Ϣ夲Ƥ뤬8ýֱѸ1塤ܸĤ뤫פɲáºˤܸˤʤꤦ뤫ǡܸפȤǡˤܡʸˤΥץ쥼뤿ˡ¿ˤȯʤ٤ȤƤʤƤ롥
ֱѸפ˴ФԤϡѸʳθˤȯˤäȿ˼ȤޤʤФʤʤѸʳθˤäȯФƤäҴˤʤʤФʤʤ¿θüԤФơθդǸ꤫뤳ȤϡܤФ붦ƤӳФޤ̤礭ޤθȯˤϡѸ줢뤤ϱѸüԤˤ륹˥ФƤʤŤߤ롥(57)
ǸˤֱѸ줢뤤ϱѸüԤˤ륹˥פȤ˰̣ĹǤ롥ե (lingua_franca) ȤƤαѸ (elf) ˤϡʤѸ줬üԡˤΡֶϤפ̤ƤȤȤȤƤ롥ݥƥʱѸѤ
֥˥פȤϡͥƥʱѸѤɽ魯ѸȤ軰Ԥͳ뤳Ȥǡΰտޤ̣פ줿ĤƤޤȤްդ롥ˡϤˤ븡ܤȤʴޤߤ鴶 (cf. native_speaker_problem) Τ褦˱Ѹϡ"English as a Language of Censorship" (= ELC) ʤɤθƾΤƤ褦ˤʤ뤫⤷ʤϱѸϰȤ館ƤȤ櫓ǤϤʤѸ˸¤餺ϰ̤ˤǤСɬեȤƤ¦̤ ELC Ū¦̤碌ĤΤȻŦƤˤʤ
Ѹ줬Ū lingua_franca ȤƤ뤳ȤϡѸȤ˹Ū٤ԤˤȤäƴФäˤʤˤϤΤ褦˹ͤʤԤ¿롥ŪŪʸŪŪ¾ͳǡѸؤȿ͡ϴְ㤤ʤ¸ߤ뤷ʤȤѶŪˤϹդʤͤ¿Ѹˤξ¦̤롥襳ߥ˥ƻȤƤαѸѤʤɡ¦̤ϹǧƤΤǡ¦̤ܤ
Ѹ¦̤ϡѸȽεǽ˻ŦƤ롥üŪˤСѸȽȤϡѸˤäƻۤ뤳ȤǿŪǽȤոǤʡ#1606. Ѹ캹̡ѸƸ ([2013-09-19-1]) linguistic_imperialism γƵȤ줿ˡޤѸϡޥΥƥλ (language_death) ĹƤȤ¦̤Ŧ롥ˡ̣ȤˡѸ줬ĥ¿첽ƤȤ¤⤢ꡤѸΤߤäѸüԤϡˤƤषΩ֤ƤΤǤϤʤȤŦ롥 native_speaker_problem ȤդλϡBaugh and Cable (7) Ѹ "mixed blessing" (= something that has advantages and disadvantages) ȤƸڤƤ롥
Recent awareness of "engendered languages" and a new sensitivity to ecolinguistics have made clear that the success of English brings problems in its wake. The world is poorer when a language dies on average every two weeks. For native speakers of English as well, the status of the English language can be a mixed blessing, especially if the great majority of English speakers remain monolingual. Despite the dominance of English in the European Union, a British candidate for an international position may be at a disadvantage compared with a young EU citizen from Bonn or Milan or Lyon who is nearly fluent in English.
ѸŪ¦̤Τɾ뤳Ȥʤ줾˺ꤹ뤳Ȥο
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ܤޤܸۤͣδĶ褷Ƥ¿ܿͤˤȤäơͤ bilingual ǤȤ multilingual ǤʤɤʹȡòǰΤǤϤʤƱ褦ȿϡ¿νǤǧʼºݤˤϡ[2013-01-30-1]εǤߤ褦ˡ#1374. 衼åѳƹ¿ѹǤפˤ⤫餺ˡʣθȤȤüǽϤ뤤ϰζȤǤꡤʤȤ̤ǤϤʤȤΰݤ롥
㤨СѸˤμȤǡѸΥɼҲѸ졤ե졤ƥ trilingualism μҲäȤΥɲϥեȤѸʤԤ⾯ʤʤäȾҲ𤹤ȡ͡ϤɤΤ褦˸ߤ˥ߥ˥äƤΤϤɤΤ褦˽̱̿ƤΤȤ䤬ɬФ롥伫Ȥ multilingual Ҳ褷ȤʤΤǡΰտޤǤ뤷ϤƯȤƤ´ͯˤ
źθҴŪįȡܤפνΤ褦 monolingual ǥեȤȹͤѤΤۤФäƤΤȤȤ狼äƤ롥ΤʿФΤǤ monolingual ʸ춦ƱΡmonolingual üԤΤۤȤäƤ褤Ҳؤ3ĤꡤƱݤΰѤ롥
In view of the need for communication with neighbouring communities and government agencies, it is fair to assume that many members of most communities are multilingual. (Hudson 9)
. . . in many parts of the world an ability to speak more than one language is not at all remarkable. . . . In many parts of the world it is just a normal requirement of daily living that people speak several languages: perhaps one or more at home, another in the village, still another for purposes of trade, and yet another for contact with the outside world of wider social or political organization. These various languages are usually acquired naturally and unselfconsciously, and the shifts from one to another are made without hesitation. (Wardhaugh 93)
It has been estimated that there are some 5,000 languages in the world but only about 185 nation-states recognized by the United Nations. Probably about half the world's population is bilingual and bilingualism is present in practically every country in the world. (Romain 33)
ɤ졤ϤʤΤQǤäơϤʤΤȻפǤҲ⡤ˤϰճ¿ΤǤ餹٤ƤͤҤȤοʹ֤Ʊ٥ǤȤȤǤϤʤ礬¿ΤǤξǧƤȤϡȤƤפʤȤȻפޤܤǤϳ줬ĤǤǡ֤פȻפ褦ʴФޤɡȤС˥˽ޥ͡ϲȤǤޥäƤޤȤϥޥͤǤƱ˥˥ͤʤΤǡҥȱѸ줬Ǥʤä顤Ūʹ̱ȤƤ褬ǤʤǤ͡Į˽ФƿƲбĤ褦Ź˶Ф褦ҤϤߤʱѸ䥹ҥȤäƤ櫓Ǥ顥ͤοʹ֤İʾ˰ۤʤäŪ˻ȤʬäƤȤҲ¤ˤ¿ޤƤǤϡߤǤ⡤轻̱θäƤͤ¿ޤȤФ줬ᥭä顤楫ȾΥޥͤϥޥȤƤޤᥭͤǤ顤ѸǤ륹ڥäʤФʤʤΤǤp. 50--51
ܿͤˤȤäʳ1İʾθ뤳ȤǤȤȤϡۤȤɤξ硤سؽη̤ȤƤơ̳ǤѸؽ1ĤȤäƤߤƤ⡤줬¿λ֤ϫϤפ뤫褯ΤäƤ롥äơͤ multilingual ȤȡǤγؽ̤ˤʤȻפǡòΤǤ롥¿ multilingual ʸĿͤϡ"naturally and unselfconsciously" ʣθƤΤǤ롥ϤޤǤʤȤ櫓ǤϤʤθ춦ƱΤ᤹ҲŪ1ĤȤʣθΤǤ롥Τ褦ʿ͡ϡ䤿Ƥ⤺äȼ̵ռ˸ؽƤޤ褦
ä multilingualism źθ춦ƱΤΥǥեȤǧȡष monolingualism פ֤Τ褦˸Ƥ롥˵䤷ʤȡȤ櫓ѸݤȤʤĤĤ븽θʤѸ monolingualism ϰ۾ǤȤո졤̤ȤƱѸȽlinguistic_imperialism εȡˤͥƥԡץ֥ native_speaker_problem) ʤ꤬ƤƤ롥#272. ݸȤƤαѸüԤʬ뿷ǥ ([2010-01-24-1]) ⡤¿Ѥ֤ǤꡤñѤ㳰ŪǤȤǧΤȤ줿ǥǤ롥
Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
Romain, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2000.
Ƿؿ֤ȤСפβݳȡ١ҡ2012ǯ
1985ǯ Kachru ˤäƤ줿#217. ѸüԤƱߥǥ ([2009-11-30-1]) ϡˤѸѤ뤿ΥǥȤơƤȤ櫓21ŤˤĤơ͡ȽͯФƤƤ model_of_englishes γƵǾҲ𤷤ƤǶǤ Modiano ˤ̤Ʊߥǥ ([2012-04-27-1], [2012-05-07-1]) ϡKachru ǥƲᤷ Graddol θҲ𤷤褦
Graddol (English Next 110) ϡKachru Ūʴ˴Ťؤ⡤Ѹνã٤˴ŤǥΤۤ20αѸѤθ褯ȿǤƤȹͤбʲȡˡޤã٤γƳؤΤ˶̤ȤϡǡϢ³ΤȹͤInner ȤѸ줳Ĥ˴ޤޤΤϡֺǤã٤ι⤤ءפ5ͤۤɤαѸüԤȤȤˤʤ롥

Kachru ̾Τ˽Ҥ٤С༫Ȥǯ Graddol Τ褦ʽã٤˰͵ǥǰƬˤƤ褦 (Graddol, English Next 110)
ΥǥϡѸνã٤Ż뤹 Modiano Ʊߥǥ[2012-04-27-1]) ȤӤ뤬ԤϤȤ櫓 "international English" νã٤ˤƤ롥Graddol ˤϡ"international English" ΤؤθڤϤʤޤGraddol ǥϡüԤ "bilingual status" (English Next 110) Ȥã٤ۤɽŻ뤷ƤʤJenkins ǥ ([2010-01-24-1]) Ǥ "bilingual status" ̵ͭפǤ롥Jenkins ǥϡ"the native speaker problem" Ŧ䤹ǥȤ⤤롥
ƤƤαѸѤΥǥϡ줾֤˺롥ˤϡѸѤθȤʾˡƼԤαѸ˴Ѥ侭αѸѤؤδԤȴ˾ȿǤƤ롥äơϡ̣ǤαѸ˵ҤǤȹͤƤ롥餳͡ʥǥ˴ؿ롥
ơGraddol ȤС The Future of English? ǡ (language shift) θ줿ưŪʥǥƤƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ[2010-06-15-1]ε#414. language shift θ줿ѸüԥǥפǼ夲Τǡȡ
Graddol, David. English Next. British Council, 2006. Digital version available at https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/english-next .
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/future-english .
[2009-10-17-1], [2009-11-30-1], [2009-11-30-1], [2009-12-05-1]εǡˤѸüԤʬŪʥǥƤˤѸˤȤݸȤƤαѸȤ̣ EIL ( English as an International Language ) ȤƾΤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ǶǤϹݶ̸ȤƤ¦̤Ĵ ELF ( English as a Lingua Franca ) ȤƾΤʹ褦ˤʤäƤ
εǸƤŪʥǥǤϡ¿쾯ʤѸüԤפôäƤ뤳ȤȤƤǯ EIL 괬ǤϡѸüԤ EIL ιȥ뤹뤳ȤˤʤȤĴͥǤ롥ĬήȿǤơǥ뤫æѤܻؤȯۤžȤ⤤ѸüԶʬǥ뤬ƤƤ롥ΰĤˡJenkins λʬ (83)
(1) MES = Monolingual English Speaker
Ѹʳθäʤüԡ
(2) BES = Bilingual English Speaker
ѸޤİʾθˤĤʤߤ˴ǽüԡ֤ννʤ
(3) NBES = Non-Bilingual English Speaker
ۤɴǽǤϤʤѸäüԡ
ñ˹ͤСMES, BES, NBES ϡ줾ŪʥǥǤ ENL, ESL, EFL б뤬ƾΤȯۤž롥ǥθƾΤǤϱѸ콬νѸؤεΥްդ뤬ǥθƾΤǤϱѸȤʳ˽ƤȤδطĴƤ롥EIL äƤʾ夢ޤDZѸ濴֤뤬¾˽Ƥ줬뤫ɤȤեƤ롥
δ餹ȡMES ϡֱѸʳθäʤüԡפ뤤ϤäϪˤСֱѸ줷äʤüԡפްդƾΤȤʤꡤƤ°¿αѸüԤŪΩ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ф BES NBES ϡ¾äѸüԡפȤݥƥ֤ΩͿ롥ä BES ϡݸȤƤαѸˤǽ¿üԤȤơ̤ͥΩġ
Jenkins ȤǧƤ褦ˡζʬˤ⤢㤨СBES NBES ʬ봮ǽٹ礤ïɤΤˡǥ뤫æѤλߤȤƤϤ⤷Х벽ҲǤϱѸ˸¤餺monolingual Ǥ뤳ȤǤ뤳ȡmonolingualism ⤽εǤϤʤȤȿǤƤǤ⡤ܤ٤ǥǤ롥
Jenkins, Jennifer. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. Abingdon: Routledge, 2003.
ѸüԤˤȤäƤϥå꤫⤷ʤ"The native speaker problem" Ȥ꤬롥Graddol ˾ܤѸȯŸˤȤäƱѸüԤ¸ߤˤʤꤦȤǽŦƤ롥
Ѹ줬 lingua franca ȤǶ졤ؤФ졤Ȥ褦ˤʤäƤƤȤȤϡѸüԤʤȤǤѸ̤ƤȤȤǤ롥ܿͤͤѸäʡꥹʳΥ衼åѤινпȼԤߤ˱ѸäʤʤɤϡǤʤɤӻȤäƤѸüԤɤαѸˤ륳ߥ˥Τ褦˳ȯˤʤäƤȡּŪʱѸؽפΰ̣礤äƤ롥ߥ˥ȤƱѸüԤǤϤʤѸüԤꤷƳؽۤäȸ̣ȤȤˤʤ롥
Ǥϡθ´ȿǤѸζ顦ؽƤƤ롥㤨С1990ǯ˱Ѹ춵դ붵դȤƥ٥륮ͤѤѸüԤ⡤ѤηиΤ٥륮ͤζդѤۤȤƤαѸ餹ˤŬڤȽǤǤ롥ޤιΤʤˤϡѸüԤȤƥɿͤ䥷ݡͤǧȤ⤢롥ϰϡѸ춵ζ븻αѸʳΤȤ˸ưФƤΤǤ롥
ΤưħΤ2005ǯ12 Kuala Lumpur dz줿 ASEAN ĤǤΥɤƤǤ롥Ĺ13˰ʲεҤ롥
We also welcomed the announcement of India to set up permanent Centres for English Language Training (CELT) in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Viet Nam, which would equip students, civil servants, professional and businessmen with adequate English language proficiency and communication skills imparted in small classrooms equipped with modern teaching aid.
ɤϰ˼DZѸ춵饻ƤչϤ "welcome" ΤǤ롥ֱѸüԤϤפαѸ춵Ĭήϡ塤ɤʤɤεޡåȤ˹äƤ椯ΤȻפ롥ѸüԤˤȤäƥåʶ̤Ѹü濴αѸ춵˸줷ƤˤȤäƤˤͤľƤΤ⤷ʤ
Graddol, David. English Next. British Council, 2006. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-englishnext.htm115--16.
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