ߡ͡ʱѸѼ (world_englishes) ʬۤƤ롥ơθħäǤꡤߤΰۤʤ¿¿ͤǡֱѸפȤưˤ褦ȤƤۤɤɸŪʥꥹѸȥꥫѸɤ٤Ƥ⡤ˤäƤΰ㤤ˤΤʤΤƱꤹΤϡ䤹ʤʡ#627. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ ([2011-01-14-1])#628. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ (2) ([2011-01-15-1]) ȡˡ
Tagliamonte ϡαѸѼ֤δطĤʤ碌ߥåϡꥹμνѼȤˤˤȼĥ (p. 3) ǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
It is fascinating to consider why the many varieties of English around the world are so different. Part of the answer to this question is their varying local circumstances, the other languages that they have come into contact with and the unique cultures and ecologies in which they subsequently evolved. However, another is the historically embedded explanation that comes from tracing their roots back to their origins in the British Isles. Indeed, leading scholars have argued that the study of British dialects is critical to disentangling the history and development of varieties of English everywhere in the world . . . .
Tagliamonte ȤƤ뤳Ȥϡ㤨мΤ褦ʤȤꥹμήѼȥꥫμήѼ¤٤ƸߤθŪۤФѼˤμˤ褦ȤƤ⡤٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤѤƥꥹ뤤ϥꥫήѼ⤤ĤޤƲ¤ӤˤμȤȤ˸ŪƱСߤѼӤĤߥåǽ롥㤨СߤΥɥαѸõƤ⸫ĤʤҥȤåȥɤαѸȤˤиĤ뤳Ȥ⤢ΤǤϤʤ
Tagliamonte ǽҤ٤ƤΤϡδ˾Ǥ롥δ˾äơˤӤˡȤ "comparative sociolinguistics" ƤƤΤΡӼҲءפˡĤӸ (comparative_linguistics) ΤijؽŪ̩뤳ȤϤۤԲǽȤäƤ褤1ĤŪƤȤƴޤѸαƺΤ褦ʼפФǤʤԥѸ졤쥪Ѹ졤AAVE ʤѼˤ뤤ꤲƤ
ܽκǸǡTagliamonte (213) ϱѸˤȤ뤤̤𤤾夲Ƥ롥
Dialects are a tremendous resource for understanding the grammatical mechanisms of linguistic change. Dialects are also the storehouse of the heart and soul of culture, history and identity. Delving deep into the nuts and bolts of language, deeper than words and phrases and expressions, down into the grammar, we discover a treasure trove. Beneath the anecdotes and nonce tales are hidden patterns and constraints that are a system unto themselves, reflecting the legacy of regional factions, social groups and human relationships. As language evolves through history, its inner mechanisms are evolving, but not in the same way in every place nor at the same rate in all circumstances --- it will always mirror its own ecology.
Tagliamonte, Sali A. Roots of English: Exploring the History of Dialects. Cambridge: CUP, 2013.
ҲؤǤ variety ѼˤȤѸ褯Ѥ뤬Ȥ˻褦ʻȤ lect ȤѸʹ롥 dialect sociolect lect ФΤѸλȤʬΤ˻פTrudgill Ѹ콸äƤߤ줾ιܤѤ롥
variety A neutral term used to refer to any kind of language --- a dialect, accent, sociolect, style or register --- that a linguist happens to want to discuss as a separate entity for some particular purpose. Such a variety can be very general, such as 'American English', or very specific, such as 'the lower working-class dialect of the Lower East Side of New York City'. See also lect
lect Another term for variety or 'kind of language' which is neutral with respect to whether the variety is a sociolect or a (geographical) dialect. The term was coined by the American linguist Charles-James Bailey who, as part of his work in variation theory, has been particularly interested in the arrangement of lects in implicational tables, and the diffusion of linguistic changes from one linguistic environment to another and one lect to another. He has also been particularly concerned to define lects in terms of their linguistic characteristics rather than their geographical or social origins.
ƤꡤξȤ "a kind of language" ۤɤǤۤƱΤ褦variety ΤۤŪѤȤϤäƤ褤lect ϸѲˤƤब lect A lect B ؤʬۤƤʤɤݤ˻Ȥ뤳Ȥ¿褦Ĥޤꡤlect ϸóȻ (lexical_diffusion) 褤ȤȤˤʤ롥
ʤ lect ιǻȤƤ Charles-James Bailey ϡ#1906. ѲΥ塼ϸŪĶȤ˰ۤʤ뤫 ([2014-07-16-1]) ǰѤ褦ˡΤ˸óȻѲΥ塼 (schedule_of_language_change) ˤĤŪ˰äƤҲؼԤǤ롥
Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
#2384. polycentric language ([2015-11-06-1]) ˰³ʣ濴ĸ (polycentric, or pluricentric, language) ˤĤơΥơޤʸԤ Clyne (1) ϡܤνϤˤơΤ褦ʸħΤ褦˸ɽƤ롥
The term pluricentric was employed . . . to describe languages with several interacting centres, each providing a national variety with at least some of its own (codified) norms. Pluricentric languages are both unifiers and dividers of peoples. They unify people through the use of the language and separate them through the development of national norms and indices and linguistic variables with which the speakers identify. They mark group boundaries . . . indicating who belongs and who does not. National varieties may be seen as symbols of suppressed potential language conflict as the development of a distinct Ausbau language has not gone ahead . . . .
pluricentric language ȤϡҲŪˤϡʣθѼ«פǤ⤢ꡤѼۤʤΤȤƶ̤ʬ֤Ǥ⤢ȤȤˤʤ롥ѼġΩ¸ߤǧĤĤ⡤«ͤ褦ȤտޤޤǰȤ⤤뤷ȿФˡ1ĤθȤκۤƤ뤬ˤΩͤѼ郎ʣ뤳Ȥ복ǰȤ⤤롥εǤҤ٤褦ˡѼθ¤̤ѸǤʾˡΤ褦ʸ¤˲ᡦɾ뤫ȤѸ˶ᤤΤǤϤʤ
ͤͤȡɤΤȤѼ (variety) ȤϲζϲȤ䤤˹Ԥ夤Ƥޤ褦˻פ롥ѼˤĤƤϡ#1373. variety Ȥϲ ([2013-01-29-1])#415. All linguistic varieties are fictions ([2010-06-16-1])#2116. ֱѸפεۣ ([2015-02-11-1])#2243. ʥѸȤϲ ([2015-06-18-1])#2282. ʥѸȤϲ (2) ([2015-07-27-1])#2265. ѼȤϸѲηϩꤷեǤ ([2015-07-10-1]) ȡ
ʤClyne Ǥϡpluricentric languages ʤθˤȤơʲθ줬夲Ƥ롥Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, Tamil, Swedish, German, French, English, Korean, Arabic, Chinese, Armenian, Serbo-Croatian, Hindi-Urdu, Malay, Pacific Pidgin Englishes, Macedonian.
Clyne, Michael. "Pluricentric Languages --- Introduction." Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Ed. Michael Clyne. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992. 1--9.
ʣΡ濴פĸϡɸ̤ polycentric language 뤤 pluricentric language ȸƤФ롥Trudgill (105) Ѹ켭ŵ顤Ѥ롥
A language in which autonomy is shared by two or more (usually very similar) superposed varieties. Examples include English (with American, English, Scottish, Australian and other standard forms); Portuguese (with Brazilian and European Portuguese standard variants); Serbo-Croat (with Serbian and Croatian variants) and Norwegian (with Bokmål and Nynorsk).
polycentric language ȤϡСơAusbau ʸפȸƤӤۤɤɸ碌ʣѼ۲˴ޤ1ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ㤨СꥹѸ (British English) ȥꥫѸ (American English) ϡ̤ŪаޤФƤС⤷ȳơꥹ (British) 䥢ꥫ (American) ȸƤФΩˤʤäƤ⤷ʤ (cf. #468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1])) ºݤˤϤʤ餺ˡޤǡ֥ꥹѼαѸפ֥ꥫѸפʤɤȸƾΤ褦ˤʤäƤ뤬ֱѸפȸƤФ۲ˤ롤Ūˤפ̤2ѼȤߤʤƤ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ롥Τ褦ʴѸȤߤȤѸ "polycentric language" Ǥȸ롥
"polycentric language" ȤѸ츯ϡѼ autonomy heteronomy (cf. #1522. autonomy heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1])) ˴ؤ뤿ᡤѼμҲŪʼ֤ؤΤѤȤϡѼҲŪˤª뤫Ȥɽ魯ΤǤϤʤΰѤǤϡSerbo-Croat 㤬Ƥ뤬ӥ (Serbian) ȥ (Croatian) ߤΩǤȤʼҲ˸ѤλˤȤäƤϡܥ (Serbo-Croat(ian)) "a polycentric language" ǤȤ⤤ϥʥɤĩȯŪʹ뤫⤷ʤ (cf. #1636. Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian ([2013-10-19-1]))
Ѹˤϡ̸ʬƤʬƤʤʤȤߤʤƤ˸Ѽ֤줿ɽ褦Ȥտޤ롥ָߤ˻Ƥ2פʤΤָߤ˻Ƥ2Ѽ۲ˤ1פʤΤѸˤ衤ܥݥȥˤ衤θѼ˴ؤƤ⡤"polycentric language" Ȥϼ֤Ȥϸ륿ߥΥǤϤʤǡJenkins (64) ȤäƤ褦 "pluricentric approach" ȤɽѤΤŬڤΤ褦˻פ
ε#2383. ݥȥȥ륾ե˥ ([2015-11-05-1]) (5) ǡ֥ݥȥΥ֥饸פ֥֥饸פȤ˸ڤСεϥݥȥ줬 "a polycentric language" ݤεȤȤˤʤ롥
Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Jenkins, Jennifer. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. Abingdon: Routledge, 2003.
ťΥɸȥե줬ѸͿƤƶϡѸˤǤϤФоȤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤#111. ѸˤˤťΥɸȸťեαƶӤ ([2009-08-16-1]) #126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1]) Ǥ夲ƤεǤ⼨褦ˡξαƶ͡оŪǤ롥ɤδߤ뤫ܰܤꤹۤɤDenison and Hogg (15) ϡȤ櫓ҲŪʴ顤ξαƶ˴ؤפΩ夲Ƥ롥ˤȡťΥɸ줬ϰδްդĤΤФե줬ʸ (style) Ѱ (register) δްդĤȤǤ롥
. . . Scandinavian influence was originally predominant in the Danelaw. . . . [E]ventually many Scandinavian elements entered southern dialects as well, but this is a two-stage process. There is the original contact between the two language which brought Scandinavian features into the English of the Danelaw. Then, later, there is spread within English by means of interdialectal contact. Contact between French and English, on the other hand, shows a much lesser geographical variation. The key here is register. That is to say, the variables which affect English in respect of French are far more to do with a contrast between types of social language than geography. Thus, if a text is concerned with, say, religion or science, or it is a formal piece, then it is probably that it will contain a higher proportion of French loanwords than a text which is purely secular or colloquial, whichever part of the country the text comes from. In this respect we should also note that Scandinavian loans are more likely to be colloquial (or everyday).
СťΥɸαƶʤȤΡ1ʳפˤƤϰʿʿѼˤκۤ⤿餷ΤФեαƶϡȤʸΤѰʿľѼˤκ߽ۤФȤȤǤ롥ϡξαƶ˴ؤ͡Ω⤤Ȥơ̯Ǥ롥
Denison, David and Richard Hogg. "Overview." Chapter 1 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 1--42.
űѸμʤȤʬۡǯˤĤơ#1433. 10θűѸƥȤʬۡ ([2013-03-30-1]) ǰѸκʤˤĤƤϡ#1044. ѸʡChaucerShakespeareά ([2012-03-06-1]) ̾άȤȤΤߤǡʬۤʤɤƤʤä
ϡѸμʤˤĤơ켣 (57--59) ˤǤ褦ǯϸ§Ȥ Kurath et al. (1954) ˤΤOED ȤΤ⤢ȤΤȡѸʸؤΤȤˡ
| 1. | |
|---|---|
| c1275 | Kentish Sermons |
| 1340 | Dan Michel's Ayenbite of Inwyt (= D.M.'s Remorse of conscience) |
| 2. | |
| ?a1200 | Ancrene Wisse (Corp-C) (= The English Text of the Ancrene Riwle (= Nuns' Rule)) |
| ?a1200 | Laȝamon's Brute, or Chronicle of Britain |
| ?c1200 | Sawles Warde (= Soul's Guardian) |
| a1225--a1300 | Poema Morale (= Moral Ode) |
| ?c1225 | King Horn |
| c1250 | Floriz and Blauncheflur |
| c1250 | The Owl and the Nightingale |
| a1376--?a1387 | William Langland, Piers Plowman A-, B-, C-Versions |
| a1387 | John de Trevisa's Translation of Higden's Polychronicon (= H.'s History of many Ages) |
| 3. | |
| a1121--1160 | The Peterborough Chronicle |
| ?c1200 | The Ormulum |
| a1250 | Bestiary |
| c1250 | The Story of Genesis and Exodus |
| 1258 | Proclamation of Henry III |
| c1300 | Havelock the Dane |
| 1382; 1388 | Wycliffite Bible |
| c1375--a1400 | Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales |
| a1393 | John Gower, Confessio Amantis |
| c1400 | Mandeville's Travels (Tit) |
| 1425--1520 | Paston Letters and Papers |
| a1438 | The Book of Margery Kempe |
| 4. | |
| ?c1380 | Patience |
| ?c1380 | Pearl |
| ?c1390 | Sir Gawain and the Green Knight |
| 5. | |
| a1325 | Cursor Mundi (= The Runner of the World) |
| ?c1343--?a1349 | Richard Rolle, Prose and Verse |
| ?a1400 | Morte Arthure or The Death of Arthur |
ɸˤĤơ#1620. Ѹˤ /t, d/ źá ([2013-10-03-1]) #1575. -st θźä˴ؤ Dobson ιͻ ([2013-08-19-1]) εǼ夲Ƥä˸ -st ˤ t οˤĤƤ ##508,509,510,739,1389,1393,1394,1399,1554,1555,1573,1574,1637,1807,2062 γƵˤƤ
Ѹˤ /t/ æޤȹϤ¸ߤ뤬Wełna (329--30) OED MED 齸ΰͿƤƤΤǡǺܤWełna ϡ/t/ æ "permanent" ʤΡʸѸޤǤθ̤³ƤΡˤ "sporadic" ʤΡʰθ̤줿ˤȤη֤زΡˤȤ̤줫Ѹ줫ǶʬƤ롥
(1)
(a) Permanent t-insertion in native words: ME behest (<OE behæs); against, amidst, amongst, betwixt
(b) Permanent t-insertion in foreign words: ME ancient (<ME auncien), ME cormorant (<F cormoran), ME ernest) (<ME ernesse) 'earnest' (=pledge money), ME pagent (<ME pagyn 'pageant', ME perchement (<ME parchemin) 'parchment', ME fesaunt (<F fesan) 'pheasant', ME truant (<F truan), ME tirant '<F tiran) 'tyrant'
(c) Sporadic t-insertion followed by t-loss: ME glisten (<OE glisnian, ME listen (ONhb. lysna); ME vermin (<ME vermint <F vermin
. . . .
(2)
(a) Permanent t-loss in native words: (a) anduel (< onfilt) 'anvil'; ME best(a) (<betsta), ME blesse (<bletsen), OE blosma (<blostma), ME last(e) (<lattste); ENE bussle (<bustle), ENE brisle (<ME bristle), ENE miscelto (<ME mistilto) 'mistletoe', ME nestle, ME ?rustle, LME thrissil (<OE þistil) 'thistle', ENE throssle (<ME þrostle), Sc. quhissle (<OE hwistle) 'whistle', ENE wressel (<ME wrestlen); christen (OE cristnian <Lat.), ME fasten (<OE fæstnian); ME offen (<ME often).
(b) Permanent t-loss in foreign words: (a) ME apostle, castle, epistle, ENE iussell (<LME iustil) 'jostle', LME pestle, ME tresselle (<trestle) 'trestle' (obs.); crysmas (<Cristmasse) 'Christmas'; (b) ME chasten, ENE chestnutte (<chest-nut), ENE hasten; (c) ENE craven (<ME cravant), ME orisoun (<ME orizonte) 'horizon'
(c) Sporadic t-loss: ENE paisan (<OF paysant) 'peasant'.
Wełna Ѹ줫Ѹ t οĴ(1) ǤϹٸ줬ѸǤٸ줬βѲαƶ䤹(2) ʬۤ餫Ϥߤʤ(3) t ϼȤѸθݤǤ t æϼȤƽѸθݤǤ뤳ȡ3ȤƼƤ롥ɬǤϤʤ⤤Ĥ롥ܺ٤Ĵ˾ޤ롥
Wełna, Jerzy. "Insertion and Loss of the Voiceless Dental Plosive [t] in Middle English." Studies in Middle English: Words, Forms, Senses and Texts. Ed. Michael Bilynsky. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2014. 329--42.
#192. etymological respelling (2) ([2009-11-05-1]) ΥꥹȤˤȤꡤѸ fault ֻ l ޤޤƤΤϸ츻ŪֻˤΤǤ롥츻ŪֻŵŪˤϽѸΥƥǮιޤäν껺Ȥ뤬¤Ϥäᤤ⾯ʤʤfault 14 Gower ((a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3) 6.286) "As I am drunke of that I drinke, So am I ek for falte of drinke." ȤƽФ롥ºߤΥƥñľܤεȤϤʤ *fallitum ΩƤƤ롥եǤ15--17 faute faulte ηǸƤ롥Ѹ l ޤֻɸȤʤäΤ17ʹߤȯˤ /l/ εưϤǰꤷʤä
OED ˤȡ17--18 Pope Swift ˤ fault thought wrought ȵӱƧǤȤ1855ǯ Johnson μˤ "The l is sometimes sounded, and sometimes mute. In conversation it is generally suppressed." ս롥fault Ȼ褦ʴĶˤ l ϡؼԤˤȤäƤμä褦ǡͻҤ Dobson (Vol. 2, 425. fn. 5) 褯Ƥ롥
Balm, calm, palm, almond, falcon, salmon, &c. should by etymology have no [l], being from OF baume, &c., and normally are recorded without [l]. But some of them had 'learned' OF forms, adopted directly from Latin, which retained [l] . . ., and others came to be spelt with l partly on etymological grounds and partly on the model of psalm, &c., spelt with but pronounced without l; and from the OF 'learned' variants, and perhaps partly from the spelling in combination with the variation in pronunciation in psalm, &c., there arose pronunciations with ME aul, recorded by Salesbury in calm, Bullokar in almond, balm, and calm, Gil in balm (as a 'learned' variant), and Daines in calm (as a variant). . . .
Variation between pronunciations with and without l in such native words as malt and salt has clearly aided the establishment of the spelling-pronunciations with [l] in fault and vault, in which the orthoepists regularly show the l to be silent, with the following exceptions. Hart once retains l in faults, probably by error; Gil says that most omit the l, but some -pronounce it, and twice gives transcriptions with l elsewhere (in Luick's copy of the 1619 edition a transcription faut is corrected by hand to falt); Tonkis fails to say that the l is silent, and the anonymous reviser (1684) of T. Shelton's Tachygraphy does not omit it (in contrast to this treatment of, for example, balm); and Hodges relegates to his 'near alike' list the paring of fault and fought. Bullokar twice transcribes vault without l, but once retains it.
fault ˤĤƶܤܤȡEnglish Dialect Dictionary ˤϡ"FAULT, sb. and v. Var. dial. uses in Sc. Irel. Eng. and Amer. Also in forms faut Sc. Ir. n.Yks.2 e.Yks. n.Lin.1 War. Shr.1 2 Som. w.Som.1; faute Sc.; fowt Suf. [folt, fat, f$t, fout.]" ȵܤƤꡤ¿ l ʤη֤ʬۤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
ɸѸȯ /fɔːlt/ ǰꤷƤꡤ̾ϲռʤɸफܤ餻Сˤ̤ʪ줬äƤ롥fault 츻Ūֻݤ;ȤϡϤޤäƤä⡤Τ³ƤΤǤ롥
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
ε#2073. θѼ˺ѤῴϤȱϡ ([2014-12-30-1]) ǰѤ (204) ϡȯŸؤήʤɤޤܤΤȤФѲֱǥפƤ롥ɸ졦̸줬ĺˤꡤʻɽΡˤ˾夫ƶڤܤƤ뤬ɽ̤Τ餳Dzߤ˺ѤƤưɤδطˤ⤢롥 *
弫ȤΤȤФѤۤʬ䤹 (202--03)
ĤƤθѲΥǥñǡĺɸ졦̸줬־夫ѲפȤڤǤȡȤ館ƤܤǸ褦ˡ̱դΤȤФǻȤϤ褦ʡֲѲפˤ롥ȤǤޤ˿졤äƤΤϡΤؤɤǤȤФȤꤷƤ褦ʤΤǤ롥ΤȤФ⡤դäȤФȤƤϡΤؤ롥٤¾αƶΤ㤦Τϡ˿ȡ®ȵڤ뤳ȤǤ롥äȤФϥƥӤޥǻȤ뤳Ȥ٤Τ
Ȥǡαǥϡ餷Ƥ#426. ѸѼΥԥߥåɥǥ ([2010-06-27-1]) ۵롥ޤ줿褦ˡܸȱѸνѼϤӤǤ롥ȡǥϡ⤷ȤΤޤαѸѼȤƤϳؤΤˤѤǤ뤫⤷ʤȤȯۤ⤫֡ǥγƽŬ˲ѤƱѸͤˤޤäƤߤ

Ѹˤܸζ̸Τ¸ߤʤθȤ⤤ WSSE (World Standard Spoken English) Ƥߤ (cf. wsse) ޤˤϡܤˤˤΤʤΤǡص塤ߺǤƶϤζȻפ American English ƤߤŪĺ WSSE αƶ϶⤷ʤΤؤΤ餳Ǥ٤礦ѸѼ郎ߤ˱ƶڤܤäƤ롥ˤäƤϡŪѼħΰꥫѸʤɤͭϤѼߡˤ쵤ȤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ夫ΰѤ⤸äɽȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥
ĤƤθѲΥǥñǡĺɸ졦̸WSSE ־夫ѲפȤڤѸѼǤȡȤ館ƤܤǸ褦ˡ̱դΤȤФǻȤϤ褦ʡֲѲפˤ롥ȤǤޤ˿ѸѼ졤äƤΤϡΤؤɤǤȤФȤꤷƤ褦ʤΤǤ롥ΤȤꥫѸ⡤դäȤФȤƤϡΤؤ롥٤¾ѼαƶΤ㤦ΤϡꥫѸ˿ȡ®ȵڤ뤳ȤǤ롥ꥫѸäȤФϥƥӤޥͥåǻȤ뤳Ȥ٤Τ
WSSE American English ĺ˿ȤȤ϶Ǥ롥ǥ˹פˤϡѸѼϤޤʣܸѸѼΤ褦Ӥ뤳Ȥˤꡤƶ褦˻פݥȤϡ(1) ɸಽȤŪʵῴϤȡȤʬŪʱϤȤȤƯƤ뤳ȡ(2) ŪѼ狼濴ŪѼظबήߡˤ®ɸŪѼळȤȤȤ
ͺܸ쥦å١ȽŹҴȿӡ1999ǯ
#2028. ܤȥɤˤξ ([2014-11-15-1]) εǡܸ䥤ꥹѸϡ̸첽ɸ첽Ȥ˲ĤĤⴰ˼뤳Ȥʤषʤ餿ޤĤäƤȤͽ¬Ҳ𤷤ȯŸܤˤƤؼԤǤС̤˼ǽʤɹͤʤܸؤͼԤǡֿפ (143) ƱͤǤ롥
ȤФϰ躹ΩˤĤơȰʸ塤ޤƥڤΰȰʸˤäʬͤ뤬Ϥä㤦櫓ǤʤΤ⺣⡤ƱʬȤĤưΤ˶̸첽Ȥưʸ塤ƥڰʸ礭ʤäȤäơϰ躹߽ФʬưȤ櫓ǤϤʤ̸첽ʤʤ顤߽ФƤ롥ȤФϤĤͤѤΤʤΤϰ躹Ϥʤʤʤΰ̣ǤϡǤӤ뤳ȤϤʤ
ϥꥹαѸѼˤƤϤޤΤȻפ롥˲СαѸѼˤƤϤޤ뤳Ȥ⤷ʤرѸˤDzۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ104ֱϤȵῴϡ ɸؤܻؤϤῴϤȸƤ֤ȤСѼؤʬϤϱϤȸƤ٤롥2ĤϤϰ츫ȿΤΡ¸ǽष¸Բȹͤ롥ؤΥ٥ȥ뤬ȤƱͤˡʬĬή⡤츫Ωʤ˿ʹԤƤ롥 (142) θ褦ˡϺʤΤ³ȼѲƤΡפǤꡤɸ첽ζήΤʤˤäƤ⡤ѼϤ䤹ȼ褦ʾˤϤʤʤȤϤˤꡤѼˤꡤῴϤȱϤΤ줫ܤ˸ͥȤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢ˤϤλ¤ꤷƤ櫓ǤϤʤ
Ϣơ#426. ѸѼΥԥߥåɥǥ ([2010-06-27-1])#1360. 21¿εƤϱѸХХˤ뤫 ([2013-01-16-1])#1521. ȷ ([2013-06-26-1]) ⻲ȡ
ͺܸ쥦å١ȽŹҴȿӡ1999ǯ
#1045. Ĺˤ ([2012-03-07-1])#1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1])ޤ¾εǡŵŪŷϩȤŪ¦̤˸ڤƤ濴ŪϰϤФгŪϰǤ⤢ꡤϤȾŤƤȤޤ뤿ˤˤη̡濴ϿդϸŤȤʬۤ˻롥ߤ˱Υ줿֤ĤȤݤϡ츫ԻĤˤ꤭줤Ĥ
ʾ夬ŵŪषޤäդ濴ŤդȤʬۤ㤬롥ܸΥʬۤܤǤ͡ʥȤԤƤꡤ弰ȡȡü쥢ȡ췿ȡ̵Ȥ̤롥̣ȤˡΥȤʣʬۤϤ褽ؤƤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥㤨2̾4Ĥη̤Ǥʣʵ弰Ȥϡ̾Ȥꡤ濴ȤƶᵦȾΦˤޤʬۤƤ롥γ¦ˤ2̾3Ĥη̤뼡ʣȤʬۤ롥ޤߤ顤ϡʸǽҤ٤̵ϰϽ̤̳ƻޤdzȤäƤꡤ϶ᵦӱۤȶ彣ˤޤʬۤƤ롥ĤޤꡤȤϡᵦʬǤƤʬܽʬۤƤ롥
³2̾2Ĥη̤ü쥢Ȥϡ彣ϤȤƤ鷺ʬۤˤȤɤޤ롥1Ĥη⤿ʤ췿ȤϡǼ縩ԾˤΤǧ롥Ǹ˷̤ʤ̵Ȥϡ븩ڸʡ縩ƶ彣ιϰʬۤƤ롥Τ褦˸ߤ˱Υ줿Ȥߤ뤳Ȥϡ۵롥
ŵŪۤʤΤϡŪˤϤŤ奢Ȥܽ˻ĤäƤꡤ꿷Ȥ¾ŸƤ뤳Ȥޤʿ»εǤ2̾5Ĥη̤ƤȤΤƤ롥ȡʿ»εΥȤΤʣˤƺǤ褯ݤäƤΤ弰Ȥǡ缡ñ㲽줿ȤȾʬۤƤȲǤ롥濴ʣǸŤդñǿȤǤ뤬μĥȤϤषդǤ롥ܤʬ䤹Ҳ𤷤ɧ (77) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ؤˤʸŪǤϡ褯졤ȤФդ뤤⤿䤹äΤǤγ¦ؤˤʤȤ줬ޤꡤ˳ؤǤϤäȼޤޤᵦ濴˱ߤ褦ˤơ濴Ȥη¦ƤΤϡΤǤϡŪѲΤ褦ΤǤ
ߤϤʹơäסʸȯǿ줬ޤƤҤꡤˤϤդ뤤줬ΤɤȤΤȿФȡפ⤷ޤιͤñΤҤˤ褯ƤϤޤޤ
Ǥ⡤Ȥ濴ˤƹͤ줿㤯ϡ֥ȤʤɤΤդĤʷĤΤΤۤѲ䤹פȤȤФΤ⤦ҤȤĤѲλäƤޤ
¤ŪŪñʸʣʥȤϡѲŤλ˴ؤơ̤˰ɬפȤȤ¤ŪʣѲ®٤Ȥδ֤˲餫δϢ뤫⤷ʤȤ붽̣ݤ⤷ʤƱˡΰѤˤ⤢褦ˡϤ䶵ȤҲŪϤѤƤȤͤ롥
ʤǤʬ̵ۤȤǿȤȤǤСϺܸ쥢ȤλѤͽΤǤȤǤ롥¡ɧ (75) ϡ־ܸϤȤˤʤ뤫⤷ޤ㡤ʤǤ礦פȳοŪǤ롥 *
ɧ 롡ϤޤۤΤȤС١ꥹۡ1997ǯ
#2034. Ⱦʤ ([2014-11-21-1]) ڤӡ#2037. Ťȸ֡ ([2014-11-24-1]) ˤ褦ˡϡ¾ʸŪƱͤˡ֤˱äŤ뤳Ȥ¿äϥƥӤ䥤ͥåȤʤɳƼΥǥȯãʪŪʾ㳲Ȥ⤿䤹ӱۤƤޤǤʪŪʸ̤ʸŪŤδäˤä
ǻϤޤä䡤˸ꤵƤ֤˱äŤϡܤˤߤ롥ޤǤܤʪήδϡΦγƻǤϤʤ賤ιϩǤ롥ͽδǯ (1624--44) ˲¼ (1618--99) ˤܽϩȡܽαߤˤ˽褦ˤʤä塤ⳤܳߡĤϩȡ͡ʿδߡܳߡĤϩȡ塤ʿδߡͤϩääܳߤ褷ϩγ褯ΤƤ롥ϺϡġܸšĸҤʤɤ˴ιĮ˾ʪʡʸ澮ιĮΦӱۤơΥ줿礭ʹĮ˾뤳ȤȤʤäΤǤ롥 *
СϩפäϤˤϵηɾΡ?Ϥסʶ̸Ρ?פˤԤƤֹۤԤʤפΰդζᵦ֤㤻ס֤Ȥפΰդ֤ʤס֤ɡפΰդζ彣֤ФäƤפʤɤʹʰ塤p. 44ˡޤܸŤʤɴ긩αոĸҤǤϡ֤꤬Ȥפΰ̣ǤΡ֤ˡפʹ롥ۤĸǤϡּѤפȤ֤פɽ뤬äΤǤ롥ϤˤΤ褦ԤƤϰ褬ʤΩʬۤƤ뤿ᡤβϩȤ֤˱äƤиݤȲ᤹ۤʤޤȬΡ֤פϸŤԤǡĬ˾äή夤ȸƤꡤ̣Ǹ֤˱äŤȤäƤ褤ʰ塤pp. 8--9ˡ
γäθ˵ΦŴƻ֤ȯãǿषƤäȤȤŤΥ롼ȤѤäƤäΤȻפ롥
ͺʴƽˡϿޡ١ե졼٥ۡ2009ǯ
#2034. Ⱦʤ ([2014-11-21-1]) ǡԻԤԻԤؤθŤ˿줿̤̤ȯãμҲǤϡ͡ιưȾ¤礭ʤư϶٤ϰ˸¤롥ξˤϡŤͼϡȾ (wave_theory) ͽۤȤˤʤ̤ȯãҲǤϡ㤨ƻϩ֤Ŵƻ֤˱褦ʤɤơߤ˱Υ줿ԻԤԻԤؤФΤ褦ŤΤ褦Ⱦϸߤ̷⤹ΤǤϤʤषμҲθ̤ȯã٤ѿȤ롤ŪؤȻȤǤ褦˻פ롥
Ťȸ֤ȤϢưƤ뤫Τˤϡǡ֤Фפɽ魯ɸ manger trough ִƤʬۤįΤ褤Survey of English Dialects ΤĴʤƤ20ȾФˤϡϰǤ trough ԤƤ̤ɸ manger ¤˿ƩĤĤäοηϩܤߤƤߤȡɥرӤ봴ƻϩŴƻ֤ˤԤäȱ褤ʤ鿻ƩƤ뤳Ȥ狼äΤǤ롥̤Ȥơ֤˱äϰǤϿ manger դ֤鳰줿ϰǤϸŷ trough ³ƤȤ줿ʲTrudgill (130--31) ꡤϿޤȸϿޤξϿޤ˽Ťʤ뤫ˤϡGIF˥ɤ

It can be seen that each of the three southward-encroaching prongs of the manger area, two of which actually reach the coast, coincide with the main London to Dover road and rail route, the main London to Brighton route, and the main route from London to Portsmouth. The spread of the incoming form is clearly accelerated in areas with good communications links, and is retarded in more isolated areas. (Trudgill 132)
˸¤餺Τˤ襦륹ˤˤ衤Τ֤˱äơŪˤϥߥ˥ͥåȥ˱äưưŤ롥ͤƤߤΤȤɤˤ֤ФפΤ褦ϿޤǼȡΤȤŪǤǼǤ롥ؤ˥ʥߥåǤ뤫̣碌Ƥ빥#1543. ء ([2013-07-18-1]) ʬθȤƤɾǤ롥
Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
ȤС#1045. Ĺˤ ([2012-03-07-1]) Ǥߤפ㤬褯ΤƤ롥ۤˤ⡤֤Ȥܡ١ˡפؤŤʡ礫ˤƤȵܺȤΥ줿ϰʬۤ㡤פ̣ȥ¸줬Ϥ̤ȶ彣ΩʬۤʤɤΤƤ롥衼åѤ albus ͳ褹ŷդ˻¸Ƥ⡤#1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1]) ǤߤǤϡѸˤȤơ
1Ĥϡ#452. ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1]) ϿޤǤ롥r æȤȯسȤäƤ롥ߤεڤǤʤʤɤμŪϰǤϡr ݻŷ¸Ƥ롥Τ褦ŵǤϡ֤ߤ˱Υ줿 (relic area) ˸롥
Upton and Widdowson ΥϿޤѥѥįƤơ⤦1ŵŪĤ뤳ȤǤʲϡUpton and Widdowson (140) ˷ǺܤƤ֡ʥ亮ΡˤФפ̣ beak ʬۤǤ롥

ɸǤ beak ɤȾʤäƤ뤬ն bill ξ礬١ʬۤƤ롥ۤɸߤΥ줿ϰΩ bill ȯȤϹͤˤΤǡˡĤڤʤäƤ bill ŪΤ beak ˵ͤ졤ƤοȤ줿褬նʬۤƤΤȲ᤹롥3 neb ⤢٤ʬۤƤꡤ㴳ʣ褹롥
beak ϸťե bec μѸ13ȾФäƤŪǤ롥bill ϸűѸ bile ̤ǡεϸŤneb Ʊͤ˸űѸ neb(b) ̤Ǥ롥ߤϥΤۤåȥɤˤȤƻѤƤ뤬̴ФäʬۤϡѸŪˤϸťΥɸƱ nef ¸ߤˤä䶯줿ΤǤϤʤȹͤʤ롥
Ѹˤθʤ餳Ͽޤɤ߲ȡ̻ŪˤϼΤ褦ʲäΤǤϤʤ롥ޤűѸˤ bill ˹ʬۤƤ¤ neb ⤽ʤʬۤƤǽ뤬Ȥ櫓ťΥɸȤܿ衤ϤƤä³Ѹ˥ե줫ο beak 餯Ƴ졤Ⱦ˥ڤŤƤäȾϰǤ beak θ֤Ĥ夷Ƥäˤ bill neb ֤ȤӤ뾮褬ȻĤ뤳ȤȤʤäʾ1ĤˤΥʥꥪˤʤʤȤϿޤμʬ̷ۤ⤷ʤʥꥪǤ롥Ͽޤɤ߲1ĤλȤơ#2019. ؤˤ6Ĥθ§ ([2014-11-06-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.
Trudgill (94--95) ˤȡ (Traditional Dialects)Ūˤϡ#1029. England θѸʬ (1) ([2012-02-20-1]) Ǽ Western Southwest, Northern Southwest, Eastern Southwest Ǥϡ¾ѼˤϤߤʤäʿ;̾ˡ롥̵ʪؼΤɸѼǤϿ;̾ it Ѥ뤬ǤϤ̵ʪɽ魯ΤĻ̾ (countable noun) Ǥ he ԲĻ̾ (uncountable noun or mass noun) Ǥ it ѤΤ§ȤʤäƤ롥ĻԲĻȤʸˡƥ˴Ťƿ;̾ȤʬȤǤϡʸˡ (grammatical gender) ƤȤͤ뤫⤷ʤ
㤨С "He's a good hammer." ȤȤhe ϤؤΤǤϤʤޤDzĻ̾Ǥ̵ʪؤɸѼǤ it ѤȤˡޤloaf ϲĻ̾Ǥ뤫顤"Pass the loaf --- he's over there." Τ褦 he Ǽ롥bread ԲĻ̾Ǥ뤫顤"I likes this bread --- it's very tasty." Τ褦 it Ѥ롥 Dorset ˤơhe ľβĻ̾ dress ؤ (Trudgill 95 Ʒ)
Zo I 'ad me 'air done, Lor' what a game!
I thought me 'ead were on vire.
But 'twas worth it, mind, I looked quite zmart ---
I even got a glance vrom the Squire.
I got out me best dress, but he were tight,
Zo I bought meself a corset.
Lor', I never thought I'd breathe agin,
But I looked zo zlim 'twas worth it.
Ļ̾ԲĻ̾ζ̤ɸѼǤǧʸˡƥǤϴ괧줬դ뤫ˡŪʣθդ뤫ˡ¡ʿ̤礭ɽ魯Τ many much ˤʤɤˤƶƤðۤʤΤϡƱʸˡƥ˲äƿ;̾ˤͿȤˤƤǤ롥ǤϡƱƥʸˡؤߤٹ礤¾Ѽ⤤äȤȤˤʤ롥
Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
ȾŤƤȤȾ wave_theory ˤĤơζ#1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1])#1045. Ĺˤ ([2012-03-07-1])#1055. uvular r θ춭ۤ ([2012-03-17-1])#1505. ˤ "mouse"-line "house"-line ([2013-06-10-1])#1506. The Rhenish fan ([2013-06-11-1]) ʤɤǤߤƤȾκǤʲˤСϤʸ̤ƱߤʤȤäƤȤ롥Ū֤ѸǸȡ濴ϤȤʤĮ¼顤̤ء٤礦Į¼˽缡ŤƤȤȤˤʤ롥
νȾˤƤϤޤʤŤλ¿ڤ롥Τߤʤ餺ʸŪήԤˤ¤ˤ衤ɬ٤礦Į¼ŤȤϸ¤餺Υ줿ӲФȤȤꤦ롥Ȥ櫓֤ȯãҲǤϡդ¼̤ꤷơԻԴ֤dzͭ륿ߥΤۤᤤȤ¿㤨Сȯγϡ쳰Ⱦ˹ޤ⡤쳤ƻ˱äӤ˲̾͡Ųԡۤᤤ⤷ʤξ硤ȾȤꤷʤ롥ξ¾ŪʴطǤϤʤФγʾǤϲ̾͡ŲԡˤϡϤλɷˤꤽ濴ˤϤ꿷椬äơȾΤۤŪʥǥǤ餷Ȥ狼롥
Chambers and Trudgill ˤƤǴϢʲʸϤȤΤǰѤƤ
As for dialect-to-dialect change, the wave model was first proposed to describe the geographical diffusion of linguistic innovation. Then some geographically aware linguists developed an extended theory on linguistic diffusion over space. Chambers and Trudgill, for example, advanced the gravity model against the wave model to account for the path along which innovation diffuses in space (166). In this model, a linguistic innovation is likened to a stone skipping across a pond because it spreads not necessarily from a speaker or place to the immediate next but jumps from a speaker or place to another which may be geographically apart but socially connected. For example, linguistic innovation can spread from a big city to another, skipping through small towns in between. (Hotta 173)
Ť˴ؤζȤƤϡˤֶפɽ魯 bridge ɸˤ brig ʬۤʰʲϿޤ Upton and Widdowson 154 ˡԤϸűѸŪʷ (brycg) ѾǤꡤԤϸťΥɸƱη (bryggja) ƶȤǤ롥ŪʬۤȤƤϡȾ bridge Ǥ brig ԤƤ뤬ߤ2սꡤ줾Υ줿ꥢˡbridge ѤƤ뾮褬롥1ĤϺ̤ Newcastle, Sunderland, Durham ޤ२ꥢ⤦1ĤϤ Humber ϸ Grimsby ޤ२ꥢǤ롥Ϥ٤ brig Ǥϰˡ2Ĥξ褬ݥĥݥĤȾΤ褦⤫ǤݤϡϤȤɸ bridge ȾǤ露˵ͤäƤȤϡ쳤ߤԻԤԻԤؤʬۤȤƤȤŤλ롥ơ쳤ߤγԻԤ٤ؤȡ٤Ϥ褽ȾʬۤȤƤäȤ

Trudgill (129, 132) ϥɤԻԲĬήȴϢŤơʬۤɤ߲Ƥ롥
The geographical patterning of the occurrence of the two words suggests that the southern and Standard English word is beginning to spread north, and in a rather interesting way. In its spread northwards, bridge has first invaded the coastal city areas of Sunderland and Grimsby, and then spread outwards again from these centres. This is just one example of the importance of urban centres in the spreading of new forms in language . . ., and of the way in which the increasing urbanization of England has contributed in this century to the loss of Traditional Dialects.
Hotta, Ryuichi. "The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English." PhD thesis, University of Glasgow. Glasgow, November 2005.
Chambers, J. K. and Peter Trudgill. Dialectology. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1998.
Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006. *
Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
͡ϿޤįʤܸȥɱѸˤĤƳפؤܤȻפʲ4äɤŪɤߤ䤹ڤϿޤΤ⤷̣廊Τ褤
𡡡ܤ١ȽŹҴȿӡ1958ǯ
ԡˡܤϿޡ33ǡҡӡ2013ǯ. *
Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006. *
Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
ؤȸˤ̩ܤʴطˤ롥ϤˤǺƤ졤ˤμϿޤβƤ롥ξԤϢȤռС̻֤ȶ֤θȤʤ뤷ƻŪ (panchronic) ʿ̤Ȥʤ롥ѸˤεҤ䶵ˤ⡤θळȤˤꡤʲǽΤǤϤʤȴƤ롥
ơܤˤϿˤϡΤʤǤǤŤत°롥 (ii) ˤȡʸʤιĴѰɸλͤȤ뤿˲ȸˡ˴ؤĴԤ̤ȤƴԤ줿29̤Ρزʬۿޡ (1905) 37̤Ρظˡʬۿޡ (1906) ܤؤνȯǤ롥Gilliéron ˤŪʥեϿ (Atlas linguistique de la France) νǤ1902--10ǯǤ뤳ȤͤȡܤᤤȯŸƤΤ褦˻פ롥ιĴѰŪɸȤäŪʿ̤ȤƤؤΤθȯŸ礭뤳ȤϤʤä
ܤؤˤȤäƼνפʷȤʤäϡĹˤΡ͡ (1930) (cf. #1045. Ĺˤ ([2012-03-07-1])) Ǥ롥ĤФĬήˤܺäȯŸԤʤФʤʤä塤Ω츦ʸʡʸģˤˤ絬ϤĴη̤Ȥơ300̤˵ڤܸ֡Ͽޡ (1966--74) Ԥ줿Ūؤܸˤθ˻뤳ȤǤꡤȰۤʤꡤ餫˲ʳŪƤܸؤܳŪߤϤ˻ϤޤȤäƤ褤˼䤹ܤϿޡ١ԡˡˤϡܸϿޡ٤300̤50̤ӽФǫ˲⤷ؤǤ롥
ѸϿϡܤ¾Υ衼åѽ٤ơ٤ƤɱѸκǽܳŪϿޤϡHarold Orton Eugen Dieth ޤLeeds ؤȤƹԤ줿絬ϤĴ˴Ť Survey of English Dialects A in 1962; B in 1962--71) Ǥ롥ϡĴ1948--61ǯΤ313ˤ (Traditional Dialects) Ĵ̤ǤꡤɤؤδäʤΤǤ롥
ܤˤƤ⥤ɤˤƤ⡤絬Ĵ˴Ťƺ줿ϿޤߤγƸؤδäȤʤäƤ롥줾줹ǤȾʾĴ̤ǤꡤŤᤫʤäƤ뤳ȤǤʤϿޤ11礬줾θüԤˤʪäƤꡤǤȤȤ˵Ṯ̌¯ȤʤäƤ롥
ε#2029. ܤ̤ץåˡ ([2014-11-16-1]) ˰³ϥꥹǤҤ٤褦ˡްϤ褽ɸಽȵˤƤ롥ɸಽΰϤʤФʤۤɡưʤȤޤꥹǤϡѸɸಽưϽѸ˻Ϥޤꡤ褽Ϣưλ뤹Ĭ1600ǯޤǤƤGeorge Puttenham (1530?--90) ˤΤȤ The Arte of English Poesie (1589) ϡɥεäѸɸȤƿ侩ʳ٤ǤȤƤ롥
neither shall he take termes of Northernmen, such as they vse in dayly talke, whether they be noble men or gentlemen, or of their best clerkes all is a matter: nor in effect any speach vsed beyond the river of Trent, though no man can deny but that theirs is the purer English Saxon at this day, yet it is not so Courtly nor yet so currant as our Southerne English is, no more is the far Westerne mans speach: ye shall therfore take the vsuall speach of the Court, and that of London and the shires lying about London within lx myles, and not much above. (cited in Upton and Widdowson 6)
17ȾβŻˤѤФŪȤʤꡤ18ˤ Swift, Dryden, Johnson ʤɤɸಽɤʸͤŪ˳ư˵ڤǡѤϷоݤˤʤä18Ⱦ19ˤƤϵϼ̾ΤȤˡϰ̤Ϥޤޤơ1881ǯζˡ1921ǯ BBC Ωˤɸ춵餬˿䤷ʤ졤ѤѤ٤ΤȤΥ경
ѸϡȤȤޤѤäꥹгŪʶĥΤʤǡŪʵϤäºݤɸˤϤޤ3--4ۤɤλ֤䤵졤ڤˤϤʤ֤פɸɵ᤹뤽ĹΤʤǡСްоݤȤ졤̰ռȥץå߽ФƤˤνפϡ21θߤ뤳Ȥʤ͡ο˻ĤäƤ롥εȹ碌ơܤȥꥹ̤ץåˤӤ줿
ʤǰѤΤ Upton and Widdowson νϤ "A Language of Dialect" ꤹ (2--7) ϱѸˤʷ˵ҤΤȤơؤƤȻפ
Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.
ä̸꤬ɸФץåϡĿͤǤϤʤҲǤ롥ȤΤϡطʤˤ̤Ȥ꤬뤫ꥹǤϾĴ¤ƤƤħϤȤϤ̤ϺĤäƤ롥αؤƤåȥɤΥ饹 Glaswegian Ȥ̾⤤¤ȼѸäƤꡤȤƤĥ饹̱ΤʤˤץåļԤ⤤롥ꥹ٤СܤξǤϤʤܤǤ2--3ΤǶޤ̤ϸäߤǤ⡤ɽäˤ뤳ȤϾʤʤäȤϤ;϶ĤäƤ롥üԸĿͤʤпϤˤȤ礭ץå餫ηƤĿͤϾʤʤ褦˻פ롥
Ʊ褦⼫֤ȤǤʤ¾塤ޤ줿Ȥ˷ޤäƤޤΤǤ롥줽ΤΤϸŷŪ˳ȤϤϼ֤ȤǤʤȤǡȩοȱʤɤηŪħƱ褦ˡ֤äޤ줿ΡפǤ롥Ǻ̤ȤȤϡ褢äƤϤʤʤŪħȤϰۤʤꡤϼǡֶǤפȤǽ⤷ʤDzءֶפ٤ʤΤǤ롥ꤵƤΤϡ̾ζ̸ɸȤҿΤȤȡ̸ɸ줬ꤵƤʤСֶפȤǰ⤢ꤨʤ̤ץåʤ̤ץåκˤϡɸդ줿ҿȡ˽٤Ȥ礭ʼҲΰϤ롥üԸĿͤǤϤʤҲȹͤʤ
ܤˤ̤ץåεϡʹߤɸȤʤ붵˵롥ϤޤФȤʷϵꡤܤ˸ɸβĤϹԤʤäդ꤫̱²ռιޤȤȤ˹μʤȤɸؤνФ褦ˤʤäгŪʶĥƹ˵Ϥ褦ˤʤȤΤϡˤ귿ѥǤ롥Τ褦ɸ춵餬Ϥ˿ʤ졤֤ȤǤ䤷ʤ줿cf. #1741. ȤƤȳ (1) ([2014-02-01-1])#1784. ([2014-03-16-1])ˡβѤΡΤȤݤ̱ΰռ˿߹ޤ졤塤ߤ˻ޤǤν뤳ȤʤĤäƤʰʾ塤ġpp. 110--18 ȡˡ
ꥹˤϡҤΤȤꡤܤΤΤǤ롥ϡṲ̄ץåˤܤǤϤ100ǯۤɤǤΤФꥹǤ300--400ǯۤɤ⤢뤫ˤĤƤϡεǡ
𡡡ܤ١ȽŹҴȿӡ1958ǯ
ܤǤ⥤ɤǤ⡤οʿ (dialect levelling) äƤȤ (cf. #1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])) ڡ̤ήα߳경ǥȯãʤɤˤꡤŪζ̸첽ɸ첽®˿ʤǤȤ롥Τ褦ʾǡν̾ͫǡषϰƱ褦˳趷褷ƤȤ븫⤢롥ŪϳΤ˿षƤƤ뤬 Modern Dialects ʤɤȸƤФ뿷ϤǸƤꡤκʤǤȤ뤫ؼԤθˤСܤǤ⥤ɤǤϲ餫η³ƤꡤϤäƼ¸³Ƥ椯ȤϳΤǤꡤᤤ˾Ǥ뤪Ϥʤ
ܤ٤路 (72--73) 1958ǯλǡܤ̤ˤĤŪΤͽۤ
츻ռμѡƱ͡ȤäŪͳǡ줬Ǥꡤäꤹ롥ϡɡʹ֤οŪƯˤΤǤ롥ΤϡΤ褦ʡŪŪͳˤäƤǤñʤӤλȤˤνѤǤ롥顤٤ƤñϡĤʸŪ濴Ϥޤơ줬ؤȹޤ롤ȤäǤΩʤˡñϤǤäñϤǤϤʤ顤٤ƤñϡϤǡХХˤĤ줿Ȥ⡤ΩʤϤꡤˤ濴Ϥäơޤ줿ñ줬ޤϰعäȤȤ⤢롥濴Ϥ˰ĤǤϤʤĤ⾮濴Ϥä
襳ߥ˥ǻͤˤʤꡤ츻ռƱͤʤɤΧ˹Ԥ夬̤Ǥ뤬ޤǤϡ̤Ǥʤʤꡤ̤ȯȤȤäơΤϻĤΤȻפ롥
СֳפȤƤζ̸줬ޤꡤ줬ʿѲʤȤϤ롥ɤˡʤĤĤ롥⡤Τ̤ǤäơϰҲ˿ʬ䡤ѤιȤߤ٤ʬϤʤʤƶʤȻפ
ɤˤĤƤ⡤Trudgill (84) ƱݤΥȤҤ٤Ƥ롥ɤθ̤Ƕ̸첽ƤΤϳΤΤΤʤʤ뤳ȤϤʤͽƤ롥
Happily, however, it is certain that, whatever the exact form of future developments will be, there will never be total uniformity across the country, because innovations will always continue to spread and recede and thus continue to produce the rich mosaic of regional variation in pronunciation which has characterized England ever since English first became its language.
21ȾθߡܤǤ⥤ɤǤ⡤̾ƤȤƤɽΤŬڤ⤷ʤơʿԤŪ˶̸첽ɸ첽ȤĬή⡤ޥԥå˿ʹԤƤΤǤ롥
𡡡ܤ١ȽŹҴȿӡ1958ǯ
Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
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