾νͭʤ its ϡȯƱȤ⤢ꡤߤǤѸüԤˤȤäƺǤ褯ְ㤨ֻΰĤǤ롥Τ褯ְ㤤ˤĤƤε׻ȡ

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2009-11-06 Fri

#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ [spelling][me][chancery_standard][ame][me_dialect][standardisation][through]

[2009-06-21-1], [2009-06-20-1]Ѹˤ through ΰ֤꤬515̤ꤢäȤ˼夲ѸλǤꡤֻˤȿǤ줿̡ȤǤʤΰ֤꤬ʤ줿Ѹˤʤȡ˽񤭸ɸबƤޤŪʰ̣ǤΡɸפǤϤʤɸಽؤβߤȤʤֻפ󶡤ƤѼǤ롥ϥɥθʸѤ줿ѼǡChancery Standard ȤΤƤ롥15 Chancery Standard ΥѥĴ Fisher et al. ˤȡthrough ΰ֤Ϥλ14ˤޤǹʤƤʣΰ֤꤬ǸŪʰ̣ǤΡɸפǤϤʤȤΤ뤬515̤⤢äľλ٤гʤοǤ롥ʲѥٿȤȤ˰֤󤲤롥

through (1), thurgh (4), þurgh (3), thorugh (2), thourgh (1), throu (1), thorogh (1), throgh (1), thorwe (1), thorwgh (1), thorw (1), thorow (1), þorow (1), þorowe (1)


Chancery English ʳΥѥ򻲾ȤС¾ΰ֤⤤ޤ˭٤¸ߤƤȿ¬뤬15αѸν񤭸դɸಽؤƻ߻Ϥ᤿Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ʤߤˡ򺣡ƸǸ thru ֤ϡѸ줫ΰ֤ˤȤڤΥƹͤ٤Ǥ롥ºݤˡѸ515̤Τʤ thru ¸ߤʤѸ through ȤƤ褦䤯ɸಽ줿֤꤬ǯƸ thru ʤ֤򸫤ƤȤȤϡˤչԤƤ褦Ǥ⤷

Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.
Nevalainen, Terttu. An Introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006. 30.
Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996. 68, 76.

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2009-07-29 Wed

#93. third βžϤĵä (2) [metathesis][spelling][lalme][laeme]

ε[2009-07-28-1]˰³third βžĵäϡѸϰϤȤ LALME 򸫤Ƥߤ롥˸¤äƤΰ֤ꥹȤʤΤǡϤ狼ʤΤΡŪʬۤǤ롥

terd, thed, therd, therdde, therde, third, thirdde, thirde, thrd, thre, thred, thredd, thredde, threde, thrid, thridd, thridde, thride, thryd, thrydd, thrydde, thryde, thryde, thyrde, thyrd, trid, tyrd, þerd, þerde, þird, þirdde, þirde, þred, þred, þredde, þrede, þrid, þrid-, þridde, þride, þryd, þrydd, þrydde, þryde, þyrd, yerdde, yird, yirdde, yirde, yred, yredde, yrede, yrid, yridde, yride, yryd, yryde


ѸǤϲžϤۤȤɵäƤʤäѸǤϲžФ <첻 + r> 3ʬ1֤˳ǧ롥ä٤ι⤤֤ϡthird, thrid, thridde, thryd, thyrd ΤĤž򤹤Ǥ˷ФƤ֤Ǥ롥
ͤޤǤˡ饤Ǥ Middle English Dictionary thrid Τơ֤ǧƤߤ뤳Ȥ򴫤롥
嵭顤ž˹ޤä櫓ǤϤʤäȳμ¤ʬۤ򹭤äƤȤʬ롥10ȾФθűѸλ ðirdda ȤžѤƤ⤢ꡤκʬۤ򹭤ƤΤǽŪ third 夹Τ϶ѸˤʤäƤꤵ뤬μ¤ʤȤ LAEME LALME ˰³ѸΥѥǰ֤ĴԤɬפ롥

Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass, eds. A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, 1150--1325. http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/laeme1.html . Online. Edinburgh: U of Edinburgh, 2007.
McIntosh, Angus, Michael Louis Samuels, Michael Benskin, eds. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.

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