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ɸˤĤơ#1620. Ѹˤ /t, d/ źá ([2013-10-03-1]) #1575. -st θźä˴ؤ Dobson ιͻ ([2013-08-19-1]) εǼ夲Ƥä˸ -st ˤ t οˤĤƤ ##508,509,510,739,1389,1393,1394,1399,1554,1555,1573,1574,1637,1807,2062 γƵˤƤ
Ѹˤ /t/ æޤȹϤ¸ߤ뤬Wełna (329--30) OED MED 齸ΰͿƤƤΤǡǺܤWełna ϡ/t/ æ "permanent" ʤΡʸѸޤǤθ̤³ƤΡˤ "sporadic" ʤΡʰθ̤줿ˤȤη֤زΡˤȤ̤줫Ѹ줫ǶʬƤ롥
(1)
(a) Permanent t-insertion in native words: ME behest (<OE behæs); against, amidst, amongst, betwixt
(b) Permanent t-insertion in foreign words: ME ancient (<ME auncien), ME cormorant (<F cormoran), ME ernest) (<ME ernesse) 'earnest' (=pledge money), ME pagent (<ME pagyn 'pageant', ME perchement (<ME parchemin) 'parchment', ME fesaunt (<F fesan) 'pheasant', ME truant (<F truan), ME tirant '<F tiran) 'tyrant'
(c) Sporadic t-insertion followed by t-loss: ME glisten (<OE glisnian, ME listen (ONhb. lysna); ME vermin (<ME vermint <F vermin
. . . .
(2)
(a) Permanent t-loss in native words: (a) anduel (< onfilt) 'anvil'; ME best(a) (<betsta), ME blesse (<bletsen), OE blosma (<blostma), ME last(e) (<lattste); ENE bussle (<bustle), ENE brisle (<ME bristle), ENE miscelto (<ME mistilto) 'mistletoe', ME nestle, ME ?rustle, LME thrissil (<OE þistil) 'thistle', ENE throssle (<ME þrostle), Sc. quhissle (<OE hwistle) 'whistle', ENE wressel (<ME wrestlen); christen (OE cristnian <Lat.), ME fasten (<OE fæstnian); ME offen (<ME often).
(b) Permanent t-loss in foreign words: (a) ME apostle, castle, epistle, ENE iussell (<LME iustil) 'jostle', LME pestle, ME tresselle (<trestle) 'trestle' (obs.); crysmas (<Cristmasse) 'Christmas'; (b) ME chasten, ENE chestnutte (<chest-nut), ENE hasten; (c) ENE craven (<ME cravant), ME orisoun (<ME orizonte) 'horizon'
(c) Sporadic t-loss: ENE paisan (<OF paysant) 'peasant'.
Wełna Ѹ줫Ѹ t οĴ(1) ǤϹٸ줬ѸǤٸ줬βѲαƶ䤹(2) ʬۤ餫Ϥߤʤ(3) t ϼȤѸθݤǤ t æϼȤƽѸθݤǤ뤳ȡ3ȤƼƤ롥ɬǤϤʤ⤤Ĥ롥ܺ٤Ĵ˾ޤ롥
Wełna, Jerzy. "Insertion and Loss of the Voiceless Dental Plosive [t] in Middle English." Studies in Middle English: Words, Forms, Senses and Texts. Ed. Michael Bilynsky. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2014. 329--42.
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