ѸֻȯЪΥˤϼŪطʤ롥ŪΤĤˤĤƤ[2009-06-28-2]εˤ (2) ǼΤˤƤʤѸ𤬤äspelling-pronunciation gap ȤƸѸˤޤǻĤäɬ¿ʤˤϤƱѸŪʻ𤬤ä
busy ʵڤӤ̾ business ˤˤȤäƹͤƤߤ褦busy 1첻 <u> ֻʤ /ɪ/ ȯǡѸäΤʤǤǹ٤Ե§ʸȤäƤ
θõˤϡѸθʤФʤʤ[2009-09-04-1]Ǹ褦ˡѸΥɤˤΤʬ¸ߤθűѸˤʹߤζѸˤ¸ߤ٤κϤȯãʤϤʤȹͤƤ褤Ǥ⡤Ѹ줬λפȸƤФ졤¸ߤܤΤϡդɸबԺߤȤǡդΤˤФɽƤǤ롥̻ϼäդΡ¤פդξȿǤ̤Ȥ1ĤθФʣֻΩȤʤäʤκǤü㤬[2009-06-20-1]ǾҲ𤷤 through ֻǤˡ
14ʹߡˤ䤫˥ɥȯͤνɸ餷ΤƤ롥αѸˤɸλߤζ줷ߤˤȤСѸϤνϤˤʤɥŪˤθǤꡤޤή͡ΤĤܤǤ⤢äɥפȤʤ礦٤Τʤ顤֤ơʬŪˤϿͰŪˡʬŪˤϼȯŪɸ餷Τ줭ΤǤ롥
嵭طʤѸ첻äܤűѸ <y> ֻˡ/y/ ȯˤɽ蘆ƤֻȯϡѸγǤϤ줾켡Τ褦ɽФƤ

绨ĤˤäơǤ <i> /ɪ/Ǥ <u> /y/Ǥ <e> /ɛ/ Ȥʬֻۤ <u> ϥեֻαƶǤˡäơűѸ <y> äƤϡѸǤˤä֤͡졤ȯ줿Ȥˤʤ롥ʲɽͤ˺ˡ
| Southwestern, West-Midland | North, East-Midland | Southeastern (Kentish) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OE forms | /y/ | /ɪ/ | /ɛ/ |
| byrgan "bury" | bury | biry | bery |
| bysig "busy" | busy | bisy | besy |
| cynn "kin" | kun | kin | ken |
| lystan "lust" | luste(n) | liste(n) | leste(n) |
| myrge "merry" | murie | myry | mery |
| synn "sin" | sunne | synne | senne, zenne |
Ѹ <oo> ֻɽ蘆ȯˤϡ3ब뤳ȤΤƤ롥
/uː/: doom, food, pool, tooth, soot
/ʊ/: book, good, hood, look, stood
/ʌ/: blood, flood
ֻȯ¿ǤŵŪ3̤ȯΤϡѸۤʤʣβѲ缡 <oo> ɽ魯ФƺѤǤ롥ޤϡ15ʹߤ첻 ( Great Vowel Shift ) Ǥ ( see [2009-11-18-1] ) Ѹˤ <oo> /oː/ Ȥȯб첻ܤˤΧ˾夲 ( raising ) Ф /uː/ Ѳ
ˡ/uː/ Ȥʤä <oo> ΰ /k, t, d/ ³Τΰˡʢ 嵭/k/ ϻǤϤޤǤ2010/10/26(Tue)ˤ16?17û ( shortening ) /ʊ/ Ȥʤä /ʊ/ ؤѲ췲Τ˾ʬ礬٤16Ⱦаʹߤ岽 ( centralisation ) /ʌ/ ȤʤäʰʾޤȤޤȡˡ

Τ褦ˡۤʤ벻Ѳ <oo> ĸʬ硤ˤʬФƯˡѸζŪʻߤ <oo> Ф3ȯб뤳Ȥˤʤä
<oo> <oa> δطˤĤƤ[2010-07-06-1]εȡ
ס ׯҡؿѸ١罤۽Ź1988ǯ174ǡ
ոͻԤ⤮˽ФβƤԽˤϻǯ1٤ƤȤΤȤǡֹפ˭פäϥʥɤʤΤǡ⤮Ƥ˭դ٤Ƥ

ϸŤϡ֤ʤפȤä褦ǡΤ̣ۤ뤳Ȥʤʤˤά줿Τȸ롥̾Ρ֤Τߡפϡ̵פ̤ΤﵯդȤƵդˡͭμ¡פȤäȤˤʰʾPDFǥɤǤڡʪŵ ֤䤵Ȥ2010ǯǡ ˡΤĤ֤ơפϡ̵פ˰äϤͷӤǡꤲĤ֤ơʾСˤ֤äƤʤȤʤɤֻʤؤΤ褦ϡ̵פ̤뤳Ȥ顤ܤʸ˾塤ͥƥ֤ª뤳Ȥ¿ä
Хʥʥ°οʪ ( Pyrus ) 20郎ʬۤƤ뤬̼ȤƺݤΤäˤ褯ΤƤΤϥʥʥ˥ۥʥˤȥ襦ʥǤ롥Ѹ pear Ϥޤǥ襦ʥǤꡤ˥ۥʥ Japanese [Asian] pear ʤɤȤǶϥ顦եʤβۻҤκȤƥ襦ʥ褯Τ褦ˤʤäѸ pear ܤΡפϤޤ̼Ǥ롥ʲοޤǺ襦ʥ

DZѸ pear ֻȯ˰ܤֻ鸫Dzɤ褦Ȥȡpeer Ʊ *[pɪə] Ȥʤꤽ˻פ뤬ºݤˤ pair Ʊ [pɛə] Ǥꡤͽۤڤ롥<ear> ֻ̾ [ɪə] б뤳Ȥϡʲ¿θˤäڤ롥
appear, arrears, beard, blear, clear, dear, dreary, ear, fear, gear, hear, near, rear, sear, shear (verb), smear, tear (noun), weary, year
<ear> ֤ȯ¿ѸǤ [ɛːr] Ǥꡤ첻 ( Great Vowel Shift ) ˤĹ첻2ʾ徺 [iːr] Ȥʤä2ʾ徺ˤĤƤ[2009-11-18-1]㳰ˤĤƤ[2009-11-19-1], [2009-11-20-1], [2010-07-25-1]ȡˡ˸Ԥ ( breaking ) ̤Ȥ [ɪə] Ȥʤä嵭θ췲ȯŪˤߤƵ§ŪȤäƤ褤
Ȥ<ear> İθ첻ܤξ夲Ф[ɛːr] ľܤ˳ [ɛə] Ȥʤ긽ߤ˻äƤ롥ȤƤ pear ޤưʲΤ褦ʸ줬롥
bear ( OE beran ) , pear ( OE peru ) , swear ( OE swerian ) , tear (verb; OE teran), wear ( werian )
㳰Ūʸ췲Ǥϡ [ɛːr] 첻ܤϤޤľ15Ϥ餤 [eːr] 鲼βФϤ餷üʷаޤľ첻ܤϤȤʤʤĶѰդűѸθȤСѸγĹ ( Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening ) ϤȤʤꤦ벻ϢޤޤƤ뤳Ȥ̤Ƥ뤬spear ( OE spere ) Τ褦㳰⤢롥ѲϰǤϤʤ
ʤߤ pear ϥƥ pirum μѤǡPyrus ֥Хʥʥ°פǤϸŤ [i] 첻¸Ƥ롥
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ194--95, 209--10ǡ
ε[2010-07-06-1] <oa> ˡεꤢĤǤȤ <ea> ΤȤˤڤ줿ñĴ٤ƤߤʤȤ <ea> ˤĤƤϡֻ Flemish ⤿餵줿Ȥƣ (29) κϸĤʤäष<ea> ϸűѸͳֻ Anglo-French ͳ15αѸˤޤ졤ɸಽΤ Scragg (48) Ϥ
Scragg ˤȡ<ea> ֻϸűѸɸȤ West-Saxon ΤΤä줬12 Anglo-Norman ˼ޤ줿Anglo-Norman νդΦեˡΩ饤ɤǻȤФƤꡤä˽κ West-Saxon ֻȯãƤAnglo-Norman ˼Ѥ줿 <ea> ֻϡ15˸ʸθ줬 Anglo-Norman ѸؤȥեȤݤˡƤӱѸᤵ줿ɤɽνդ OE West-Saxon ME Anglo-Norman LME Chancery English Ѳʤǡ<ea> Ȥֻˤʤ館Ȥ¤̣
<ea> Chancery English ˼줿ˤ첻ܤ̤λäΤǡޤ /e:/ ȶ̤Ƥ /ɛ:/ ɽֻȤ <ea> ƤǤϤʤäθ夤 /i:/ ˼̤Ƥޤ <ea> Ʊ ( homophone ) ̤Ȥ̤ΤߤȤʤäƤޤäǤ⡤ˡ˳Τϰ̤ۤ夲Ƥ <ea> ϤäѤǤ롥űѸ줫鸽ѸˤޤǡļƤ⤪ʤ餤̣¸ߤäˤ⤫餺ιȤޤӤƤȤǡ<ea> ̿Ϥ
Ѹ ease, reason ФƸե aise, raison ȤۤϡԤ OE ȯ Anglo-Norman ͳȤ롼ȤäȤˤ롥ease, reason ȤñֻߤȤűѸΰϢʤ³դեѸˤ鸫ȤǤ뤳Ȥ˶̣Ф롥ʾηаޤΤäơ <ea> Ф븫ѤäʸűѸɤȤˤ⸽ѸɤȤˤˡ
people, jeopardy ʤɤ˸ <eo> ֻ⡤űѸͳ衤Anglo-Saxon ͳӤƤƱ˦Τ褦ˡ塤<ea> ۤɤϳΤϰ̤ۤƤϤʤ褦Ǥ (Scragg 49)
ƣ ʿֱѸ˹͡סسر227桤1959ǯ15--41ǡ
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
Ѹ <oa> ֻϡboat, goal, oat ʤɤΤ褦 RP /əʊ/ бΤ§Ǥ롥ME ޤǤ bot boot ֤뤳Ȥ¿äOE /a:/ ߿첻 /ɔ:/ ȡOE ³Ĥ /o:/ ȯ̤ŪǡѸˤ̤֤褦ˤʤä<oa> Ĺ첻ˡ<oo> ĤĹ첻ббĹ첻Ϥ줾첻 ([2009-11-18-1]) ˤäѲޤǤ moan moon Τ褦ȯֻΩ߽Фб첻ʻˤǤƱͤ <ea> <ee> Ωޤ줿 <ea> бĹ첻첻ܴüʿˤĤƤ[2009-11-19-1], [2009-11-20-1]ȡˡ
Τ褦 <oa> ֻ1570ǯΰȼԤϤΤϰӤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ㤨жؼԤ Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) ϻѤƤʤб첻ɽ <ea> Ϥ⤦Ť Caxton ǤѤƤꡤAnglo-French <ea> ͳ褹ʤƤ켫Τ Old English ͳ褹) ȤФлŦƤ뤬 ( Salmon, p. 27 )<oa> ΤۤϤɤʤΤĴʬʤ16ˤʤäƤƳ줿ΤΤ褦Ǥ롥
꤬ˤʤäΤϡƣ (29) ˼Τ褦ʰäǤ롥
MEκǸˤʤȺΥ٥륮ޤ͢줿 ea, oe ε椬 deal boat Τ褦ʸ˻ȤϤ dead boot ʤϰäȯäƤˤ첻ȶ̤뤿Ǥä
פ Flemish ֻڤꤿΤȤǶ̣ΤϰŪ˸Ƥ뤳ȤǤϤʤ褦Ǥ롥ޤƤʤΤǡ³Ĵ
Salmon, Vivian. "Orthography and Punctuation" The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 13--55.
ƣ ʿֱѸ˹͡סسر227桤1959ǯ15--41ǡ
ޤѸˤܤΤʤǷ֤Ѥ롤ŤѸǽ줿ȤΤĤ¸ߤ롥äѥå缡Υ֥ɲäƤ popular_passage ʤɤȤΤȤǰǤȡѤΤˤȻפäǡϡפɽѸ̾ʣɤˤĤ Caxton 1490ǯ Eneydos νʸǵƤäҲ𤹤롥пȤȤܤͤZealand ظϩ˥ȳߤΤȤȤΩꡤͤȤǤ롥
And one of theym named Sheffelde, a mercer, cam in-to an hows and axed for mete; and specyally axed after eggys. And the goode wyf answerde, that she coude speke no frenshe. And the marchaunt was angry, for he also coude speke no frensche, but wolde have hadde egges, and she understode hym not. And thenne at laste a nother sayd that he wolde have eyren. Then the gode wyf sayd that she understode hym wel. Loo, what sholde a man in thyse dayes wryte, egges or eyren?
[2009-11-06-1]ʤɤǿ줿ȤꡤѸλǤ롥ɳϤ¸ߤʥɥǤ顪ɸȤƤϰ̤ΩƤʤääơ㤨пȤüԤпȤüԤȤäˤϡ줾줬ʬݽФˤäΤǤꡤ˥ߥ˥ΩʤȤ⤢ꤨΰäǤϡפʣǤ eyrenǤ egges äˡ顤ߤˤ狼礨ʤä꤬̤Ƥ롥
ѸʣɽƤΤ eyren Ǥ롥űѸǤϡפɽ̾ñʤ ǣg Ȥ֤ä r-stem ȸƤФޥʡʶޥפ°̾ǡʣʷ ǣgru Τ褦 -r- Ƥchild / children ƱפǤ ( see [2009-09-19-1], [2009-09-20-1], [2009-12-01-1] )
ѸޤǤϡ -(e)n ղä줿۷֤ޤơűѸͳ r ķ֤ʤƤ14顤ťΥɸͳιŤ <g> ķ֤˸Ϥβ桹ΤäƤȤꡤǽŪɸѸĤäΤο eggs ΤۤǤ뤫ˤϤ⤷
ֻˤĤƤCaxton ϡѤо줷ƶֻθ경θǽǤ뤬([2010-02-18-1])ûΤʤǤ eggys, egges ȸ˰֤꤬롥ֻɸಽϡ150ǯʾ夫ơ1718ޤǡäȿʹԤƤ椯Ȥˤʤ롥
ʰʲ嵭2025/01/19(Sun)
heldio #183. egges/eyren륭㥯ȥͭ̾ʰá
[2010-02-26-1]εǼꤢ³ԡεǤϡñˤäΨϰۤʤΤΡꥹѸǤ -ise -ize ξֻԤ뤳ȤBNC ˴Ť餫ˤ20ˤĤƤϡ -ise ֤ΤۤͥȤȤä
̻ŪʴĤⵤˤʤäƤޤʤΤǡǿʵ䤬-ise / -ize ΤΨϡ鸽ߤޤǤ¿ʤȤѲƤΤΤޤǤΤܤʤޤǤ⡤Ѹ30ǯ֤ʬѲƤͭյʷ̤Ф뤫⤷ʤȻפ1960ǯȾΥꥹѸɽ LOB ( Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen corpus ) 1990ǯȾΥꥹѸɽ FLOB ( Freiburg-LOB corpus ) ӤƤߤ뤳Ȥˤ
줾ΥѥǡεǼꤢ٥ȥå20 -ise / -ize ưˤĤơѲʲʬñ -s -ing(s) ˤޤ٤ΨФƤߤʲɽȡˡ
| item | LOB: rate (freq) | FLOB: rate (freq) | ||
| -ise | -ize | -ise | -ize | |
| recognise | 59.6% (99) | 40.4% (67) | 71.8% (127) | 28.2% (50) |
| realise | 63.2% (134) | 36.8% (78) | 68.7% (125) | 31.3% (57) |
| organise | 65.6% (42) | 34.4% (22) | 67.2% (43) | 32.8% (21) |
| emphasise | 37.7% (20) | 62.3% (33) | 62.9% (39) | 37.1% (23) |
| criticise | 52.0% (13) | 48.0% (12) | 80.0% (24) | 20.0% (6) |
| characterise | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% (4) | 56.3% (18) | 43.8% (14) |
| summarise | 35.3% (6) | 64.7% (11) | 64.7% (11) | 35.3% (6) |
| specialise | 56.3% (18) | 43.8% (14) | 81.8% (27) | 18.2% (6) |
| apologise | 68.8% (11) | 31.3% (5) | 70.6% (12) | 29.4% (5) |
| advertise | 100.0% (41) | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% (55) | 0.0% (0) |
| authorise | 77.4% (24) | 22.6% (7) | 68.2% (15) | 31.8% (7) |
| minimise | 90.0% (9) | 10.0% (1) | 80.0% (16) | 20.0% (4) |
| surprise | 100.0% (182) | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% (173) | 0.0% (0) |
| supervise | 100.0% (10) | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% (9) | 0.0% (0) |
| utilise | 70.0% (7) | 30.0% (3) | 83.3% (5) | 16.7% (1) |
| maximise | 50.0% (2) | 50.0% (2) | 50.0% (9) | 50.0% (9) |
| symbolise | 50.0% (3) | 50.0% (3) | 40.0% (4) | 60.0% (6) |
| mobilise | 66.7% (2) | 33.3% (1) | 20.0% (1) | 80.0% (4) |
| stabilise | 58.3% (7) | 41.7% (5) | 33.3% (3) | 66.7% (6) |
| publicise | 81.8% (9) | 18.2% (2) | 84.6% (11) | 15.4% (2) |
ϡʡѸȤˤϥꥹ֤ѤƤ롥ѹα桤Ƴ -ize / -ization θ -ise / -isation ƤռǤ롥ΤäȤʤäΥڥϡ̤ˤϡꥫѸǤϤäѤ -ize ѤꥹѸǤ -ise ѤȤ롥
ꥹѸǤɤͳȤƤϡꥫѸαƶ䡤θ츻Ȥƥꥷ -izein ̤뤿 -ize դ路ȴ뤳Ȥʤɤñˤäɤϰۤʤ褦ºݤΤȤꥹѸǤ -ise -ize ΤɤϤɤ٤Τ
ˤĤơTieken-Boon van Ostade (38) BNC ( The British National Corpus ) Ѥߥ˸Ƥgeneralise, characterise, criticise, recognise, realise 5 -ise -ize ΨĴ٤ȤΤǤ롥Υߥ˸˿ȯơ⤦ŪɤĴ٤Ƥߤ褦ȻפΩBNC-XML Ƿ399Ĥ -ise / -ize ɤΤߤưˤĤƤ줾٤ФƤߤʲϡ-ise / -ize 碌٤ȥå20ưǤ롥ʤߤˡ399ĤưˤĤƤǡ
| item | -ise rate (freq) | -ize rate (freq) | -ise + -ize |
|---|---|---|---|
| recognise | 61.1% (9143) | 38.9% (5812) | 14955 |
| realise | 63.2% (9442) | 36.8% (5492) | 14934 |
| organise | 62.3% (5540) | 37.7% (3359) | 8899 |
| emphasise | 60.0% (2998) | 40.0% (1998) | 4996 |
| criticise | 54.9% (2054) | 45.1% (1688) | 3742 |
| characterise | 52.2% (1398) | 47.8% (1278) | 2676 |
| summarise | 61.4% (1164) | 38.6% (731) | 1895 |
| specialise | 70.7% (1163) | 29.3% (481) | 1644 |
| apologise | 68.8% (1084) | 31.2% (492) | 1576 |
| advertise | 99.5% (1542) | 0.5% (7) | 1549 |
| authorise | 64.5% (987) | 35.5% (543) | 1530 |
| minimise | 65.4% (984) | 34.6% (521) | 1505 |
| surprise | 99.9% (1345) | 0.1% (1) | 1346 |
| supervise | 99.8% (1303) | 0.2% (3) | 1306 |
| utilise | 68.9% (798) | 31.1% (360) | 1158 |
| maximise | 63.2% (719) | 36.8% (418) | 1137 |
| symbolise | 49.2% (324) | 50.8% (334) | 658 |
| mobilise | 45.5% (286) | 54.5% (342) | 628 |
| stabilise | 53.5% (334) | 46.5% (290) | 624 |
| publicise | 69.4% (419) | 30.6% (185) | 604 |
ε[2010-02-20-1]³ȤơѸäΤʤǥƥѸȥեѸ줬ɤΤ褦ʰּǶ¸Ƥ뤫ͤƤߤ
餫ˤ̤ꡤexplain <i> ϡӥե첽ƱѸäƤƤ plain ֻˤ롥ľܥƥ줫Ρ explane եˡ줿 explain ˶ȤǤ롥βΤ⤷ϡѸˤǤ褯夲 etymological respelling ȿФδطˤ뤳ȤǤ ( see etymological_respelling )
ŵŪˤϡetymological respelling ϡ˥ե첽DZѸäƤֻ˽Ѹ˳ؼԤˤäơץƥηؽ줿Ȥؤ㤨Сƥ perfectum ˤΤܤ perfect ϡѸ˥ե첽 parfit ηDZѸäƤѸ˥ƥֻ˴Ť perfect ؤѹ줿եˡ줿ƥΡΡ줿ȤǤ뤫顤 explain ȤϹоȤʤ
explain <i> ֻ˸ꤵƤΤϤѸǤ뤫顤λˤϾ夫ζʥƥˤȲʥեˤξƯƤȤȤƥ줫֤γؼԤƳˤϥƥ˴Ť etymological respelling ꡤ⤦̱Ūʥ٥ѤΤǤ folk respelling ȤǤ⤤٤ݤäȤȤäȤ⡤ä˸ԤϡѸ˸¤餺ĤǤⵯݤǤϤ롥
plain ʿʡפ˴ϢưĤ⤷¤դä褦θϡƥ plānus ե첽ֻ14˱Ѹꡤߤˤޤ³Ƥ롥ؤѸȤƤΡʿ̤ΡפȤˤĤƤϡѸˡƥȤֻ plane ô褦ˤʤäؼŪʤˤΤˤϳؼŪֻդ路ȤȤʿʡʿפʡפȤ줳ʿפʸϡʿ̱ˤդ路줿ֻ礤äȤȤ
explain <i> ꤫Ϥޤäơ⤷ȯ꼡
νյ٤ߤ˥˥塼ɤ˸αΥ߳顤ǼΤ褦ʼ䤬ä꤬Ȥˡ
Ȥ̾줫ưؤʻѤȤˡexplanation explain ȤΤФƤޤɤ "i" ȤʸФƤΤΰ㤤ϲʤΤȼ䤷Ȥͥƥ֤ǤʬʤȤֻ֤äƤޤǤ
ΤԻĤǤ롥̾줬 explanation ǤСбư *explanate Ȥ *explane ǤäۤǤϤʤȹͤʤ롥㤨Сprofanation ¡פФ profanate profane ¤פǡǤ롥
®츻Ĵ٤Ƥߤ¨¤˸Ĥäplain ʿפʡפֻ ( analogy ) Ȥexplain ϥƥ explānāre ˤΤܤ롥 ex- + plānāre ʬ졤촴ʬ plānus ʿʡפ̤ΤǡȤ plain Ȥϸ츻ŪʤĤʤ꤬롥̣Ūˤϡʿ餫ˤעʿ˼עפȤϢǧ롥Ѹˤ1425ǯ˥ƥ줫ä
plain ֻפȤްդΤϡȤȤ explain ǤϤʤ explane ʤɤֻԤƤȤȤǤ롥OED Ĵ٤ȡºݤ1516ˤ explane Ȥֻǧ롥ߤֻ17ʹߤˤ褽ΩΤǤ롥
ǰĵ䤬롥explain <i> ΥǥȤʤä plain ƥ plānus ͳ褹ΤǤʤСplain Τ <i> ϲͳ褹Τƥ plānus Ϥʤ *plane ȤƱѸäƤʤäΤεϡѷϩΰ㤤Ǥ롥explain ʤ explane ľܥƥ줫ѸäΤФplain ϥƥ줫եͳƱѸäΤǤ롥եͳʳǡ plānus plain ؤ졤Υե첽ֻѸäȤˤʤ롥plain αѸؤμѤ13ᤤΤǡѻΰ㤤ѷϩΰ㤤ˤȿǤƤΤȹͤ롥ȤƤϡƥ vānus եͳ vain Ȥ㤬褦⡤12˱ѸäƤ
ޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥explain <i> ϡplain <i> Ǥ롥ơplain <i> ʤˤ뤫ȤСθ츻Ǥƥ plānus ե첽ֻDZѸäƤǤ롥̤ȤơѸ plain explain ξˤƥեѤȤˤʤ롥
[2009-12-24-1]εǡ15Ⱦ Caxton England ˰Ѥ⤿餷аޤˤĤƽҤ٤̤ˡΰѤƳϡ15Ⱦ˿ʹԤƤѸֻɸಽʤȤƲᤵƤ롥ѸˤθŵΰĤȤ٤ Baugh and Cable ϡѤαƶΤ褦ɾƤ롥
A powerful force thus existed for promoting a standard, uniform language, and the means were now available for spreading that language throughout the territory in which it was understood. (Baugh and Cable 201)
Caxton ˤѤƳֻɸಽ˹ɤϵ路ȤФƤƤ롥
The introduction of the press did not at first assist the adoption of the standard, but over time compositors became more familiar with it and helped to ensure its triumph. (Blake 205 as cited in Horobin 79)
. . . while the advent of the printing press was an important factor for the standardisation of written English, this was a gradual process which even by the close of the fifteenth century still remained unfinished. (Horobin 87)
ˡѤϤषޤĤäƤֻ variation ˹̤ɸಽ˵չԤή߽ФȤո餢롥
. . . it is an irony in the history of the development of the standard that the orthography of early printing represented a backward step when compared with the established conventions of chancery English. (Görlach 24 as cited in Horobin 79)
λܤεŪʰոȴϢơϥɥĸνɸಽξפФʲΰѡ
The inflectional system remained unstable during the following Early New High German period. One of the major factors for the instability was ironically the growing standardisation of written language. To quote R. Keller, "the growth of a written standard language spread regional features to other areas and by making them supra-regional increased variation and thus morphological confusion" (German 410) (Hotta 27)
Ѹξ硤嵭ΰոϡCaxton ΰȼԤ spelling λȤܺ٤ʬϤƤߤȤϤʤ餫ˤʤʤεϡĤʸ˾νФ͡ɾǽǤ뤳ȤȤƶ̣
Horobin, Simon. The Language of the Chaucer Tradition. Cambridge: Brewer, 2003.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.
Görlach, M. Studies in the History of the English Language. Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1990.
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
Keller, R. E. The German Language. London: Faber, 1978.
[2009-12-23-1]ֻαƺ˿줿Ϥä˭٤˺ѤǽȤʤ褦˥ꥹȤηǤޤȤƤʲоɽϡDavies (84--90) The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Τ줾줫顤ƤǤŵŪ֤ȴΤǤ롥ˡܥޡΤΤϡ¾ֻŪ㤤٤ǤϤ뤬Ѥ줦뤳Ȥ
| US | UK |
|---|---|
| abridgment | abridgement |
| accouterment | accoutrement |
| acknowledgment | acknowledgement |
| adapter + | adaptor |
| aging | ageing |
| aluminum | aluminium |
| ameba | amoeba + |
| analyze | analyse |
| anesthetic | anaesthetic |
| apologize + | apologise |
| appall | appal |
| appetizer + | appetiser |
| arbor | arbour |
| ardor | ardour |
| armor | armour |
| armorer | armourer |
| armory | armoury |
| artifact | artefact |
| authorize + | authorise |
| behavior | behaviour |
| behoove | behove |
| caliper | calliper |
| calisthenics | callisthenics |
| canceled | cancelled + |
| candor | candour |
| capitalize + | capitalise |
| catalog | catalogue |
| center | centre |
| chamomile | camomile |
| check (bank) | cheque |
| checkerboard | chequer-board |
| chili | chilli |
| civilization + | civilisation |
| civilize + | civilise |
| clamor | clamour |
| clangor | clangour |
| clarinetist | clarinettist |
| color | colour |
| counselor | counsellor |
| cozy | cosy |
| curb (on a street) | kerb |
| czar | tsar |
| defense | defence |
| demeanor | demeanour |
| dependent (noun) | dependant |
| dialing | dialling |
| diarrhea | diarrhoea |
| disk | disc |
| distill | distil |
| dolor | dolour |
| draft | draught |
| economize + | economise |
| enamor | enamour |
| endeavor | endeavour |
| enroll | enrol |
| enthrall | enthral |
| equalize + | equalise |
| favor | favour |
| favorite | favourite |
| favoritism | favouritism |
| fervor | fervour |
| fiber | fibre |
| flavor | flavour |
| fulfill | fulfil |
| furor | furore |
| gage | gauge + |
| gemology | gemmology |
| gray | grey + |
| harbor | harbour |
| harmonize + | harmonise |
| honor | honour |
| honorable | honourable |
| humor | humour |
| initialize + | initialise |
| inquiry + | enquiry |
| installment | instalment |
| instill | instil |
| jail | jail/gaol |
| jeweler | jeweller |
| jewelry | jewellery |
| judgment | judgement |
| labor | labour |
| license | licence |
| liter | litre |
| maneuver | manoeuvre |
| marvelous | marvellous |
| memorize + | memorise |
| misdemeanor | misdemeanour |
| mobilize + | mobilise |
| mold | mould |
| molding | moulding |
| mom | mum |
| mustache | moustache |
| naught | nought |
| neighbor | neighbour |
| neighborhood | neighbourhood |
| normalize + | normalise |
| odor | odour |
| organize + | organise |
| pajamas | pyjamas |
| paralyze | paralyse |
| parlor | parlour |
| pasteurize + | pasteurise |
| peddler + | pedlar |
| percent | per cent |
| persnickety | pernickety |
| plow | plough |
| polarize + | polarise + |
| practice (verb) | practise |
| pretense | pretence |
| program | programme |
| pulverize + | pulverise |
| rancor | rancour |
| realize + | realise |
| recognize + | recognise |
| rigor | rigour |
| rumor | rumour |
| savor | savour |
| savory | savoury |
| skeptic | sceptic |
| skillful | skilful |
| specter | spectre |
| spilled | spilt |
| splendor | splendour |
| story (of a building) | storey |
| succor | succour |
| sulfur | sulphur |
| symbolize + | symbolise |
| sympathize + | sympathise |
| theater | theatre + |
| tire | tyre |
| traveler | traveller |
| tumor | tumour |
| utilize + | utilise |
| valor | valour |
| vapor | vapour |
| vaporize + | vaporise |
| vigor | vigour |
| vise (tool) | vice |
| willful | wilful |
| worshiper | worshipper |
ѸαƺȤֻαƺϡȤǼͳݡȤʤɤݤȿ͵ΤǤ롥ʲΤ褦оɽ뤳Ȥ¿
| ꥫѸ | ꥹѸ |
|---|---|
| color, humor | colour, humour |
| center, liter | centre, litre |
| defense, offense | defence, offence |
| traveler, traveled | traveller, travelled |
| ameba, anesthetic | amoeba, anaesthetic |
On the whole, Americans, like the British, have been conservative in their treatment of spelling, and the notion that American spelling is radical and revolutionary seems indeed to be mainly a survival from eighteenth and early nineteenth century political feeling. (Vol. 1, 328)
Krapp, George Philip. English Language in America. 2 vols. New York: Century, 1925.
ѸˤȯֻδطƤ뤳Ȥϡܥ֥ǤƻƻͤȤꤢƤǤ <o> /ɪ/ Υޥå̯Ǥ뤫[2009-05-13-1], [2009-12-06-1], [2009-12-07-1]Ǹä
ΥޥåθͣȤ women /wɪmɪn/ ¤ϡͣפǤϤʤ¿μ recognize /ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪz/ ȯȤ뤬 /ˈrɛkɪgˌnaɪz/ ȯƤ뼭ex. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionaryˡ첻첻첻Ǥ뤿ᡤ³ /k/ Ĵˤʤꡤ³첻ˤαƶͿȤȤˤʤΤ
recognize ˤ <o> /ɪ/ Υޥåϡ(1) ȯѰۤΰĤˤʤȡ(2) 岻ˤߤˤʤȤ顤women ΥΤˤϵڤФʤϤꡤΰ۾ʥޥåͣθԤ women ȤäƤ٤
ε[2009-12-06-1]Ǥϡñ <woman> /wʊmən/ Ū餫ˤ䤤ϡʣȯֻäʤ <women> ֤ꡤ/wɪmɪn/ ȯΤ
űѸ wīfmann ʣ wīfmenn ämann -- menn ưפͽ֤ۤǤ롥ʣǤñξƱͤ˰ϢβѲ/f/ /m/ αƶ /m/ ؤƱĹ첻 /i:/ /ɪ/ ؤûȤϡñΥȥѥǤ롥Ȥ/ɪ/ /w/ αƶ /ʊ/ ؤȱ߿ѲϵʤäñξȰۤʤäƤΤǤ롥
ϡ -mann -menn ˤ϶줺ñʣζ̤ۣˤʤ뤿ᡤ첻첻Ω뤳Ȥˤäƶ̤ݤȤȤ̤ǤϤʤȹͤ롥ñ /ʊ Фʣ /ɪ/ ǤȤԤħϡ켫Ȥˤڤӡ/mɪn/ ȯ褦ˤʤäΤǤϤʤ
ֻϡȯȤΩơñֻĴȯŸη̡<o> ֤ä /ɪ/ ȯȤʴطߤˤäƤ롥
ʾ塤εȹ碌 woman women ȯֻäҤΰϢβѲֻȯãΤ褦Ưɤϡ¤ΤȤǤ롥Ѹ濴ȤƳ͡ȯֻʤƤѸ˺֤夤ȤΤ¤ѸˤˤפϡȤñ㲽Ƥʤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǡŤ
woman ʣ <women> ֤ /wɪmɪn/ ȯ롥<o> ֻ /ɪ/ βбȤΤϡѸ칭ȤɤǤꡤBernard Shaw <ghoti> "fish" ʤֻȯۤɤǤ([2009-05-13-1]) <o> /ɪ/ ʥޥåϤˤΤ
ˤϡޤñ <woman> /wʊmən/ ͤʤФʤʤθθűѸη wīfmann Ǥ롥ϡwīf "wife" + mann "man" ʣǤ롥űѸ wīf ϡֺʡפΤۤˡֽװ̤̣ʥɥĸ Weib ֽפӡˡmann ϸѸƱͤˡˡפΤۤˡֿ͡פ̣äơʣ wīfmann ϡֽǤ͡פʤֽפ̣
űѸʹߡwīfmann ϤĤβѲФ뤳ȤȤʤä/f/ ľ /m/ ˤäĴͼƱ /m/ ؤѲǡĹ첻 /i:/ /ɪ/ ûޤƬ /w/ ³ /ɪ/ ˱ƶڤܤ/ɪ/ /ʊ/ ؤȱ߿ΰϢβѲˤäơŪȯ /wʊmən/ ޤ줿
ȯǤֻ <o> ϤޤƤʤѲη̤Ȥȯȯ̤֤С<wuman> ȤʤϤäºݤˡŪˤ <wumman> ʤɤֻڤ롥
ȤѸˡ<m>, <n>, <v>, <w> Τ褦˽ ( minim ) ǹʸζ٤ <u> ֤Ȥ褦ˤʤä<u> Ȥǹ뤿ᡤʸɤȽ̤Ĥʤʤ붲줬äǤ롥ǡΤ褦ʴĶˤ <u> Υեֻޤͤ <o> ѤȤȯã
̾ȯϼȯãΤֻϿͰŪ˺ѤΤǤ롥ơwoman ϡȯ /wʊmən/ Ȥ夷ֻ <woman> Ȥ夹뤳ȤȤʤä
Ǥϡʣ women ȯֻϡε³
ε[2009-12-01-1]ʣˤĤƿ줿űѸ줫ѸˤƤϡ̾ʣȤ -s ʳ -n ⤽ʤͥǤꡤ¿̾ʣ -n ȼäƤꡤѸˤޤ -n ʣݤ³̾ɽ꤬ eye Ǥ롥ɸѸǤ eyes ȵ§Ū -s 뤬ǤǤСޤ eyen ʤɤη֤ʤƤ롥
ˡѸǻȤ줿 eye ʣ֤ΰ֤Ǥ¤¿褦ȤȤäOEDMED, ¾űѸѸ¿ΥƥȤ齦Ф֤ȤޤȤ̡ʤȤ172̤֤꤬Ѹ˾ǤʤƤȤȽ鷺˥եåȤ¤٤ꥹȤthrough ([2009-06-20-1]) ƱͤԴѤǤ롥
æȜan, æȜen, aies, ain, aine, ayes, eaȜæn, eaȜan, eaȜen, eaȜnen, eaȜum, eagen, echnen, een, eene, ees, eeyen, eeyn, eeyne, eȜan, eȜe, eȜen, eȜene, eȜenen, eȜhe, eȜhen, eȜhne, eȜne, eȜo, eȜu, egan, egen, egena, egȜen, egghnen, eghen, eghene, eghien, eghn, eghne, eghnes, eghun, eghyn, eghyne, egthen, egum, egyn, ehene, ehȜan, ehȜen, ehne, ehnen, ehtyn, eien, eiene, eies, eiȜe, eiȜen, eiȜene, eiȜes, eiȜne, eiȜyen, eighen, eighne, eihen, eiine, ein, eine, eithen, en, ene, ene-, enghne, enn, enyn, eon, ewine, exyn, eye, eyeȜe, eyen, eyen-, eyene, eyes, eyeyn, eyȜe, eyȜen, eyȜene, eyȜin, eyȜne, eyȜnen, eyȜyn, eyghen, eyghne, eygnyn, eyhe, eyhen, eyhene, eyhne, eyien, eyiȜen, eyin, eyn, eyne, eynen, eynes, eynin, eynon, eynyn, eynys, eyon, eys, eyyn, ȜeȜen, Ȝen, Ȝene, Ȝien, he, heen, heȜe, heȜhen, hegehen, heghne, heie, heien, heiene, hene, heyghen, heyne, heynen, heynyn, hiȜen, hyes, hynon, ieen, ieghen, ien, ies, iȜe, iȜen, iȜene, ighen, in, ine, iyen, iyes, jes, jyn, nyen, nynon, nyon, uyn, yeen, yees, yeȜe, yeȜen, yeghen, yen, yene, yes, yeyn, yȜe, yȜen, yȜes, ygne, yhen, yien, yne, yon, yyn, yyne, yys
172̤ʬС첻ѰۤϤꤢꤦ뤬-e, -en, -ne, -es, -nen, -nes 6ȤΤǸĤʣ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ǽ <n> Ūˤʣɸ˽ʬθ夵 <n> <s> ȤʣղäƤΤǡšפȤ櫓Ǥ롥
ܤϡʸˤơ
Hotta, Ryuichi. "A Historical Study on 'eyes' in English from a Panchronic Point of View." Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature 20 (2005): 75--100.
ε[2009-11-10-1]ǡ;̾ its ˡˤĤƿ줿˵ Shakespeare (First Folio ed.) ΰѤǤϡits ǤϤʤ it's ȤֻѤƤ뤳Ȥ˵ŤFirst Folio ǤΤȤƤߤȡapostrophe it's 9㡤ʤ its 1㡤ǧ롥 it's Τۤ٤⤫äȤˤʤ롥
apostrophe ̵̤ͭȤơ⤽ its ͭ̾ȤƻȤ褦ˤʤäȼΤŪ餷its ν16ǤꡤθűѸ졦Ѹλϡhis ѤƤ his ϡ[2009-09-29-1],[2009-10-25-1]Ǥߤ褦ˡͳ;ñη֤Ǥꡤ;ñ his žѤȤ櫓ǤϤʤƱͤˡŪˤ him ϻ;ñͿʷǤȤȤ˻;ñͿʷǤ⤢ä
Ѹˡʸˡ ( grammatical gender ) ѤƼ ( natural gender ) ̾졦̾ΥƥȤƳΩƤȡʿ͡ˤ͡ˤΤΤȤƱ̾η֤ͭƤ뤳Ȥ˰´Ƥ롥ºݤˡChaucer ̾η [2009-10-25-1] ǤϡűѸͿʷä him ϻѤäƤ롥ơѸˤ줳ߤϤ´äΰϤϡ°ʷä his ˤڤ his ֤Τϡit Ȥʷ̾νͭʸȤ夷Ƥ -s դ褦Ȥñȯۤ˴Ťƺ줿 its ä
ȤƤ him his ξüִΤۤˤ⡤ͤͤζ̤Τˤ褦ȤϤϡԻ˱ƴط̾ who which Ȥʬ褦ˤʤäˤߤ롥⡤ѸǤ롥
ʾطʤ its 16˸졤17ˤϤۤܳΩֻǤ it's 19ޤǻȯŪˤߤ줿ѤȤƸߤˤޤǺĤäƤ롥it is it has ξάȤƤ it's ȡ̾νͭʤ its ϡȯƱȤ⤢ꡤߤǤѸüԤˤȤäƺǤ褯ְ㤨ֻΰĤǤ롥Τ褯ְ㤤ˤĤƤεȡ
[2009-06-21-1], [2009-06-20-1]Ѹˤ through ΰ֤꤬515̤ꤢäȤ˼夲ѸλǤꡤֻˤȿǤ줿̡ȤǤʤΰ֤꤬ʤ줿Ѹˤʤȡ˽ɸबƤޤŪʰ̣ǤΡɸפǤϤʤɸಽؤβߤȤʤֻפƤѼǤ롥ϥɥθʸѤ줿ѼǡChancery Standard ȤΤƤ롥15 Chancery Standard ΥѥĴ Fisher et al. ˤȡthrough ΰ֤Ϥλ14ˤޤǹʤƤʣΰ֤꤬ǸŪʰ̣ǤΡɸפǤϤʤȤΤ뤬515̤⤢äľλ٤гʤοǤ롥ʲѥٿȤȤ˰֤롥
through (1), thurgh (4), þurgh (3), thorugh (2), thourgh (1), throu (1), thorogh (1), throgh (1), thorwe (1), thorwgh (1), thorw (1), thorow (1), þorow (1), þorowe (1)
Chancery English ʳΥѥȤС¾ΰ֤⤤ޤ˭٤¸ߤƤȿ¬뤬15αѸνդɸಽؤƻϤȤϴְ㤤ʤ
ʤߤˡƸǸ thru ֤ϡѸ줫ΰ֤ˤȤڤΥƹͤ٤Ǥ롥ºݤˡѸ515̤Τʤ thru ¸ߤʤѸ through ȤƤ褦䤯ɸಽ줿֤꤬ǯƸ thru ʤ֤ƤȤȤϡˤչԤƤ褦Ǥ⤷
Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.
Nevalainen, Terttu. An Introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006. 30.
Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996. 68, 76.
ε[2009-07-28-1]˰³third βžĵäϡѸϰϤȤ LALME Ƥߤ롥˸¤äƤΰ֤ꥹȤʤΤǡϤ狼ʤΤΡŪʬۤǤ롥
terd, thed, therd, therdde, therde, third, thirdde, thirde, thrd, thre, thred, thredd, thredde, threde, thrid, thridd, thridde, thride, thryd, thrydd, thrydde, thryde, thryde, thyrde, thyrd, trid, tyrd, þerd, þerde, þird, þirdde, þirde, þred, þred, þredde, þrede, þrid, þrid-, þridde, þride, þryd, þrydd, þrydde, þryde, þyrd, yerdde, yird, yirdde, yirde, yred, yredde, yrede, yrid, yridde, yride, yryd, yryde
ѸǤϲžϤۤȤɵäƤʤäѸǤϲžФ <첻 + r> 3ʬ1֤˳ǧ롥ä٤ι⤤֤ϡthird, thrid, thridde, thryd, thyrd ΤĤžǤ˷ФƤ֤Ǥ롥
ͤޤǤˡ饤Ǥ Middle English Dictionary thrid Τơ֤ǧƤߤ뤳Ȥ롥
嵭顤ž˹ޤä櫓ǤϤʤäȳμ¤ʬۤäƤȤʬ롥10ȾФθűѸλ ðirdda ȤžѤƤ⤢ꡤκʬۤƤΤǽŪ third 夹Τ϶ѸˤʤäƤꤵ뤬μ¤ʤȤ LAEME LALME ˰³ѸΥѥǰ֤ĴԤɬפ롥
Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass, eds. A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, 1150--1325. http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/laeme1.html . Online. Edinburgh: U of Edinburgh, 2007.
McIntosh, Angus, Michael Louis Samuels, Michael Benskin, eds. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.
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