츫ȱѸΥڥ Chomsky ȤϷӤĤʤ褦˻פ뤬¤ϴط롥Chomsky ϡοŪɽˡΥڥ˶ᤤ¸ߤƤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ뤫Cook (77) ͳǡ2ĤۤɰѤ
. . . conventional orthography is . . . a near optimal system for the lexical representation of English words. (N. Chomsky and M. Halle 1968: 49)
In short, conventional orthography is much closer than one might guess to an optimal orthography, an orthography that presents no redundant information and that indicates directly, by direct letter-to-segment correspondence, the underlying lexical form of the spoken language (N. Chomsky 1972: 12)
ʸˡǤϡüԤε˳ǼƤδϡΤ˺Ŭ줿ɽäƤΤȤ롥δȽϤβۤʤäƤȤȤ¿ˤʤȤäξԤ˸̩˰פƤȤ櫓ǤʤξԤδطϴˤطǤ롥δˤϡΥڥȯδطˤƤϤޤ롥ʸˡǤȱѸˡΥڥȤΤϡΩ֤ȤƤƤΤǤ롥
ˤĤơCook (78) ϾˤѤ Chomsky ˰͵ʤ鼡Τ褦Ƥ롥
Most claims that English spelling is deficient are based on the view that English spelling corresponds to the sounds of speech. The purpose of English spelling is instead to link to the underlying lexical representation. However bad English writing may be as a sound-based system, it is efficient at showing the underlying forms of words stripped of the accidental features attached to them by phonological rules. Its purpose is not the representation of sounds but the representation of word forms. Looked at in this light, 'conventional orthography is . . . a near optimal system for the lexical representation of English words' (Chomsky and Halle 1968: 49).
ǽҤ٤ƤΤϡѸ쥹ڥɽȤĤ뤫⤷ʤɽȤܤʤСʤ꤯äƤȤȤ#3873. ֻɸಽ경餳ѸνηϤʣˤʤä ([2019-12-04-1]) 䡤ĥäεǼĥƤ褦ˡѸˡˤ륹ڥνſϡɽȤɽˤȹͤƤ롥
ʤȤ Chomsky ȤĤʤäƤȰճǤϤ롥 Chomskian!?
Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.
Chomsky, N. and M. Halle. The Sound Pattern of English. London: Harper & Row, 1968.
Chomsky, N. Phonology and Reading. Basic Processes in Reading. Ed. H. Levin. London: Harper & Row, 1972. 3--18.
3֤ε ([2016-03-28-1], [2016-03-29-1], [2016-03-30-1]) ǡѲʬˤ "evolution" ȤѸ줬ˤȤ館ƤͤȤ櫓ǯθؤˤ "evolution" ϡ٤Ѹ˼깤ĤȾϲäȤ˺Ƥ夷ƤǰǤ뤳Ȥǧ1ʾ³ƤȤäƤ褯1Ĥε䤬롥ؼԤγ̿ŪʻۤαƶΤ19ȾʤΤȤ˸ؤʪؤѳפ˸礦ϤѳפФʤäΤʤ100ǯʾ20ȾˤʤäƤ褦䤯 "linguistic evolution" 졤ɾ褦ˤʤäΤδ֤˸ءʼԡˤˤϲäƤΤ
ˤĤơNerlich ʸߤĤɤǤߤNerlich Ϥζλ֤ͳ(1) 19Ⱦ Schleicher ʲȡ(2) 20Ⱦ Saussure ʬŪиŪˤΩäŪؤؤμήȤʤäȡ(3) 20ȾФˤ Bloomfield Chomsky ϤȤ륢ꥫؤ̣¿üԤڻ뤷Ƥȡ3˵Ƥ롥
(1) ˤĤ Nerlich (104) ϡ Schleicher ϥοʲǤָοפŪݡȤȤѤȤˡοʲμ׳ǰǤ "variation, selection and adaptation" ŬѤ˽ƤޤäȤäȤƤ롥ɸ֤ʤ顤μ¡ιͤΥƤʤäΤǤ롥㤨СˤȤäʪμʬϤޤ2ŪʤΤǤꡤ礿ؿѷβäSchleicher ϸʬˤäƤΤθȯιͤȥμοʲȤƱƤȤäƤ褤Schleicher ϡƤʤäȤ롥
(2) ʳ Saussure ɽ붦ŪؼԤ뤬λ˻ޤǤˤ⡤Schleicher θͭǯʸˡ (neogrammarian) ˤꡤȽƤȽϡѲθؤδؿΤ˷ŪѤ뤳ȤϤʤʤȤˡѲ̻֤ȤΤƤ֤Ƥ֤˴ؿ椵̤Ȥʤäޤlangue ؤδؿƤϤ䤵褦ˤʤȡparole °ѤüԤϼ夲뤳ȤʤʤäϰͤǤȤβΤȤǡѲȤȤʤ¿Ѱۤ뤵줿
Τ褦ʶֽŻϡ(3) ˻äĺޤʬۼθؤʸˡϰ̣ȤθƤ֤ΰȤ뤳Ȥ̤夲Ƥä
(3) λȴФơ褦䤯ؼԤϻѡüԡ̣¿ѰۡѲȤȤγ¦˹äƤ뤳Ȥ˵ŤΡֵŤפˤĤơNerlich (106--07) ϼΰǤǮҲ𤷤Ƥ롥
Thus meaning, language change and language use became problems and were mainly discarded from the science of language for reasons of theoretical tidiness: meaning and change are rather messy phenomena. Hence autonomy, synchrony and homogeneity finally enclosed language in a kind of magic triangle that defended it against any sort of indeterminacy, fluctuation or change. But outside the static triangle, that ideal domain of structural and generative linguistics, lies the terra incognita of linguistic dynamics, where one can discover the main sources of linguistic change, contextuality, history and heterogeneity, fields of study that are slowly being rediscovered by post-Chomskyan and post-Saussurean linguists. This terra incognita is populated by a curious species, also recently discovered: the language user! S/he acts linguistically and non-linguistically in a heterogenous and ever-changing world, constantly trying to adapt the available linguistic means to her/his ever changing ends and communicative needs. In acting and interacting the speakers are the real vectors of linguistic evolution, and their choices must be studied if we are to understand the nature of language. It is not enough to stop at a static analysis of language as a product, organism or system. The study of evolutionary processes and procedures should help to overcome the sterility of the old dichotomies, such as those between langue/parole, competence/performance and even synchrony/diachrony.
Τ褦ˤ20Ⱦ̻֤ؤδؿꡤѲȤХοʲȤ櫓ǡʲθؤαѤƳΤǤ롥䡤ǽ Schleicher λߤԤäȤСƱѤϤޤäȤȤ뤫⤷ʤ
Nerlich, Brigitte. "The Evolution of the Concept of 'Linguistic Evolution' in the 19th and 20th Century." Lingua 77 (1989): 101--12.
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