hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 ڡ / page 5 (6)

dialect - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2013-06-04 Tue

#1499. 󥸥ʥӥ "semicommunication" [bilingualism][dialect][old_norse][map][language_or_dialect]

ߤ̤褦̤ʤƤ褦ǻƤʤ줢뤤üԤˤߥߥ˥Haugen "semicommunication" ̾դߤˤ٤̤Ȥ륹󥸥ʥӥ̥ޥʰʲϿޤ򻲾ȡˤǰƬ֤Ƥ̾դǤ롥Haugen ϡΥ륦ǥ󡤥ǥޡ3񤫤ߤθ٤˴ؤ륢󥱡Ĵ»ܤ줾θ˴ؤ semicommunication θ餫ˤ1972ǯΤŤĴʤΤǡη̤2013ǯߤɤ٤ƤϤޤΤζ̤ɬüԤǽ˰¸櫓ǤϤʤȤҲؤΰŪ򤹤뤦Dzͤ븦Ǥ롥

Map of Scandinavia

󥱡ȤǤľܤ˸˴ؤܤФǤϤʤĿͤ˴ؤҲŪʼܤ¿ޤޤƤܺ٤ϳ䰦뤬Haugen (225) οޤѤ3üԤθߤ semicommunication ٹ礤޼ƤߤޤϡθʹưפǤΤˤϡ֤٤Ǥפȡ־θƤ٤Ǥסˤͤγ礫顥

Semicommunication in Scandinavia (1)

οޤ͡ʤȤ狼롥ǥޡȥǥδ֤ˤ礭κ񤬤롥ǥȥΥ륦δ֤ˤ٤򤬤롥Υ륦ȥǥޡδ֤٤ŪԤԤ򤹤٤Τۤդ礭
Υ륦ȥǥޡԤˤŪۤˤꡤߤθ˸äζ̹¿ȯ˰ۤʤ뤿ˡ٤⤯ϤʤǥޡͤˤΥ륦٤Ū˹⤤ΤϡΥ륦Τֻۤȯδط̩Ǥ뤿ˡǥޡֻͤͳƼ䤹ΤǤϤʤȤͤ롥
ϡߤθǤ뤫ȤФ "yes", "no", "fairly well" 3Ƥä̡"yes" ͤγǤ롥οޤǤϡ3δ֤٤ꤷΤȤƼƤ롥

Semicommunication in Scandinavia (2)

Ŀͤ٤ˤϽпϡƤ١ߤιؤˬ٤ʤɤʣ˴ͿƤΤǡ̲񤷤ΤΡ褽ηϤĤ̲3ǺǤ⥳ߥ˥ƤΤϡǥޡͤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
Haugen ϡȯ㤬ߥ˥˳װǤ뤳Ȥǧʤ⡤ߤθФ (linguistic attitude) ⸫ƨȤϤǤʤƤ롥

Even though mutual comprehension is basically a matter of language distance, we cannot entirely discount the effect of mutual social attitudes in reducing or enhancing the will to understand. (227)


ߤθФ빥򥢥󥱡 (228) dzΤȡǥޡ򹥤ǥͤ0%Υ륦ͤ2%ˤȤɤޤäƤ롥ޤǥޡͤ41%Υ륦졤42%ǥ򹥤ޤפƤ롥ǥޡϼ¾Ȥˡ̲3ΤʤŪ㤯ƤȤ褦ͤǸ¤ꡤΥ륦ȥǥϸߤ˹ޤפäƤ롥Τ褦ʸ٤ˤϡǥޡŪϰ̤Ū㤵ȿǤƤǽ롥
semicommunication ˤϡŪʺۤѤƤΤϤҲŪװǤ٤βٺƤȤ Haugen θ餬ߤ˰ۤʤǤϤʤۤʤȸƤФΤˤϡ٤βٺؤäƤΤǤ롥դˡ٤˲ٺʤСνѼ郎Ǥ褦ˡäդǤϸߤ̤ʤˤ⤫餺ȸƤФΤ⤷ʤ"what" 뤪褽Ʊȯθ줬Υ륦Ǥ hva, ǥǤ vad, ǥޡǤ hvad ֤1906ǯϤ hvad äˤΤФǤȯۤʤäƤƤƱǽɽ蘆Ȥ¤ϡ¤оŪǤ롥
ޥδ֤ semicommunication ȤСűѸüԤȸťΥɸüԤɤΤ餤򤷹礨ΤȤϡѸˤνפʴؿǤ롥ǤŪۤǤʤߤˤɤΤ褦ʸ٤äƤȤͿƤ

Haugen, Einar. "Semicommunication: The Language Gap in Scandinavia." The Ecology of Language: Essays by Einar Haugen. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1972. 215--36.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-10-24-1] [2013-09-05-1]

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2013-05-17 Fri

#1481. ʥˤߤҲϰεեԥߥå [sociolinguistics][variation][dialect][map]

[2013-01-15-1]ε#1359. ϰѰۤȼҲѰۡפǿ줿 Karnataka 濴Ѥ Dravida ɤ° Kannada ˤϡҲϰ˴ؤƼפʱѸҲ˸ΤȤϵդΥѥ󤬴ѻ (Trudgill 25--26)
ޤ Kannada ˤĤƳ⤷ƤȡKarnataka θѸǤꡤEthnologue Kannada ξˤ3700ͤۤɤüԿ͸ؤǤ롥üԿ͸ǤС29̤Ȥ֤Ťʥ󥭥ɽϡ[2010-05-29-1]ε#397. üԿˤȥå25פΥHTML򻲾ȡˡKanarese ʥʥˤȤƤФ롥ɤθϿޤˤĤƤϡLinguistic Map of India 򻲾ȡʲȤʤ롤Karnataka Ǹߤ400Υ줿 Bangalore Dharwar Ūʴطϰʲ̤ꡥ

Map of Karnataka

ơȴ֤μҲŪʶ̤ΤǤ륤ɤˤäƤϡȴ֤θŪʶ̤ͽۤȤϥȤ˴ŤҲ (social dialect) ȯãƤȤȤϰ (regional dialect) ¸ߤ롥ǡTrudgill (26) ϡȺǹ̤ǤХ (Brahmin) ѼХ (non-Brahmin) ѼȤҲŪѰۤθĤġBangalore Dharwar 2ԻԤϰŪѰۤθơĤθܤˤĤƷ֤ΰƱ

Brahminnon-Brahmin
DharwarBangaloreDharwarBangalore
(1)'it is'ədəideaytiayti
(2)'inside'-olage-alli-āga-āga
(3)infinitive affix-likke-ōk-āk-āk
(4)participle affix
(5)'sit'kūt-kūt-kunt-kunt-
(6)reflexivekont-kont-


(4)--(6) ˤĤƤϡξԻԤȤ Brahmin non-Brahmin μҲŪʶ̤ΤǤ롥ǤϡϰϤʤäѤҲƤ롥Ȥ(1)--(3) ˤĤƤϡnon-Brahmin Ǥϰ躹ϤʤBrahmin Ǥϰ躹ǧ롥ĤޤꡤǤϰŪװΤۤҲŪװ⶯ŪѰۤ⤿餷ƤȤȤˤʤ롥
(1)--(3) ˤߤ뤳ξϡѸܸ˸ϰȼҲδطȤϰۤʤäƤꡤۤ˱Ǥ뤫⤷ʤפʱѸҲˤơ뤤ܤˤơɸ䶦̸ȤƸڤҲŪ˰ҿΤѼ֤ (superposed dialect) ȤƤФ褦ˡϰʤ蘆褦ˤƹԤʤƤ롥Ĥޤꡤϰ˰¸ʤҲŪ˾̤ѼǤ롥Ҥ Kannada ˤƤϤС̥Ȥ Brahmin ѤѼ盧ϰ˰¸˰Ūʷ֤򼨤̤ non-Brahmin Ѽ盧ϰˤäѰۤ򼨤ϤǤϤʤͽۤ롥Ȥ¤ϤषդǤ롥ayti, -āga, -āk ʤɤϡ夫ǤϤʤ餫֤äƤֵդ֤פη֤ȤǤƤӤʤΤǤ롥
춦ƱΤˤäƤϡҲϰδطˤ͡ʥѥ󤬸Ȥ

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-06-09-1]

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2013-05-13 Mon

#1477. The Salamanca Corpus --- Ѹѥ [corpus][emode][dialect][dialectology][caxton][popular_passage]

ѸˤǤϡѸѸϤۤȤɿʤǤʤ#1430. ѸˤѸǻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸ͳ (2) ([2013-03-27-1]) Ǥ⿨줿̤ꡤѸϱѸ줬ɸಽϲƤäǤꡤ˿ʱƶڤܤƤɸѸȤΩäƱѸˤ򸦵椷褦ȤȡɤƤɸѼˤɤȤ쿴Ƥޤ餫⤷ʤη̤뤤ϸѸƥȤμۤȤɿʤǤʤǤ롥ѸΤξ󸻤ϡޤ#869. Wright's English Dialect Dictionary ([2011-09-13-1]) Ǥꡤ#868. EDD Online ([2011-09-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤΥ饤ǤѤǤ褦ˤʤäȤϤޤޤǤ롥
2011ǯꡤUniversity of Salamanca ʬοŸ¥ȡѸ (c.1500--c.1950) ƥȤμȥǥ벽ʤƤ롥The Salamanca Corpus: Digital Archive of English Dialect Texts ϡϿƥȤƤƤꡤ塤Ťʾ󸻤ȤʤäƤ椯⤷ʤ
ѥȤŻҥƥȽȤκۤιϰʲ̤Ǥ롥ޤ̤ DIALECT LITERATURE LITERARY DIALECTS ̤롥Ԥǽ񤫤줿ƥȡԤˤĤƸڤΤƥȤǤ롥ˡƥȤǯˤ1500--1700ǯ, 1700--1800ǯ, 1800--1950ǯؤ礭3ʬ졤˽̤̤λʬʤƤ롥
ѥ˼ϿƤǤᤤϡLITERARY DIALECTS -> 1500--1700ǯ -> The Northern Counties -> Prose ɤäƤäȤ˸Ĥ William Caxton ˤ Eneydos "Prologue"1490ǯˤƥȤ221ˤʤΥڡͳǼ롥[2010-03-30-1]ε#337. egges or eyrenפǰѤᤰᤰäޤʬǤ롥侮ܲǤ롥Caxton θѤΤ뤿ˤϡ[2010-03-30-1]εǰѤʸ̮פʤΤǡҰɤ

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2013-03-30 Sat

#1433. 10θűѸƥȤʬ [oe_dialect][manuscript][dialect][map][dialectology][literature]

ѸʬˤĤƤϡ#130. Ѹʬ ([2009-09-04-1]) ۤme_dialect γƵǰäƤűѸˤĤƤܥ֥ǤϤޤ꿨ƤʤäűѸϿޤˤĤƤϡ#715. Britannica Online ǻȤǤϿޡ ([2011-04-12-1]) ǥ󥯤ĥä Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia The distribution of Old English dialects ؤʤΤǡȤؤΤ˥򾮤Ǥʲ˺ƷǤ롥

OE Dialects

űѸϡŪˡNorthumbrian, Mercian ʤ2Ĥ碌 Anglian ȤƤ֡, West-Saxon, Kentish 4Ĥ˶ʬ롥4˶ʬȤäƤ⡤űѸºݤ4Ĥʤäȸ櫓ǤϤʤɤȤȤСʸؼԤˤޤǤܤʤɤɽ蘆ƤʬϤȤŪħˤ4٤˶ʬΤŬڤȤȤˤʤäƤ롤ȤȤǤ롥ߤűѸƥȤ3000ƥȤۤɤǡ300ۤɤǤ롥٤εϤǤϡ˹ǤʤСܺ٤ħ򷡤ФȤϤǤʤޤϰŪʺΤߤʤ餺űѸ򥫥СλŪʺͿƤϤǤꡤºݤˤäǤűѸ¿¿ͤѼ򡤸¸ڵˤ꽽ʬȤȤ񤷤ȤʤΤǤ롥
11θűѸˤʤȡWest-Saxon ˤ񤭸դɸŪȤʤꡤפʸΤۤȤɤѼǽ񤫤뤳Ȥˤʤä10ˤϡ¾ˤ񤫤줿ƥȤ⾯ʤʤºݡˤäƥƥȤɽ蘆ˤФ꤬롥ϡôϰ褬ŪʸŪͥäȤŪ¤򼨤ƤꡤΥƥȤŪ̻ŪʬۤΤޤ޼ҲỤ̄ӤӤƤ뤳Ȥɽ路Ƥ롥
Ǥϡ10θűѸƥȤɽ蘆ƤʬۤCrystal (35--36) ͿƤ̤ˡˤɽηǰʲ˼Ƥߤ褦줾ƥȤμ䵬ϤˤĤƤƤʤΤǡޤʬۤλͤޤǤˡ

probable dateNorthumbrianMercianWest SaxonKentish
675Franks Casket inscription   
700Ruthwell Cross inscriptionEpinal glosses Charters  
725Person and place-names in Bede, Cædmon's Hymn, Bede's Death SongPerson and place-names in Bede, Charters  
750Leiden RiddleCharters Charters
775 Blickling glosses, Erfurt glosses, Charters Charters
800 Corpus glosses  
825 Vespasian Psalter glosses, Lorica Prayer, Lorica glosses Charters
850  ChartersCharters, Medicinal recipes
875  Charters, Royal genealogies, Martyrologies 
900  Cura pastoralis, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 
925  Orosius, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 
950 Royal glossesAnglo-Saxon Chronicle, Medicinal recipesCharters, Kentish Hymn, Kentish Psalm, Kentish proverb glosses
975Rushworth Gospel glosses, Lindisfarne Gospel glosses, Durham Ritual glossesRushworth Gospel glosses  


绨ĤˤޤȤС7 NorthumbrianBede [673?--735] ʤɤγؼԤڽСˡ8 MercianOffa [?--796] μˡ9 West-SaxonAlfred the Great [849--99] μˤɤȤKentish ϡŪҤȤ̼ǡ6ʹߡ󥰥ɤˤ륭ꥹȶܻȤƽŪʸҤݤ³ˡ¸ߴƶϤϽƥȤȿǤƤ롥
űѸؤ񤷤ϡ4Τ줾줬ƥȤǽ˸ȤϡʬΤ˶ϫ뤯餤ۤʤߤ֤Ǹ뤳ȤʤʤǤ롥ؤϡ줾λͭξ뤬椨ˡ꤬ͭΤǤ롥

Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.

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2012-12-28 Fri

#1341. Ѹʬ8ĤŪʷ [me_dialect][isogloss][dialect][methodology][geography][3pp][3sp]

ѸˤĤƤϡme_dialect γƵǰäƤɤʬŪʷ֤ʬۤˤ뤳Ȥ¿㤨С#130. Ѹʬ ([2009-09-04-1]) Τ褦ϿޤƤȤ󼨤Ƥ롥#1317. פ ([2012-12-04-1]) ˤȤꡤȤ˴ؤƤ͡Ū꤬롥Ѹؤ20ȾĹˤäƤꡤǯǤ LALME LAEME оˤ긦Ķ⤷ΤϳΤޤ¿꤬ĤƤ롥
ϡŪ Moore, Meech and Whitehall θѸθ˴ŤפŪ֤Ȥʬۤ򼨤Moore, Meech and Whitehall ϡ1400--1450ǯ˽񤫤줿266Ρʸʸ񤪤43ʸغʤ礿оݥƥȤȤ11μפŪħˤä MED ԻδפȤʤäǤꡤMED "Plan and Bibliography" ˤȿǤƤ롥 (96--106) 8ĤŪħˤĤ󤷤ɽ (98) ͿƤʤΤǡޤȤľΤ򲼤˼

FeatureIsoglossNNEMSEMWMSWSE
OE /ā/A/ɑː//ɔː//ɔː//ɔː//ɔː//ɔː/
OE /a/ + nasalD/a//a//a//ɔ//a//a/
OE /ȳ/, /y/, /ēo/, /eo/F/iː, ɪ/, /eː, ɛ//iː, ɪ/, /eː, ɛ//iː, ɪ/, /eː, ɛ//yː, y/, /øː, ø//yː, y/, /øː, ø//iː, ɪ/, /eː, ɛ/
/f/ -- /v/I/f//f//f//f, v//v//v/
/ʃ/ -- /s/C/s//s//ʃ//ʃ//ʃ//ʃ/
3rd pl. pronounEthemthemhemhemhemhem
3rd sg. pres. verbG-es-es-eth-es, -eth-eth-eth
3rd pl. pres. verbB, H-es-es, -e(n)-e(n)-e(n), -eth-eth-eth
  *  

Ͽ޾ɽ碌ФʤΤϾά롥3;ñʣưˤĤƤϡ#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) 򻲾ȡޤOE /ȳ/, /y/, /ēo/, /eo/ б첻ʬۤˤĤƤϡ#562. busy ֻȯ ([2010-11-10-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Moore, S., S. B. Meech and H. Whitehall. "Middle English Dialect Characteristics and Dialect Boundaries." Essays and Studies in English and Comparative Literature. 13 (1935): 1--60. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan Publication, Language and Literature.
סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ

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2012-12-22 Sat

#1335. Bloomfield ˤǯʸˡɤʸ [neogrammarian][phonetics][borrowing][wave_theory][geography][methodology][dialect]

Bloomfield ϡǯʸˡ (Neogrammarians) ˤ벻ѲβAusnahmslose Lautgesetze "sound laws without exception"ˤˤ͡ȽӤƤɭθؼԤϤߤ Neogrammarian ǤȤơƱɤζӤ⤯ɾƤ롥ȽκǤΤȤơѲ˼Ĥ줿 residue ¸ߤɤΤ褦ŤΤȤ꤬뤬Bloomfield Ϥष˸ꤲΤϡۤʤƱǤȤơȽȿ롥Language ǤϴϢڤߤƤ뤬Τ2Ѥ褦

The occurrence of sound-change, as defined by the neo-grammarians, is not a fact of direct observation, but an assumption. The neo-grammarians believe that this assumption is correct, because it alone has enabled linguists to find order in the factual data, and because it alone has led to a plausible formulation of other factors of linguistic change. (364)

The neo-grammarians claim that the assumption of phonetic change leaves residues which show striking correlations and allow us to understand the factors of linguistic change other than sound-change. The opponents of the neo-grammarian hypothesis imply that a different assumption concerning sound-change will leave a more intelligible residue, but they have never tested this by re-classifying the data. (392--93)


ǯʸˡɤȽԤϡƱɤ (borrowing) (analogy) 򡤼ˤäǤʤꤲॴȢȤưѤƤ뤳Ȥ򤷤ФлŦ뤬Bloomfield ˸碌СषǯʸˡɤϼѤŪϰ̤Ϳ뤳Ȥ˹׸ΤȤȤˤʤ롥
Bloomfield ϡε˴ؤƤ⡤ǯʸˡʸŸ롥벻ѲAˤƤϰ췲θˤʤѤ٤BˤƤϤñˤѤƤʤ褦ʥˤơǯʸˡɤϤ residue ñɤΤ褦Τ

[A]n irregular distribution shows that the new forms, in a part or in all of the area, are due not to sound-change, but to borrowing. The sound-change took place in some one center, and after this, forms which had undergone the change spread from this center by linguistic borrowing. In other cases, a community may have made a sound-change, but the changed forms may in part be superseded by unchanged forms which spread from a center which has not made the change. (362)


ơΰѤˤ³ơǯʸˡɤȽԤؤμ긷ȿ򷫤깭롥

Students of dialect geography make this inference and base on it their reconstruction of linguistic and cultural movements, but many of these students at the same profess to reject the assumption of regular phonetic change. If they stopped to examine the implications of this, they would soon see that their work is based on the supposition that sound-change is regular, for, if we admit the possibility of irregular sound-change, then the use of [hy:s] beside [mu:s] in a Dutch dialect, or of [ˈraðr] rather beside [ˈgɛðr] gather in standard English, would justify no deductions about linguistic borrowing. (362)


Bloomfield εɤߤʤ顤ǯʸˡɤβ⤬Ƚ䤹ΤϡषȤƼ餳ʤΤ⤷ʤȻפƤ

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

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2012-12-04 Tue

#1317. פ [isogloss][dialect][methodology][me_dialect][geography]

ʬ (isogloss) ϡθοȤǤȤäƤǤϤʤϡɤŻ뤹뤫ˤäơʬͻҤѤꤦȤȤǤ롥ޤտŪ֤Ȥˤäơ˾ʬФȤȤǤ⤢롥
ǤϡŻ뤹٤ŪȤʤ餶ʤΤ餫εҴŪʴˤäơפȽפǤʤ̤뤳ȤǤΤˡˤĤơBloomfield (341--42) ϼΤ褦ʰոҤ٤Ƥ롥

An isogloss which cuts boldly across a whole area, dividing it into two nearly equal parts, or even an isogloss which nearly marks off some block of the total area, is more significant than a petty line enclosing a localism of a few villages. . . . The great isogloss shows a feature which has spread over a large domain; this spreading is a large event, simply as a fact in the history of language, and, may reflect, moreover, some non-linguistic cultural movement of comparable strength. As a criterion of description, too, the large division is, of course, more significant than small ones; in fact, the popular classification of dialects is evidently based upon the prevalence of certain peculiarities over large parts of an area. / Furthermore, a set of isoglosses running close together in much the same direction --- a so-called bundle of isoglosses --- evidences a larger historical process and offers a more suitable basis of classification than does a single isogloss that represents, perhaps, some unimportant feature. It appears, moreover, that these two characteristics, topographic importance and bundling, often go hand in hand.


󤹤С(1) ϰ礭ʬ١(2) «ʤƤ١ȤȤˤʤ
δ༫Τ٤ޤࡥɤΤ餤СֹϰפȤߤʤΤɤΤ餤礭װʬ٤Τ˶ƤɸϤʤɤΤ餤«ǤФ褤ΤƱͤ㤨С󥰥ɤ̤礭2ʬβͤϤۤȤɤοͤǧؤǤ̾蘆˺٤ʬषƤ椯ξ硤ɤκ٤ޤǤʬȤߤʤƤ褤ҴŪ˼ɸϤʤѸˤƤ⡤2ʬǤ褤Τ뤤Ϥ줾̤ʬ4Ȥ٤ʤΤŪϤʤդϡʬѤƹͻ褦ȤƤܤŪʬۤ䤽¾طʤ򻲾ȤǡŬڤʶʬռŪ֤ȤΤष˾ޤȸΤ⤷ʤ
Ǥ⡤Bloomfield 2ĤδϡʣΤŪʽ¬ΤΩĴǤ뤳ȤǧƤ褤
Bloomfield Language 10 "DIALECT GEOGRAPHY" ϡ㤬˭٤ǡ¤ˤ褯񤱤Ƥ롥

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

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2012-11-20 Tue

#1303. ʤ¸ߤΤ --- Ⱦǥˤ [dialect][family_tree][wave_theory][geography][isogloss][dialect_continuum][sobokunagimon]

ε#1302. ʤ¸ߤΤ --- ǥˤ ([2012-11-19-1]) ˰³ʤ¸ߤΤʤޤΤȤѤʵ롥Ҥ٤ǥ (family_tree) ˤη٤䤤ΤȾǥ (wave_theory)
Bloomfield (317) εҤڤơȾǥˤʬȤ褦

Different linguistic changes may spread, like waves, over a speech-area, and each change may be carried out over a part of the area that does not coincide with the part covered by an earlier change. The result of successive waves will be a network of isoglosses . . . . Adjacent districts will resemble each other most; in whatever direction one travels, differences will increase with distance, as one crosses more and more isogloss-lines. This, indeed, is the picture presented by the local dialects in the areas we can observe.


ȤƤΤϡ(1) ѲʸŪ׿ˤȾ˳Ȼ뤳Ȥȡ(2) ġθѲˤäȤãϰϤۤʤ뤳Ȥ2ˤꡤΥХˤϡʣȤ (isogloss) 뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ǥդ2Ȥȡߤ˶ᤱжᤤۤɡθѲ¿ͭƤΤǡΤȤƸŪʶ¿ᤤäȤˤʤ롥դ˱󤱤б󤤤ۤɡŪ˶ͭƤѲϾʤΤǡΤȤư㤤礭äȤˤʤ롥ԤΥǤϡ֤ФƤзФĤۤɡŪʶʤʤꡤǽŪˤϸߤ̤ʤۤʤؤʬƤ椯
Τ褦ˡȾǥϡּ˱äʬȼѲ⡤ŪʵΥ˴ŤȤĴ롥ʬΤˤͥ줿ǥȤƤ뤬ǥ˴ŤӸؤƤΤϻ¤Ǥꡤξǥ䤤礦ΤȤƤȤ館ΤΥǥˤƤ⡤Ѳ׺ȤƤ뤳ȤõƤ
Bloomfield (317--18) ϾΰѤ³ơȾǥˤʬˤĤơͤùŪʻͿƤ롥ѤƤ

Now, let us suppose that among a series of adjacent dialects, which, to consider only one dimension, we shall designate as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, . . . X, one dialect, say F, gains a political, commercial, or other predominance of some sort, so that its neighbors in either direction, first E and G, then D and H, and then even C and I, J, K, give up their peculiarities and in time come to speak only the central dialect F. When this has happened, F borders on B and L, dialects from which it differs sharply enough to produce clear-cut language boundaries; yet the resemblance between F and B will be greater than that between F and A, and, similarly, among L, M, N, . . . X, the dialects nearest to F will show a greater resemblance to F, in spite of the clearly marked boundary, than will the more distant dialects. The presentation of these factors became known as the wave-theory, in contradistinction to the older family-tree theory of linguistic relationship. Today we view the wave process and the splitting process merely as two types --- perhaps the principal types --- of historical processes that lead to linguistic differentiation.


Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-22-1] [2013-06-05-1]

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2012-11-19 Mon

#1302. ʤ¸ߤΤ --- ǥˤ [dialect][family_tree][wave_theory][sobokunagimon]

顤ɸѤʵ䤬Ф줿ľμǡΤʤʤ񤷤
ñˤСۤʤ춦ƱΤϰۤʤѤδȯãΤ顤Ȥ뤳ȤǤ롥ܤ붦ƱΤǤ⡤ˡڴη֡衤ˡʤɤʸŪĤߤİۤʤäƤ褦ˡʸ1ĤǤʾ塤Ϥ궦ƱΤȤ˾İۤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ϶ä٤ȤǤϤʤϡʸκϤʤ¸ߤΤפȤؤؤǡɸμФܼŪͿȤˤϤʤʤ
Ūˤϡ̤롥ǥ (family_tree) ˰͵򤹤ȡȾǥ (wave_theory) ˰͵򤹤Υǥϡʤ줬ʬƤ椭ۤޤƤ椯ΤȤ٤󵯤줿ǤȤɸѤʵ򤯤β󶡤ƤƤ롥ƥǥˤĤơ뤤ξǥΩˤĤơޤǤεǤ¿äƤ֤ʤ¸ߤΤפȤ˾Ƥʤ顤ƹͤƤߤ
ǥˤСAäƱaϡ̱ܽ²ʤɤαĤߤˤꡤ֤ȤȤ˶Ʊb, cؤʬ롥ʬ줿Ʊb, cθΤȤʤAħѤ֤ȤȤˤ줾줬ȼθѲʸŪ׿ˤ뤲ΤȤʤAȤϾİۤʤB, Cޤ롥B, CθŪۤΤǤꡤۤʤȤƱ2ĤȸƤ֤ۤŬڤ˻֤Фb, c줾ˤưܽʤɤγư֤ԤʤȡƱbϿʶ̤뿷Ʊd, eؤȡƱcϿƱf, gؤʬƤ椯ȼBϤʬ줿D, EؤȡCϿF, GؤʬƤ椯ŪˤäơüD, E, F, GγϡޤΤȤʤAθħ¿ĤƤߤκۤϤ֤礭ʤäƤ줬֤ⷫƤ椯ȡüγϸߤΥƤ椭ĤˤϸߤǽȤʤ롥ʳǤϡϤۤʤȸƤ֤ۤŬڤ

Family Tree Model

ǥδɸεȤС(1) 춦ƱΤϰ̱ܽ²ʤɤμҲưˤʬ(2) ʬ줾θ춦ƱΤȼθѲ뤲뤫Ǥ롤ȸ롥
ǥˤˤϽʷ롥¤Ĵ٤ƤߤȡʬȼѲפǤǤʤʣʸħʬۤѻ뤫㤨СDEΤ˶̤ħ¿뤳Ȥϡ̤BΤȤʾ塤ΤȤǤ롥ºݤˤϡDFΤƱ⤫ͽۤʾγǶ̤ħ줿ꡤHOΤƱͤδط뤳Ȥ⤢ꤦΤǤ롥ƱΤʬȤäƤ⡤Ū˳䤷Ƥʤ¤ꡤʬ⤢٤θή³Τ̤Ǥꡤ򤹤ȤȤϤޤʤǥǤD, E, F, GΤʤɤβΤĤʤ̵꤬뤵ƤȤ٤Τ
ǤϡȾǥǤϤɤεǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-22-1] [2012-11-20-1]

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2012-11-14 Wed

#1297. does, done [phonetics][gvs][vowel][pronunciation][map][dialect][centralisation][trish][centralisation]

do /duː/ α߿Ĺ첻Фơdoes /dʌz/, done /dʌn/ ߿û첻򼨤ΤϤʤ
do Ȥζ޷ѸǤϤĹ첻 /oː/ äƤȹͤ뤬줬첻ܤˤ /uː/ ؤѲdo ǤϤĹ첻ݤ줿޸ΤĤ does, doest, doth, done Ǥû/uː/ ȤȤ /u/ Ԥʤûȯ/u/ > [ʌ] Ѳ岽ˤ˹ήߤ /dʌz, dʌst, dʌθ, dʌn/ Ϥ줿 do СŪʲѲήϡ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1]) Ǽ夲 blood, flood ƱȤȤˤʤ롥ۤˤϡOE mōste > PDE must, OE ōþer > PDE other, OE mōdor > PDE mother, OE brōþor > PDE brother, OE mōnandæg > PDE Monday ʤɤ첻ѲƱͤǤ롥nothing, none 첻ꡥ
岽17Ȥ롥Jespersen ˤ뵭ҤѤ褦

The change /u/ > [ʌ], by which /u/ was perhaps first unrounded into the high-back-wide vowel and then lowered, must have taken place in the 17th c. (11.61)

The change /u/ > [ʌ] affects . . . all short /u/s existing in the 17th c. . . . (11.64)


岽βˤĤƤϡJespersen μĥʿ԰ưľưǤϤʤľưʿ԰ưäΤǤϤʤȤ⤢p. 300ˡ
岽 The Wash ¦ʥ󥰥ˤǤǤϸߤǤŪȯȤ /ʊ/ ʹ, p. 299) ʲ Chambers and Trudgill (128) θѸϿޤǤ褦some ˤ߿첻 [ʊ] ¤ǼƤ롥ʤ chaff ˤû첻 [a] ¤򼨤

Chambers and Trudgill's Map of Centralisation of /u/

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Chambers, J. K. and Peter Trudgill. Dialectology. Cambridge: CUP, 1980.

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2012-09-23 Sun

#1245. ʣŪβȤƤν񤭤ȤɸѸȯŸ [standardisation][dialect][writing][variation]

[2012-09-06-1]ε#1228. ѸˤˤɸѸȯŸȳΩäơפǡɸѸν񤭸դȯŸ¿ˤĤƿ줿Wright ԤʸΤʤǤȤ櫓ĥƤΤ Hope Ǥ롥񤭤ȤɸѸȯŸϡαѸˤǼĥƤ褦ľŪʲǤϤʤ¿ε͡ʸ콸ĤͿ֤ΤʣŪʲǤäȤĴ롥ˤƤϡܤ variation ΤʤɸȤʤ٤Τ򤹤԰٤ϡͣ selection ǤϤʤ¿ selections ȤƤȤ館롥[2010-11-10-1]ε#562. busy ֻȯפǡbusy ֻ顤ȯȤɸȤƸꤵ줿аޤ򸫤 selection ǤϤʤ selections ꤷʤФʤʤȤɽ魯
ڤΤ褤 Hope (51) ͤΤʤǤ⡤ä˼ĥʼβսѤ褦̣ǤϡWright ʸΤɽƤȤսǤϤʤ

. . . the 'selection' process of standardisation is not the selection of a single dialect, but the selection of single linguistic features from a range of dialects --- features which are then recombined into a new dialect which lacks a common ancestor. Standardisation thus becomes, not a unitary process operating on a single dialect at a single time, but a group of processes operating on all dialects over a much longer time. Selection becomes selections, and this accords much more closely with the observed nature of Standard English (the mixing of northern and southern forms, for example). Standardisation is not simply a set of decisions made by one identifiable group of late medieval bureaucrats: it is a complex of processes, growing out of the decisions made by a much wider range of writers in English (including, for example, the hundreds, perhaps thousands, of people involved in keeping and exchanging business records).


ϢơѲüԤѶŪʤ뤤ϺѡˤȤƤȤ館ͤˤĤƤϡ#1056. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤ ([2012-03-18-1]) #1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤ󤸤ѡ ([2012-03-31-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Hope, Jonathan. "Rats, Bats, Sparrows and Dogs: Biology, Linguistics and the Nature of Standard English." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 49--56.

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2012-06-27 Wed

#1157. Welsh ˤߤ벻Ѳ˭٤ [phonetics][causation][i-mutation][suffix][germanic][dialect][grimms_law][gvs][compensatory_lengthening]

Ȥʤɤǡˡ§ (Grimm's Law; [2009-08-08-1]) (Great Vowel Shift; [2009-11-18-1]) ʤɤηŪʤȤߤ˲Ѳ⤹ȡʤΤ褦ѲΤȤѤʵ䤬¿󤻤롥ѲθˤĤƤϽȤΰոΩƤꡤϤäꤷȤϸʤΤǤ롥ѸǤܸǤ⡤¾ΤǤ⡤üԤεդ̤ȤDzѲϸߤäȿʹǤ롥ޥˤѸˤ˸¤äƤ⡤¿βѲŪ뤤ʸŪǧƤꡤˡ§첻ܤϡȤ櫓̾ǤϤ뤬¿Τ2Ĥˤʤäơˡ§ˤĤƤΡ֤ʤפ䤦ΤǤСƱ褦̵βѲΡ֤ʤפʤФʤʤʤ롥ѲθϤȤƤ⡤ѲŪǤꡤ˭٤Ǥ뤫ȤȤϵαƤɬפ롥
㤨СѸ Welsh ȯ򡤥ޥĸκƷŪˤʣβѲȤʤФʤʤФ꤫ޥĸ줫űѸ West-Saxon ɸǤ Wīelisc ˤɤ夯ޤǤˤ⡤5ĤβѲͿƤΤǤ (Hamer 34--35) ޥĸȤƤϡ캬 *walh ˷ƻ *-isk ղä *walhisk ƷƤбѸ -ish ˤĤƤϡ[2009-09-07-1]ε#133. ƻĤ -ish γηϩפ򻲾ȡˡ

Proto-Germanic *walhisk to West-Saxon wielsc

οޤǤ "raising", "breaking", "sk > sc", "i-mutation", "loss of h and compensatory lengthening" 줾βѲդ줿̾ΤǤ롥ˡ§ʤɤĤ̾դƤʤ줾줬Ωɤ1ĤβѲǤ롥
äϤǽʤűѸ West-Saxon ɸ Wīelisc ˤɤ夤θѸʹߤˤʤäߤɸ Welsh ϢʤΤϡ West-Saxon ǤϤʤAnglian Kentish Ǥ롥űѸ Anglia Ǥϡbreaking 餺ष1첻 æ a ز󵢤줬 i-mutation ˤƤ æ ؾ夬ꡤѸǤϤȯŸ e, a ʤɤΰ۷Ω16ʹߤϡe 첻ǸǤޤꡤߤ Welsh ŪʸȤ夷
2첻 i ξüˤĤƤϡűѸ˻Ϥޤä餷i ̵ͭɤѸˤ㤷ä褦MED Welsh (adj.) 򻲾ȡˡʤFrench Ƭ -ish 첻ξά줿֤Ƥ[2009-10-09-1]ε#165. ̱²ƻ i-mutationפ򻲾ȡˡޤ̾ Wallace, Wallis Welsh Ū۷Ǥ롥
Τ褦ˡΤˤȯŪˤϡ¿βѲפɤȤɬפȤʤ롥ȤơѸ father ĸɤΤ褦˲ŪȯŸƤ򼨤[2010-08-20-1]ε#480. father ͥˡ§פ⻲ȡ

Hamer, R. F. S. Old English Sound Changes for Beginners. Oxford: Blackwell, 1967.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-02-14-1] [2013-08-12-1]

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2012-03-31 Sat

#1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤ󤸤 [dialect][geography][wave_theory][history_of_linguistics][substratum_theory][neolinguistics]

[2012-03-07-1]ε#1045. ĹˤפϤᡤwave_theory γƵȾ (the wave theory; Wellentheorie) 夲ƤĤΡ͡٤ɤߤʤ顤θۤ20äǶäŪǰθؤƤ뤳Ȥ˵ŤǤСüԸĿͤοŤ󤸤ѤǤ롥ʰʲػˤˤ뵭Ҥˤϥå (62--68) 򻲾Ȥ롥
19ˤԤϤHugo Schuchardt (1842--1928) ϡѲȯüˤĿͤŻ뤷Ŀͤγ׿ٿͤ蘆뤳ȤˤäƸѲҲΤΤȤʤȤȤƻŦ20ꡤBergson ľ Benedetto Croce ؤ󾧤ȡSchuchardt αƶؤäơĿͤοŤ󤸤ؤ줿ϡܼŪ˸ĿͿȯǤ뤫顤ʸŪݤȤƤȤ館ʤФʤʤȤΩäζŪʼƳԤ Karl Vossler (1872--1947) ϤȤե顼ɤ̡ǡʹ֤ϸ˴ؤǽưŪǤꡤԤǤȹͤǡ[2012-03-18-1]ε#1056. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤפǰѤĤλۤȰۤʤȤʤ
ꥢǤϡե顼ɤŪǰήѾؤˤƶ (Neolinguistics) Matteo Giulio Bartoli (1873--1946) ɮƬȤ뿷ɤ̡ϡ˴ؤƼºߤΤϡäĿ͡פǤꡤβϡäĿ͡פФڤȹͤޤŪФɽȤơݽѡʸءʤɤ¾ʸŪʻݤƱͤˡĤ䤹ήԤѲˤ餵Ȥ[2012-03-18-1]εΰѤǤϡĤϡήԡȿȯƤ뤬ήԡפȤѸޤʤ椨ȿȯǤꡤѲäĿ͡פκѤǤǤȤǤϡɤΩȰפƤ롥ɤˤˡҲװŻ뤷˸ϰ (areal linguistics) (substratum theory) ȸƤФ뤳ȤˤʤפʳǰƳȤӤ⤢롥Ĥե顼ɤ俷ɤľܤ˱ƶɤ̤ĴγɤĤδ֤¿κΩä뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥
ĿͤονŻϡġĹνŻˤĤʤ롥ȤΤϡ٤ʸĿͤοϡġθˤ⤽٤ȯϤǤ롥ĤˤѰۤΰ (37--38) ϡ¾塤ѲˤĿͤŪФνŦƤȲᤷƤ褤

ñ沽ȤȤϡλѼԤΤˤϲǤʤȤΤ褦Ǥ뤬Ϥ¾Ϥ˰ܤȤˤϡʤ礭ʾ㳷ȤʤäƸ롥ưΤޤ餫ΤƤΤˤϡƿ褦̣ȿơϤޤޤäƼ˻Ĥ路ʤǤȻפġλʪˤä̤¿ꡤġΰιȤȤϡ餯Ϥ沽®⤷Ϥɻߤ٤ϤΡ̵ͭˤΤǤäơμҲȤѤȤԤˤϡˤδطΤˤ֤ɬפΤǤ롥β꤬⤷äƤʤС߰Ĥγٻˤήưפʤ餷ƤϤϡƱˤޤθο¥ϤǤäθˤʤ뺢ˤϡ¾ΰθ̤äơˤϤĤƤͤηˡȲƻĤʳˤϡäƶϾʤԤ˻ߤޤꡤε񤢤뤴ȤˡΤ뱿̿ĤΤǤ롥ñϷ»̾Ť뤳ȤϡɬѤȤϸȤ̡Ȥꤽδ֤ˤϼ̿ĹûäơŸˤˤƺ褭ĹޤĤĤΤ⤢뤳Ȥϻ¤Τ餤ȸŤΤϼ䤹ޤ줿ΤηޤΤϾˡ§ǤΤˡ桹ϼ㴳㳰Τ٤Ȥ򿴤֤ơܸۤߤʬ顤줾θǯĹĤΤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥


˿줿췲θؼԤζ̹򤯤ФСĿͿνŻ롤ǰŪ١ºŤȤȤ

ˡ͡١ȽŹ1980ǯ
ߥ륫å Ρ ͺ ظؤή١ߤ˼1974ǯ

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2012-03-19 Mon

#1057. LAEME Index of Sources θġ Ver. 2 [laeme][web_service][cgi][dialect]

[2011-11-25-1]ε#942. LAEME Index of Sources θġפ SQL ˤ븡 CGI Ƕᡤ LAEME ܳŪ˻Ȥ񤬤ꡤѤΥǡ١˾ɲäǡ̸ߴȤʤ Ver. 2 äΤǡ롥
ɲäϡPERIOD, COUNTY, DIALECT 3եɡPERIOD ϡȤȤ IOS ͿƤƥȤ DATE ȤˡȾڤ绨Ĥ˶ʬʤΡC13b2--C14a1 ʤɶʬΤޤˤϡᤤۤȤä C13b ɤؤ"ca. 1300" ʤɤƱͤˡᤤۤݤ C13b ȤDATE ˤ C13, C14 ʤȾǶڤʤǯ夬ͿƤˤϡC13, C14 Τ褦ˤΤޤ޻Ĥ
COUNTY ϡLOC ͿƤȤˡ3ʸάɽǼDIALECT ϡ°뽣 (county) Ȥ绨Ĥ N (Northern), NWM (North-West Midland), NEM (North-East Midland), SEM (South-East Midland), SWM (South-West Midland), SW (Southwestern), SE (Southeastern) 7˶ʬΤǤ롥ϽȰפƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΤ⡤#130. Ѹʬ ([2009-09-04-1]) #1030. England θѸʬ (2) ([2012-02-21-1]) Ǹ褦ˡ񤷤äơ DIALECT Ϳ⡤[2009-09-04-1]ѸϿޤ绨Ĥ˾Ȥ餷ƤβΤΤǤ롥ͤޤǤˡCOUNTY DIALECT бɽ

    


ˡ[2011-11-25-1]εǤƱǡơ֥̾ "ios" (for "Index of Sources") Ǹꡥեɤϡ23ե (ID, MS, TEXT_ID, FILE, DATE, PERIOD, TEXT, GRID, LOC, COUNTY, DIALECT, COMMENT, SAMPLING, TAGGED_WORDS, PLACE_NAMES, PERSONAL_NAMES, WORDS, SCRIPT, OTHER, STATUS, BIBLIO, CROSS_REF, URL) select ʸΤͭʲŵŪʸ󤲤Ƥ

# PERIOD ˿ʬ줿ƥȤο
select distinct PERIOD, count(*) from ios group by PERIOD;

# COUNTY ˿ʬ줿ƥȤο
select distinct COUNTY, count(*) from ios group by COUNTY;

# DIALECT ˿ʬ줿ƥȤο
select distinct DIALECT, count(*) from ios group by DIALECT;

# DIALECT/PERIOD Ȥˡ°ƥȤ¿˥ꥹȥå
select distinct DIALECT, PERIOD, count(*) from ios group by DIALECT, PERIOD order by count(*) desc;

# Worcestershire ΥƥȤФPERIOD ˽
select TEXT_ID, FILE, MS, COUNTY, PERIOD, TAGGED_WORDS from ios where COUNTY = 'WOR' order by PERIOD;

  *  

Referrer (Inside): [2012-12-17-1] [2012-10-10-1]

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2012-03-15 Thu

#1053. Ⱦȵڸ [wave_theory][geography][dialect][sociolinguistics][rhotic][lexical_diffusion][geolinguistics]

ѲȾ˼ϤäƹԤȤȾ (the wave theory; Wellentheorie) ˤĤơ#999. ѲȾ ([2012-01-21-1]) #1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1]) #1045. Ĺˤ ([2012-03-07-1]) εǼ夲ƤȾϡӸؤȤƤ the family tree model ФȿȤ󾧤줿ΤäѲˤ¾ʸŤƱͤŪ¦̤ȤͤƤߤФäȤʼĥ˳ΩͿȤɾ롥
ȾϡѲŤˤĤƤ͡¦̤˸ƤƤʲˡȾ⤬ѲθͿȵڸ̤ߤˤĤơιͤȤ󤲤褦

(1) ָŸն˻Ĥ (archaism in marginal areas) θ§ǤΩơƤߤͿ
(2) ѲŤŪ¦̤ˤĤƤν߽ФΤȤʤä㤨СȾФ the gravity model 䡤 the gravity model й the counterhierarchical modelŪڤܤ border effect ʤɡ (linguistic geography) ȯŸ˹׸
(3) Ⱦθϡ٥ŤǤʤҲ٥ŤˤѤǤǽ롥㤨С[2010-06-07-1]ε#406. Labov New York City /r/פǾҲ𤷤ĴǡҲкŪʳؤβ˸äơʺǾ̤Ȥơ /r/ Ψ⤫ä¤ϡrhotic ȯؤ˥äȾ˹äƤΤǤϤʤȤٻ롥
(4) óȻ (lexical diffusion) ϡ衤Ū¦̤ϴطʤηϤΤʤ˥褦˿ʤ಻ѲȤ󾧤줿ŪȾȤ褦˻פ롥Ⱦ¤2ܡ3ܤȳȤФ줾Ѥ4ܡ9ܤ˳礹褦ˡóȻǤ⤢ʳĤ "take-off" ȡ®٤޷˾夬ꡤäȾ쵤ݤ߹ࡥ

Ⱦ⤬ѲŪͣηǤϤʤȤΤƤ뤬(2) ǽҤ٤褦ˡѲθŪ֤ȤᤷӤ礭Britain ϡʸƬǡߤǤҲؤˤŪ֤μؤδؿ˳ȻŦƤ롥

The geographical dimension of space has been an almost wholly unexplored dimension in sociolinguistics. This is a somewhat surprising state of affairs since modern sociolinguistics can rightfully claim roots in a number of (seemingly) spatially-aware antecedents: the cartographic tradition of early dialectology, early linguistic anthropology, the cultural geography of Vidal de la Blache . . . and so on. Almost without exception, and rather than having been critically explored as a potential social variable, space has been treated as a blank canvas onto which sociolinguistic processes are painted. It has been unexamined, untheorised and its role in shaping and being shaped by language untested.


Ū֤ѲΥХȤƤǤϤʤζȤƤȤ館ƤƤɬפ롥

Britain, Dave. "Geolinguistics and Linguistic Diffusion." Sociolinguistics: International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Ed. U. Ammon et al. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2004.

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2012-03-12 Mon

#1050. postvocalic r Υ󥰥ϿޤˤĤ­ [wave_theory][dialect][rhotic]

[2012-03-07-1]ε#1045. Ĺˤפǡ󥰥ɱѸˤ1Ȥ postvocalic r ˸ڤTrudgill (27) arm ȯ˴ؤϿޤϡ[2010-07-23-1]ε#452. 󥰥ɱѸνˤ rפǼϿޤ򸫤СȾ濴ɤΤˤϤ狼ʤɥ˶ᤤ󥰥դˤäΤǤϤʤȤ¬ΩƤ줽 postvocalic r ˴ؤˤĤư۵Ĥ򾧤ĤϤʤϡϿޤ᤹Ǥâ񤭤äƤȤϤäƤ⡤ȥåɥ (186--87) Ȥդ򴭵ƤǤ롥
1ܤϡϿޤ arm cart ΤĤθ˴ؤϿޤǤꡤä postvocalic r ΤϿޤɽȤ櫓ˤϤʤȤǤ롥óȻ (lexical diffusion) ʤɤθѲ⤯ȤˤСѲ postvocalic r ξüȤ褦ʥ٥뤬Ž줿ȤƤ⡤ѲϡͿ췲ФɬƱ˰ΧƯ櫓ǤϤʤϿ޾Τäդ "(r)" ϰϡˤä r ̵ͭɤƤϰǤ롥ϿޤϤ褽ηĤƤ뤳ȤϳΤθʬۤäưŪʬ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤϲƤɬפ롥
2ܤϡϿޤϡܤŪѰۤʬۤ򼨤ȤŪȤƤꡤҲŪѰۤϼξݤƤȤǤ롥㤨СϿޤϡ󥰥ɤν̱ʤ뤤ϾʤȤ¿ˤ arm ˤ r ȯ뤫Τ褦Ƥ뤬r ̵ͭŪװʳˤƼμҲŪװˤ⺸줦롥㤨СϰǤϡϿޤȤ˼ºݤ r ȯΤϡּҲŪ˺DzؤϷͤäפʤΤǤʥȥåɥ롤p. 186ˡ󤳤ϿޤǤϤʤϿޤɤդȤȤǤ롥
3ܤϡϿޤ "Traditional Dialect" ([2012-02-20-1]ε#1029. England θѸʬ (1)פ򻲾ȡˤɽ路ΤǤꡤȤ¼Ѽɽ뤳ȤܻؤϿޤǤȤLiverpool ޤ¿ԻǤ r ޤäȯʤλ¤ϤϿޤˤȿǤƤʤ
[2010-07-23-1]εǤϡ֥ꥹѸᥤ󥰥ɱѸnon-rhoticפȤƤΤȤȤĴ뤿˼ʤȤѤϿޤ켫Ȥ⡤ѲҲŪʻˡɬפΤˤǤϤ뤬˼ξݤƤȤǡϤƤΤǤȤȤ򡤤˵Ƥ֤ϿޤȤϿޤɤǤ롥

Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
P. ȥåɥ ظȼҲ١ȽŹ1975ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-07-09-1] [2014-11-13-1]

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2012-03-07 Wed

#1045. Ĺˤ [wave_theory][dialect][geography][isogloss]

#999. ѲȾ ([2012-01-21-1]) #1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1]) Ⱦ (linguistic geography) ˤĤƿ줿ܤˤƱͤȤƤϡĹ (1875--1962) ͡ (1930) ˤ󾧤ͭ̾Ǥ롥
͡٤ϲ椬ˤؤκǽͤǤꡤǼ줿ϡ1872ǯ Johannes Schmidt (1843--1901) ȯɽ the wave theory (Wellentheorie) ǤȤäƤ褤Ĥ Schmidt ΤäƤɤ餫Ǥʤե󥹤θؤˤĤƤϳؤǤ褦ǤꡤȯۤǴŪ˱ƶƤȤȤϹͤ롥
ĤϡˤäȤ˰۷μϤޤޤǤ뤳Ȥ夲ƸȸƤ (21) Ȥ櫓̤¿ȤơĤĴΤΤפǤ롥ޤԤ濴Ȥᵦǡ֥ǥǥॷפʬۤǧ롥Τ¦¦Ǥϡ֥ޥޥפʬۤƤꡤˤγ¦͹Ǥϡ֥ĥפϰ褬äƤ롥γ̤ȶ彣Ǥϡ֥ĥ֥פΤޤ¦˰֤ȶ彣Ǥϡ֥ʥ᥯פϰ褬롥θƾΤ (isogloss) ϡ٤ߤС¿θܤƱͤ˺Ƥ뤬޼аʲΤ褦ˤʤɽ路Ĺˡ

kagyuukou

ꤵΤϡɽ魯줬㤨Ƽȵնޤ졤ơƱ߾˳¦˹äƤäȤǤ롥դߤȡǤ⳰¦ʬۤ줬Ǹؤ¦ˤ椯ˤäƿؤȤʤꡤԤˤäƺǿؤ˽в񤦡ؤѻФĤƤϼưǤΤƱͤˡʬۤѻФĤƤθܤγȻλǤ뤳ȤĤˤäƼ¾Ū˼ΤǤ롥ʤ֥ʥ᥯פΤ˸ؤȤƼ˳ΤȤƤΡ֥ߥʡפʬۤƤȤΤⶽ̣ġpp. 149--50ˡ
μ¾ڤϤߤȤļȤҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤʬۤβ1ĤˤʤäˤĤƤϤ٤ޤ뤳ȤǤƤ⡤䥢ȤʬۤǤϡष濴ݼŪħݤĤȤ졤ŬѤǤʤäˤĤƤϤΩ˿֤ޤ¿ȯ⾧Ƥ롥ޤ֤γϡɬϤäƿʤȤϸ¤ʤȤͤ⤢롥
뤤ȾˤĤܸȱѸȤǰۤʤäƤϡܸǤϡޤǤϡפʸѲϵԤ濴ȤȹͤƤ褽ְ㤤ʤѸǤɬɥ濴Ȥ׿ФǤϤʤäȤɥ濴Ȥ󥰥ɤ׿ȯϤȤʤäơ줬Ʊ߾˳ϤؤŤƤ椯ϡΤˤ롥[2010-07-23-1]ε#452. 󥰥ɱѸνˤ rפǾҲ𤷤18Ⱦ postvocalic r ξüɽǡ[2011-11-24-1]ε#941. ѸθѲϤʤ̤ŤΤפǼ夲󥰥ȯϤȤѲ¿ǧ롥äơΩ줫鸫ȡ󥰥ɤξȯ줿ƱߤʣŪ褷ƤȤȤˤʤ롥

ˡ͡١ȽŹ1980ǯ

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2012-02-22 Wed

#1031. ܸʬ [japanese][dialect][flash][family_tree][map]

2֤ε ([2012-02-20-1], [2012-02-21-1]) ǡ󥰥ɤˤ븽Ѹʬγά򼨤󥰥ɤ˺٤ʬƤ뤳ȤƻפΤ餵줿
󥰥ɤιڤŪˤ⤫餺ۤɤޤǤʬȤϡڤϹŪˤƱŪȤ륢ꥫѸȹоȤʤꥫǤϡ#591. ꥫѸ줬ͤǤͳ ([2010-12-09-1]) #457. ꥫѸʬ Kurath ǡˡ ([2010-07-28-1]) ˤ̤ꡤʬϤäƤξԤκۤϡѸ줬դȤˤʤäаޡˤĹ̤ȯãϤФռʤɡ͡װ˵롥
٤κϤ졤ʬϸˤȤäŪ󥰥Ʊͤ˹ڤȤܤܤߤС褯Ǥ롥ʲϡƣ (167) ޤƸΤǤ롥

Japanese dialects  *  


ܸ2ʬʬϡΰΤγΤʤ礭ʬܽʬ㸩λŲ̾Ф֡λܤΡظˡĴ٤ˤȡԢθҿʬȥά׼ǻϥ춭˱ҥ¶ȥ륳ȥ륬ǡפȤʺƣp. 169--71ˡ

ƣ ˡŸ˾ܸ١ҡ1996ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-02-01-1]

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2012-02-21 Tue

#1030. England θѸʬ (2) [dialect][bre][link][isogloss]

ε#1029. England θѸʬ (1) ([2012-02-20-1]) ǥ󥰥ɤˤ븽Ѹʬ򼨤ʬϡʤ٤Ϥι⤤ӽФ (isogloss) νŤʤƤ椯ΤŪʼˡɤθӽФˤĤƤεҴŪʴߤ뤳Ȥ񤷤¿쾯ʤؼԤμѤΤ
Ǥϡ Trudgill ʬϲ˴ŤƤ뤫Trudgill ϡʲ8ĤñӽФˤä13ζʬߤʣȤǤ뤳ȤϡʲʬɽưפΤ (Trudgill 33)

  LongNightBlindLandArmHillSevenBat
older form lang /læŋ/neet /niːt/blinnd /blɪnd/land /lænd/arrm /aːrm/hill /hɪl/seven /sevn/băt [bat]
newer form long /lɒŋ/nite /naɪt/blined /blaɪnd/lond /lɒnd/ahm /aːm/ill /ɪl/zeven /zevn/bæt [bæt]
1Northumberlandlangneetblinndlandarrmhillsevenbat
2Lower Northlangneetblinndlandahmillsevenbat
3Lancashirelongneetblinedlondarrmillsevenbat
4Staffordshirelongniteblinedlondahmillsevenbat
5South Yorkshirelongneetblinndlandahmillsevenbat
6Lincolnshirelongniteblinndlandahmillsevenbat
7Leicestershirelongniteblinedlandahmillsevenbat
8Western Southwestlongniteblinedlandarrmillzevenbat
9Northern Southwestlongniteblinedlondarrmillsevenbat
10Eastern Southwestlongniteblinedlandarrmillsevenbat
11Southeastlongniteblinedlændarrmillsevenbæt
12Central Eastlongniteblinedlændahmillsevenbæt
13Eastern Countieslongniteblinedlændahmhillsevenbæt


ʲˡޤܥ֥ǰäƤˤʬ˴ؤ뵭ڤӳڡؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤ礷Ƹʤ ##1029,130,457,458,376

#1029. England θѸʬ (1): [2012-02-20-1]
#130. Ѹʬ: [2009-09-04-1]
ѸϿ: The distribution of Middle English dialects
űѸϿ: The distribution of Old English dialects
#457. ꥫѸʬ Kurath ǡˡ: [2010-07-28-1]
#458. ꥫѸʬ Baugh and Cable ǡˡ: [2010-07-29-1]
#376. ˤѸιϿޤǤߤ: [2010-05-08-1]

Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Blackwell: Malden, MA: 2000.

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2012-02-20 Mon

#1029. England θѸʬ (1) [dialect][bre][flash][family_tree][map]

ѸʬˤĤƤϡ[2009-09-04-1]ε#130. ѸʬפϿޤȤȤ˼ꤢϡEngland ˤ븽Ѹʬ򼨤
μϡTraditional Dialect ȸƤФΤǡűѸѸ줫ʬαĹˤΤǤ롥Trudgill (5) Ѥ롥

Traditional Dialects are what most people think of when they hear the term dialect. They are spoken by a probably shrinking minority of the English-speaking population of the world, almost all of them in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. They are most easily found, as far as England is concerned, in the more remote and peripheral rural areas of the country, although some urban areas of northern and western England still have many Traditional Dialect speakers. These dialects differ very considerably from Standard English, and from each other, and may be difficult for others to understand when they first encounter them.


England Traditional Dialect Ĵϥ衼åѤ¾ι٤줿Orton, H. et al. Survey of English Dialects: The Basic Material. 4 vols. Leeds: E. J. Arnold, 1962--71. ˤ1950ǯʹߤʬۤ餫ˤƤʲ˼ΤϡʬŪ Survey ˰͵򤷤 Trudgill (35) ζʬǤ롥13ؤȶʬƤ롥

Traditional Dialects in England  *  

ޤTrudgill (40, 44, 47) ˽äƤ˲̶ʬΡɤγĤǤ Flash Τǡɤ
󥰥ɤκǤ礭ʬϡSouth North ʬ Lancashire ߤ the River Humber ϸǤꡤ͸űѸѤäƤʤ1600ǯʾ³ʬǤ롥

Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Blackwell: Malden, MA: 2000.

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