ε#2026. intrusive r (2) ([2014-11-13-1]) Ǹ奤ɤʬۤ礵Ƥ븽ݤ1Ĥܤ⤦1Ĥε®ʬۤȤƤ벻ѲǤ [l] 첻Ҳ𤷤褦벻Ķˤ [l] 첻βӤӤ뷹ǸȤʤäƤƤꡤ礷Ƥ (Trudgill 63--66; Ͽޤ Trudgill 64 Ȥ˺)

ɽȤƵΤmilk ȯǤ롥 [mɪlk] ȯ[mɪʊlk] Ф [mɪʊk] ؤѲƤƤ롥[l] (ä dark l; cf. #1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) ([2014-04-18-1])) Τĸľ첻˱ƶͿơ[ɪ] [ɪʊ] Ѥ [l] ϾäƹԤȤǤ롥첻θ [l] ³ĶǹäƤꡤhill, roll, ball ʤɤǤƱݤǧ롥ŪˤƱ (assimilation) 1ǤꡤۤȤǤʤɥä˸˵äƤꡤ쥤ɤ濴˱ƶϤϤƤȤ̣Ǥϡfill feel Ȥ [fɪʊ ? fɪʊl] ˹줷Ƥꡤdoll dole [dʌʊ] ؼ̤pull Paul [pʌʊ] ͻ礷ƤޤäƤ롥
250ǯۤ non-prevocalic /r/ æɥդǵꡤϤ礷ƤȤͤȡ non-prevocalic /l/ æɥ濴˻ϤޤäƤȤȤϼŪǤ롥塤ɤΤ깭ϰس礷ɸˤɸܤ褦ˤʤǽ롥
Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
춭 n Ϳʬ metanalysis αѸˤ#4. ǶܤǤѸñȯڤƤ롩 ([2009-05-03-1])#27. ʬϤˤϤɤФ褤 ([2009-05-25-1])#475. That's a whole nother story. ([2010-08-15-1])#1306. for the nonce ([2012-11-23-1])#1951. ѸΰΡ ([2014-08-30-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ괧 an ؤ뤳Ȥ¿ΰʬ (numerical metanalysis) ȤΤ뤬 (cf. #344. cherry ΰʬϡ ([2010-04-06-1])) ͭ̾ mine, thine Ϳ⾯ʤʤ
ϡѸǤʤɤ˻ĤˤʤɸŪ naunt (aunt) nuncle (uncle) ˤߤʬϤ夲롥MED aunte (n.) OED naunt, n. ˤСο² n ǻϤޤ۷ϡa1400 (1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) þi naunt ȤƽФ롥ۤˤ þy naunt, my nawnte ʤɽͭ̾ȤȤ˸㤬졤ʬϤβ뤳ȤǤ롥naunt ϸɸȤƺѤ뤳ȤϤʤäWright English Dialect Dictionary (cf. EDD Online) ˤСʤȤ19ˤ n.Cy., Wm., Yks., Lan., Chs., Stf., Der., Wor., Shr., Glo., Oxf., Som. ʤɼȤƥǹԤƤ
Ʊ褦 nuncle ˤĤĴ٤ƤߤȡMED uncle (n.) OED nuncle, n. ˡʬϤˤ n þi nunkle Τ褦㤬15˸롥ʤ̾ȤƤ Nuncle 1314ǯ˽ФΤǡʬϤβΤΤƤ褦Ѹˤϡ줫ʬȻפ nunky, nunks ʤɤθ OED ˵ϿƤ롥EDD ˤСnaunt Ʊ n.Cy., Yks., Lan., Chs., Der., Lei., Wor., Shr., Glo., Hmp., Wil., Dor., Som., Dev. ʤɤνǹѻ롥
ͭ̾ mine thine ԤʬϤϡOED N, n. ˾ܽҤƤ뤬¿14--16Ƥ롥ɸȤ夷ʤäΤ¿Ȥȹ碌ơΰʬϷѸˤ˼ƤƤӤθʬۤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤä餫ˤɬפɸ˻ĤäƤʬϤ˲äơɬʬۤʤäΤ褦ʡּŪʡװʬϤ碌ƹθ뤳Ȥạ̇̄ҤǽȤʤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʤѸ aunt ϡƥ amita ťե aunte ͳ1300ǯ˱ѸäƤΤեǤϤθƬ t ղä tante ɸಽرѸ츻ŵ٤Ϥ t ˤĤơĻλȤ papa βýŷ antante 뤤 t'ante thy aunt ͳ褹ʤɽ⤬פȤƤ롥⤷ t'ante ΤǤСե tante ȱѸ naunt ϲۤʤ졤Ʊͤ˰ʬϤȤȤˤʤ롥
#1029. England θѸʬ (1) ([2012-02-20-1]) ڤӡ#1030. England θѸʬ (2) ([2012-02-21-1]) Ǹ奤ɤαѸʬǼΤϤ (Traditional Dialects) Ǥ롥20ȾФˤϤǤ˸षƤꡤ21θߤǤϤθब³ǤäƤȤäƤǤϤʤǡפ븽 (Modern Dialects) ääƼ㤤˱ƶϤڤܤƤꡤȤƤϼήΥפȤʤäƤ롥Υɤ Modern Dialects ϡܸؼԤΰͺִܸĤĤΤȤֿפˡĤӤ졤̣
Trudgill (5--6) ϡTraditional Dialects ֤ΤȤƤ Modern Dialects 뤤 Mainstream Dialects Ȥܤζ̤Τ褦ɽƤˤĤƤϡ[2012-02-20-1]εΰѤȡˡ
Mainstream Dialects, on the other hand, include both the Standard English Dialect and the Modern Nonstandard Dialects. Most native English speakers speak some variety of Mainstream Dialect. These dialects are associated with native speakers outside the British Isles, especially in recently settled areas which speak mixed colonial dialects, such as Australia and most of America and Canada. In Britain, they are particularly associated with those areas of the country from which Standard English originally came --- the southeast of England; with most urban areas; with places which have become English-speaking only relatively recently, such as the Scottish Highlands, much of Wales, and western Cornwall; with the speech of most younger people; and with middle- and upper-class speakers everywhere. The mainstream Modern Nonstandard Dialects differ much less from Standard English and from each other, and are often distinguished much more by the pronunciation --- their accent --- than by their grammar.
ʲ˼ΤϡTrudgill (66--67) ˤ Modern Dialects ζʬǤ롥ΡɤγĤǤ Flash ǤߤΤɤ
*
Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Blackwell: Malden, MA: 2000.
ؤǤϡΤ˶̤뤳ȤϤۤԲǽǤ롥θŤˤĤƤϡ#1522. autonomy heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1]) #1523. Abstand language Ausbau language ([2013-06-28-1]) ΤۤϰˤĤơ#1499. ʥӥ "semicommunication" ([2013-06-04-1])#1636. Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian ([2013-10-19-1])#1658. 륯֥륯μҲء ([2013-11-10-1])#1659. ޥɥ˥μҲء ([2013-11-11-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲Ƥ
衼åѤ˸¤äƤ⡤ˤ֤СΧŪä줬¾ΧŪϰ̤žꡤդ¾ΧŪäΧŪʸϰ̤ؾʤȤȤ֤Ƥ㤨СԤˤǤϼΧƤ Provençal Low German ˤ줾 French German 1ؤž㤬롥ޤԤˤ϶ḽο¿㤬롥Trudgill (128) ˤС϶ˤƥ衼åѤǹȤοäȤεǤ롥
The rapid increase in the number of independent European nation-states in the past hundred years or so has therefore been paralleled by a rapid growth in the number of autonomous, national and official languages. During the nineteenth century the number rose from sixteen to thirty, and since that time has risen to fifty.
Trudgill (127--28) ꡤ衼åѤ1800ǯޤǤɸಽ줿졦Ѹ졦դȤǧΤ褦ˤʤäƤŪ˵СIcelandic, Swedish, Danish, German, Dutch, English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Polish, Hungarian, Greek, Turkish ʤɤǤ롥ˡ1900ǯޤǤˤϰ̤ƤΤϡNorwegian, Finnish, Welsh, Rumanian, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Serbo-Croat, Bulgarian ʤɤǸˡ20δ֤˼ΧƤȤƤ Irish Gaelic, Scots Gaelic, Breton, Catalan, Romansch, Macedonian, Albanian, Basque, Luxemburgish ʤɤ롥
ѼθŪϡΧȤʤȸȤ礭ѤȤʤޤǼҲŪϰ̤ѤäȤȤˤʤĤޤꡤŪǤϤʤҲŪǤ롥ȴϢơ#1060. θοȤȡ ([2012-03-22-1]) Ǽֹȡʳءˡפΰ̣ƴ̣Ʊ椫2ĤΰѤϽפǤ롥
Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
ꥫΤͱѸȸƤФƤѸѼϡؽŪˤ African American Vernacular English (AAVE) ȸƤФƤ롥AAVE εäƤϥ쥪쵯 (creolist hypothesis) ȥꥹѼﵯ (Anglicist hypothesis) ԤΩƤꡤꥫѸ˴ؤȤʤäƤ롥ɤδ֤ǤξȤ߹碌ŪʸٻƤ褦η夤ƤʤȤäƤ褤AAVE ȤεγפˤĤƤϡTrudgill (51--60) դȤ줿ޤLanguage Varieties African American Vernacular English ⻲ͤޤǤˡ
ε#1840. ڥ١Υ쥪줬ü˾ʤΤϤʤ ([2014-05-11-1]) ǡ̱Ϥˤ homestead stage plantation stage ζ̤Υ쥪벽βǽؤƤȤҲ𤷤βϡAAVE ѸȥեꥫȤ쥪ͳ褷Ȥ creolist hypothesis ȴؤMufwene, Salikolo S. (The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.) δŸƤ롥Mufwene ϡʣθѼ郎ԤƤ뿢̱ϼҲˤƤϡǽο̱Ԥ (founders) ΤˤкǽαƶϤΤ뿢̱ԤνĤѼ郎ͥȤʤȤ founder principle "founders" ȤϡҲ濴ˤäƥԥ˥ȤƵǽȤɤȤʤäƤƶϤݻȤ뽸ĤǤ롥
ơ̱ˤ homestead stage ˤƤϡfounders Ȥϥ衼åѸɸѼäͤǤꡤplantation stage ˤƤϡͤ衼åѸؤɸѼäķιͤǤ롥founder principle ˤСԤʳĹĹۤɥ쥪벽졤դ˸ԤʳĹĹۤɥ쥪벽¥ʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥δ顤caribbean γƵˤƤ褦ˡֳϰǤϸ¤߱Ѹ١Υ쥪줬ȯǡڤǤAAVEޤѸѼˤƥ쥪ŪǤŪȤܤͤ롥ȤΤϡºݤ˥ֳϰǤ plantation stage ĹäΤФơڤǤ homestead stage ĹäMillar (166) ϡMufwene ε⤷ʸϤǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Returning to African American Vernacular English, Mufwene essentially suggests that the plantation environments so crucial to the development of English creoles in the Caribbean were a relatively late feature in the history of African settlement in North America. On plantations, speakers of mainstream Englishes rarely interacted regularly with the slave population, meaning that new varieties of a creole type could develop unchecked. But for a large part of the seventeenth century (and into the eighteenth century in many places), African slaves in North America did not live on large plantations, growing cotton, tobacco or rice, depending on where the plantation was situated. Instead, most lived in much close proximity to their owners and, crucially, indentured servants, essentially temporary slaves of European --- normally English-speaking --- origin, on a much smaller farm. While there might be a number of slaves on the larger farms, the numerical preponderance of Africans associated with later plantations was nowhere in evidence. Mufwene terms this period the homestead stage.
This close proximity did not necessarily make the slaves' lives easier than they were later, but it did make it possible for Africans to learn the dominant language directly and continuously from native speakers in a way which fundamentally differs from the situation in which Africans found themselves in the large Caribbean plantations, where mainstream varieties of English were normally in short supply. It is likely, of course, that the primary influence on the evolving English of Africans during this period was not the language of the prosperous but rather of those with whom they had most contact; in particular, perhaps, the English of the indentured servants.
founder principle ϡ쥪벽Τߤʤ餺ܿ˴ؤˤؤ벾ȤƤԤǤܿˤĤƤϡ#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1]) ȡ
Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
Millar, Robert McColl. English Historical Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2012.
#1832. ꥷե٥åȤʸ̾ (1) ([2014-05-03-1]) εǡꥷե٥å (Greek alphabet) ΰޥե٥å (Roman alphabet) ٤ȡʸˤƼ㴳ΰ㤤뤬ΰ㤤ظˤɤΤ褦ʻ𤬤äΤ
ޤҤ٤ƤȡɽʸηϤ̤θذܿŬѤȤˤϡޤä¿βѤä롥Ȥ櫓ηϤäȤ褯ȿǤ륢ե٥åȤΤ褦ʲʸǤСʤǤ롥ޤäƱηϤäƤˤϤʤȤäƤ褯¸ʸåȤܿȤˤϡɬĤʸβ롥ǡʸ˳ƤꡤʸϤФʤɤμʤ֤롥ʸˤݼŪ¦̤⤢ꡤʸ礭Ѳ褦ʻ֤ˤϻʤȤ¿ե٥åȻˤߤƤ⡤褽20?40ʸϰϤ˼ޤäƤ褦Ǥ롥ꥷʸȥꥢʸȥե٥åȤŤƤ椯Ǥ¿βѤܼŪѤ뤬ʸŤˤƤ̤˴ѻ뤳ȤǤ롥
˶˰ܤˤ륮ꥷե٥åȤϰǤϤʤ¿ŪѼ郎¸ߤϡ奮ꥷäդ¿¿ͤʬƤΤȸƱ롥褯褦ˡ奮ꥷϽԻԤΩȼħȤΥޤȤоŪȤ߽ФȤϤʤääդʸηϤ⡤Ω̵طǤϤʤäդˤĤƤϡ#1454. ꥷɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-20-1]) ǿ줿ΤǷ֤ʤե٥åȤѼˤĤƤϡ٤ʬह4ब̤줿ɥĤγؼ Kirchhoff ˤʬǡϿޤ4οɤʬƤʬۤȤˤʤߡ줾쿧̾ǸƾΤ봷롥Green, Red, Dark blue, Light blue 4Ѽ
(1) Green alphabet ϡCrete ٤硹ǹԤ줿Ѽǡե˥ե٥å (Phoenician alphabet) ؤɲʸ¾Ѽˤ릵ˤ礤ƤΤħǤ롥
(2) Red alphabet ϡEuboea Laconia ǹԤ줿Ѽǡ [ph], [kh] ɲʸäޤϦä [ks] βɽ路Euboea ԻԤ̾ä Chalcis 뤤ѼȸƤФ롥
(3) Dark blue alphabet ϡIonia, Corinth, Rhodes ǹԤ줿Ѽǡ [ph], [kh], [ps] ɲʸä [ps] ϡRed alphabet Φ [kh] Ȳۤʤ뤳ȤաIonia 뤤ѼȸƤФ롥
(4) Light blue alphabet ϡAttica ǹԤ줿ѼǤ롥 [ph], [kh] ɲäIonia ΰȤäƤ褤ɸŪѼȤʤä
2Ĥ̤СEuboea Chalcis 濴Ȥ Ionia Miletus 濴Ȥʬե˥ξͤä塤 Chalcis Miletus ȤʤꡤξԻԤϾŪ̱ŪƸäChalcis ϥȥ饭䥤ꥢ˿̱ơȥꥢͳǥƥե٥åȤMiletus Ϲ˿̱ŵꥷե٥åȤΩ˥ʸʤɤΥϥե٥åȤȯŸ¥
ޥե٥åȤȥꥷե٥åȤμ㴳ΰ㤤ϡȤȤʤѼΰ㤤˵ȤȤ狼ʸǤ <C> <><D> <>, <L> <><X> <><S> <> λΰ㤤ޤҤΤ褦 <> β [ks] [kh] ΰ㤤 <> β [h] [eː] ΰ㤤ϡʾλˤ롥
ͤޤǤ˸奮ꥷϿޤǤƤ

ʾ塤 (57--60) Comrie et al. (183--87) ȤƼɮ *
סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ
Comrie, Bernard, Stephen Matthews, and Maria Polinsky, eds. The Atlas of Languages. Rev. ed. New York: Facts on File, 2003.
Ѹ /l/ /r/ ˤĤƤϡ#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1]) ʤɤǰäƤȤ櫓ĴˤĤơ#1618. Ѹ /l/ /r/ ([2013-10-01-1]) dzפϰʣΤΡƤε Crystal (245) ˰͵ƽ
εǤ⸫褦ˡѸβ /l/ ϡ͡ʲȤƼ¸롥[l] δŪĴϡԤܤ¦̤ƵȴΤΤȤ˱礭2ब̤롥줾 "clear l" "dark l" ȸƤФ롥 [l] ϡ夬Ÿ˸äƾ夬Τǡ첻ζRP Ǥ첻 [j] ֤ǵ (ex. leap) [ɫ] ϡ夬˸äƾ夬Τǡ첻ζRP ǤϤʳΰ֤ǵ (ex. pool) clear l dark l ʬۤϡѼˤ͡Ǥꡤ㤨СIrish ΰǤ֤ clear l ʹ줿ꡤScots AmE ¿Ǥ֤ dark l ʹ롥ޤplease, sleep Τ褦̵Ҳθ֤Ǥ̵ [l] Ѥ롥Τۤbottle Τ褦˲粻Ū l ǤϡԤ [t] ¦ȼCockney RP Ǥ顤peel ʤɤ dark l 첻[piːo] ʤɤȤʤ롥
Ѹβ /r/ ϡ餯Ѽˤ뺹ĿͺǤ¿ҲǤ̤ˤͭܶ [ɹ] ȤƼ¸롥d ˸³ˤϡ褬Ԥ˸¤ʤܶᤷ (ex. drive) 첻˶ޤ줿֤䤤ĤλҲθ֤ǡܸŵŪʥԤλҲƱ褦ͭԤϤ [ɾ] Ȥʤ (ex. very, sorry, three) ©ȼ [ph, th, kh] θ֤Ǥ̵Ȥʤ (ex. pry, try, cry)
Ѽˤ۲ȤƤϡǤͭ̾ʤΤͭܶ [ɻ] ǡԤ첻βӤӤ롥General American ŵŪۤˤ⥤ѼǤʹ롥ͭԤդ뤨 [r] ϡScots Welsh ΰʹ뤬¾ѼǤĴ⤤ȯˤƸ뤳Ȥ롥ΤۤեɥĸǰŪʹͭ [ʁ] 뤤ͭդ뤨 [ʀ] åȥǤʹ졤"Northumbrian burr" ȸƤФ뤳Ȥʡ#1055. uvular r θ춭ۤ ([2012-03-17-1]) ȡˡǸˡ19ȾΥɤǡred [wed] ȯ褦 /r/ [w] Ѥ뤳ȤϤäȤդäƤ
ʤǤȤƤ /r/ ǤϤʤAmE matter t ͭԤϤ [ɾ] ȤƼ¸뤳Ȥ¿party t ͭϤ [ɽ] ȯ롥
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
ܥ֥ǤϡѸ˴ؤơθ졤ǡǤʬۤܤȤơϿޤȤȤˡ#562. busy ֻȯ ([2010-11-10-1])#790. Ѹˤưʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1])#1320. LAEME Ǹ most ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2012-12-07-1])#1622. eLALME ([2013-10-05-1]) ʤɤƤʤۤˤ⡤me_dialect εȡˡޤŪѸʬޤ#130. Ѹʬ ([2009-09-04-1]) Ǽ
Ѹ˸¤ʤ֤̤벻б (isogloss) ʣϤ褯ΤƤ롥ѸǤ LALME LAEME Ȥܺ٤ʸϿޤǤƤΤǡζŪϿޤƤߤаǤ롥ǡ绨ĤˤǤ礿Ѱۤ䲻бʵڤӤȿǤƤȹֻͤбˤƤΤ褦Ūǡ#1341. Ѹʬ8ĤŪʷ֡ ([2012-12-28-1]) ΩĤLerer (92) μƤʰޤΩLerer ϡ⤤6 ("stone", "man", "heart", "father", "them", "hill") ǡѸ5ʰŪ˿ʲϡLerer ΤΤȤƺäޤǤ롥

äįƤȡͶäƤΤ Ƥhill -- hell -- hull ˸첻ѰۤˤĤƤϡϢơ#562. busy ֻȯ ([2010-11-10-1]) ȡ
ʤ顤Ѹʬϡ奤ɱѸʬȤ̵ǤϤʤ8Ĥθˤ븽ζʬϡ#1030. England θѸʬ (2) ([2012-02-21-1]) Ȥ줿
Lerer, Seth. Inventing English. New York: Columbia UP, 2007.
#1783. whole <w> ([2014-03-15-1]) <wh> ֻбȯˤĤƿ줿ɸѸǤϡ<wh> <w> Ʊͤ /w/ бĤƤä̤Ϥʤʸˤ19ȾޤǤɸѼǤ̤ĤƤˤкǤߤ伫Ȥ⥹åȥαˤŪ /hw/ ȯʹƤΤФƤ롥<wh> = /hw/ δطƤʬۤˤĤƤθڤƤߤޤϡCrystal (466) 顥
One example is the distinction between a voiced and a voiceless w --- as in Wales vs whales --- which was maintained in educated speech until the second half of the nineteenth century. That the change was taking place during that period is evident from the way people began to notice it and condemn it. For Cardinal Newman's younger brother, Francis, writing in his seventies in 1878, comments: 'W for Hw is an especial disgrace of Southern England.' Today, it is not a feature of Received Pronunciation . . ., though it is kept in several regional accents . . . .
OED wh, n. ˤȡΤ褦ʵҤ롥
In Old English the pronunciation symbolized by hw was probably in the earliest periods a voiced bilabial consonant preceded by a breath. This was developed in two different directions: (1) it was reduced to a simple voiced consonant /w/; (2) by the influence of the accompanying breath, the voiced /w/ became unvoiced. The first of these pronunciations /w/ probably became current first in southern Middle English under the influence of French speakers, whence it spread northwards (but Middle English orthography gives no reliable evidence on this point). It is now universal in English dialect speech except in the four northernmost counties and north Yorkshire, and is the prevailing pronunciation among educated speakers. The second pronunciation, denoted in this Dictionary by the conventional symbol /hw/, . . . is general in Scotland, Ireland, and America, and is used by a large proportion of educated speakers in England, either from social or educational tradition, or from a preference for what is considered a careful or correct pronunciation.
ˡLPD "wh Spelling-to-Sound" ˤС
Where the spelling is the digraph wh, the pronunciation in most cases is w, as in white waɪt. An alternative pronunciation, depending on regional, social and stylistic factors, is hw, thus hwaɪt. This h pronunciation is usually in Scottish and Irish English, and decreasingly so in AmE, but not otherwise. (Among those who pronounce simple w, the pronunciation with hw tends to be considered 'better', and so is used by some people in formal styles only.) Learners of EFL are recommended to use plain w.
ơTrudgill (39) ˤ⡥
[The Northumberland area, which also includes some adjacent areas of Cumbria and Durham] is the only area of England . . . to retain the Anglo-Saxon and mediaeval distinction between words like witch and which as 'witch' and 'hwitch'. Elsewhere in the country, the 'hw' sound has been lost and replaced by 'w' so that whales is identical with Wales, what with watt, and so on. This distinction also survives in Scotland, Ireland and parts of North America and New Zealand, but as far as the natural vernacular speech of England is concerned, Northumberland is uniquely conservative in retaining 'hw'. This means that in Northumberland, trade names like Weetabix don't work very well since weet suggests 'weet' /wiːt/ whereas wheat is locally pronounced 'hweet' /hwiːt/.
ɤ˸¤СʬۤϤ褽ʲϰ˸ꤵȤȤǤ롥
![]()
Ϣơ#452. ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1]) ⻲ȡ̤ˤĤƤϡ#1029. England θѸʬ (1) ([2012-02-20-1]) ڤӡ#1030. England θѸʬ (2) ([2012-02-21-1]) ȡ
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
εǡ#1785. 츢 ([2014-03-17-1]) ϢȤƸλˤĤƤ language_death γƵǼ夲Ƥǯwelfare linguistics ecolinguistics Ȥ褦ʹͤƤȤ顤Τ褦ˤĤƿ͡ΰռޤäƤƤ뤳ȤǧǤ뤬ճȵŤƤʤΤбλǤ롥
#1636. Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian ([2013-10-19-1]) ¾εǡŪˤϸ̩˶̤뤳ȤԲǽǤ뤳ȤˤĤƿƤǤʾ塤츢λλϡܼŪƱꡤĤϢ³ΤξˤȲᤷʤФʤʤ̤ˤϡꥰХʴ츢λˤϴؿ͡Ǥ⡤ʴλФƱ٤δؿȤϾʤϸԤΤۤȶǤꡤɬפȻפФΤγưˤȤ䤹ϤǤˤ⤫餺Trudgill (195) ϡλ¤ԤŦƤ롥
Just as in the case of language death, so irrational, unfavourable attitudes towards vernacular, nonstandard varieties can lead to dialect death. This disturbing phenomenon is as much a part of the linguistic homogenization of the world --- especially perhaps in Europe --- as language death is. In many parts of the world, we are seeing less regional variation in language --- less and less dialect variation. / There are specific reasons, particularly in the context of Europe, to feel anxious about the effects of dialect death. This is especially so since there are many people who care a lot about language death but who couldn't care less about dialect death: in certain countries, the intelligentsia seem to be actively in favour of dialect death.
λλˤĤƤϡפΤʤ¦̤뤳ȤǤʤҲŪ˼夤ΩΩƤ˾üƤ椭ŪŪ¿Ƥ椯ȤĬήΤΤʤ겡Ȥɤꤹ뤳ȤϸŪˤθ¤Ȥ¸ߤ롥¸³Ƥ¤ϡ夤ΩθƤüԡʽġˤ̤褦ʤȤäƤϤʤ餺ºŤʤФʤʤդˡΩθ˴ؤƤϡؤֵͤ˳Ƥ٤Ѥ褦ʤȤäƤϤʤʤ嵭ΰѤθεǡTrudgill ϤޤǤΤȤĥƤΤǤϤʤ
Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
#1741. ȤƤȳ (1) ([2014-02-01-1]) εDz夲ǡëز٤ɤεˤε˿줿ϤʤðۤΤ褦ǡëˤڿƤʤΰʸؼԤ䲭ο͡δ֤ǤϡΤϤäꤷʤֲϳعȯ (170) ꤶƤ褦ëϤ̵ȤڤΤơषˤ뼫ȯĥƤ롥
ëѰդƤ¿̤ˤ錄뤬פ1ĤȤơ־ʤȤɽŪˤϰ٤ȤơȤפʤɤȤ褦ʾ㤬ꤵ줿ꡤãФꤷȤϤʤä (8) Ȥ¤롥20Ƭ60ǯޤDz츩Ѥ줿٤١פȤϤäƤ⡤ײȤäѸ줬ƤϤޤۤɸŪȿ줿ΤǤϷ褷Ƥʤޤ¼٥롤ع٥ǹԤ줿¯˶ᤤȤ
⤦1Ľפϡ֡פΤǤ¼ˡʡִڡפϲȼιʬ̾Ρˤˤȳ١פˤƸŤŪפξΩ٤Ǥ (8) Ȥëϡ2礿˿ơμȯ֤⤤Ƥ椯ܽΤʤǡԤμݤǤ褯Ƥȹͤ褦
Ҥ褦ˡϡפŪȼμĥ䡤̱ϼŪƱ顤ޤƤָפξħȤİ뤳ȤˤȽŪΩΩĤΤǤ롥ñ˸äơϹȤΰŪʶǤǤǤϤʤѤ˴ؤƤϡΤ˶ŪʻȤ̤ȤϤ̤Ǥ뤬ƱͷȾʬ˻Ȥ塦⤢ꤨ¨ŪǤ뤳Ȥϻ°ȤϸڤʤϴطΤʤǻª뤳ȤϡλΤŪʤȡΤޤǺҲ˺ĥꤨΤȤߤʤ롥⡤ϡפ¾ΧŪ identity ξħפȤª٤ȹͤ롥¨ʸꤷʬ¸ߤ¾ʸ¾زȤ岭ҲκߤξħȤªϡȤŦ褦ˡˤǤäΤǤϤʤ˶ޤ줿ΩȤŪ˴פΤǤꡤβˤȤäƤϤ̣ǤԲŪ˶줿ʤǤä (85--86)
ëϡ1940ǯڤμͤȯפ礭ư衤ϡֲ춵ˤηݤΤҤȤĤΥƥ˶ᤤ (30) ΤȤơ¨θ֤ȤƵǽ褦ˤʤäƤޤäȤòƤ롥ºݤˤϡڸζǮȳؽǮιޤȤȤ˲ǼȯΤˤʤˤ⤫餺ȡ
糰λˤϲȯˤĤƷȤϤǤʤʤȤëεϡŪ˶Ϥʸ˰Ϥޤ줿微ʸ䤽üԤɤΤ褦ƻɤΤȤŪˤĤƺƹͤ뵡ͿƤ롥ϡλ (language_death) μ (language suicide)λ (dialect death), (language_shift) (linguistic_imperialism)츢 (linguistic_right) ȤäɤƤ롥ϡ줬ʤȯΤǤ졤Ѥ븢ľ뤹뤳ȤϳΤ
츢ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥϡ#278. ˥塼ɤˤޥγ ([2010-01-30-1])#280. Τ˴Ϣ륵ȡ ([2010-02-01-1])#1537. פˤޤĤ3Ĥ ([2013-07-12-1])#1657. ꥫαѸѸ첽ư ([2013-11-09-1]) ʤɤʬŪ˰äƤˤʤεϤܤƤߤ
ë ɧزޤ褨벭θդᤰ͡١ܡ2006ǯ
ɧؤȤФȹȡ١ȽŹ1981ǯ
#444. ԥȥ쥪ζܡ ([2010-07-15-1]) εǡpidgin creole ζ̤٤Ǥ뤳Ȥߤǡpidgin creole ⡤#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1]) ˤ koiné ȤȤˡlingua_franca ȤƵǽ뤳Ȥ#1391. lingua franca (4) ([2013-02-16-1]) εdzǧǤϡlingua franca ϡtrade language, contact language, international language, auxiliary language, mixed language ʤʣμ˶̤ȤäGramley ϤѸλؼоݤδ֤˰ۤʤطꤷƤ褦Gramley (219) ϥԥȤδϢѸȤζ̤contact, marginal, mixed, non-native, reduced Ȥ5ĤΥѥѤưʲΤ褦˼Ƥ롥
| contact | marginal | mixed | non-native | reduced | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| trade jargon | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| pidgin | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes/no |
| lingua franca | yes | yes | no | yes/no | yes |
| koiné | yes | no | yes | no | yes/no |
| dialect | no | yes/no | no | no | no |
| creole | no | no | no | no | no |
ߤ̤뤬ۤʤäԤɤܿˤϡФиߤ˼ħ¤ܤߴ餻 accommodation κѤѻ롥Τ褦ʸήĿͥ٥ǤϤʤ礭ʽĥ٥褦ˤʤȡdialect contact ܿ) ȸƤ֤٤ݤȤʤ롥dialect contact ϡŵŪˤϡǤθήˤơޤԻԲ̱ϲ̱Ȥäˤ롥
dialect contact η̡ܤϤѤ̤θܤϤѤȤä˸ʤ dialect mixture Фơ͡δ֤κΤޤ롥
κΤ1--2ФȡƸܤμѰ۷졤ΡŵŪˤ1ĤΡ˷֤ؤ夯ꥨƤ椯οʿϡdialect levelling ȸƤФ롥
dialect levelling ʤʿԤ뤳Ȥ¿ά (simplification) βˤФơο koiné ȤȯŸ뤫⤷ʤ (koinéization) ˡ koiné ϡɸδפˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥
ơdialect contact koinéization ޤǤΰϢήTrudgill (157) ˤ꺣ɤäƤߤ褦
The dialect mixture situation would not have lasted more than a generation or possibly two, and in the end everybody in a given location would have ended up levelling out the original dialect difference brought from across the Atlantic and speaking the same dialect. This new dialect would have been 'mixed' with respect to its origins, but uniform in its current characteristics throughout the community. Where dialect levelling occurs in a colonial situation of this type --- or in the growth of a new town, for instance --- and that leads to the development of a whole new dialect, the process is known as koinéization (from the Ancient Greek word koiné meaning 'general, common').
Ū˳ǧ koinéization ƤѸεȤʤäƤ뤬奮ꥷ Attic ŵŪ koiné Ǥ롥ƥ¯ƥ⡤koinéization ˤޤ17˥ꥹ饢ꥫغǽο̱ʤ줿塤δ֤˿̱ϤΤ⡤koinéization Ǥ롥Ʊ͡ʱѸüԤˤ륪ȥꥢ̱˥塼ɿ̱ΤȤˤˡԻԲη̤ȤԻ⡤¿ koiné Ǥ롥
Ѹ˾ dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koinéization βꤵΤϡ14ȾΥɥѸˤƤ͡üԤԻԥɥ˽ޤꡤdialect mixture dialect levelling äη̤ȤơɸؤȯŸѼθΩΤǤϤʤѸ busy, bury, merry ֻȯδط𤷤Ƥطʤˤ⡤嵭ΰϢβͿƤΤ
busy, bury, merry ˤĤƤϡ#562. busy ֻȯ ([2010-11-10-1])#563. Chaucer merry ([2010-11-11-1])#570. bury 첻ʬۡ ([2010-11-18-1])#1245. ʣŪβȤƤνȤɸѸȯŸ ([2012-09-23-1])#1434. left hemlock Kentish ([2013-03-31-1])#1561. 14Norfolk ̱μҲŪ ([2013-08-05-1]) ȡ
Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
Luxembourg ϡ#1374. 衼åѳƹ¿ѹǤ ([2013-01-30-1]) ˤ줺¿ѹǤ롥Ʊθ¾¿ιʣǤ롥Luxemburgish, German, French 3ˤ롤diglossia ʤ triglossia ҲȤƸڤǤ
Luxembourg Ͽ50ͤۤɤιǡ̱¿ƱΥǥƥƥô륯֥륯ȤäθϸŪˤϥɥĸ1ѼȤȤǽʤۤɤεΥüԤΩ1Ǥȼĥ롥ޤܤ⤽Τ褦ʸƤ1984ǯ衤3ѸȤƤˡ֤СɸɥĸʤɤθҤѼܤ (Ausbau language) ϡΩ뤿ᡤݻĥ뤿ˤϹȤθ⤬ɬפȤȤʴϢơ#1522. autonomy heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1]) ӡ#1523. Abstand language Ausbau language ([2013-06-28-1]) εȡˡ
Τ褦˥륯֥륯ϥ륯֥륯μפȤƵǽƤ뤬ޤDz̸ȤƵǽƤȤդФ̸ɸɥĸǤ롥ƸʸءʹХ륯֥륯줬뤳ȤϤʤ̩ˡʤŪɤ߽ΤɸɥĸǤꡤΤ˻Ҷɸɥĸعǽɬפ롥عǤϡɸɥĸ϶ȤƤƳ뤬˿ʤȺ٤ϥե줬Ȥʤ롥ιǤϥեϺǾ̤θȤƵǽƤꡤΤۤIJ¿θɸǤե줬Ѥ롥ĤޤꡤŵŪʥ륯֥륯ͤϡäˤϥ륯֥륯̾ɤ߽ˤɸɥĸIJǤϥեѤʾʤȤ3ѼԤǤȤȤˤʤ (Trudgill 100--01) Wardhaugh (90) ѤƤ2002ǯοͤˤС˥륯֥륯üԤ80%ɥĸüԤ81%եüԤ96%Ȥ
嵭Τ褦ˡ륯֥륯ϥ륯֥륯ˤƼפ줫IJ̸ȤƵǽƤ櫓ƱΤĤ⤦1ĤνפʼҲŪǽǤ "solidarity marker" εǽ˺ƤϤʤʤ
륯֥륯θˤĤƤϡEthnologue Luxembourg ȡ

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
3ǯβƤˡܥ˥إĥӥ (Bosnia and Herzegovina) ȥ (Croatia) ιλĤ륵饨 (Sarajevo) λԳ⤭줿ԥ (Zagreb) ֥ɥꥢοפȸƤФ仺˻ꤵ줿ջԻԥɥ֥֥˥ (Dubrovnik) ǿᤷѸҤˤȤäƤʿ¤˸뤳ϰϡߤ˻ޤŪ褤䤨ʤʸ̤βˤǤ³ƤȤ櫓1990ǯƬ³桼ΰ衤ˤ⡤ϰ Language is a dialect with an army and a navy. ΰ⤤Ǥ褯θ롤ҲؤˤƺǤͭ̾ϰ1ĤȤʤäƤ롥
1918ǯ˷桼餫¿̱²¿ȤäΥϥΥХ˥ޤྯ줬¿¸ߤȤäƤΤϤָ췲ʡ#1469. Хȡָɡʰ²ˡפε[2013-05-05-1]ȡˤǤꡤߤϢ³ (dialect_continuum) Ƥޥɥ˥ȥ˥Ϥϡפ2̱²̾ȤäƸˤ Serbo-Croatian ȤҤȤ˸ƤФ줿
̱²ķܻؤιϡȤ̱²Ƚδ礭3ɤʬƤΥ (Croatia) ϥȥå̤ǡɽ˥ƥʸѤкŪˤŪ˭Ǥ롥Υӥ (Serbia) ϥꥷ̤ǤꡤʸѤŪˤϺǤ̤ͥǤʡ#1546. ʬۤȽʬۡ ([2013-07-21-1]) ȡˡΥܥ˥إĥӥʤϥඵ̤¿ȼʸäƤʺǿǤϤʤϰνʬۤϿޤʲ˷ǤˡΤ褦˼ҲŪطʤϰۤʤΤΡ3ԤϤƱ Serbo-Croatian äƤʸˡȯˤĤ礭ۤʤȤʤäˤƤ줾˹ߤ뤬ǽǤ롥įС1ĤθȤߤƺ٤ʤ

1990ǯƬˡӥͤŪͥäơ¾̱²ΩΤΤ夲1991ǯ Slovenia Croatia Macedonia 1992ǯ Bosnia and Herzegovina Ωӥȥƥͥˤ뿷桼2006ǯ˥ƥͥ (Montenegro) Ωäƽᤷ2008ǯ˥ӥ饳 (Kosovo) ΩȤäʬФƤ롥
ߤΤϰθ𡤤Ȥ櫓̾ƱͤʣǤ롥桼Τʾ塤桼θθ̾Ǥ Serbia-Croatian Ѥ뤳ȤϤǤʤӥͤ Serbian ȸƤӤͤ Croatian ȸƤӤȻ¾Ʊäܥ˥ͤˤȤäƤϡθ Serbia-Croatian, Serbian, Croatian Τ̾ΤǻؤȤ⤿롥ǡBosnian ȤƾΤޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ĥޤꡤ桼ʬȤŪʲˤꡤŪˤ1ĤȤߤʤƤ褤ʼºݤ1ĤȤߤʤƤ˸줬̾ξ3Ĥΰۤʤ (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian) ؤʬ줿ΤǤ롥ޤˡLanguage is a dialect with an army and a navy Ǥ롥
ŪʬΥƤϡӥȥϡ#1545. "lexical cleansing" ([2013-07-20-1]) ˽ߤθ۵äʹ䶵ʽӽȤײʤƤξԤϤޤȥ륳ϸäӽʤƤ뤬ܥ˥إĥӥʤǤϤषȥ륳ϸäǻȤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥
ʾ塤Trudgill (46--48) Wardhaugh (27--28) ȤƼɮ
Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) ǡź (paragoge) Ȥơ /n/ /s/ θ /t/ /d/ Τ¿Ȥơancient, tyrant, parchment; sound; against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst ʤɤʤȤ櫓 -st 췲ˤĤƤ ##508,509,510,739,1389,1393,1394,1399,1554,1555,1573,1574,1575 εȡˡ
s θ t źä䤹ĴŪʺϡ#1575. -st θźä˴ؤ Dobson ιͻ ([2013-08-19-1]) Dobson (437) Ҥ٤Ƥ褦ˡ"at the end of the articulation of [s] the tip of the tongue is raised slightly so as to close the narrow passage left for [s], and the stop [t] is thus produced" ȤȤθźäɤñˤ뤫ͽ¬Ǥʤn θ t, d źä⡤ĴƱǤȤƱδϲǽɤñˤƸźä¸ΤϡϤͽ¬ǽǤ롥
Ʊ #1575 εǤϡWright ѸĤƤȸڤºݤ Wright (295) äƤߤȡǤϸ t Ǥʤæ˵ƤͽۤȤꡤæΤۤˤ˴ѻ褦ꥹνǡ st t æƤ㤬 (ex. beas(t), betwix(t), fas(t), jois(t), las(t), nex(t)) ơk, p θǤ⥹åȥɤν t æ (ex. fak(t), strik(t), korek(t), temp(t), bankrup(t)) ˡf θæޥʤɤ drif(t), lif(t), wef(t) ʤɤ˸롥Ǹˡn θæϡ sergean(t), serpen(t), servan(t), warran(t) ʤɤθˤˤƤ롥
θ t ΤۤæۤɹϤǤϤʤΤΡǼΤ褦ʸ˴ѻ롥ʲɸಽֻǡsermon(t), sudden(t), vermin(t), scuf(t) (scruff), telegraph(t), ice(t), nice(t), hoarse(t), once(t), twice(t)æξƱͤ n, f, s θ֤¿Ȥ顤æϸߤɤ礦طȸƤ褤ʤɸäƤΤȤƤϡancient (< Fr. ancien), pheasant (O.Fr. faisan) 롥
d θźäˤĤƤ⡤Wright (306) äƤβϡl, n, r θ֤ǡȤ Yorkshire ˤƻȤ롥feel(d), idle(d), mile(d), school(d), soul(d), born(d), drown(d), gown(d), soon(d), swoon(d), wine(d), yon(d), scholar(d)
嵭θźäߤ¤ꡤĴŪʺӷǧ뤬ɤθˤƼ¸뤫ͽ¬뤳ȤϡϤԲǽΤ褦ġΥˤơ¾νװͿ̤ȤƸźä줿ȤȤ
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Wright, Joseph. The English Dialect Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1905. Repr. 1968.
ؤӼҲؤθŵŪ1Ĥˡ (language) (dialect) ζȤ꤬롥ζŪ뤳Ȥϡ¿ξ硤[2013-06-05-1]ε#1500. Ϣ³פȡˡζ̤ƤĤʤƺѤ褦 "a linguistic variety" ʸѼˤȤʽѸ줬¸ߤΤҲŪˤƳǰζ̤ĤȤ⤢롥ξ硤ѸȤƼ´ȼäָפȡפȤѸۤäƻȤ³ƤޤȤˡ⤢뤬ǤϳŪˤƶ̤ĤȤĥޤäƤޤ餤롥
ʤΤɸ autonomy heteronomy ȤФγǰautonomous ѼȤϡ⤫ϽѼΤʤǤȤ櫓ҤѼȤƤߤʤ졤ΩȤơʤ۲νѼ«ͤפѼؤheteronomous ѼȤϡ⤫⳰ΩȤƤϰ̤դ줺̤ˤ autonomous Ѽ˽°ѼؤŪˤСautonomy Ȥϱߤ濴ǤꡤߤΤǤ⤢Ȥheteronomy ȤϤαߤ濴ʳˤäơ濴ظɽǤ롥
гǰ褯Ǥ褦ˡTrudgill Ѹ콸
autonomy A term, associated with the work of the Norwegian-American linguist Einar Haugen, which means independence and is thus the opposite of heteronomy. Autonomy is a characteristic of a variety of a language that has been subject to standardisation and codification, and is therefore regarded as having an independent existence. An autonomous variety is one whose speakers and writers are not socially, culturally or educationally dependent on any other variety of that language, and is normally the variety which is used in writing in the community in question. Standard English is a dialect which has the characteristic of autonomy, whereas Cockney does not have this feature. (12)
heteronomy A term associated with the work of the Norwegian-American linguist Einar Haugen. Dependence --- the opposite of autonomy. Heteronomy is a characteristic of a variety of a language that has not been subject to standardisation, and which is not regarded as having an existence independent of a corresponding autonomous standard. A heteronomous variety is typically a nonstandard variety whose speakers and writers are socially, culturally and educationally dependent on an autonomous variety of the same language, and who look to the standard autonomous variety as the one which naturally corresponds to their vernacular. (58)
ѸȤƤΡָפȡפؼΤ줾 autonomy vs heteronomy ȤФƻ autonomous vs heteronomous ȤƵҤǤ褦ˤΤοǰѸζ̡ɸѼɸѼζ̤ȤҲŪΩȰ¸ȤȤ館ľɾ롥ϢơRomain (14--15) βͭѡ
Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: OUP, 2003.
Romain, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2000.
ʤˤѼ郎¸ߤΤȤˤĤơ֤ѲĴ뽾ηǥؤΥơȤơȳȻĴȾǥ뤬ƤƤȤϡ#999. ѲȾ ([2012-01-21-1]) Ϥᡤwave_theory γƵǼ夲Ƥ
ȾˤСŪʸ (linguistic item) γơϡӤꤲޤ줿ФΤ褦ˡŪȾ˳ȻƤ椯ܤˤä濴ΰ֤ϰۤʤ뤷Ȥζۤʤ뤷³֤ۤʤ뤿ᡤ̤ȤαƶεڤϰϤХХȤʤꡤȤʣ (isogloss) 뤳ȤˤʤΤǤ롥
ܤγȻιȤ뤳ȤǤΤϡޤǤǤ롥ιߤޤϳŪŪǤ뤫⤷ʤܤγȻϤüԡʽġˤѶŪ˺Ѥй³ǤʤлߤޤȤҲŪװ˰¸ʡ#1056. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤ ([2012-03-18-1]) #1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤѡ ([2012-03-31-1]) ȡˡޤȻܤϡɬŪʤΤǤɬפϤʤŤ餽ˤäܤȤȻ濴ϤȤƵǽϤȤȤ⤢ꤦΤǤ롥ꤲޤ줿СסֵŪιפȤΤߤǤϡԽʬȤȤˤʤ롥
ǡHudson (41) ϡذƤȤơŪʼҳȻȤ٤Τ
Because of these reservations it seems best to abandon the analogy of the stones dropping in a pool. A more helpful analogy would perhaps be one involving different species of plants sown in a field, each spreading outwards by dispersing its seeds over a particular area. In the analogy, each item would be represented by a different species, with its own rate of seed dispersal, and an isogloss would be represented by the limit of spread of a given species. Different species would be able to coexist on the same spot (a relaxation of the normal laws of botany), but it might be necessary to designate certain species as being in competition with one another, corresponding to items which provide alternative ways of saying the same thing (like the two pronunciations of farm). The advantages of this analogy are that there is no need for the distribution of species in a field to be in constant change with respect to every item, and that every item may be represented in the analogy, and not just those which are innovative.
In terms of this analogy, a linguistic innovation is a new species which has arisen (either by mutation or by being brought in from outside), and which may or may not prosper. If it does, it may spread and replace some or all of its competitors, but if it does not it may either die out or remain confined to a very small area of the field (i.e. to a very small speech community). Whether or not a species thrives depends on how strongly its representatives grow (i.e. on the power and influence of its speech community): the bigger the plants, the more seeds they produce, and the better the chances of the species conquering new territory.
ΥǥϡHudson (48--49) ̤Ƥ롤 "variety-based view of language" Ȥ "item-based view of language" Ȥ礹롥⡤ġθܤ˼ҲŪǧȤ Hudson θѤǻȿǤƤ롥
Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.
ε#1500 Ϣ³ ([2013-06-05-1]) ǡϢ³ (dialect continuum) ϰ (dialect area) δطŪ˿줿κݤ Heeringa and Nerbonne ˸ڤϷŪʼˡǤȤHeeringa and Nerbonne ϡޥϢ³Τΰʤߤ˱ä27¼оݤ20˹Ԥʤ줿ĴReeks nederlands(ch)e dialectatlassen (RND) comp. Blancquaert and Peé (1925--82)) Υǡ˴Ťơ125ĶùܤβѰۤܤʬϤܤ (dialectometry) Ѱۤ¬ꤹˡȤƤϡ"Levenshtein distance" ѤƤ롥
ʬϤξܺ٤ϳ䰦뤬ȤƤŪʵΥȲѰۤδ֤˶شط뤳Ȥ줿
There is a strong correlation between the phonological distance and the logarithm of geographic distance (.9), accounting for 81% of the variation in pronunciation. (396)
شطȤϤäƤ⡤شطǤϤʤʾ塤٤Ƥ¼ɤƱ褦˥ࡼϢ³Τʤ櫓ǤϤʤ¿ΤǤܤ롥Ĥޤꡤ٤礦2Ĥ¼δ֤ˤ٤䤬ǧ륱ꡤξ硤ξ¦ˤϰۤʤϰ褬äƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ櫓Ǥ롥
. . . we see that phonological distances can mostly be explained by geographic distance. This justifies the continuum perspective. In those cases where a dialect distance between successive points is significantly higher than would be expected on the basis of geographic distances, we may encounter a dialect border. This justifies the area perspective. (387)
Ϣ³ΤϰȤŪƤʤǰΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤγǰŪʺʬȤƤΤǤ롥κʬ¤ʤΤȤߤϢ³뤷Ū礭ΤȤߤʤϰ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ĤޤȤǤꡤ٤ȤȤʤΤ⤷ʤHeeringa and Nerbonne η⡤Ū꤬Ȥ館Ǥ뤳ȤŦƤ롥
. . . the dialect landscape . . . may be described as a continuum with varying slope or, alternatively, as a continuum with unsharp borders between dialect areas. (399)
Heeringa, Wilbert and John Nerbonne. "Dialect Areas and Dialect Continua." Language Variation and Change 13 (2001): 375--400.
ɤζʤ뤤ϻ˸ɤζˤϡɬΤ˰Ȥϸ¤ʤݡ¿ξ硤¿쾯ʤŪǤ롥#1317. פ ([2012-12-04-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡ isogloss «ʤȤ˶ȤΤŪǤϤ뤬ŪʴϤʤȤäƤ褤
ιԼԤŪϢ³ΤʤA¼Z¼ؤ⤤Ƥ椯ιȡA¼θB¼θȤ϶ϾʺʤB¼C¼C¼D¼ƱͤιԼԤϡơθŪʺۤˤϤۤȤɵդ⤤ƹԤĤZ¼ã롥ȤҴŪA¼Z¼θ٤ȡ餫礭ʺۤΤǤ롥¼¼ؤθ캹ϥǥǤϤʤʥǤꡤιԼԤθΤϢ³ (dialect continuum) ˤۤʤʤϤϢ³Τ¸ߤ뤬衼åѤƤʣϢ³Τ롥ʲϡRomain (12) οޤͤˤƺäϢ³ΤϿޤǤ롥

Ͽޤϡ㤨ХꥢüեΥ졼ޤǡ뤤ϥॹƥफ饦ޤǡϢ³Τι뤳ȤǤȤȤ̣롥
Ϣ³Τϰθ³ϡǼ줿Ȱפ뤳Ȥ⤢аפƤʤȤ⤢롥ϡ٤礦2Ĥ¼Ǥ뤫Ȥäơɬ礭ۤʤѤƤȤ櫓ǤϤʤȤȤƱˡˤäƤƱ٤礦2Ĥ¼Ǥ䤬ȤȤ
Ϣ³Τ˴ؤƤϡŪ꤬롥A, B, C, . . . Z¼Ϣ³ΤƤꤷ硤줾¼Ǥϰͤʸ줬ԤʤƤȹͤƤ褤Τ뤤ϡ¼üüȤǤϥߥϢ³Τ¸ߤƤΤ⤷A¼B¼줾Ū˰ͤȲꤹʤСA¼1Ĥϰ (dialect area) B¼Ϥ⤦1ĤϰȤȤˤʤꡤA¼B¼δ֤ˤϢ³ΤǤϤʤʤ䤬ꤵȤȤˤʤʤϢ³ΤȤǰϰȤǰϤɤΤ褦˴ϢƤΤŪϡChambers and Trudgill ȤơHeeringa and Nerbonne ˤäƼ夲Ƥ롥
Chambers and Trudgill (1998) introduced an interesting puzzle, one that is related to whether dialects should be viewed as organized by areas or via a geographic continuum. They observed that a traveller walking in a straight line notices successive small changes from village to village, but seldom, if ever, observes large differences. This sounds like a justification of the continuum view . . . . (376)
Ϣ³Τ뤫ʤ¸ߤΤȤˤĤƤϡ#1303. ʤ¸ߤΤ --- Ⱦǥˤ ([2012-11-20-1]) ε⻲ȡ
Romain, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2000.
Heeringa, Wilbert and John Nerbonne. "Dialect Areas and Dialect Continua." Language Variation and Change 13 (2001): 375--400.
Chambers, J. K. and Peter Trudgill. Dialectology. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1998.
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow