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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2016-04-19 Tue

#2549. ȤƤαѸ¦ [native_speaker_problem][language_death][sociolinguistics][elf][lingua_franca][model_of_englishes][linguistic_imperialism][ecolinguistics]

Ѹ줬Ū lingua_franca ȤƤ뤳ȤϡѸȤ˹Ū٤򼨤ԤˤȤäƴФäˤʤˤϤΤ褦˹ͤʤԤ¿롥ŪŪʸŪŪ¾ͳǡѸؤȿ͡ϴְ㤤ʤ¸ߤ뤷ʤȤѶŪˤϹդ򼨤ʤͤ¿Ѹˤξ¦̤롥襳ߥ˥ƻȤƤαѸѤʤɡ¦̤ϹǧƤΤǡ¦̤ܤ
Ѹ¦̤ϡѸȽεǽ˻ŦƤ롥üŪˤСѸȽȤϡѸˤäƻۤ뤳ȤǿŪǽȤոǤʡ#1606. Ѹ캹̡ѸƸ ([2013-09-19-1]) linguistic_imperialism γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿ˡޤѸϡޥΥƥλ (language_death) ĹƤȤ¦̤Ŧ롥ˡ̣ȤˡѸ줬ĥ¿첽ƤȤ¤⤢ꡤѸΤߤäѸüԤϡˤƤषΩ֤ƤΤǤϤʤȤŦ롥 native_speaker_problem ȤդλϡBaugh and Cable (7) Ѹ "mixed blessing" (= something that has advantages and disadvantages) ȤƸڤƤ롥

Recent awareness of "engendered languages" and a new sensitivity to ecolinguistics have made clear that the success of English brings problems in its wake. The world is poorer when a language dies on average every two weeks. For native speakers of English as well, the status of the English language can be a mixed blessing, especially if the great majority of English speakers remain monolingual. Despite the dominance of English in the European Union, a British candidate for an international position may be at a disadvantage compared with a young EU citizen from Bonn or Milan or Lyon who is nearly fluent in English.


ѸŪ¦̤Τɾ뤳Ȥʤ줾˺ꤹ뤳Ȥο

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-02-14-1]

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2015-02-11 Wed

#2116. ֱѸפεۣ [variety][model_of_englishes][sociolinguistics][lingua_franca][terminology][elf]

ε#2115. ݻȸѲؤ񹳡 ([2015-02-10-1]) ΤʤǡָġθѼϼҲŪˤǤʤפȽҤ٤ϱѸܸ⡤뤤ϡѸܸ΢⡤ŪˤϰϤ뤳ȤϤǤޤΤϰϤ뤫Τ褦˼ҲŪ˼ƤȤȤǤ롥Ѽε뤳ȡۣ椿뤳Ȥϡ#415. All linguistic varieties are fictions ([2010-06-16-1]) ڤӡ#1373. variety Ȥϲ ([2013-01-29-1]) ̤Ǥ롥
ȤȤϡѸȤϲǤ뤫ƤȤȤǤ롥Ǥ뤫顤ΤĤޤ뤳ȤǤʤѸ1ѼȤƤΡɸѸפƱǤꡤ#1396. "Standard English" Ȥϲ ([2013-02-21-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΤĤʤ䤿ֱ̾ѸפȸƤǤΤΤΤʤʤˤĤμʬƤȤۣʤΤǤ⤢롥Milroy (5) ˤСֱѸפ3ĤλؼоݤΤ¿ŪǤ롥

English is multiply ambiguous, since it may refer to (1) international English wherever it is spoken, (2) to the main language of the British Isles, as England may also refer to the UK as a whole (a usage that Scots, Welsh, and Irish are apt to resent), or (3) to the language of England proper---the southern half of Great Britain, the largest of the British Isles.


1λؼоݤ ELF (English as a Lingua Franca)2ϱѹѸ졤3ϥ󥰥ɱѸȤ̤줾 "global", "national", "ethnic" ˤ褽ʬǤ⤢뤷#1521. ޲ȷ ([2013-06-26-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ѸǤС޲Ū (vehiculaire) 鷲Ū (grégaire) ؤʳŪˤ롥
ºݤˤϡ3İʳˤֱѸפλؼоݤθϤΤǤϤʤ㤨СܿͤŵŪʱѸѤȤơֱѸפϱƤɸѼҤä᤿ (Anglo-American) Ȥǧꤽ뤤ϡʤɤμԤΤǤϡֱѸסᥢꥫѸȤռŪˤʤäƤƤ롥⤷ϡѹƹΤۤ˥ʥȥꥢ˥塼ɤޤ᤿륢󥰥ϤαѸѼǰƬˤơֱѸפȤƾΤѤͤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ
ֱѸפȤѸλؼоݤϡѼԤˤäѤ뤷ƱѼԤǤȾˤäѰۤ롥¤ۣѸʤΤ줬ؼƤΤۣʤΤɤ褦ʤष䤿Ϥۣ椵ѤƤ롥ؤεˤƤϡֱѸפεۣ򤷤ǡտŪˤθƾΤѤȤȤפǤ롥

Milroy, James. Linguistic Variation and Change: On the Historical Sociolinguistics of English. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.

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2014-07-29 Tue

#1919. ѸγȻ˴ؤ4Ĥ crossings [history][irish][ireland][standardisation][linguistic_imperialism][ame][new_englishes][bilingualism][historiography][model_of_englishes][esl][efl][elf]

Mesthrie and Rakesh (12--17) ˡ"INTEGRATING NEW ENGLISHES INTO THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE COMPLEX" ꤹϤꡤWorld Englishes 뤤 New Englishes ȤŪʻαѸˤΤȤ館Ƥꡤ
ѸγȻϡͭ˰鸽ߤޤǡ4Ĥ crossings ˤʹԤƤȤ1 crossing ϡ5ȾФޥ̱²֥ƥϤäƤΰܽάؤʳ顤ݥȥ˥뤢뤤ϥݥȥ۵褦ʣαѸѼ¿֡ܿǤ¸ߤƤʣαѸѼȤƤϡ󥰥²²塼²ʤɤδ֤̱²Ѽζ̤ܽ餫餢äܽϰѼҲѼȯãߤ줿¿֤ӸܿȤƤϡظȤƤΥȸαƶظȤƤΥƥȤܿ˵ظȤƤθťΥɸȤκʤɤŦ롥ȥˤäƤϡ1000ǯ˱Ѹ˾ƽ񤭸դɸबȯŸ³ΥޥˤषοϡѸɸѼ "the first decline" ȸƤ٤ (13)
2 crossing ϡѸ1164ǯ Henry II ɤݤΡѸγȻؤΤȤѸ줬ɤذܿ줫̤ȤƤ夹뤳ȤϤʤäष󥰥ɤο̱ԤϥɤƱƤ椭Ѹ⼺줿ܤϡ#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
Ѹ줫ѸˤơѸ˾2ܤν񤭸դɸಽư󥰥ɤˤ󥰥ȯɸѼϡʹߡߤ˻ޤǡѸˤøŪϰ̤Ƥ20äƤΥꥫѼȯŸˤꡤޤ20Ⱦߤ褦ˤʤäɸѼ狼æ뷹򼨤ѼĹˤꡤøŪϰ̤Ū˲äƤƤ롥ϰ̤㲼ϡ󥰥ɤδߤСѸɸѼ "a second decline" (16) ȸƤ٤"a second decline" ˤƤϡ"the first decline" ΤȤΤ褦ɸѼ綠ΤΤ䤨櫓ǤϤʤȤդϤޤ¸ߤ³ƤꡤꥫѼ䤽¾ѼȤδ֤Ūϰ̤㲼ƤȤˤʤ
ǡѸʹߤϡ󶯤ˤϤο̱ϻۤŸƤѸγȻˤĤƤϡ#1700. ꥹȯαѸγȻǯɽ ([2013-12-22-1]) ϤȤơܥ֥Ǥ¿夲ƤѸϤΥꥹʤȥꥫˤηǤ뿢̱ϼΤȤǡΥ뤳ȤˤʤäΥˤϡȤƤαѸѼ郎üԤȤȤ˰ܿ줿 ("colonies of settlement") ⤢СкŪŪȤ뿢̱ϻۤˤƱѸ줬2Ȥƽ줿 ("colonies of exploitation") ⤢äԤ the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, St. Helena, the Falklands ʤɤΤ ENL ϰ衤Ԥϥեꥫ䥢Τ ESL ϰбʡ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) ӡ#409. ̱ϲͼǤߤ World Englishes ʬ ([2010-06-10-1]) 򻲾ȡˡƤο̱ϻۤäƤʤݸΤȤƤϰ̤и Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iraq ʤɤǤϡESL EFL ŪʱѸѼ郎ߤ롥ޤ20ʹߤϱƤο̱ϻۤˤľŪˤϷиƤʤȤ⡤ܡ񡤥ϤϤǡEFL 뤤 ELF ȤƤαѸѼ郎ؤФƤ롥ǤϡѸüԤο͸ưɬȼʤѸ4 crossing äƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤѸ˾ơѸȤ줬üԤ̤ΰưȼ鷺˳ȻƤΤ
Ѹ˾4Ĥ crossings ˤϤ줾˰㤤ߤ뤬Ȥ櫓ݥȥ4 crossing ռǡ crossings 򿶤֤ȡѸ˵ҤΤοƶΤǤϤʤλ¤ϡꥹˤ˴ѤȤ̤Ȥ롥

Mesthrie, Rajend and Rakesh M. Bhatt. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP, 2008.

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2013-12-18 Wed

#1696. ѸѼ2ǥ [model_of_englishes][elf][variety][sociolinguistics][pidgin][creole][covert_prestige]

ѸѼѸüԤʬࡦǥϡ#217. ѸüԤƱߥǥ ([2009-11-30-1]) Ǽ Kachru ˤŵŪƱߥǥϤȤơ͡ʥǥ model_of_englishes γƵǾҲ𤷤ƤϡGramley (177) ˼ƤѸμҲŪϰ̤ɸɸȤ2ĤμȤ߹碌2ǥҲ𤷤褦ʲϡ"A two-dimensional model of English showing status variation (ENL, ESL, EFL, Pidgin and Creole English) as well as GenE and traditional dialects" ȥ٥Ž줿޼ƸΤǤ롥

Two-dimensional Model of English Showing Status Variation

οޤοʿˤϡKachru ƱߤեåȤŸƤ롥ENL ˰֤ľȤθˤ뤳ȤϡѼΰҿξħǤ롥κ٤ˤ ESL EFL ۤ졤˳¦ˤ Pidgin English Creole English ֤Ƥ롥PE CE դ֤ƤΤϡŪˤϱѸ줫ΩƤΤΡŪҲŪˤϱѸȴϢŤ뤫Ǥ롥
ľɽ魯ΤˤĤƤϵ;Ϥ뤬ǤɸŪٹ礤ɽ魯ΤȹͤƤ롥üäȤɸŪǡüäȤɸŪȤȤˤʤ롥岼ȤüʣʬƤꡤɸѸˤɸѸˤ¿Ѽ郎뤳ȤƤ롥äɸѼϡGeneral English ϰϳˤȹͤƤŪ (traditional dialects) ȤǤ뤳ȤƤ롥
ΤȤơ˹ԤйԤۤŪ (overt prestige) ȷӤĤ줿ѼǤȤˤʤ롥դˡ˹ԤйԤۤɡŪ (covert_prestige) ǸߤѰۤ礭
ԥ䥯쥪ΰ֤ŤɸѼŪδطʤɤĤǤϤ褯ͤƤ뤬ΤȤƤľŪˤȤ館ˤǥΤ褦˻פ롥㤨СKachru Ʊߥǥ뤬եåȤ˿ʿŸƤ뤳Ȥΰ̣褯狼ʤľˤɸࡦɸȤ٥Ž뤳ȤǤ뤬οʿˤϤɤΤ褦ʥ٥ŽФ褤ΤޤΥǥŪǤ롥ѸѼμ«ȯƱʹԤƤ븽Ѹ򵭽ҤΤˤϡ#414. language shift θ줿Ѹüԥǥ ([2010-06-15-1]) #1106. Modiano Ʊߥǥ (2) ([2012-05-07-1]) Τ褦ưŪʥǥ뤬դ路褦˻פ롥

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

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2013-11-28 Thu

#1676. The Commonwealth of Nations [history][elf][linguistic_imperialism]

ñ the Commonwealth Ȥ⡥ϢˮꥹϢˮʤɤ롥ֱѹ񲦤ξħȤƥꥹȡĤƱ°θΩʥȥꥢ˥塼ɡɡ󥫤ʤ¿Ω񤪤°Τǹ뤤ΡפǤ롥Τ1917ǯΩ줿
19Ⱦ˷줿ꥹǤܹп̱ϤȤۡ۹¤ϡ1ˡΩȴ֤Ϣˮ˼ä줿κ顤the British Commonwealth of Nations ̾Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤβϾ͹ȤˤʤäᡤŪʿ̤ϻĤäƤߤΤ褦¿ͼﶦƱΤȤʤäΤ2ΤȤǤꡤ1949ǯϢˮǾĤˤơꥹФε̳Ϥʤʤꡤꥹ濴ŪǤޤäǡ̾ the Commonwealth of Nations Ȳ줿
The Commonwealth θȤˤȡߤ53Ǥ롥ι׿͸20ͤǤ롥ʲ˲ϰ褴Ȥ˰褦

Africa: Botswana, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia
Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, India, Malaysia, Maldives, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka
Caribbean and Americas: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, The, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and The Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago
Europe: Cyprus, Malta, United Kingdom
Pacific: Australia, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu


ϥɥˤꡤ2ǯȤˤ줫βˤƼǾĤ򳫤ȤˤʤäƤ롥ǾϤ٤˸ĿͤΩǽʤΤǡؤǤϤʤˤ䤫˷줿ݥ֤ȤäȤߤǤϹŪȯϤϤۤȤɤʤʤäƤ롥ºݡ1115?17ˡϢˮǾĤ󥫤ΥܤdzŤ졤ѼϤDZƶϤ򼨤ȡȺᵿǤ᤿󥫤¾ϤĤȤƤȼߤᡤݤ18դ俷ʹΥȥϡֱѡϢˮΰҿ㲼פäʤ27ˤȤɤޤʤɡʤǤ롥ޤʤߤ2003ǯæषХ֥䡤ǯ10ˡֱϢˮϿ̱ϼפȤæषӥʤɡῴϤƤƤ롥
Ϣˮΰҿ㲼طʤˤϡѲ롥ѹϡ콡ȤƵ쿢̱Ϥ켫Τ˷кѻٱԤȤǰҿݤäƤаޤ뤬ɤޥ졼ʤɼкĹ뤲ƱɬפȤʤʤäƤ
ơϢˮѸȤߤȲݥȥѸȤ Mozambique С٤Ƥβˤơºݾ塤Ѹ줬Ѹϰ̤ˤƤ롥ˤơϢˮϡ̣ǤΡֱѸפˤäƹϢΤǤȤ롥äȤ⡤߱ѸϡֱѸפøŪʽͭʪǤϤʤ lingua_franca ȤƵǽƤ뤳ȤͤСߡαѸϢΤ̤ƤɤۤɤΰյĤΤ򴶤ʤ

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2013-09-04 Wed

#1591. Crystal ˤѸüԤο͸ [statistics][demography][enl][esl][efl][elf][new_englishes][pidgin][creole]

εǰä#1590. ѸνѼ ([2013-09-03-1]) αѸѼܤ򹭤ȡ줳Ӥ English varieties ߡȯŸƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ѸѼοФǤʤѸѼüԤο⤪Ӥ#397. üԿˤȥå25 ([2010-05-29-1]) ενǿ줿褦ˡüԿüԤ­碌ȡѸ1Ȥʤ롥ѸüԿ͸βߡ̤ˤĤƤϡʲεǰäƤ

#319. ѸüԿ͸ζɤեǥ ([2010-03-12-1])
#427. ѸüԤˢ֤ǥ ([2010-06-28-1])
#933. ѸαѸüԿ͸á ([2011-11-16-1])
#173. ENL, ESL, EFL üԿ͸ ([2009-10-17-1])
#375. ENLESL ο͸Ψ ([2010-05-07-1])
#759. 21͸ιϢͽ¬ ([2011-05-26-1])
#414. language shift θ줿Ѹüԥǥ ([2010-06-15-1])

ߤˤѸüԿ͸Τİ뤳Ȥ񤷤Crystal (61, 65--67) ǽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡμο͸פˤ͡ʸŪŪ󤬲ݤ뤫Crystal (62--65) ϡΤʤ2001ǯߤαѸ͸פǯǤ褯礤˽ФѸüԤο͸פǤ롥

TerritoryL1L2Population (2001)
American Samoa2,00065,00067,000
Antigua & Barbuda*66,0002,00068,000
Aruba9,00035,00070,000
Australia14,987,0003,500,00018,972,000
Bahamas*260,00028,000298,000
Bangladesh 3,500,000131,270,000
Barbados*262,00013,000275,000
Belize*190,00056,000256,000
Bermuda63,000 63,000
Botswana 630,0001,586,000
British Virgin Islands*20,000 20,800
Brunei10,000134,000344,000
Cameroon* 7,700,00015,900,000
Canada20,000,0007,000,00031,600,000
Cayman Islands*36,000 36,000
Cook Islands1,0003,00021,000
Dominica*3,00060,00070,000
Fiji6,000170,000850,000
Gambia* 40,0001,411,000
Ghana* 1,400,00019,894,000
Gibraltar28,0002,00031,000
Grenada*100,000 100,000
Guam58,000100,000160,000
Guyana*650,00030,000700,000
Hong Kong150,0002,200,0007,210,000
India350,000200,000,0001,029,991,000
Ireland3,750,000100,0003,850,000
Jamaica*2,600,00050,0002,665,000
Kenya 2,700,00030,766,000
Kiribati 23,00094,000
Lesotho 500,0002,177,000
Liberia*600,0002,500,0003,226,000
Malawi 540,00010,548,000
Malaysia380,0007,000,00022,230,000
Malta13,00095,000395,000
Marshall Islands 60,00070,000
Mauritius2,000200,0001,190,000
Micronesia4,00060,000135,000
Montserrat*4,000 4,000
Namibia14,000300,0001,800,000
Nauru90010,70012,000
Nepal 7,000,00025,300,000
New Zealand3,700,000150,0003,864,000
Nigeria* 60,000,000126,636,000
Northern Marianas*5,00065,00075,000
Pakistan 17,000,000145,000,000
Palau50018,00019,000
Papua New Guinea*150,0003,000,0005,000,000
Philippine$20,00040,000,00083,000,000
Puerto Rico100,0001,840,0003,937,000
Rwanda 20,0007,313,000
St Kitts & Nevis*43,000 43,000
St Lucia*31,00040,000158,000
St Vincent & Grenadines*114,000 116,000
Samoa1,00093,000180,000
Seychelles3,00030,00080,000
Sierra Leone*500,0004,400,0005,427,000
Singapore350,0002,000,0004,300,000
Solomon Islands*10,000165,000480,000
South Africa3,700,00011,000,00043,586,000
Sri Lanka10,0001,900,00019,400,000
Suriname*260,000150,000434,000
Swaziland 50,0001,104,000
Tanzania 4,000,00036,232,000
Tonga 30,000104,000
Trinidad & Tobago*1,145,000 1,170,000
Tuvalu 80011,000
Uganda 2,500,00023,986,000
United Kingdom58,190,0001,500,00059,648,000
UK Islands (Channel, Man)227,000 228,000
United States215,424,00025,600,000278,059,000
US Virgin Islands*98,00015,000122,000
Vanuatu*60,000120,000193,000
Zambia110,0001,800,0009,770,000
Zimbabwe250,0005,300,00011,365,000
Other dependencies20,00015,00035,000
Total329,140,800430,614,5002,236,730,800


* դƤϰϡɸѸǤϤʤ pidgin/creole Ѹ줬ȤäƤϰǤ롥pidgin/creole ѼѸΰȤߤʤݤŪȤʤäƤΤǡΩ˱ƿͤ­줿ʶŪˤϡL1 ǼȤɽ700ͤL2 ǼȤեꥫ8,000ͤͿˡޤL1 L2 ο͸ϸ§ȤƾʤοפȤߤƤ褤ˤɽˤϡ#217. ѸüԤƱߥǥ ([2009-11-30-1]) οޤǤȤ Expanding Circle ιϰϴޤޤƤʤȤˤդ줿
ǵ󤲤ϰˤĤƤϡ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) ӡ#215. ENS, ESL ϰαѸ첽ǯ ([2009-11-28-1]) ⻲ȡ

Crystal, David. English As a Global Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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2013-09-03 Tue

#1590. ѸνѼ [esl][efl][elf][new_englishes]

ε#1589. եԥαѸ ([2013-09-02-1]) ȴϢơˤѸѼˤĤưŪ夲롥νϰϡפ俢̱ϻޤ4ˤ錄ѸȤܿˤ̤ơȼαѸѼȯãƤ Asian English(es) ȸƤФ ESL 뤤 EFL ȤƤαѸѼϡϰ褪ӻѡٲƤ뤫ݤˤδʬव (Jenkins 45)

South Asian varieties    South-East Asian and Pacific varieties    East Asian varieties    
BangladeshBruneiChina
BhutanCambodiaHong Kong
IndiaFijiJapan
MaldivesIndonesiaKorea
NepalLaosTaiwan
PakistanMalaysia 
Sri LankaMyanmar 
 Philippines 
 Singapore 
 Thailand 
 Vietnam 


Institutionalised varieties (Outer Circle)    Non-institutionalised varieties (Expanding Circle)    
BangladeshCambodia
BhutanChina
BruneiIndonesia
FijiJapan
Hong KongKorea
IndiaLaos
MalaysiaMaldives
NepalMyanmar
PakistanTaiwan
PhilippinesThailand
SingaporeVietnam
Sri Lanka 


αѸѼ郎ǧȤ뤬ɱѸ䥷󥬥ݡѸΤ褦ˤǤ˹ǧΤѼ⤢СեѸ졤֥ͥѸ졤ѸʤɤΤ褦ȼ褦䤯椵Ϥ᤿Ѽ⤢롥ޤ֡Ѹ졤ǥѸ졤ͥѡѸʤɤϡˤƤ⤤ޤۤȤɸڤʤˡܱѸܿͱѸ졩ˤȼħ뤳Ȥϻ䤿ΤäƤ뤬ѸѼȤ˹ǧΤΤȤϤʤäƤʤ
Τ褦˳ѼȯŸʳǧ٤ϤޤޤǤ롥¿쾯ʤ (1) ȼεϤȯãƤ뤳ȡ(2) 2¿˾֤ΤʤȯãƤ뤳ȡ(3) heteronomous (norm-dependent) variety ȼǧ뤳Ȥ¿ȡȤƵ󤲤롥ºݡ3ħϡ衼åѤȯãĤĤ Euro-English ޤᡤȤƤαѸѼ˶ͭƤħAsian Englishes Euro-English ȯŸʳˤԤäƤȤ㤤ˤʤʤ(1) (3) ȿưϡ#1255. "New Englishes" Υ饤ե ([2012-10-03-1]) Ǹ褦ˡѸѼФüԤ٤ӥХȤǤ뤳Ȥ˸Ʊ롥
#375. ENLESL ο͸Ψ ([2010-05-07-1]) ӡ#759. 21͸ιϢͽ¬ ([2011-05-26-1]) Ǽ褦ˡˤϥɡեԥ󡤥ѥʤɿ͸¿ϰ褬¿ᡤȤѸ͸ΤοѡȤˤʤȤƤ⡤п礭ʤ롥͸Ψ⤯β⸫ޤ뤿ᡤ塤αѸѤˤ˹׸ϰȤʤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ¸ߴϡѸѤˤƤĤĤ롥
ϢơѸѼˤĤƤϡ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) ӡ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Jenkins, Jennifer. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2009.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-01-30-1] [2013-09-04-1]

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2013-06-26 Wed

#1521. ޲ȷ [function_of_language][sociolinguistics][elf][lingua_franca]

εǽˤĤơ#523. εǽȸѲ ([2010-10-02-1]) #1071. Jakobson ˤ6Ĥεǽ ([2012-04-02-1]) εϤᡤfunction_of_language γƵǵƤεǽվ񤭤ǤĤ󤲤뤳ȤϤǤ뤬ҲŪǽȤ2̤ mutual intelligibility identity marking (acts of identity) ȤȤˤʤ#426. ѸѼΥԥߥåɥǥ ([2010-06-27-1]) #1360. 21¿εƤϱѸХХˤ뤫 ([2013-01-16-1]) Ǥ夲ФγǰǤ롥
mutual intelligibility Ȥϡ뽸⡤뤤ϰۤʤ뽸Ĵ֤ǤΥߥ˥ǽˤȤεǽǤ롥ϡ̤ˡκǤ뵡ǽȹͤƤ롥Ȥºݤˤ identity marking εǽפΤۤϤǤ롥ҲؤǤϾQȤʤäƤ뤬üԤμҲŪ°򼨤μʤǤ롥üԤϡư̤ơ̱²ʸ顤ȡ̤ʤɤ°Ƥ뤳Ȥ򡤤Ȥ˰ռŪˡ̵̤ռŪɸ롥mutual intelligibility identity marking ƯϤϤФȿиǤꡤԤϼ¾ͻ¤ϤȤơԤϼ¾̤ϤȤƺѤƤ롥ˤϡߤΩ2ǽ¿쾯ʤХ󥹤Ȥʤ顤ߤƤΤǤ롥
դ줿֥륤᥸󡦥¿ԤפΤʤǡʸˤϡ嵭2ĤεǽˤĤơʲΤ褦˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥

ϤˤĤεǽȸĤϡߥ˥Ǥ֤˸¤궦ƱΤη«Ǥ褦Ȥȡ̥ޥޡͤ (grégaire) ǽǤꡤ⤦Ĥϡդ˥ߥ˥¿˹褦Ȥ޲ (vehiculaire) ǽǤ롥ФĤ줿俦ȾΥ르Ǥꡤ۸֤Ǻ¤ΰջ̤Ϥ뤿ޤ줿ԥ䡤ͥƥ֤ǻȤñʱѸ줬޲ɽǤ롥޲ΰĤˤʤѸ줬פȤƿ͡ΰռ˼βȤѸϥХ벽ΥǥȤٲ롥Ѹ줬ˤʤСѸüԤδ֤ͥƥüԤӽƱѸ첽褦Ȥߵ᤬ޤꡤϰ䳬ˤѸκ̲¿Ͳʤˤ衤Υǥƥƥǽȥߥ˥ǽȸ뷲ǽ޲ǽϡظȸ١ʰȬˤʬϤδä˿ФθǰǤ롥 (157)


ˤ޲ǽȷǽξ뤳ȤȤȡ޲Ȥ޲ǽǽŤȤʤä򡤷ȤϷǽ޲ǽŤȤʤä򤽤줾ؤ򤷤Ƥ褤󥬥ե󥫤ȤƤαѸ (ELF) ޲ǽ٤ȯãȿѤȤơ٤ϱѸͥƥġʤƱѸͥƥĤˤǽ򶯲ƤȤƶϡߤ̤αѸ¿ͲͻǽפʻǤ롥

륤᥸󡦥ˡ ԡˡظȤϲ١ҡ2000ǯ

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2013-05-24 Fri

#1488. -glossia Υʥߥ [diglossia][elf]

2֤ε#1486. diglossia ˤä Chaucer ([2013-05-22-1]) ȡ#1487. diglossia ФȽ ([2013-05-23-1]) ǡdiglossia ˸ڤä˺εǤ̻ŪʻȽҲ𤷤̻ŪʻϡѸΥ󥰥ɤˤ diglossia Ȥθ diglossia βáˤ϶ѸʹߤοʼҲŪȯŸȤʥߥ򤹤ǤԲķǤ롥ҤƤϡҲˤ󥬡ե󥫤ȤƤαѸ (ELF) ɾݤˤ⡤diglossia Υʥߥå¿˻ͤˤʤ롥
Crystal (128) μ1ϡҲؤŪʤΤȤƤ줿 diglossia 򡤱ѸˤưŪȤߤΤʤ˻ʱɾ롥

The linguistic situation of Anglo-Norman England is, from a sociolinguistic point of view, very familiar. It is a situation of triglossia --- in which three languages have carved out for themselves different social functions, with one being a 'low-level' language, and the others being used for different 'high-level' purposes. A modern example is Tunisia, where French, Classical Arabic, and Colloquial Arabic evolved different social roles --- French as the language of (former) colonial administration, Classical Arabic primarily for religious expression, and Colloquial Arabic for everyday purposes. Eventually England would become a diglossic community, as French died out, leaving a 'two-language' situation, with Latin maintained as the medium of education and the Church . . . and English as the everyday language. And later still, the country would become monoglossic --- or monolingual, as it is usually expressed. But monolingualism is an unusual state, and in the twenty-first century there are clear signs of the reappearance of diglossia in English as it spreads around the world . . . .


Υޥ󡦥󥯥Ȱʹߡ21˻Ѹˤ-glossia ȤάҤС(1) Ѹ줬ѼǤ triglossia(2) Ѹ줬ѼǤ diglossia(3) monoglossia(4) Ѹ줬ѼǤ diglossia ؤƤȤˤʤ롥
ְסֻ³פˤ꤬ȤϤΤΡdiglossia ˤΤ褦ɽޤ뤳ȤˤϡΤ˰´Ĥ롥

Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.

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2013-05-11 Sat

#1475. Ѹȸ˴ؤϿޤΥ [internet][link][timeline][hel_education][map][global_language][elf][vexillology]

Map of the World Ȥ͡Ͽޤ󶡤ɥȤ򸫤ĤõƤߤȡѸ䤽¾θ˴ؤϿޤ奢ˤ˭٤ǡܥ֥ȤƾҲ𤹤ͤȻפäΤǡʲ˥󥯤ĥäƤϿޤΰŪӤˤ˻Ȥ롥

English Language --- Facts & Infographic: ѸħѸˤ绨Ĥ˲⡥Τʤ English Speaking Countries Ͽޤͭѡ
Should English Be The Official Language Of The World --- Facts & Infographic: ȤƤθѸϰ̤ҴŪ˵ҡǡŵϤ狼ʤ The Web of Words Ǥϡ־ΥƥĤαѸΨ56%ʰŪ̡ˡ־Υߥ˥αѸΨ26.8%ˤĤ2̡ˤȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ줬ѸȤʤäƤ56ιƤ롥ե٥åȽ˵󤲤ȡAntigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Cameroon, Canada, Dominica, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Ireland, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Namibia, Nauru, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Zambia, ZimbabweϢơ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) #376. ˤѸιϿޤǤߤ ([2010-05-08-1]) ⻲ȡ
Top Ten English Speaking Countries: ϿޤDZѸüԡüԤȤϸ¤ʤ˿͸ȥå10ι񤬼Ƥ롥ǡ뤬ե٥åȽ˵󤲤ȡAustralia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy, Nigeria, Philippines, United Kingdom, United States
Top Ten Daily Newspapers in English: ϿޤǼ뤬ƤȥɤΤߡ1ʿȯˡThe Sun (UK), USA Today (USA), The Daily Mail (UK), The Mirror (UK), Times of India (India), Wall Street Journal (USA), New York Times (USA), The Daily Telegraph (UK), Daily Express (UK), Los Angeles Times (USA)

Language Map of the World: 25Ȥ¾ȤǿʬϿޤ롥

UK Map --- United Kingdom: ꥹϿޤ򤶤äȼȤ˻Ȥ롥Physical Map   *  
USA Map: ꥫϿޤ򤶤äȼȤ˻Ȥ롥Physical Map   *  
Europe Map: 衼åϿޤ򤶤äȼȤ˻Ȥ롥Physical Map   *  
Map of the World: Ͽޤ򤶤äȼȤ˻Ȥ롥  *  *  *

ۤ˥饤θϿޤȤƤϡ#715. Britannica Online ǻȤǤϿޡ ([2011-04-12-1]) ĥä󥯤䡤Ethnologue Browse by Map Title 򻲾ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-02-07-1]

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2013-02-21 Thu

#1396. "Standard English" Ȥϲ [variety][elf][model_of_englishes][wsse][terminology][sociolinguistics][sobokunagimon]

2ȤƱѸؽݤɸȤѸѼ (the target variety of English) ϡۤȤɤξ硤"Standard English" ɸѸˤϤΤˤ "the Standard variety of English" ɽǤʤ¸ߤΤȻפǤ롥#1373. variety Ȥϲ ([2013-01-29-1]) ǸȤꡤvariety ȤǰΤޤʤΤ顤the Standard variety λؤΤƤȤʤ餶򤨤ʤȤϼǤ롥#415. All linguistic varieties are fictions ([2010-06-16-1]) εͽ̤ۤꡤɸѸʤѼޤ fiction Ǥ롥
fiction Ǥ뤳ȤˡɸѸ򲾤ꤹ뤳Ȥˤϰ̣롥Ȥ⡤Τ褦Ѽ¸ߤ򿮤Ƥդ򤷤ʤСѸؽɸŪ⡤Ѹ츦оݤޤ餺«ʤ㤨СQuirk et al. Ѹ쵭ҤΥåȤȤƤΤ "the common core" ȸƤǤΤǤꡤɸѸפȻؼƤΤ礭Ťʤ[2009-12-10-1]ε#227. ѸѼΥǥפ򻲾ȡˡޤǯELF (English as a Lingua Franca) ȤǰΩѸΥǥ˴ؤ (model_of_englishes) WSSE (World Standard Spoken English) ʤѼоȤ夬äƤʤǡɸѸȤ򤱤̤ʤ
λؼоݤª¸ߤΤǤ뤫顤ɸѸȤΤϻζȤTrudgill ϼΤ褦Ϳ

Standard English is that variety of English which is usually used in print, and which is normally taught in schools and to non-native speakers learning the language. It is also the variety which is normally spoken by educated people and used in news broadcasts and other similar situations. The difference between standard and nonstandard, it should be noted, has nothing in principle to do with differences between formal and colloquial language, or with concepts such as 'bad language'. Standard English has colloquial as well as formal variants, and Standard English speakers swear much as others. (5--6)


ɤɤۤªɤʤΤȤꤢϤդŶ򤷤ƤۤʤαѸѲƤ븽ˤơɸѸϤޤޤ񤷤

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.
Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.

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2013-02-16 Sat

#1391. lingua franca (4) [elf][global_language][pidgin][creole][esperanto][artificial_language][basic_english][contact][sociolinguistics][koine]

ѸȥڥȸζϲŪˤϡʬŪǤȤޥ󥹷ϸθ캬ĸä¿ȤġθܤˤĤƻŦ뤳ȤǤŤߤ˶1ĵ󤲤ȤΤ񤷤ҲŪˤСñǤ롥θ lingua franca Ǥ롤ȤȤѸȥԥζҥ¯ƥζˤƤƱǤ롥
[2012-04-17-1], [2012-04-18-1], [2012-04-19-1]ε lingua franca ȤѸˤĤĴ٤ҲŪʸϤ餳Ѹȳǰˤ⤦ꤿWardhaugh (55) ˤСUNESCO lingua franca "a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them" Ƥ롥Ǥϡθ줬ѤϰϤιˤĤƤϸڤƤʤΤǡʶƱΤǤΤѤƤ褦ʸξ lingua franca ȤȤˤʤ롥"used habitually" ˤ᤹Сǵ󤲤ϳΤˤ lingua franca ̾ͤ
lingua franca ϤĤμʬ뤳ȤǤ (Wardhaugh 56)

(1) եꥫΥϥ쥢եꥫΥҥΤ褦˸ŪѤ "trade language"
(2) 奮ꥷˤ koiné ʥ͡ˤ衼åѤˤ¯ƥΤ褦˽̤ܿȤƤ "contact language"
(3) ѸΤ褦˹ŪѤ "international language"
(4) Esperanto ([2011-12-15-1]) Basic English ([2011-12-13-1]) Τ褦ʿ͹ˤ "auxiliary language"
(5) ʥξƱΤäƤ롤꡼ʸˡȥե󥹸θäͻ礵̱²Ūǥƥƥôä Michif Τ褦 "mixed language"

ۤˤ嵭ƤϤޤ󤲤С泤θ׶̸Ȥʤä SabirγϰDZƶؤ Arabic, Mandarin, Hindi γƸ졤19Ⱦ British Columbia Alaska ˤƹѤ Chinook Jargon ʤɤ롥

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.

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2013-01-31 Thu

#1375. 󥿡ͥåȤλѸȥå10 [elf][statistics][internet][demography][world_languages]

Υ󥿡ͥåȻѤȯŪäƤ롥Miniwatts Marketing Group ˤ Internet World Stats: Usage and Population Statistics Internet World Users by Language: Top 10 Languages Υǡ򻲾Ȥȡ2000--2011ǯΤǤλѼԿ5𤵤Ƥ롥Ǥϡ󥿡ͥåȤλѸʬۤˤĤƤϤɤƱڡꡤ󥿡ͥåȤˤȥå10ͤƷǤ褦2011ǯ531ߤοͤǤ롥

TOP TEN LANGUAGES IN THE INTERNETInternet Users by LanguageInternet Penetration by LanguageGrowth in Internet (2000--2011)Internet Users% of TotalWorld Population for this Language (2011 Estimate)
English565,004,12643.4%301.4%26.8%1,302,275,670
Chinese509,965,01337.2%1,478.7%24.2%1,372,226,042
Spanish164,968,74239.0%807.4%7.8%423,085,806
Japanese99,182,00078.4%110.7%4.7%126,475,664
Portuguese 82,586,60032.5% 990.1%3.9%253,947,594
German75,422,67479.5%174.1%3.6%94,842,656
Arabic65,365,40018.8% 2,501.2%3.3%347,002,991
French59,779,52517.2%398.2%3.0%347,932,305
Russian59,700,00042.8%1,825.8%3.0%139,390,205
Korean39,440,00055.2% 107.1%2.0%71,393,343
TOP 10 LANGUAGES1,615,957,33336.4%421.2%82.2%4,442,056,069
Rest of the Languages350,557,48314.6%588.5%17.8%2,403,553,891
WORLD TOTAL2,099,926,96530.3% 481.7%100.0%6,930,055,154


ȥåפθϡޤѸǤ롥ȥåפäƤȤǤϡ#1084. Ѹν򼨤ܤΰ ([2012-04-15-1]) Ǹ̤ꡤ1980--90ǯξȰۤʤʤΨȤǤϡ餯礭षƤ롥ʤȤ⡤졤ڥ졤ݥȥ졤ӥ졤ʤɤ٤ŪϿꤨƤȤ[2009-10-08-1]ε#164. 󥿡ͥåȤѸ첽פ򻲾ȡˡ󥿡ͥåȻѼԿΤΤǤߤСѸȴ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ3̤ΥڥȤδ֤ˤϤޤ֤꤬롥ߤϡġȥåפλȤ
ʤDZθüԤο͸פ U.S. Census Bureau ˴ŤΤȤǤϱѸüԿ͸137ȤƤ롥ϡüԤΤߤʤ餺2üԤޤ᤿ͤǤ뤳Ȥϵʤ
2ȺDZβ3Ԥߤȡ˾θ줬ʬƤ뤫狼롥Ϣơ#274. üԿ ([2010-01-26-1]) Υԥߥåɾʬۤ򻲾Ȥ줿
ۤ˱ѸüԿ͸ˤޤĤפϡܥ֥ΰʲεǤ⿨ƤΤǡͤޤǤˡ

#375. ENLESL ο͸Ψ ([2010-05-07-1])
#397. üԿˤȥå25 ([2010-05-29-1])
#759. 21͸ιϢͽ¬ ([2011-05-26-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2015-07-08-1]

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2013-01-16 Wed

#1360. 21¿εƤϱѸХХˤ뤫 [elf][variety][sociolinguistics][prescriptive_grammar][netspeak][writing][function_of_language][future_of_english]

ߡαѸȤޤĶˤϡELF (English as a Lingua Franca) ȤƤεǽʤ mutual intelligibility ܻؤῴϤȡüԽĤȼ򥢥ԡ뤹뵡ǽʤ cultural (national, ethnic, etc.) identity ƽѼ郎ʬ줷Ƥ椯ϤȤʣ˺ѤƤ롥塤ȿ2ĤϤɤΤ褦ޤ礤ĤƤ椯ΤȤϡѸ̤ꤦ礭ʥơޤǤ롥ϡرѸˤDz򤭤ۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ104ֱϤȵῴϡ ǤƤ롥
Ѹ줬Ѽʬƻ路Ƥ椯⤷ʤȤʥꥪ󵯤طʤˤϡĤιͻѻ롥㤨СĤƤ lingua franca ƥ줬ɤäѼؤʬȤŪ¤䡤˱ѸνѼ郎³λ̱ĥϤƤȤ󤲤Ϥ®ƤǽΤ⤦1ĤװȤƤϡŪϰռμޤ꤬롥ϰռϵῴϤȤƺѤΤǡ줬ޤäƤȤСŪ˱ϤäΤϼǤ롥ϡ¿ƤҲĬȤӤĤƤ
Schmitt and Marsden (208--11) ϡϤĹƤװȤơ3󤲤Ƥ롥

(1) ɸಽʤ뤿ΰʸ񤭸ʸμβŻҵѤȯŸˤꡤ衤ῴϤȤƺѤƤտ줿ʸϤ⡤®٤Ż뤹Żҥ᡼ʤɤˤά줿ʸϤ¸ߴƤƤ[2011-07-14-1]ε#808. smileys or emoticonsפ򻲾ȡˡηϡŻΤαѸ줫αѸʤɤؤ礷ƤꡤФݡȤαѸʤɤؤǤƤ롥
(2) Ѹ "localizing" ĤơBBC ϤȤɸѸ򹭤ôäƤǶϡष줾ϰ迧ФؤɤڤäƤƤ롥㤨СCNN ϥڥǤ CNNenEnpañol Ω夲Ƥ롥
(3) Ѹ춵餬åȤȤѼ¿ͲϡαѸ춵ΥåȤϡѼɽȤ ENL Ѽ路ʤäǯǤϡ¾ѼѸ춵ΥåȤȤʤꤦưФƤƤ[2009-10-07-1]ε#163. ɤαѸΤäȤ깽!?פ򻲾ȡˡ

(1) (2) ˤĤơϱѸεῴϤФǺѤȴԤ줿ǥ䵻ѳ׿ष¿ĹǺѤ褦ˤʤäƤƤȤΤǤ롥[2009-10-08-1]εǼ夲#164. 󥿡ͥåȤѸ첽פ⡤ƱĬή°
21¿ƤĬϡѸХХˤƤ椯Τ

This diversification may be more acceptable to societies now than before, as there appears to be a general movement away from conformity and toward a greater tolerance of diversity. Whereas in former times there might have been an outcry against incorrect written English, nowadays people seem increasingly comfortable with the idea that different types of English might be suitable for different purposes and media. These trends may exert pressure toward more diversification of English rather than standardisation. (Schmitt and Marsden 210)


Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.

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2013-01-15 Tue

#1359. ϰѰۤȼҲѰ [sociolinguistics][variation][variety][rp][elf]

ҲŪʸѰ (linguistic variation) Υѥ᡼ˤ͡ʼΤΤ롥Ѹ˴ؤƤϡ#227. ѸѼΥǥ ([2009-12-10-1]) #228. ѸѼΥǥ (2) ([2009-12-11-1]) ʤɤǤĤΥѥ᡼򸫤ŪˤСѰۤμפʥѥ᡼Ȥơ顤̱²̡ȡʤɤ󤲤롥衤ҲؤǤȤ櫓ˤƤΤϡϰѰۤȳʼҲѰۤ
ϰѰۤȼҲѰۤδطȤǤ뤬פʱѸҲˤƤϰŪ˼Τ褦ʥǥȤɽʥȥåɥ롤p. 37 οޤȤ˺ˡ

Trudgill's Variation Pyramid

οޤϡҲŪ˹⤤ΩˤüԤɤδ֤ˤϰŪʺʤ㤤ΩˤüԤɤδ֤ˤϰŪʺ礭Ȥ򼨤Ƥ롥ꥹˤѸѤƤϤƤȡŪ˰ҿΤ RP (Received Pronunciation) üԤϡꥹΤɤޤäȤƤ⤪褽Ʊ RP äɸȤѼäüԤϡϰˤäƸߤ礭ۤʤäѤ롥ΥǥϡRP Τ褦ȯΤߤʤ餺äʸˡˤͭǤ롥㤨С֤פɽ魯ϡԥߥåɤĺˤɸѸǤ scarecrow ʤԥߥåɤդˤʤɸѸǤϡϰˤä bogle, flay-crow, mawpin, mawkin, bird-scarer, moggy, shay, guy, bogeyman, shuft, rook-scarer ʤɤȸؤ롥ʸˡǤϡɸŪ He's a man who/that likes his beer ФơɸѼǤϰˤäƴط̾ʬwho, that, at, as, what, he, Τ褦˸ؤʥȥåɥ롤p. 38ˡ
ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) δ顤Υǥ Svartvik and Leech ˤ#426. ѸѼΥԥߥåɥǥ ([2010-06-27-1]) Ƥ뤳Ȥդ
դäƤ٤ϡˤϡϰѰۤȼҲѰۤδطषեԥߥåɤȤʤ⤢ȤȤȥåɥ (31--32) ˤСɤΥɥ²°륫ʥˤĤơäʸˡˤĤϰ躹ȥȺδطĴƤߤȡ̥ȡʥ֥եޥˤǤϰˤäѰۤ¿ΤФơ̥ȡ֥եޥˤǤϰޤǸߤ˶Ȥ
ԥߥåɤθϰۤʤ뤬ˤ衤ϰѰۤȼҲѰۤδ֤ˤϡФСشطȤȤϤ

P. ȥåɥ ظȼҲ١ȽŹ1975ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-06-09-1] [2013-05-17-1]

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2012-07-17 Tue

#1177. EU ʩĬ [french][global_language][elf][statistics]

715ˤ俷ʹī6̤Ρ֥ɥӥ塼פɸεäEU ϱʩȤ3ȸ˻ꤷƤ뤬Ϥޤǽ˱ѸǽǤΤ֤ȤʤäƤ롥
2粤ˤ򿶤֤СϡѸȴ߻Ϥ᤿ˡʩλŪϰ̤ФäѸε®ȼʩŪϰ̤ϡȾ˸Ƥää2004ǯEUǤϡʩѸդ첤ʤ10񤬰쵤˲ȤˤꡤʩĬ֤äѰˤȡ1997ǯ˵𤵤줿ʸΤʸʩäΤ40.5%ǤꡤѸ45%äȤ2010ǯˤϡ7%77%ȤʤꡤѸΰŪͥ줿
ǶβͻƻǤ⡤ѸǥͥΩäƤ롥ԾؤαƶϤ礭θEUνѸǥ˾ήƤȤΤͳΤ褦
줬ФۤɡϤδĶ岡뤿ˡѥʹԤ롥ǸǤС2004ǯEU丽ߤEUƻʬŪ˱Ѹ岡ҲŪװȤʤäƤ롥
ۤ ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) פ˴ؤƤϡstatistics elf γƵ򻲾ȡ

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2012-05-12 Sat

#1111. Graddol ˤã٤Ż뤷Ѹüԥǥ [elf][model_of_englishes][language_shift][native_speaker_problem]

1985ǯ Kachru ˤäƤ줿#217. ѸüԤƱߥǥ ([2009-11-30-1]) ϡˤѸѤ򤹤뤿ΥǥȤơƤȤ櫓21ŤˤĤơ͡ȽͯФƤƤ model_of_englishes γƵǾҲ𤷤ƤǶǤ Modiano ˤ̤Ʊߥǥ򼨤 ([2012-04-27-1], [2012-05-07-1]) ϡKachru ǥƲᤷ Graddol θҲ𤷤褦
Graddol (English Next 110) ϡKachru Ūʴ˴Ťؤ⡤Ѹνã٤˴ŤǥΤۤ20αѸѤθ褯ȿǤƤȹͤб޼ʲ޻ȡˡޤã٤γƳؤΤ˶̤ȤϡǡϢ³ΤȹͤInner ȤѸ줳Ĥ˴ޤޤΤϡֺǤã٤ι⤤ءפ5ͤۤɤαѸüԤȤȤˤʤ롥

Graddol's Proficiency-Based Model of English

Kachru ̾Τ˽Ҥ٤С༫Ȥǯ Graddol Τ褦ʽã٤˰͵򤹤ǥǰƬˤƤ褦 (Graddol, English Next 110)
ΥǥϡѸνã٤Ż뤹 Modiano Ʊߥǥ[2012-04-27-1]) ȤӤ뤬ԤϤȤ櫓 "international English" νã٤ˤƤ롥Graddol ˤϡ"international English" ΤؤθڤϤʤޤGraddol ǥϡüԤ "bilingual status" (English Next 110) Ȥ򡤽ã٤ۤɽŻ뤷ƤʤJenkins ǥ ([2010-01-24-1]) Ǥ "bilingual status" ̵ͭפǤ롥Jenkins ǥϡ"the native speaker problem" Ŧ䤹ǥȤ⤤롥
ƤƤαѸѤΥǥϡ줾֤˺롥ˤϡѸѤθȤʾˡƼԤαѸ˴Ѥ侭αѸѤؤδԤȴ˾ȿǤƤ롥äơϡ򹭤̣ǤαѸ˵ҤǤȹͤƤ롥餳͡ʥǥ˴ؿ롥
ơGraddol ȤС The Future of English? ǡ (language shift) θ줿ưŪʥǥƤƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ[2010-06-15-1]ε#414. language shift θ줿ѸüԥǥפǼ夲Τǡ׻ȡ

Graddol, David. English Next. British Council, 2006. Digital version available at https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/english-next .
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/future-english .

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2012-05-07 Mon

#1106. Modiano Ʊߥǥ (2) [elf][model_of_englishes][wsse][linguistic_imperialism][variety]

[2012-04-27-1]ε#1096. Modiano ƱߥǥפǡModiano ʸ "International English in the Global Village" ˼줿ѼŪѸѤΥǥҲ𤷤Modiano ϡɾȤȿơˡ̤ʸ "Standard English(es) and Educational Practices for the World's Lingua Franca." ȯɽǤϡǥǥ뤬ƤʰʲƱʸ p. 10 οޤȤ˺ˡ

Modiano's Centripetal Circles of International English, Revised Version

ǤǤϡŪʱѸѼ郎ϤۤƤꡤ줾줬ۤʤäΨǤϤ뤬 "The Common Core" °ħȤæħ碌äƤ뤳ȤĴƤ롥ǤϡBritish English American English Τ褦ŪʼѼȡEFLѼޤ᤿ʳѼȤδ֤˺Ϥʤ˥եåȤ˰֤ŤƤ롥 The Common Core γ¦괬ΰϡ The Common Core ǤǽΤħ亣 The Common Core 鳰ǽΤħ«ɽ路The Common Core ήưä濴Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨺롥ơEIL (English as an International English) ϡ The Common Core ȤѼȤƤ롥ΥǥϡSvartvik and Leech ˤ#426. ѸѼΥԥߥåɥǥ ([2010-06-27-1]) Ӥ뤬The Common Core ήưŬʤɽƤǤɾǤ롥
ʾϥǥ޼ΤʸϤȤɽΤ񤷤Modiano ʸФȽ1ĤˡEIL (English as an International Language) ɤΤ褦ѼؤΤ狼ʤȤΤäȽ˱ơModiano Ϥδפ "standard English" ˤȤǡΤ褦ɽƤ롥

. . . the designation "standard English" includes those features of English which are both used and easily recognized by the majority of people who speak the language (what is operative in a lingua franca context). (11)


Standard English should be a composite of those features of English which are comprehensible to a majority of native and competent non-native speakers of the language . . . . (12)


ʸ⤷Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤEIL ʤ "standard English" ʤ "the common core" (11) ʤѸ뤳Ȥ񤷤Τ롥۲줿ѸѼħϡޤˡȤ館ɤʤȤˤ롥ϡ̼ߤΥΤ褦ʤΤǤ롥ΥΤʷͿ褦ȤС prescription Ϳ뤷ˡʤʤ٤Ūˤʤʤ褦 prescription Ѱդ뤿ˤϡ̩ description ˴ŤƤʤФʤʤسԤʤΤ describe ΤϹޤ롥description prescription 򷫤֤˾äƹԤդ֤ãȤΤŪɸȤʤΤǤϤʤ뤤ϡιդ˷ΤԤĤȤˡ⤢ξˤϡEIL "standard English" Ȥǰ̩ȤƤˤȤɤƤΤȤȤˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ
Modiano θʸϡΤȤʸ礭ȯŸƤ櫓ǤϤʤѼȿȤŪʱƼΤαѸѤФ˯ϡԤ㤷ʤäƤ롥㤨СǡǤ롥

A linguistic chauvinism, or if you will, ethnocentricity, is so deeply rooted, not only in British culture, but also in the minds and hearts of a large number of language teachers working abroad, that many of the people who embrace such bias find it difficult to accept that other varieties of English, for some learners, are better choices for the educational model in the teaching of English as a foreign or second language. (6)


A great many people in the UK do not speak "standard English" if by standard English we mean forms of the language which are comprehensible in the international context. (7--8)


Modiano αѸǥ˻ξФΤϡɽ魯ǥǤȤʾˡ̤αѸѤꤷ褦ȤǥǤꡤۤδޤޤ줿ǥǥȤϡĤǤ⤽δܤ롥Jenkins (22--23) ɾ׻ȡ

Modiano, Marko. "International English in the Global Village." English Today 15.2 (1999): 22--28.
Modiano, Marko. "Standard English(es) and Educational Practices for the World's Lingua Franca." English Today 15.4 (1999): 3--13.
Jenkins, Jennifer. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2009.

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2012-04-27 Fri

#1096. Modiano Ʊߥǥ [elf][model_of_englishes][wsse]

[2009-11-30-1]ε#217. ѸüԤƱߥǥפǼ Kachru Ʊߥǥϡ20ȾˤѸѤɽ魯޼ȤƹƤƱ͡Ƚˤ⤵餵Ƥ㤨С21ˤ1999ǯʸǡModiano (24) ϼΤ褦Ŧʤ顤Kachru ǥۤɬʤ

Ʊߥǥϡꥹ濴Ȥγ¦رѸ줬ȤäƤäȤŪʰ֤äȤǥǤ롥ѸѤϰ˸ꤵƤ櫓Ǥʤ21θߡäȤǥͭǤϤʤ
Τ褦ŪƤޤȡInner Circle ѼüԤǤϤ뤬Inner Circle μϰ˽ǤʤüԤŬڤ˰֤Ť뤳ȤǤʤʤ롥㤨бѸȤƿͤƹʳ˺߽Ż򤷤ƤʤӻʤΤ顤Υǥϸ¤§ǥȤϤʤ
ƱͤˡInner Circle μϰ˽Ǥ뤬Inner Circle δްդøŪѼäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ͡㤨СꥹѸüԡˤ⤿󤤤롥Τ褦üԤ⡤ΥǥǤϤޤ֤Ťʤ
ƱߥǥϡѸ줬ŪʹѡꥹȶŪʹѤȶӤĤƤȤͤٻƤ롥

Modiano μĥ󤹤С̻ŪˤϱѸ줬ꥹȤϤפȤγƹسȤäƤȤꤷʤŪˤϱѸѤϰ˸ꤵƤ櫓Ǥʤϰ褬ͥ٤ϤʤפȤȤˤʤKachru ǥϡѸˤ¦̤Ĵ뤭餤ꡤѸѤθŬڤɽ魯޼ǤϤʤȤɾǤ롥
Modiano ƤȤФΤϡŪ˹򤵤ѸѼήĪäȤΤǤǽϤŻ뤷ŪʼѼΥǥKachru ƱƱߤοޤModiano "The centripetal circles of international English" ȸƤǤ롥

Modiano's Centripetal Circles of International English

ѸβͤϹŪ٤ι⤵ˤȤŰŪʥץ饰ޥƥ˴ŤǥǤꡤˤʸξݤפڤɤڤ곫޼ܼŪȤơEIL (English as an International Language) ɤΤ褦ѼؤΤŪѼȤ¸ߤΤȤä䤬롥
Modiano ʸΤˤϡ6̾ɾȤˤ¨¤ȿǺܤƤ (28--34) 碌ɤ򤬿ޤ롥ǤϻξΥȤ󤻤ƤꡤEIL ˤĤƤŪΤʻŦä㤨СKaye (32) "It is much easier, I think, to say what IE is not than what it is." Ȥơinternational English λؼоݤΤȤ館ɤΤʤŦƤꡤ Modiano "a general term which includes all of the varieties which function well in cross-cultural communication" ȤФơ"But what is meant by 'function well'?" ȵ褷Ƥ롥Crystal WSSE (World Standard Spoken English) ˤ褽ѼؤȻפ뤬줬ʤΤꤹ뤳Ȥ񤷤Jenkins (21--22) ˤ Modiano ǥɾ롥

Modiano, Marko. "International English in the Global Village." English Today 15.2 (1999): 22--28.
Jenkins, Jennifer. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2009.

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2012-04-19 Thu

#1088. lingua franca (3) [elf][model_of_englishes][global_language][bnc]

2֤ε[2012-04-17-1], [2012-04-18-1]˰³lingua franca Ȥΰ̣ˡˤĤƤꡥϼ˼򻲹ͤˤϥѥ˸㤫 lingua franca θԤΰ̣ꤿ
BNCWeb "lingua franca" ñ㸡ȡ34㤬ҥåȤKWICϤįƤߤȡѸ줬ȤʤäƤʸͽۤۤ¿ʤԥѸʤɤޤȱѸΥŪ˹⤤Ȥǧˤ衤ƥ졤ꥷ졤ե󥹸졤ҥʤɤν˴ؤʸ褷ƾʤʤϳؽѱѱѼ񤬡lingua franca ʸˤƱѸӤǤ뤳Ȥ򸫤Ԥ lingua franca λѤǤϡΤ褦ʱѸؤΥХäˤʤȤѥ㤫餫ޤlingua franca ФơפȤĤ뤳ȤŬڤǤ뤳Ȥ⡤Ǥ
ѥϡΤ褦ŪǹΡְջã̤Ρפ⸫줿

Mr Tsurumaki was successful at 315 million francs, generally translated into lingua franca dollars at $51.4 million.
. . . the user has to resort to good old ASCII, the lingua franca of all computer systems . . . .


Τ褦줫̸ؤžȤ¤˿ʤǤ褦Ǥ롥ΰ̣ŪˤʤȤȤϡ줬äƤ̣ζ̤򼺤ȤȤǤ롥μΰ̣ѲӻǤꡤŪˤоݤȤ侩оݤȤʤʤѸȤƤ lingua franca Τ٤ʴߤݤIJͤ褦˻פϡŦlingua franca ΡüԤΥ᡼򴭵ʤǤ롥ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) ˡüԤϴؤäƤʤǡüԤλä̵ͭˤ狼餺ŪѤ붦̸ȤƤαѸˤˤ EIL (English as an International Language) ȤѸ줬Ŭڤ餹٤ƤĶۤѸȤ (English as a) Global Language ȤѸˤʹ褦ˤʤäƤ
̩פʤŪʸ̮ǸߤαѸϰ̤˸ڤˤϡlingua franca global language 纹ʤȤƤ褦˻פ뤬嵭Τ褦ˡξԤζ̤ϤĤƤΤ褤ȹͤ롥üԤԴͿ򲡤Ф lingua franca ȡüԤδͿԴͿĶۤ global language Ωˤϡñʤζ̤Τߤʤ餺طʤˤѸѤΰ㤤ѸΤɤ¦̤֤ΰ㤤ȿǤƤ褦˻פ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2021-11-04-1] [2013-02-16-1]

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