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variety - hellog¡Á±Ñ¸ì»Ë¥Ö¥í¥°

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2016-06-16 Thu

¢£ #2607. ¥«¥ê¥Ö³¤Ãϰè¤Î¥¯¥ì¥ª¡¼¥ë¸ì¤Î¼«Î§À­¤ò½ä¤ëµÄÏÀ [creole][caribbean][sociolinguistics][variety]

¡¡¥«¥ê¥Ö³¤Ãϰè¤Î±Ñ¸ì»ö¾ð¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¤¡Ö#1679. The West Indies ¤Î±Ñ¸ì·÷¡× ([2013-12-01-1]) ¤ò»Ï¤á¤È¤¹¤ë caribbean ¤Î³Æµ­»ö¤ÇÏÃÂê¤Ë¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥¥«¥ê¥Ö³¤Ãϰè¤È°ì¸ý¤Ë¤¤¤Ã¤Æ¤â¡¤±Ñ¸ì¤ä¥¯¥ì¥ª¡¼¥ë¸ì (creole) ¤Î¼Ò²ñŪ¤ÊÃϰ̤ò½ä¤ë¾õ¶·¤äµÄÏÀ¤Ï¸Ä¡¹¤ÎÅÚÃϤǰۤʤäƤª¤ê¡¤Íưפ˳µ³ç¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤ÏÆñ¤·¤¤¡¥¤½¤ÎÅÚÃϤˤª¤¤¤ÆÉ¸½àŪ¤Ê±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¤È¤ß¤Ê¤µ¤ì¤ë¤â¤Î (acrolect) ¤È¡¤¸À¸ìŪ¤Ë¤½¤³¤«¤éºÇ¤â³Ö¤¿¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë±Ñ¸ì¥Ù¡¼¥¹¤Î¥¯¥ì¥ª¡¼¥ëÊѼï (basilect) ¤È¤Î´Ö¤Ë¡¤Â¿¿ô¤ÎÃæ´ÖŪ¤ÊÊѼï (mesolects) ¤¬Ç§¤á¤é¤ì¡¤¤¤¤ï¤æ¤ë post-creole continuum ¤¬´Ñ»¡¤µ¤ì¤ë¥±¡¼¥¹¤Ç¤Ï¡¤basilect ¤Ë¶á¤¤½ôÊѼï¤Î¼Ò²ñŪ¤Ê°ÌÃ֤Ť±¡¤¤¹¤Ê¤ï¤Á¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤Ê¼«Î§À­ (autonomy) ¤ÏÉÔ°ÂÄê¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡Ê´ØÏ¢¤·¤Æ¡Ö#385. Guyanese Creole ¤ÎϢ³ÂÎ¡× ([2010-05-17-1])¡¤¡Ö#1522. autonomy ¤È heteronomy¡× ([2013-06-27-1])¡¤¡Ö#1523. Abstand language ¤È Ausbau language¡× ([2013-06-28-1]) ¤ò»²¾È¡Ë¡¥
¡¡¶áǯ¡¤Â¿¤¯¤ÎÃϰè¤Ç basilect ¤ò¹½À®¤¹¤ëÊѼï¤Î¼«Î§À­¤¬¸ø»ä¤È¤â¤Ëǧ¤á¤é¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤­¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¸À¤ï¤ì¤ë¤¬¡¤¤½¤Îǧ²Ä¤Î¿å½à¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤ÏÃϰè¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ²¹ÅÙº¹¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥Î㤨¤Ð¡¤Belize, Guyana, Jamaica ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¼Ò²ñ¤Ç¤Ï¡¤acrolect ¤È basilect ¤Î³Ö¤¿¤ê¤¬½½Ê¬¤ËÂ礭¤¤¤È´¶¤¸¤é¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤¸å¼Ô¥¯¥ì¥ª¡¼¥ëÊѼï¤Î "Ausbau language" ¤È¤·¤Æ¤Î autonomy ¤¬Íʸ¤ì¤ä¤¹¤¤°ìÊý¤Ç¡¤the Bahamas, Barbados, Trinidad ¤Ê¤É¤Ç¤Ï¥¯¥ì¥ª¡¼¥ë½ôÊѼï¤Ï "intermediate creole varieties" (Winford 417) ¤È¸Æ¤Ð¤ì¤ë¤Û¤É¡¤¤½¤ÎÅÚÃϤÎɸ½àŪ¤ÊÊѼï¤È¤Îµ÷Î¥¤¬Èæ³ÓŪ¶á¤¤¤¿¤á¤Ë¡¤¤½¤Î heteronomy ¤¬»ØÅ¦¤µ¤ì¤ä¤¹¤¤¡¥Winford (418--19) ¤è¤ê¡¤"The Autonomy of Creole Varieties" ¤ÈÂꤹ¤ëÀá¤ò°úÍѤ·¤è¤¦¡¥

In the Anglophone Caribbean, the question of the autonomy of the creole vernaculars has long been fraught with controversy, concerning both their linguistic structure and their socio-political status as national vernaculars. DeCamp (1971) was among the first to point to the problem of defining the boundaries of the language varieties in such situations, where there is a continuous spectrum of speech varieties ranging from the creole to the standard. Caribbean linguists, however, have argued that there are sound linguistic grounds for treating the more "radical" creole varieties as autonomous. A large part of the debate over the socio-political status of the creoles has focused on situations such as those in Belize, Guyana, and Jamaica, where the creole is quite distant from the standard. There is a growing trend, among both the public and the political establishment, to view the creoles in these communities as languages distinct from English. For instance, Beckford-Wassink (1999: 66) found that 90 percent of informants in a language attitude survey regarded Jamaican Creole as a distinct language, basing their judgments primarily on lexicon and accent.
   In intermediate creole situations such as in the Bahamas, Barbados, and Trinidad, there is a greater tendency to see the creole vernaculars as deviant dialects of English rather than separate varieties. Even here, though, there is a trend toward tolerating the use of these varieties for purposes of teaching the standard. So far, however, support for this comes primarily from linguists or other academics, and is not generally matched by popular opinion.


¡¡¤³¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊÃϰ褴¤È¤Î²¹ÅÙº¹¤Ï¡¤¶¦»þŪ¤Ë¤Ï¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤ÊÌäÂê¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤ÊÌäÂê¤Ç¤â¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¤ÄÌ»þŪ¤Ë¤Ï¥¯¥ì¥ª¡¼¥ëÊѼ郎À¸¤¸¡¤¼õ¤±Æþ¤ì¤é¤ì¡¤É¸½àÊѼï¤È¤ÎÁêÂÐŪ¤Ê°ÌÃÖ¼è¤ê¤ËÉå¿´¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿·Ð°Þ¤Î°ã¤¤¤Ë¸¤¹¤ëÎò»Ë¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤ÊÌäÂê¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Winford, Donald. "English in the Caribbean." Chapter 41 of A Companion to the History of the English Language. Ed. Haruko Momma and Michael Matto. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. 413--22.

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2016-05-04 Wed

¢£ #2564. variety ¤È lect [variety][terminology][style][register][dialect][sociolinguistics][lexical_diffusion][speed_of_change][schedule_of_language_change]

¡¡¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³Ø¤Ç¤Ï variety ¡ÊÊѼï¡Ë¤È¤¤¤¦ÍѸì¤ò¤è¤¯ÍѤ¤¤ë¤¬¡¤¤È¤­¤Ë»÷¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ê»È¤¤Êý¤Ç lect ¤È¤¤¤¦ÍѸì¤âʹ¤«¤ì¤ë¡¥¤³¤ì¤Ï dialect ¤ä sociolect ¤Î lect ¤ò¼è¤ê½Ð¤·¤¿¤â¤Î¤À¤¬¡¤ÍѸì¾å¤Î»È¤¤Ê¬¤±¤¬¤¢¤ë¤Î¤«µ¿Ìä¤Ë»×¤¤¡¤Trudgill ¤ÎÍѸ콸¤ò·«¤Ã¤Æ¤ß¤¿¡¥¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¤Î¹àÌܤò°úÍѤ¹¤ë¡¥

variety A neutral term used to refer to any kind of language --- a dialect, accent, sociolect, style or register --- that a linguist happens to want to discuss as a separate entity for some particular purpose. Such a variety can be very general, such as 'American English', or very specific, such as 'the lower working-class dialect of the Lower East Side of New York City'. See also lect

lect Another term for variety or 'kind of language' which is neutral with respect to whether the variety is a sociolect or a (geographical) dialect. The term was coined by the American linguist Charles-James Bailey who, as part of his work in variation theory, has been particularly interested in the arrangement of lects in implicational tables, and the diffusion of linguistic changes from one linguistic environment to another and one lect to another. He has also been particularly concerned to define lects in terms of their linguistic characteristics rather than their geographical or social origins.


¡¡°Æ¤ÎÄꡤξ¸ì¤È¤â "a kind of language" ¤Û¤É¤Ç¤Û¤ÜƱµÁ¤Î¤è¤¦¤À¤¬¡¤variety ¤Î¤Û¤¦¤¬°ìÈÌŪ¤ËÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë¤È¤Ï¤¤¤Ã¤Æ¤è¤¤¤À¤í¤¦¡¥¤¿¤À¤·¡¤lect ¤Ï¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤¢¤ë¸À¸ì¹à¤¬ lect A ¤«¤é lect B ¤Ø¤ÈʬÉÛ¤ò¹­¤²¤Æ¤¤¤¯²áÄø¤Ê¤É¤òÏÀ¤¸¤ëºÝ¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤¬Â¿¤¤¤è¤¦¤À¡¥¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¡¤lect ¤Ï¸ì×óȻ¶ (lexical_diffusion) ¤ÎÍýÏÀ¤ÈÁêÀ­¤¬¤è¤¤¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥
¡¡¤Ê¤ª¡¤¾å¤Î lect ¤Î¹à¤Ç»²¾È¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë Charles-James Bailey ¤Ï¡¤¡Ö#1906. ¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Î¥¹¥±¥¸¥å¡¼¥ë¤Ï¸À¸ì³ØÅª´Ä¶­¤´¤È¤Ë°Û¤Ê¤ë¤«¡× ([2014-07-16-1]) ¤Ç°úÍѤ·¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤³Î¤«¤Ë¸ì×óȻ¶¤ä¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Î¥¹¥±¥¸¥å¡¼¥ë (schedule_of_language_change) ¤ÎÌäÂê¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆÍýÏÀŪ¤Ë°·¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³Ø¼Ô¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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2016-03-18 Fri

¢£ #2517. ¸Åŵ¸ì¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¡© [variety][sociolinguistics][terminology][language_death][standardisation][religion][history][latin][greek][sanskrit][arabic]

¡¡±Ñ¸ì»Ë¤ò¤Ï¤¸¤áÎò»Ë¸À¸ì³Ø¤ä¸À¸ì»Ë¤ò³Ø¤ó¤Ç¤¤¤ë¤È¡¤¤·¤Ð¤·¤Ð¸Åŵ¸ì (classical language) ¤È¤¤¤¦ÍѸì¤Ë½Ð¤¯¤ï¤¹¡¥¸Åŵ¸ì¤Îŵ·¿Åª¤ÊÎã¤Ï¡¤À¾ÍΡʻˡˤθÅŵʸ²½¤ä¸Åŵ»þÂå¤È·ë¤Ó¤Ä¤±¤é¤ì¤ë¸À¸ì¤È¤·¤Æ¤Î¥é¥Æ¥ó¸ì (Latin) ¤ä¸Åŵ¥®¥ê¥·¥¢¸ì (Ancient Greek) ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¸Åŵ¸ì¤Ï¸½Âå¸ì (modern language) ¤ÈÂÐΩ¤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤¤½¤³¤«¤é¡Ö¸Åŵ¸ì¡á»à¤ó¤À¸À¸ì (dead language)¡×¤È¤¤¤¦Åù¼°¤¬Ï¢ÁÛ¤µ¤ì¤½¤¦¤À¤¬¡¤¤½¤ì¤Û¤Éñ½ã¤Ê¤â¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤ (cf. ¡Ö#645. »à¸ì¤ÈÇѸì¡× ([2011-02-01-1])) ¡¥¸Åŵ¸ì¤Î°À­¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¤³èÎÏ (vitality) ¤Î¤Û¤«¡¤¼«Î§À­ (autonomy) ¤Èɸ½àÀ­ (standardisation) ¤â´ÎÍפǤ¢¤ë (see ¡Ö#1522. autonomy ¤È heteronomy¡× ([2013-06-27-1])) ¡¥Trudgill (22) ¤ÎÍѸ콸¤è¤êÀâÌÀ¤ò°ú¤³¤¦¡¥

classical language A language which has the characteristics of autonomy and standardisation but which does not have the characteristic of vitality, that is, although it used to have native speakers, it no longer does so. Classical European languages include Latin and Ancient Greek. The ancient Indian language Sanskrit, an ancestor of modern North Indian languages such as Hindi and Bengali, is another example of a classical language, as is Classical Arabic. Classical languages generally survive because they are written languages which are known non-natively as a result of being used for purposes of religion or scholarship. Latin has been associated with Catholicism, Sanskrit with Hinduism, and Classical Arabic with Islam.


¡¡ÆüËܤˤª¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¸Å¤¤Ãæ¹ñ¸ì¡¤¤¤¤ï¤æ¤ë´Áʸ¤¬¸Åŵ¸ì¤È¤·¤Æ°·¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥´Áʸ¤Ï¡¤¸½ºß¤Ç¤ÏÆü¾ïŪ»ÈÍѼԤ¬¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤È¤¤¤¦°ÕÌ£¤Ç vitality ¤ò·ç¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¤¤½¤³¤Ë¤Ï autonomy ¤È standardisation ¤¬Ç§¤á¤é¤ì¡¤³ØÌ䡦»×Áۤȶ¯¤¯·ë¤Ó¤Ä¤±¤é¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿½ñ¤­¸ÀÍÕ¤ÎÊѼï¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡¤Ê¤ª¡¤¸Åŵ¸ì¤Î¤â¤¦1¤Ä¤Î°À­¤È¤·¤Æ¡¤¾å¤Î°úÍÑÃæ¤Ë¤â¼¨º¶¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤â¤Î¤Î¡¤Îò»ËŪ¤Ê¸¢°Ò (historical authority) ¤òÌÀ¼¨Åª¤Ë²Ã¤¨¤Æ¤â¤è¤¤¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤«¤È»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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2015-12-02 Wed

¢£ #2410. slang, cant, argot, jargon, antilanguage [slang][register][terminology][variety][sociolinguistics]

¡¡É¸Âê¤Î½Ñ¸ì¤Ï¡¤ÆÃ¼ì¤Ê register ¡Ê»ÈÍѰ衤°ÌÁê¡Ë¤Ë°¤¹¤ë¸ì¶ç¤òɽ¤ï¤¹¡¥¸ß¤¤¤Ë½Å¤Ê¤ëÉôʬ¤¬Â¿¤¤¤Î¤À¤¬¡¤¸·Ì©¤ÊÄêµÁ¤ÏÆñ¤·¤¤¡¥¤Þ¤º¤Ï¡¤Williams (203--04) ¤Ë¤è¤ë³ÆÍѸì¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤ÎÀâÌÀ¤ò°úÍѤ·¤è¤¦¡¥

   Cant (related to chant, and originally the whining pleas of beggars) is often used to refer particularly to the language of thieves, gypsies, and such. But it has also been used to refer to the specialized language of any occupation, particularly to the mechanical and mindless repetition of special words and phrases.
   Argot (a French word of unknown etymology), usually refers to the secret language of the underworld, though it too has also been used to refer to any specialized occupational vocabulary---the argot of the racetrack, for example. Jargon (once meaning the warbling of birds) is usually used by someone unfamiliar with a particular technical language to characterize his annoyed and puzzled response to it. Thus one man's technical vocabulary is another's jargon. Feature, shift, transfer, artifactual, narrowing, acronym, blend, clip, drift---all these words belong to the vocabulary of semantic change and word formation, the vocabulary of historical linguistics. But for anyone ignorant of the subject and unfamiliar with the terms, such words would make up its jargon. Thus cant, argot, and jargon are words that categorize both by classing and by judging.
   Slang (of obscure origin) has many of the same associations. It has often been used as a word to condemn "bad" words that might pollute "good" English---even destroy the mind. . . . / But . . . slang is a technical terms like the terms grammatical and ungrammatical---a neutral term that categorizes a group of novel words and word meanings used in generally casual circumstances by a cohesive group, usually among its members, not necessarily to hide their meanings but to signal their group membership.


¡¡Trudgill ¤ÎÍѸ켭ŵ¤Ë¥¨¥ó¥È¥ê¡¼¤Î¤¢¤ë¡¤slang, argot, jargon, antilanguage ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤â²òÀâ¤ò°úÍѤ¹¤ë¡¥

   slang Vocabulary which is associated with very informal or colloquial styles, such as English batty (mad) or ace (excellent). Some items of slang, like ace, may be only temporarily fashionable, and thus come to be associated with particular age-groups in a society. Other slang words and phrases may stay in the language for generation. Formerly slang vocabulary can acquire more formal stylistic status, such as modern French tête (head) from Latin testa (pot) and English bus, originally an abbreviation of omnibus. Slang should not be confused with non-standard dialect. . . . Slang vocabulary in English has a number of different sources, including Angloromani, Shelta and Yiddish, together with devices such as rhyming slang and back slang as well as abbreviation (as in bus) and metaphor, such as hot meaning 'stolen' or 'attractive'.

   argot /argou/ A term sometimes used to refer to the kinds of antilanguage whose slang vocabulary is typically associated with criminal groups.

   jargon . . . . A non-technical term used of the register associated with a particular activity by outsiders who do not participate in this activity. The use of this term implies that one considers the vocabulary of the register in question to be unnecessarily difficult and obscure. The register of law may be referred to as 'legal jargon' by non-lawyers.

   antilanguage A term coined by Michael Halliday to refer to a variety of a language, usually spoken on particular occasions by members of certain relatively powerless or marginal groups in a society, which is intended to be incomprehensible to other speakers of the language or otherwise to exclude them. Examples of groups employing forms of antilanguage include criminals. Exclusivity is maintained through the use of slang vocabulary, sometimes known as argot, not known to other groups, including vocabulary derived from other languages. European examples include the antilanguages Polari and Angloromany.


¡¡¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¤ÎÍѸì¤Î»Ø¤¹°ÌÁê¤Ï¡¤¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì½Å¤Ê¤ê¹ç¤¤¤Ê¤¬¤é¤â¡¤ÆÈ¼«¤ÎÍ×ÁǤò¤â¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¤³Æ¡¹¤¬±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÎò»Ëʸ²½¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¶èÊ̤µ¤ì¤ëÌò³ä¤òô¤Ã¤Æ¤­¤¿¤³¤È¤Î¾Úº¸¤À¤í¤¦¡¥¤³¤¦¤·¤¿ÍѸì»È¤¤¤½¤Î¤â¤Î¤¬±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÎò»ËÀ­¤È¼Ò²ñÀ­¤ò¤â¤Ã¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤¤·¤¿¤¬¤Ã¤ÆÍѸì¤ÎËÝÌõ¤ÏÆñ¤·¤¤¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975.
¡¡¡¦ Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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2015-11-25 Wed

¢£ #2403. Leitner ¤Ë¤è¤ë±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¤Î¥â¥Ç¥ë [variety][world_englishes][model_of_englishes][lingua_franca]

¡¡¸½ÂåÀ¤³¦¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë±Ñ¸ì¡Ê¤Î½ôÊѼï¡Ë¤ÎʬÉÛ¤ò¤¤¤«¤ËÀ°Íý¤·¤ÆÂª¤¨¤ë¤«¤È¤¤¤¦ÌäÂê¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¤model_of_englishes ¤òÃæ¿´¤È¤·¤Æ¡¤Â¿¤¯¤Îµ­»ö¤ÇÏÀ¤¸¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥ºòÆü¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö#2402. polycentric language (2)¡× ([2015-11-24-1]) ¤Ë¤Æ¾Ò²ð¤·¤¿ Clyne ¤ÎÊÔ¤ó¤ÀÏÀʸ½¸ Pluricentric Languages ¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Ë¡¤±Ñ¸ì¤ò°·¤Ã¤¿ Leitner ¤Ë¤è¤ëÏÀʸ¤¬¤¢¤Ã¤¿¡¥¤½¤³¤«¤é¡¤Leitner ή¤Î±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¥â¥Ç¥ë¤ò¾Ò²ð¤·¤¿¤¤¡¥Leitner (225--26) ¤Ï¡¤¸½ÂåÀ¤³¦¤Î±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¤òʬÎह¤ë¤Ë¤¢¤¿¤Ã¤Æ¡¤4¤Ä¤Î¶ÛÇ÷¾õÂÖ (tensions) ¤òǰƬ¤ËÃÖ¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

Firstly, diffusion from the former (British or American) parent varieties. It emphasizes linguistic continuity and represents the substratum or "variety base", so to speak. The second, complementary tension is nativization, triggered largely by social, cultural, and environmental demands. A linguistic response is found by either language and dialect mixing and recasting the base input, i.e. the dialects of settlers, or, alternatively, by the resources of L1-languages. The third element is the independent creation of linguistic forms in learner and/or pidgin type situations. This may, but need not, lead to unsystematic differences between varieties of English. And, finally, the growing pressures from similar needs in all societies, which are reinforced by the possibilities of technology and communications (maritime trade, E-mail, FAX, TV, tourism etc.). They will lead to viable, but geographically non-contiguous socio-economic entities and communication networks. They are predominantly urban and demographically multiethnic.


¡¡Ã¼Åª¤Ë¤Þ¤È¤á¤ì¤Ð¡¤(1) Îò»ËŪ¤Ë±Æ¶Á¤ÎÂ礭¤Ê±ÑÊÆÊѼï¤Ë¤è¤ë°ú¤­¤Ä¤±¡¤(2) ³ÆÃÏ¤Ç¤ÎÆÈ¼«ÊѼï¤Îȯ㡤(3) ³Ø½¬¼Ô¡¦¥Ô¥¸¥ó±Ñ¸ìÏüԤˤè¤ë¿·¤¿¤ÊÊѼïÃÂÀ¸¤Î²ÄǽÀ­¡¤(4) À¤³¦¶¦Ä̸ì¤È¤·¤Æ¿Í¡¹¤Î¶¦Í­¤¹¤ë¥Ë¡¼¥º¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¯±Ñ¸ì»ÈÍÑ¡¤¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤í¤¦¤«¡¥¤³¤Î¸«²ò¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆÃíÌܤ¹¤Ù¤­¤Ï¡¤ÆÃ¤Ë (2), (3), (4) ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆÊѼï¤ÎÃÂÀ¸¤äȯã¤È¤¤¤¦Æ°ÂÖ¤¬¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤È¤·¤ÆÁȤ߹þ¤Þ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¡¤¤½¤·¤Æ "geographically non-contiguous", "predominantly urban and demographically multiethnic" ¤È¤¢¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤ÈóÃÏÍýŪ¤Ê¦Ì̤¬¶¯Ä´¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤À¡¥ÅÁÅýŪ¤Ê¡Ö#217. ±Ñ¸ìÏÃ¼Ô¤ÎÆ±¿´±ß¥â¥Ç¥ë¡× ([2009-11-30-1]) ¤Ë¤»¤è¡¤Èæ³ÓŪºÇ¶á¤Î¡Ö#272. ¹ñºÝ¸ì¤È¤·¤Æ¤Î±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÏüԤò¶èʬ¤¹¤ë¿·¤·¤¤¥â¥Ç¥ë¡× ([2010-01-24-1]) ¤ä¡Ö#1106. Modiano ¤ÎƱ¿´±ß¥â¥Ç¥ë (2)¡× ([2012-05-07-1]) ¤Ë¤»¤è¡¤½¾Íè¤Î¥â¥Ç¥ë¤Ï¤¤¤º¤ì¤âÃϰèÀ­¤òÁ°Äó¤È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¡¥Leitner ¥â¥Ç¥ë¤Ï¡¤¤½¤ÎÁ°Ä󤫤鼫ͳ¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ëÅÀ¤Ç¡¤¸½ÂåŪ¡¦¸½¼ÂŪ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¡¥
¡¡¤³¤Î4¤Ä¤Î¶ÛÇ÷¾õÂÖ¤òǰƬ¤ËÃÖ¤­¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¤Leitner (226) ¤Ï¡¤À¤³¦¤Î±Ñ¸ì½ôÊѼï¤Ï "three levels" ¤ÇÂ礭¤¯À°Íý¤µ¤ì¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤«¤ÈÄ󵯤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

The first one is the (new) core or Common Norm, which holds largely for all NL, SL, and FL varieties. Secondly, there are typological clusters of southern/northern and of British- and American-influenced NL, which partially shape SL varieties. And, finally, there are the individual "Englishes".


¡¡¤³¤ì¤âüŪ¤Ë¤Þ¤È¤á¤ë¤È¡¤(1) À¤³¦É¸½à±Ñ¸ì¤È¸Æ¤Ó¤¦¤ëÊѼ(2) Îò»Ë¡¦ÃÏÍý¥Ù¡¼¥¹¤ÎÂçÊѼﷲ¡¤(3) ¸Ä¡¹¤ÎÊѼ¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥¡Ö#426. ±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¤Î¥Ô¥é¥ß¥Ã¥É¥â¥Ç¥ë¡× ([2010-06-27-1]) ¤Ë¶á¤¤¥â¥Ç¥ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤¬¡¤¤½¤ÎÇØ¸å¤Ë¡¤¾å½Ò¤Î¤è¤¦¤ËÈóÃÏÍýŪ¤ÇưŪ¤ÊȯÁÛ¤¬¶¯¤¯¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤ò»ØÅ¦¤·¤Æ¤ª¤­¤¿¤¤¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Leitner Gerhard. "English as a Pluricentric Language." Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Ed. Michael Clyne. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992. 179--237.

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2015-11-24 Tue

¢£ #2402. polycentric language (2) [sociolinguistics][variety][dialect]

¡¡¡Ö#2384. polycentric language¡× ([2015-11-06-1]) ¤Ë°ú¤­Â³¤­¡¤Ê£¿ô¤ÎÃæ¿´¤ò¤â¤Ä¸À¸ì (polycentric, or pluricentric, language) ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¥¤³¤Î¥Æ¡¼¥Þ¤ÇÏÀʸ½¸¤òÊÔ¤ó¤À Clyne (1) ¤Ï¡¤¤½¤ÎËܤνø¾Ï¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¡¤¤³¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¸À¸ì¤ÎÆÃħ¤ò¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¸À¤¤É½¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

The term pluricentric was employed . . . to describe languages with several interacting centres, each providing a national variety with at least some of its own (codified) norms. Pluricentric languages are both unifiers and dividers of peoples. They unify people through the use of the language and separate them through the development of national norms and indices and linguistic variables with which the speakers identify. They mark group boundaries . . . indicating who belongs and who does not. National varieties may be seen as symbols of suppressed potential language conflict as the development of a distinct Ausbau language has not gone ahead . . . .


¡¡pluricentric language ¤È¤Ï¡¤¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤Ë¤Ï¡¤Ê£¿ô¤Î¸À¸ìÊѼï¤ò·ë«¤µ¤»¤ëÍפǤ⤢¤ê¡¤¤½¤ì¤é¤ÎÊѼï¤ò°Û¤Ê¤ë¤â¤Î¤È¤·¤Æ¶èÊ̤¹¤ë»Åʬ¤±ÁõÃ֤Ǥ⤢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥½ôÊѼï¤ò¸Ä¡¹¤ÎÆÈΩ¤·¤¿Â¸ºß¤Èǧ¤á¤Ä¤Ä¤â¡¤¤½¤ì¤é¤ò«¤Í¤è¤¦¤È¤¤¤¦°Õ¿Þ¤ò´Þ¤ó¤À³µÇ°¤È¤â¤¤¤¨¤ë¤·¡¤È¿ÂФˡ¤1¤Ä¤Î¸À¸ì¤È¤¤¤¦Âκۤò¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¤ÆâÉô¤Ë¤ÏÆÈΩ¤ËÃͤ¹¤ëÊѼ郎ʣ¿ô¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤ò¼¨º¶¤¹¤ë³µÇ°¤È¤â¤¤¤¨¤ë¡¥Á°¤Îµ­»ö¤Ç¤â½Ò¤Ù¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤¤¢¤ë¸À¸ìÊѼï¤Î¸½¼Â¤òÉÁ¼Ì¤¹¤ëÍѸì¤Ç¤¢¤ë°Ê¾å¤Ë¡¤¤½¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¸½¼Â¤ò¤¤¤«¤Ë²ò¼á¡¦É¾²Á¤¹¤ë¤«¤È¤¤¤¦ÍѸì¤Ë¶á¤¤¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤«¡¥
¡¡¤³¤ÎÌäÂê¤òÆÍ¤­µÍ¤á¤ë¤È¡¤·ë¶É¤Î¤È¤³¤í¡¤¸À¸ìÊѼï (variety) ¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¡¤¸À¸ì¤ÈÊý¸À¤Î¶­³¦¤Ï²¿¤«¤È¤¤¤¦Ì䤤¤Ë¹Ô¤­Ã夤¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦¤è¤¦¤Ë»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¡¥ÊѼï¤ÎÌäÂê¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¡Ö#1373. variety ¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¡× ([2013-01-29-1])¡¤¡Ö#415. All linguistic varieties are fictions¡× ([2010-06-16-1])¡¤¡Ö#2116. ¡Ö±Ñ¸ì¡×¤Îµõ¹½À­¤ÈÛ£ËæÀ­¡× ([2015-02-11-1])¡¤¡Ö#2243. ¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¡©¡× ([2015-06-18-1])¡¤¡Ö#2282. ¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¡© (2)¡× ([2015-07-27-1])¡¤¡Ö#2265. ¸À¸ìÊѼï¤È¤Ï¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Î·ÐÏ©¤ò¤â·èÄꤷ¤¦¤ë¥Õ¥£¥¯¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡× ([2015-07-10-1]) ¤ò»²¾È¡¥
¡¡¤Ê¤ª¡¤Clyne ¤ÎÃø½ñ¤Ç¤Ï¡¤pluricentric languages ¡Ê¤Î¸õÊä¡Ë¤È¤·¤Æ¡¤°Ê²¼¤Î¸À¸ì¤¬¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, Tamil, Swedish, German, French, English, Korean, Arabic, Chinese, Armenian, Serbo-Croatian, Hindi-Urdu, Malay, Pacific Pidgin Englishes, Macedonian.

¡¡¡¦ Clyne, Michael. "Pluricentric Languages --- Introduction." Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Ed. Michael Clyne. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992. 1--9.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-02-06-1] [2015-11-25-1]

[ ¸ÇÄê¥ê¥ó¥¯ | °õºþÍÑ¥Ú¡¼¥¸ ]

2015-11-06 Fri

¢£ #2384. polycentric language [sociolinguistics][variety][dialect][terminology][world_englishes][model_of_englishes]

¡¡Ê£¿ô¤Î¡ÖÃæ¿´¡×¤ò¤â¤Ä¸À¸ì¤Ï¡¤É¸Âê¤ÎÄ̤ê polycentric language ¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï pluricentric language ¤È¸Æ¤Ð¤ì¤ë¡¥Trudgill (105) ¤ÎÍѸ켭ŵ¤«¤é¡¤²òÀâ¤ò°úÍѤ¹¤ë¡¥

A language in which autonomy is shared by two or more (usually very similar) superposed varieties. Examples include English (with American, English, Scottish, Australian and other standard forms); Portuguese (with Brazilian and European Portuguese standard variants); Serbo-Croat (with Serbian and Croatian variants) and Norwegian (with Bokmål and Nynorsk).


¡¡polycentric language ¤È¤Ï¡¤´¹¸À¤¹¤ì¤Ð¡¤³Æ¡¹¡ÖAusbau ¤Ê¸À¸ì¡×¤È¸Æ¤Ó¤¦¤ë¤Û¤É¤Îɸ½àÀ­¤ò»ý¤Á¹ç¤ï¤»¤¿Ê£¿ô¤ÎÊѼï¤òÇÛ²¼¤Ë´Þ¤à1¸À¸ì¤È¤âÄêµÁ¤Ç¤­¤ë¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡¥Î㤨¤Ð¡¤¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹±Ñ¸ì (British English) ¤È¥¢¥á¥ê¥«±Ñ¸ì (American English) ¤Ï¡¤Ê̤ÎÎò»ËŪ·Ð°Þ¤ò·Ð¤Æ¤¤¤ì¤Ð¡¤¤â¤·¤«¤¹¤ë¤È³Æ¡¹¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹¸ì (British) ¤ä¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¸ì (American) ¤È¸Æ¤Ð¤ì¤ëÆÈΩ¤·¤¿¸À¸ì¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤ (cf. ¡Ö#468. ¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¸ì¤òºî¤í¤¦¤È¤·¤¿ Webster¡× ([2010-08-08-1])) ¡¥¼ÂºÝ¤Ë¤Ï¤½¤¦¤Ê¤é¤º¤Ë¡¤¤¢¤¯¤Þ¤Ç¡Ö¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹ÊѼï¤Î±Ñ¸ì¡×¤ä¡Ö¥¢¥á¥ê¥«±Ñ¸ì¡×¤Ê¤É¤È¸Æ¾Î¤µ¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¤¡Ö±Ñ¸ì¡×¤È¸Æ¤Ð¤ì¤ë¸À¸ì¤ÎÇÛ²¼¤Ë¤¢¤ë¡¤À¤³¦Åª¤Ë¤â½ÅÍפÊÌò³ä¤ò²Ì¤¿¤¹2ÊѼï¤È¤ß¤Ê¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï»ö¼Â¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤³¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê´ÑÅÀ¤«¤é±Ñ¸ì¤È¤¤¤¦¸À¸ì¤ò¤ß¤ë¤È¤­¡¤±Ñ¸ì¤Ï "polycentric language" ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¸À¤ï¤ì¤ë¡¥
¡¡"polycentric language" ¤È¤¤¤¦ÍѸ츯¤¤¤Ï¡¤¤¢¤ë¸À¸ìÊѼï¤Î autonomy ¤È heteronomy (cf. ¡Ö#1522. autonomy ¤È heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1])) ¤ÎÌäÂê¤Ë´Ø¤ï¤ë¤¿¤á¡¤¤½¤ÎÊѼï¤Î¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤Ê¼ÂÂÖ¤ò»Ø¤¹¤Î¤ËÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤è¤ê¤Ï¡¤¤½¤ÎÊѼï¤ò¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤Ë¤¤¤«¤Ëª¤¨¤ë¤«¤È¤¤¤¦´ÑÅÀ¤òɽ¤ï¤¹¤â¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤«¡¥¾å¤Î°úÍѤǤϡ¤Serbo-Croat ¤ÎÎ㤬¿¨¤ì¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¤¥»¥ë¥Ó¥¢¸ì (Serbian) ¤È¥¯¥í¥¢¥Á¥¢¸ì (Croatian) ¤¬¸ß¤¤¤ËÆÈΩ¤·¤¿¸À¸ì¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¡Ê¼Ò²ñ¡Ë¸À¸ì´Ñ¤Î»ý¤Á¼ç¤Ë¤È¤Ã¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¥»¥ë¥Ü¥¯¥í¥¢¥Á¥¢¸ì (Serbo-Croat(ian)) ¤¬ "a polycentric language" ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦°â¤¤¤Ï¥Ê¥ó¥»¥ó¥¹¤É¤³¤í¤«¡¤Ä©È¯Åª¤Ëʹ¤³¤¨¤ë¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤ (cf. ¡Ö#1636. Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian¡× ([2013-10-19-1])) ¡¥
¡¡¤³¤ÎÍѸì¤Ë¤Ï¡¤Ê̸À¸ì¤ØÊ¬Îö¤·¤Æ¤¤¤­¤½¤¦¤À¤¬¡¤Ê¬Îö¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¡Ê¤È¤ß¤Ê¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡Ë¸À¸ìÊѼï¤ÎÃÖ¤«¤ì¤¿¾õ¶·¤òɽ¸½¤·¤è¤¦¤È¤¹¤ë°Õ¿Þ¤¬´¶¤¸¤é¤ì¤ë¡¥¡Ö¸ß¤¤¤Ë»÷¤Æ¤¤¤ë2¸À¸ì¡×¤Ê¤Î¤«¡Ö¸ß¤¤¤Ë»÷¤Æ¤¤¤ë2ÊѼï¤òÇÛ²¼¤Ë¤â¤Ä1¸À¸ì¡×¤Ê¤Î¤«¡¥±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤»¤è¡¤¥»¥ë¥Ü¥¯¥í¥¢¥Á¥¢¸ì¤ä¥Ý¥ë¥È¥¬¥ë¸ì¤Ë¤»¤è¡¤¤¤¤º¤ì¤Î¸À¸ìÊѼï¤Ë´Ø¤·¤Æ¤â¡¤"polycentric language" ¤È¤Ï¼ÂÂ֤Ȥ¤¤¦¤è¤ê¤Ï¸«Êý¤òÅÁ¤¨¤ë¥¿¡¼¥ß¥Î¥í¥¸¡¼¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤«¡¥¤½¤ÎÅÀ¤Ç¡¤Jenkins (64) ¤¬»È¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë "pluricentric approach" ¤È¤¤¤¦É½¸½¤òÍѤ¤¤ë¤Î¤¬Å¬ÀڤΤ褦¤Ë»×¤¦¡¥
¡¡ºòÆü¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö#2383. ¥Ý¥ë¥È¥¬¥ë¸ì¤È¥ë¥¾¥Õ¥©¥Ë¥¢¡× ([2015-11-05-1]) ¤Î (5) ¤Ç¡¤¡Ö¥Ý¥ë¥È¥¬¥ë¸ì¤Î¥Ö¥é¥¸¥ëÊý¸À¡×¤«¡Ö¥Ö¥é¥¸¥ë¸ì¡×¤«¤È¤¤¤¦ÌäÂê¤Ë¸ÀµÚ¤·¤¿¤¬¡¤´¹¸À¤¹¤ì¤Ð¡¤¤³¤ÎµÄÏÀ¤Ï¥Ý¥ë¥È¥¬¥ë¸ì¤¬ "a polycentric language" ¤«Èݤ«¤ÎµÄÏÀ¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
¡¡¡¦ Jenkins, Jennifer. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. Abingdon: Routledge, 2003.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-02-06-1] [2015-11-24-1]

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2015-07-27 Mon

¢£ #2282. ¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¡© (2) [canadian_english][variety][language_myth][sociolinguistics][sobokunagimon]

¡¡É¸Âê¤Ë´ØÏ¢¤·¤Æ¡¤¡Ö#2243. ¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¡©¡× ([2015-06-18-1])¡¤¡Ö#2265. ¸À¸ìÊѼï¤È¤Ï¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Î·ÐÏ©¤ò¤â·èÄꤷ¤¦¤ë¥Õ¥£¥¯¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡× ([2015-07-10-1])¡¤¡Ö#415. All linguistic varieties are fictions¡× ([2010-06-16-1])¡¤¡Ö#1373. variety ¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¡× ([2013-01-29-1]) ¤Ê¤É¡¤canadian_english ¤òÃæ¿´¤Ë¹Í»¡¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥º£²ó¤Ï¡¤¤³¤ÎµÄÏÀ¤Ë¤â¤¦1¤ÄºàÎÁ¤ò²Ã¤¨¤¿¤¤¡¥
¡¡¤³¤ì¤Þ¤Ç¤Îµ­»ö¤Ç¤â¼¨º¶¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤ËÇ÷¤ë¤Î¤Ë¤Ï¡¤¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤ÊÊýË¡¤È¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤ÊÊýË¡¤È¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤Ê¹Í»¡¤ÎÃæ¿´¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤Î¤Ï¡¤¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤òÆÃħ¤Å¤±¤ë¥«¥Ê¥À¸ìË¡ (Canadianism) ¤ÎƱÄê¤À¤í¤¦¡¥Brinton and Fee (434) ¤Ï¡¤"Canadianisms" ¤ÎÄêµÁ¤È¤·¤Æ "words which are native to Canada or words which have meanings native to Canada" ¤ò·Ç¤²¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤¤³¤ÎÄêµÁ¤ËŬ¤¦¸ì×äò pp. 434--38 ¤Ç¿ô¿¤¯Îóµó¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥
¡¡°ìÊý¡¤¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤ÊÊýË¡¤òºÎ¤ë¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¤¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÊì¸ìÏüԤε¢Â°°Õ¼±¤äÃéÀ¿¿´¤È¤¤¤¦ÌäÂê¤Ë¸À¤¤µÚ¤Ð¤¶¤ë¤ò¤¨¤Ê¤¤¡¥Bailey (160) ¤Ï¡¤¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤È¤¤¤¦ÊѼï¤ò»Ù¤¨¤ë3¤Ä¤ÎÀ¯¼£ÅªÁ°Äó¤Ë¿¨¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

. . . "Loyalists" in the Commonwealth; "North Americans" by geography; "nationalists" by virtue of separatism and independent growth. Each political assumption and linguistic hypothesis has adherents, but the facts of Canadian English resist unambiguous classification.


¡¡¸Ä¡¹¤ÎÏüԤˤè¤Ã¤Æ¡¤3¤Ä¤ÎÁ°Äó¤Î¤¤¤º¤ì¤ò¼è¤ë¤Î¤«¡¤¤¢¤ë¤¤¤ÏÊ£¿ô¤ÎÁ°Äó¤ò¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊÇÛ¹ç¤Çº®ºß¤µ¤»¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤«¤Ï°Û¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤¬ÉáÄ̤À¤í¤¦¡¥¤³¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊÏüԽ¸¹çÂΤÎÏä¹ÊѼ盧¤½¤¬¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤Ê¤Î¤À¤È¤¤¤¦¡¤¤½¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¥¢¥×¥í¡¼¥Á¤â²Äǽ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤à¤·¤í¡¤¸À¸ìÊѼï¤È¤Ï¡¤±ý¡¹¤Ë¤·¤Æ¤½¤Î¤è¤¦¤ËÀ®Î©¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¯¤â¤Î¤Ê¤Î¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤È¤â»×¤¦¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Brinton, Laurel J. and Margery Fee. "Canadian English." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 422--40 .
¡¡¡¦ Bailey, Richard W. "The English Language in Canada." English as a World Language. Ed. Richard W. Bailey and Manfred Görlach. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1983. 134--76.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-11-24-1]

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2015-07-10 Fri

¢£ #2265. ¸À¸ìÊѼï¤È¤Ï¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Î·ÐÏ©¤ò¤â·èÄꤷ¤¦¤ë¥Õ¥£¥¯¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ç¤¢¤ë [canadian_english][language_myth][variety][sociolinguistics]

¡¡ºòÆü¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö#2264. ¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë non-prevocalic /r/ ¤Î¼Ò²ñŪ¤Ê²ÁÃÍ¡× ([2015-07-09-1]) ¤Ç»²¾È¤·¤¿ Bailey ¤Î¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë1¾Ï¤Ë¤Ï¡¤¸À¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ëÊѼï (variety) ¤¬¤¤¤«¤Ë¤·¤Æºî¤é¤ì¡¤¤¤¤«¤Ë¤·¤Æ°é¤Æ¤é¤ì¡¤¤¤¤«¤Ë¤·¤Æ¼Ò²ñŪ±Æ¶ÁÎϤò¤â¤Ä¤Ë»ê¤ë¤«¤È¤¤¤¦Ì䤤¤Ø¤Î¥Ò¥ó¥È¤¬±£¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤È¥¢¥á¥ê¥«±Ñ¸ì¤È¤¤¤¦2¤Ä¤ÎÊѼï¤òÎã¤Ëµó¤²¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¤Bailey (142) ¤Ï°Ê²¼¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë½Ò¤Ù¤ë¡¥

The history of Canadian settlement is immensely significant in determining the origins of English in Canada. Only by romanticizing history are present-day Canadians able to trace their linguistic ancestry to the "United Empire Loyalists," but they are not alone in creating a history to support national sensibilities. In the United States, for instance, some anglophones like to imagine a direct connection with Plymouth Colony (if they are Yankees) or with the First Families of Virginia (if they admire the antebellum South). But a history that is partly fictional may nonetheless be socially significant, and national myths can bolster notions of linguistic prestige and thus influence the course of language change in progress. Hence accounts of settlement history must combine the facts of migration with the beliefs that combine with them to create present-day norms of language behavior.


¡¡Bailey ¤Ë¤è¤ì¤Ð¡¤Î㤨¤Ð¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤È¤¤¤¦ÊѼï¤Ï¡¤¤½¤ì¤òÏä¹ÏüԽ¸ÃĤ¬¡¤¼«Ê¬¤¿¤Á¤ÎÎò»Ë¤È¸À¸ì¤È¤ò·ë¤Ó¤Ä¤±¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤ÆÀ¸¤ß½Ð¤¹¥Õ¥£¥¯¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤¤½¤Î¥Õ¥£¥¯¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ï¤ä¤¬¤Æ¼«¤é¤¬°Ò¿®¤äµ¬ÈϤòÀ¸¤ß½Ð¤·¡¤¤½¤ì¼«¿È¤¬ÏüԽ¸ÃÄ¤ËÆ¯¤­¤«¤±¡¤¤½¤ÎÊѼï¤Î¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Î¿ÊÏ©¤Ë±Æ¶Á¤òÍ¿¤¨¤ë¡¥¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¤¿ÀÏä佡¶µ¤Î·ÁÀ®¤Ë¤âÎह¤ë²áÄø¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¡¥¡Ö#415. All linguistic varieties are fictions¡× ([2010-06-16-1]) ¤ÇÏÀ¤¸¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤ÊѼï¤È¤Ï¥Õ¥£¥¯¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ë¤¹¤®¤Ê¤¤¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤¥Õ¥£¥¯¥·¥ç¥ó¤À¤«¤é¤³¤½¡¤ÏüԽ¸ÃĤˤȤäƶ¯ÎϤʿÀÏäȤâ¤Ê¤ê¤¦¤ë¤·¡¤¤½¤Î¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Î·ÐÏ©¤ò¤â·èÄꤹ¤ë½ÅÍפÊÍ×°ø¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤¦¤ë¤Î¤À¤í¤¦¡¥
¡¡¸À¸ì¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¥Õ¥£¥¯¥·¥ç¥ó¤ä¿ÀÏä¬À¸¤ß½Ð¤µ¤ì¤ë²áÄø¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¡Ö#626. ¡Ö¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹¸ì¤ÏÏÀÍýŪ¤Ê¸À¸ì¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡×¤È¤¤¤¦¿ÀÏÃ¡×¡× ([2011-01-13-1])¡¤¡Ö#1244. ¤Ê¤¼µ¬ÈϼçµÁ¤¬18À¤µª¤ËµÞÀ®Ä¹¤·¤¿¤«¡× ([2012-09-22-1])¡¤¡Ö#1738. ¡Ö¥¢¥á¥ê¥«ÆîÉô»³Ãæ¤ÇÏ䵤ì¤ë¥¨¥ê¥¶¥Ù¥¹Ä«¤Î±Ñ¸ì¡×¤Î¿ÀÏÃ¡× ([2014-01-29-1]) ¤Ê¤É¤Îµ­»ö¤ò»²¾È¤µ¤ì¤¿¤¤¡¥¤Þ¤¿¡¤¸À¸ìÊѼï¤Î¥Õ¥£¥¯¥·¥ç¥óÀ­¤ò½ä¤ëµÄÏÀ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¡Ö#1373. variety ¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¡× ([2013-01-29-1])¡¤¡Ö#2116. ¡Ö±Ñ¸ì¡×¤Îµõ¹½À­¤ÈÛ£ËæÀ­¡× ([2015-02-11-1])¡¤¡Ö#2241. Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles¡× ([2015-06-16-1])¡¤¡Ö#2243. ¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¡©¡× ([2015-06-18-1]) ¤â»²¾È¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Bailey, Richard W. "The English Language in Canada." English as a World Language. Ed. Richard W. Bailey and Manfred Görlach. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1983. 134--76.

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2015-07-02 Thu

¢£ #2257. ±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¤Î¿ÍÍÀ­¤È¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹¸ìÊѼï¤Î°ìÍÍÀ­ [french][variety][history][lingua_franca]

¡¡¶áÂå¤Ëȯ㤷¤¿¹ñºÝ¸ì¤ÎÂåɽ¤È¤·¤Æ¡¤±Ñ¸ì¤È¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹¸ì¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥¤¤¤º¤ì¤â¿¢Ì±ÃϼçµÁ¤Î²áÄø¤ÇÀ¤³¦³ÆÃϤ˹­¤¬¤Ã¤¿ÇÞ²ð¸À¸ì (cf. ¡Ö#1521. ÇÞ²ð¸À¸ì¤È·²À¸¸À¸ì¡× ([2013-06-26-1])) ¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤lingua_franca ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤Î¾¸À¸ì¤ÎÀ¤³¦¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤Ê¤¢¤êÊý¡¤¤½¤·¤ÆÂ¿ÍÍÀ­¡¦°ìÍÍÀ­¤ÎÅٹ礤¤Ï¸²Ãø¤Ë°Û¤Ê¤ë¡¥Bailey and Görlach (3) ¤Î½ø¾Ï¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë°Ê²¼¤Îʸ¾Ï¤¬Ìܤò°ú¤¤¤¿¡¥

The social meanings attached to French and to English in the colonies where they were used differed markedly. Ali A. Mazrui, a Ugandan scholar, has summarized this difference by pointing to the "militant linguistic cosmopolitanism among French-speaking African leaders," a factor that inhibited national liberation movements in countries where French served as the sole common national language. "The English language, by the very fact of being emotionally more neutral than French," he writes, "was less of a hindrance to the emergence of national consciousness in British Africa" (1973, p. 67). This view is confirmed by President Leopold S. Senghor of Senegal, himself a noted poet who writes in French. English, in Senghor's opinion, provides "an instrument which, with its plasticity, its rhythm and its melody, corresponds to the profound, volcanic affectivity of the Black peoples" (1975, p. 97); writers and speakers of English are less inclined to let respect for the language interfere with their desire to use it. One consequence of this difference in attitudes is that French is generally more uniform across the world (See Valdman 1979), while English has developed a series of distinct national standards.


¡¡¤³¤³¤Ç¤Ï±Ñ¸ì¤Î³«ÊüŪ¤ÊÀ­³Ê¤È¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹¸ì¤Îµ¬ÈÏŪ¤ÊÀ­³Ê¤¬ÂÐÈæ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤¤½¤Î°ã¤¤¤¬ÁêÂÐŪ¤Ê°ÕÌ£¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¤Î¿ÍÍÀ­¤È¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹¸ìÊѼï¤Î°ìÍÍÀ­¤ò¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¤â¤¿¤é¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤¬½Ò¤Ù¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤âµ¬ÈϼçµÁŪ¤Ê·¹¸þ¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤ï¤±¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤·¡¤¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹¸ì¤Ë¤âÊѼï¤Ï¾¯¤Ê¤«¤é¤ºÂ¸ºß¤¹¤ë¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤Èæ³Ó¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¨¤Ð¡¤±ÑÊ©¸ì¤Î¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤Ê¿¶¤ëÉñ¤¤¡¤¤¹¤Ê¤ï¤Á½ôÊѼï¤Î¿²É¤Ï¡¤³Î¤«¤Ë¾åµ­¤Î¤È¤ª¤êÂоÈŪ¤À¤í¤¦¡¥
¡¡±ÑÊ©¡Ê¸ì¡Ë¤ÏÎò»ËŪ¤Ë¤â¡¤¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤Ë¤âÂÐÈæ¤·¤Æ¸«¤é¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤¬Â¿¤¤¡¥¿¢Ì±ÃÏÅý¼£¤ÎÍͼ°¤â°ã¤¦¤·¡¤¤½¤Î¸å¤Î¸À¸ì¤Î¹ñºÝŪ¤ÊŸ³«¤Î»ÅÊý¤â°Û¤Ê¤ì¤Ð¡¤¸À¸ìµ¬ÈϼçµÁ¤ËÂФ¹¤ëÂÖÅÙ¤â³Ö¤¿¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¤³¤ì¤é¤Îº¹°Û¤Ï¡¤¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¤Î¹ñ¤¬¼è¤Ã¤Æ¤­¤¿À¯¼£À¯ºö¡¤¸À¸ìÀ¯ºö¤Îµ¢·ë¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤¤½¤ì¼«ÂΤ¬Îò»ËŪ½ê»º¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥ÂÐÈæ¤Î΢¤ËÎà»÷À­¤â¾¯¤Ê¤«¤é¤ºÂ¸ºß¤¹¤ë¤Î¤Ï³Î¤«¤À¤¬¡¤ÂÐΩ¹à¤ËÃåÌܤ¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¡¤¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¤ÎÆÃħ¤¬Á¯¤ä¤«¤ËÉ⤭Ħ¤ê¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥
¡¡±ÑÊ©¸ì¤Î¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¿¶¤ëÉñ¤¤¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëº¹°Û¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤°Ê²¼¤Îµ­»ö¤Ç°·¤Ã¤Æ¤­¤¿¤Î¤Ç¡¤¤´»²¾È¤ò¡¥

¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#141. 18À¤µª¤Îµ¬ÈϤÏÍýÀ­¤«´·ÍѤ«¡× ([2009-09-15-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#626. ¡Ö¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹¸ì¤ÏÏÀÍýŪ¤Ê¸À¸ì¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡×¤È¤¤¤¦¿ÀÏÃ¡× ([2011-01-13-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#1821. ¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹¸ì¤ÎÉü¸¢¤È±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÉü¸¢¡× ([2014-04-22-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#2194. ¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹¸ìµ¬ÈϼçµÁ¡¤±Ñ¸ìŨ»ë¡¤¹ṉ̃Ū¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹¸ì¡× ([2015-04-30-1])

¡¡¡¦ Bailey, Richard W. and Manfred Görlach, eds. English as a World Language. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1983.

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2015-06-18 Thu

¢£ #2243. ¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¡© [variety][canadian_english][bilingualism][language_planning][sociolinguistics][history][sobokunagimon]

¡¡ºòÆü¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö#2242. ¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤Î²»±¤ÅªÆÃħ¡× ([2015-06-17-1]) ¤Ç¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÆÃħ¤Î°ìü¤Ë¿¨¤ì¤¿¡¥¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¤È¤¤¤¦ÌäÂê¤Ï¡¤ÊѼï (variety) ¤ò½ä¤ëËܼÁŪ¤ÊÌäÂê¤ò´Þ¤ó¤Ç¤¤¤ë (cf. ¡Ö#415. All linguistic varieties are fictions¡× ([2010-06-16-1])¡¤¡Ö#1373. variety ¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¡× ([2013-01-29-1])¡¤¡Ö#2116. ¡Ö±Ñ¸ì¡×¤Îµõ¹½À­¤ÈÛ£ËæÀ­¡× ([2015-02-11-1])¡¤¡Ö#2241. Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles¡× ([2015-06-16-1])) ¡¥Brinton and Fee (439) ¤Ï¡¤¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤Î³µÀâ¤ò»Ü¤·¤¿¾Ï¤ÎºÇ¸å¤Ç¡¤¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¤È¤¤¤¦Ì䤤¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¤¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê²óÅú¤òÍ¿¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

Canadian English is the outcome of a number of factors. Canadian English was initially determined in large part by Canada's settlement by immigrants from the northern United States. Because of the geographical proximity of the two countries and the intertwining of their histories, economic systems, international policies, and print and especially television media, Canadian English continues to be shaped by American English. However, because of the colonial and postcolonial history of the British Empire, Canadian English is also strongly marked by British English. The presence of a long-standing and large French-speaking minority has also had an effect on Canadian English. Finally, social conditions, such as governmental policies of bilingualism, immigration, and multiculturalism and the politics of Quebec nationalism, have also played an important part in shaping this national variety of English.


¡¡¤³¤³¤Ç¤Î¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÄêµÁ¤Ï¡¤¸À¸ì³ØÅªÆÃħ¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¯¤â¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¤¥«¥Ê¥À¤ÎÃÖ¤«¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª´Ä¶­¤äÎò»ËŪ·Ð°Þ¤òƧ¤Þ¤¨¤¿¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤Î̤Íè¤òÀꤦ¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ì¤Ð¡¤¥¢¥á¥ê¥«±Ñ¸ì¤Î±Æ¶ÁÎϤÎÁýÂç¤Ï³Î¼Â¤À¤í¤¦¡¥°ìÊý¤Ç¡¤¼Ò²ñŪ¿¸À¸ì»ÈÍѤȤ¤¤¦´²ÍƤʸÀ¸ìÀ¯ºö¤È¤½¤Î°Õ¼±¤Î¿»Æ©¤Ë¤è¤ê¡¤¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤Ï¾¤Î¼çÍפʱѸìÊѼï¤ËÈæ¤Ù¤Æ½ÀÆð¤ËÊѲ½¤·¤Æ¤æ¤¯²ÄǽÀ­¤¬¹â¤¤¡¥
¡¡¤³¤ì¤Þ¤Ç¤Ë¥¼¥ß¤Ç»ØÆ³¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿Â´¶ÈÏÀʸ¤ò¤ß¤Æ¤â¡¤ÆüËÜ¿Í±Ñ¸ì³Ø½¬¼Ô¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Ë¤Ï¡¤¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¡Ê¤½¤·¤Æ¡¤¥ª¡¼¥¹¥È¥é¥ê¥¢±Ñ¸ì¡¤¥Ë¥å¡¼¥¸¡¼¥é¥ó¥É±Ñ¸ì¡Ë¤Ë´Ø¿´¤ò¤â¤Ä¼Ô¤¬¾¯¤Ê¤¯¤Ê¤¤¡¥±ÑÊÆ¤Î2ÂçÊѼï¤Ë˰¤­Â­¤ê¤Ê¤¤¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤â¤¢¤ë¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¤ÆüËܿͤϤ³¤ì¤é¤Î¹ñ¤¬´ðËÜŪ¤Ë¹¥¤­¤Ê¤Î¤À¤í¤¦¤È»×¤¦¡¥¤½¤Î¤ï¤ê¤Ë¤Ï¡¤¹ñÆâ¤Ç¤Ï¤³¤ì¤é¤Î±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¤Î¸¦µæ¤¬¾¯¤Ê¤¤¡¥Canadian English ¤Ï¡¤¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤Ë¤â¤Ã¤È¤â¤Ã¤ÈÃíÌܤµ¤ì¤Æ¤è¤¤±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Brinton, Laurel J. and Margery Fee. "Canadian English." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 422--40 .

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2015-06-17 Wed

¢£ #2242. ¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤Î²»±¤ÅªÆÃħ [vowel][diphthong][consonant][rhotic][yod-dropping][merger][phonetics][phonology][canadian_english][ame][variety]

¡¡ºòÆü¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö#2241. Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles¡× ([2015-06-16-1]) ¤Ë°ú¤­Â³¤­¡¤UBC ¤Ç¤Î SHEL-9/DSNA-20 Conference »²²Ã¤Î;Àª¤ò¶î¤Ã¤Æ¡¤¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÏÃÂê¡¥
¡¡¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤Ï¡¤¡Ö#313. Canadian English ¤ÎÆóÊöÀ­¡× ([2010-03-06-1]) ¤Ç¤â»ØÅ¦¤·¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤Îò»ËŪ¤Ë American English ¤È British English ¤ÎÁÐÊý¤Ëµ¬ÈϤò¶Ä¤¤¤Ç¤­¤¿¤¬¡¤¶áǯ¤Ï AmE ¤Ø¤Î»Ö¸þ¤¬¶¯¤¤¤è¤¦¤À¡¥¤¤¤º¤ì¤Î¼§ÀФ˰ú¤ÃÄ¥¤é¤ì¤ë¤«¤Ï¡¤È¯²»¡¤Ê¸Ë¡¡¤¸ì×ᤸìË¡¤Ê¤É¤ÎÉôÌç¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¤â°Û¤Ê¤ë¤¬¡¤È¯²»¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤Ï¥¢¥á¥ê¥«±Ñ¸ì¤È¶èÊ̤¹¤ë¤Î¤¬Æñ¤·¤¤¤Û¤É¤ËÎà»÷¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¸À¤ï¤ì¤ë¡¥¤½¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Ç¡¤Brinton and Fee (426--30) ¤Ïɸ½à¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì (Standard Canadian English; °Ê²¼ SCE ¤Èɽµ­) ¤Î²»±¤ÏÀŪÆÃħ¤È¤·¤Æ°Ê²¼¤Î8ÅÀ¤Ë¸ÀµÚ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

(1) Canadian Raising: ̵À¼»Ò²»¤ÎÁ°¤Ç [aʊ] -> [ʌu], [aɪ] -> [ʌɪ] ¤È¤Ê¤ë¡¥¤·¤¿¤¬¤Ã¤Æ¡¤out and about ¤Ï¡¤oat and a boat ¤Ë¶á¤¯¤Ê¤ë¡¥Í­À¼»Ò²»¤ÎÁ°¤Ç¤Ï¾å¤²¤ÏÀ¸¤¸¤Ê¤¤¤¿¤á¡¤¼¡¤Î³Æ¥Ú¥¢¤Ç¤Ï°Û¤Ê¤ë2½ÅÊì²»¤¬Ê¹¤«¤ì¤ë¡¥lout/loud, bout/bowed, house/houses, mouth (n.)/mouth (v.), spouse/espouse; bite/bide, fife/five, site/side, tripe/tribe, knife/knives. ¥¹¥³¥Ã¥È¥é¥ó¥ÉÊѼ¥¤¥ó¥°¥é¥ó¥ÉËÌÉôÊѼMartha's Vineyard ÊѼï (cf. [2015-02-22-1]) ¤Ê¤É¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤â¡¤»÷¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ê¾å¤²¤Ï´Ñ»¡¤µ¤ì¤ë¤¬¡¤Canadian Raising ¤Ï¤½¤ì¤é¤È¤Ï´Ø·¸¤Ê¤¯¡¤ÆÈΩ¤·¤¿²»±¤ÊѲ½¤È¹Í¤¨¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

(2) Merger of [ɑ] and [ɔ]: 85%¤Î¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ìÏüԤˤߤé¤ì¤ë¸½¾Ý¡¥19À¤µªÈ¾¤Ð¤«¤é¤ÎÊѲ½¤È¤µ¤ì¡¤General American ¤Ç¤âƱ¤¸¸½¾Ý¤¬´Ñ»¡¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¥¤³¤Î²»ÊѲ½¤Ë¤è¤ê°Ê²¼¤Î¥Ú¥¢¤Ï¤¤¤º¤ì¤âƱ²»¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥offal/awful, Don/dawn, hock/hawk, cot/caught, lager/logger, Otto/auto, holly/Hawley, tot/taught. °ìÊý¡¤GA ¤È°Û¤Ê¤ê¡¤[ɹ] ¤ÎÁ°¤Ç¤Ï [ɔ] ¤òÊݤäƤ¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦ÆÃħ¤¬¤¢¤ë (ex. sorry, tomorrow, orange, porridge, Dorothy) ¡¥¤³¤ÎÍ»¹ç¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¡Ö#484. ºÇ¿·¤Î¥¢¥á¥ê¥«±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÊ첻ͻ¹ç¤òÈ¿±Ç¤·¤¿ MWALED ¤Îȯ²»É½µ­¡× ([2010-08-24-1]) ¤ò»²¾È¡¥

(3) Voicing of intervocalic [t]: Êì²»¤Ë¶´¤Þ¤ì¤¿ [t] ¤¬¡¤Í­À¼²½¤· [d] ¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï [ɾ] ¤È¤Ê¤ë¸½¾Ý¡¥·ë²Ì¤È¤·¤Æ¡¤°Ê²¼¤Î¥Ú¥¢¤Ï¤½¤ì¤¾¤ìƱ²»¤È¤Ê¤ë¡¥metal/medal, latter/ladder, hearty/hardy, flutter/flooder, bitter/bidder, litre/leader, atom/Adam, waiting/wading. SCE ¤Ç¤Ï¡¤¤³¤Î²»±¤²áÄø¤¬Â¾¤Î´Ä¶­¤Ø¤âµÚ¤ó¤Ç¤ª¤ê¡¤filter, shelter, after, sister, washed out, picture ¤Ê¤É¤Ç¤âÀ¸¤¸¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥

(4) Yod dropping: SCE ¤Ç¤Ï¡¤»Ò²»¤Î¸å¤Î¤ï¤¿¤ê²» [j] ¤Îºï½ü (glide deletion) ¤¬¡¤GA ¤ÈƱÍÍ¤Ë s ¤Î¸å¤Ç¤ÏÀ¸¤¸¤ë¤¬¡¤GA ¤È°Û¤Ê¤ê [t, d, n] ¤Î¸å¤Ç¤ÏÊÝ»ý¤µ¤ì¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤¬ÅÁÅýŪ¤Ë¼çÄ¥¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤¼ÂºÝ¤Ë¤Ï¡¤GA ¤Î±Æ¶Á²¼¤Ç¡¤¸å¼Ô¤Î´Ä¶­¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤â yod-dropping ¤¬À¸¤¸¤Æ¤­¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦ (cf. ¡Ö#841. yod-dropping¡× ([2011-08-16-1])¡¤¡Ö#1562. ±¤Î§²»±¤ÏÀ¤«¤é¤ß¤ë yod-dropping¡× ([2013-08-06-1])) ¡¥

(5) Retention of [r]: SCE ¤Ï°ìÈÌŪ¤Ë rhotic ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥Îò»ËŪ¤Ë¤Ï New England ¤«¤é¤Î²¦ÅÞÇÉ (Loyalists) ¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¤â¤¿¤é¤µ¤ì¤¿ non-rhotic ¤ÊÊѼï¤Î±Æ¶Á¤â¶¯¤«¤Ã¤¿¤Ï¤º¤À¤¬¡¤rhotic ¤Ê¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹½ôÊý¸À¤¬°Ü̱¤È¤È¤â¤ËľÀܤ⤿¤é¤µ¤ì¤¿·Ð°Þ¤â¤¢¤ê¡¤¸å¼Ô¤¬Í¥Àª¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¤â¤Î¤À¤í¤¦¡¥

(6) Marry/merry/Mary: ɸ½à¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹±Ñ¸ì¤Ç¤Ï3¼ï¤ÎÊì²»¤¬¶èÊ̤µ¤ì¤ë¤¬¡¤¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤È¥¢¥á¥ê¥«±Ñ¸ì¤Î¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¤ÎÊѼï¤Ç¤Ï¡¤Mary ¤È merry ¤¬ [ɛr] ¤ØÍ»¹ç¤·¡¤marry ¤¬ [ær] ¤È¤·¤Æ¶èÊ̤µ¤ì¤ë2ʬˡ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤µ¤é¤Ë¡¤¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤Ç¤Ï±ÑÊÆ½ôÊѼï¤È°Û¤Ê¤ê¡¤Barry, guarantee, caramel ¤Ê¤É¤Ç [æ] ¤¬¤è¤êÄ㤯Ĵ²»¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¥

(7) Secondary stress: -ory, -ary, -ery ¤Ç½ª¤ï¤ë¸ì (ex. laboratory, secretary, monastery ) ¤Ç¡¤GA ¤ÈƱÍͤˡ¤Âè2¶¯Àª¤òÊݤġ¥

(8) [hw] versus [w]: GA ¤Î·¹¸þ¤ÈƱÍͤˡ¤which/witch, where/wear, whale/wale, whet/wet ¤Î¸ìƬ»Ò²»¤¬À¼¤ÎÂÐΩ¤ò¼º¤¤¡¤Æ±²»¤È¤Ê¤ë¡¥

¡¡¤³¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¸«¤Æ¤¯¤ë¤È¡¤SCE ¸ÇÍ­¤Î²»±¤ÅªÆÃħ¤È¤¤¤¦¤è¤ê¤Ï¡¤GA ¤È¶¦Ä̤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤â¿¤¤¤³¤È¤¬¤ï¤«¤ë¡¥³µ¤Í¶¦Ä̤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦Á°Äó¤Ç¡¤ÉôʬŪ¤Ë¿¶¤ë¤Þ¤¤¤¬°ã¤¦ÅÀ¤ò¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤Æ¡¤¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÆÈ¼«À­¤ò½Ð¤½¤¦¤È¤¤¤¦¤È¤³¤í¤«¡¥Brinton and Fee (526) ¤¬ Bailey (161)) ¤ò°ú¤¤¤Æ¸À¤¦¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤"What is distinctly Canadian about Canadian English is not its unique linguistic features (of which there are a handful) but its combination of tendencies that are uniquely distributed" ¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤À¤í¤¦¡¥
¡¡¥¢¥á¥ê¥«±Ñ¸ì¤È¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹±Ñ¸ì¤Îº¹°ã¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤â¡¤¤¢¤ëÄøÅÙ¤³¤ì¤ÈƱ¤¸¤³¤È¤¬¸À¤¨¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¤È»×¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¡Ö#2186. ¸¦µæ¼ÒWeb¥Þ¥¬¥¸¥ó¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö¥³¡¼¥Ñ¥¹¤Çõ¤ë±Ñ¸ì¤Î±ÑÊÆº¹¡¡¡½¡½¡¡´ðÁÃÊÔ¡¡¡½¡½¡×¡× ([2015-04-22-1]) ¤Ç¾Ò²ð¤·¤¿¡¤¸¦µæ¼ÒWEB¥Þ¥¬¥¸¥ó Lingua ¥ê¥ó¥¬¤Ø´ó¹Æ¤·¤¿ÀÛÏÀ¤Ç¤â½Ò¤Ù¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤¡ÖÎò»ËŪ»ö¾ð¤Ë¤è¤ê¡¤¥¢¥á¥ê¥«±Ñ¸ì¤È¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹±Ñ¸ì¤Îº¹°Û¤Ï¡¤Ã±½ã¤ËÆÃÄêɽ¸½¤Î»ÈÍÑ¡¦ÉÔ»ÈÍѤȤ·¤Æ¸«¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¤¤½¤Î»ÈÍÑÉÑÅ٤ΰ㤤¤È¤·¤Æ¸«¤ë¤Û¤¦¤¬±ý¡¹¤Ë¤·¤ÆÂÅÅö¡×¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥»ÈÍѤÎ̵ͭ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯Ê¬Éۤΰ㤤¤³¤½¤¬¡¤¤¢¤ëÊѼï¤ò¾¤ÎÊѼ狼¤é¶èÊ̤¹¤ëÍ­¸ú¤Ê»ØÉ¸¤Ê¤Î¤À¤í¤¦¤È»×¤¦¡¥ËÜÍè¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤Ê³µÇ°¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡ÖÊѼï¡×¤Ë¡¤¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤Ê´ÑÅÀ¤ò»ý¤Á¹þ¤â¤¦¤È¤¹¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ì¤Ð¡¤¤³¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊÈù̯¤Êº¹°Û¤ËÃí°Õ¤òʧ¤¦¤³¤È¤¬É¬ÍפÀ¤í¤¦¡¥

¡Ê¸åµ­¡¡2015/06/19(Fri)¡§ Bailey (162) ¤Ï¡¤»ÈÍÑÉÑÅ٤ΰ㤤¤È¤¤¤¦¸«Êý¤ò¤µ¤é¤Ë¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ìÆâÉô¤Î½ôÊѼï´Ö¤Î´Ø·¸¤Ë¤âŬÍѤ·¤Æ¡¤¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë½Ò¤Ù¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥"The most useful perspective, then, is one in which Canadian English is viewed as a cluster of features that combine in varying proportions in differing communitites within Canada." (Bailey, Richard W. "The English Language in Canada." English as a World Language. Ed. Richard W. Bailey and Manfred Görlach. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1983. 134--76.)¡Ë

¡¡¡¦ Brinton, Laurel J. and Margery Fee. "Canadian English." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 422--40 .
¡¡¡¦ Bailey, Richard W. "The English Language in Canada." English as a World Language. Ed. Richard W. Bailey and Manfred Görlach. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1982. 134--76.

[ ¸ÇÄê¥ê¥ó¥¯ | °õºþÍÑ¥Ú¡¼¥¸ ]

2015-06-16 Tue

¢£ #2241. Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles [canadian_english][dictionary][lexicography][world_englishes][link][variety]

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¡¡¤½¤Îȯɽ¤Ç¤Ï¡¤¤¢¤ë¸ì¡Ê¶ç¡Ë¡¤°ÕÌ£¡¤¸ìË¡¤¬ Canadianism ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤È¤­¡¤²¿¤ò¤â¤Ã¤Æ Canadianism ¤È¤ß¤Ê¤¹¤Î¤«¤È¤¤¤¦ÄêµÁ¤ÎÌäÂê¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¤´ðËÜÊý¿Ë¤¬¼¨¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡¥Â绨ÇĤˤ¤¤¨¤Ð¡¤¥«¥Ê¥À¤Ç»ÈÍѤµ¤ì¤ë±Ñ¸ì¤À¤±¤Ç¤Ê¤¯¡¤¥¢¥á¥ê¥«±Ñ¸ì¡¤¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹±Ñ¸ì¡¤¤½¤Î¾¤Î±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¤Î¥³¡¼¥Ñ¥¹¤òÈæ³ÓÂоݤȤ·¤ÆÍѤ¤¡¤¥«¥Ê¥À¤ÇÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë±Ñ¸ì¤ËÅý·×Ū¤Ë»ÈÍѤ¬ÊФäƤ¤¤ë¤â¤Î¤ò Canadianism ¤È¤ß¤Ê¤¹¤È¤¤¤¦Êý¿Ë¤¬´Ó¤«¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¤Î¿ôÃͤϥ°¥é¥Õ¤Ç²Ä»ë²½¤µ¤ì¡¤Ê£¿ô¥³¡¼¥Ñ¥¹ÍøÍѤÎĹ½ê¤¬ºÇÂç¸Â¤Ë³è¤«¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤À¡¥¤³¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¥°¥é¥Õ¤¬ÍÆ°×¤ËÆÀ¤é¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ì¤Ð¡¤±Ñ¸ìÊѼï´Ö¤Î¿³ÑŪ¤ÊÈæ³Ó¤âÂ¥¿Ê¤µ¤ì¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡¥
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¡¡¤Þ¤¿¡¤¤³¤Î¥×¥í¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤Ï¡¤ÊѼï¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¤È¤¤¤¦ËܼÁŪ¤ÊÌäÂê¤òºÆ¸¡Æ¤¤¹¤ë¤¹µ¡²ñ¤òÄ󶡤·¤Æ¤¯¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤â»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¡¥°ìÂÎ Canadianism ¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¡¥¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤ËÄêµÁ¤Ç¤­¤ë¤Î¤«¡¤¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï¤Ò¤È¤¨¤Ë¼Ò²ñŪ¡¤¥¤¥Ç¥ª¥í¥®¡¼Åª¤Ë¤·¤«ÄêµÁ¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤¤¤â¤Î¤«¡¥Lilles ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤ò¡Ö¿ÀÏáפȤߤë¼Ô¤â¤¤¤ì¤Ð¡¤¼Âºß¤¹¤ë¤È¼çÄ¥¤¹¤ë¼Ô¤â¤¤¤ë¡¥¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¤Canadianism ¤Ë¸Â¤é¤º¡¤Americanism, Britishism ¤Ê¤É¡Ö¡û¡û¸ìË¡¡×¤ò»Ø¤¹ -ism ¤Î¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¤Ë´Ø¤ï¤ëÌäÂê¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥ÊѼï (variety) ¤ò½ä¤ëÏÀ¹Í¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¡Ö#415. All linguistic varieties are fictions¡× ([2010-06-16-1])¡¤¡Ö#1373. variety ¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¡× ([2013-01-29-1])¡¤¡Ö#2116. ¡Ö±Ñ¸ì¡×¤Îµõ¹½À­¤ÈÛ£ËæÀ­¡× ([2015-02-11-1]) ¤Ê¤É¤ò»²¾È¤µ¤ì¤¿¤¤¡¥
¡¡²Ã¤¨¤Æ¡¤¥«¥Ê¥À±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÎò»Ë¤È³µÍפˤĤ¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¡Ö#313. Canadian English ¤ÎÆóÊöÀ­¡× ([2010-03-06-1])¡¤¡Ö#1733. Canada ¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÎò»Ë¡× ([2014-01-24-1]) ¤â»²¾È¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Lilles, Jaan. "The Myth of Canadian English." English Today 62 (April 2000): 3--9, 17.

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¢£ #2166. argot ¡Ê±£¸ì¡Ë¤Î¾ΧÀ­ [sociolinguistics][language_or_dialect][register][variety][terminology]

¡¡¡Ö#1522. autonomy ¤È heteronomy¡× ([2013-06-27-1]) ¤ÇÏÀ¤¸¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤ÆÈΩ¤·¤¿¸À¸ìÊѼï¤Ï autonomy ¡Ê¼«Î§À­¡Ë¤¬¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤ï¤ì¡¤¤½¤ì¤Ë°Í¸¤¹¤ëÊѼï¤Ï heteronomous ¡Ê¾ΧŪ¡Ë¤È¸À¤ï¤ì¤ë¡¥¤À¤¬¡¤¤¢¤ëÊѼ郎¼«Î§Åª¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï¾ΧŪ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ï¶ñÂÎŪ¤Ë¤Ï¤É¤¦¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ê¤Î¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡¥¤³¤Î¶èÊ̤ϼҲñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤Ê´Þ°Õ¤ò¤â¤Ã¤Æ¤Ä¤±¤é¤ì¤ë¤Î¤¬ÉáÄ̤À¤¬¡¤¸À¸ìŪ¤Ê¦Ì̤Ϥ¢¤ë¤Î¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡¥
¡¡¼«Î§À­¤È¾ΧÀ­¤ò¹Í¤¨¤ëºÝ¤Ë¤Ï¤¢¤ë¸À¸ì¤Îɸ½àÊý¸À¤ÈÃϰèÊý¸À¤òǰƬ¤ËÃÖ¤¯¤Î¤¬ÉáÄ̤À¤¬¡¤¤³¤³¤Ç¤Ï¤¢¤ë¸À¸ì¤Îɸ½àŪ¤Ê¸ÀÍÕ¸¯¤¤¤È±£¸ì (argot) ¤È¤ò¡¤¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¼«Î§Åª¤Ê¥³¡¼¥É¤È¾ΧŪ¤Ê¥³¡¼¥É¤È¹Í¤¨¤Æ¤ß¤è¤¦¡¥argot ¤È¤ÏÈȺá¼Ô¤ÎÃç´Ö¤¦¤Á¤ÇÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë°Å¹æÅª¤Ê¸ÀÍÕ¸¯¤¤¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤°Å¸ì¤äÉäÄ­¤È¤â¸Æ¤Ð¤ì¤ë¡¥slang ¤ä jargon ¤âÆÃÄê¤Î½¸ÃĤËÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë¸ÀÍÕ¸¯¤¤¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤¤½¤ÎÅÀ¤Ç¤Ï»÷¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¤argot ¤Ï¤È¤ê¤ï¤±ÈȺáÀ­¤ÈÈëÆ¿À­¤¬¶¯¤¤¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤¤Ê¤¼ argot ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¸ÀÍÕ¸¯¤¤¤¬Â¸ºß¤¹¤ë¤Î¤«¤òÍý²ò¤¹¤ë¤Ë¤Ï¡¤¤³¤Î2ÆÃħ¤ò»ØÅ¦¤¹¤ë¤À¤±¤Ç¤ÏÉÔ½½Ê¬¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥argot ¤Î¸ì·ÁÀ®¡¤°ÕÌ£¾ì¤Î¹½À®¡¤²»±¤²áÄø¤Ï¡¤ÂÐÃÖ¤µ¤ì¤ëɸ½àŪ¤Ê¸ÀÍÕ¸¯¤¤¤«¤é¤Î¸Î°Õ¤Î°ïæ¤òÁÀ¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤¤½¤Î°ÕÌ£¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤«¤¨¤Ã¤ÆÉ¸½à¸ì¤ËÂФ·¤ÆÂ¾Î§Åª¡¤°Í¸Ū¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦µÕÀ⤬À¸¤¸¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤¬½ÅÍפǤ¢¤ë¡¥¤³¤ì¤Ë´Ø¤·¤Æ¡¤Irvine (253) ¤¬¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë»ØÅ¦¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

. . . the codes' origin in counter-societies is reflected in many aspects of their linguistic form, for instance in their elaboration of lexicon and metaphor relevant to their special activities and their attitudes toward the normative society, and in their frequent use of formal inversions and reversals, such as metathesis. Also significant is their conspicuous avoidance and violation of forms recognized as "standard" . . . . These anti-languages are clearly not autonomous codes, then, although the normative codes on which they depend may be. The anti-language is not, and has never been, anyone's native tongue, nor are all its formal characteristics simply arbitrary. Both functionally and formally it is derived from the normative code, just as its speakers define their social role in opposition to the normative society.


¡¡°úÍѤˤ¢¤ë "anti-language" ¤Ï¡¤Halliday ¤ÎÍѸì¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤argot ¤Ê¤É¤Î¥³¡¼¥É¤ò»Ø¤¹¤â¤Î¤È¤È¤é¤¨¤Æ¤è¤¤¡¥¤³¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊÈóµ¬ÈÏŪ¤Ê¥³¡¼¥É¤òÍѤ¤¤ëÏüԤ¬¡¤µ¬ÈÏŪ¤Ê¥³¡¼¥É¤ò¸ú²ÌŪ¤Ë´÷Èò¤·¤¿¤êÇ˲õ¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë¤Ï¡¤¤à¤·¤í¸å¼Ô¤ËÀºÄ̤·¤Æ¤¤¤ëɬÍפ¬¤¢¤ë¡¥µ¬ÈϤò¸ú²ÌŪ¤ËÇË¤í¤¦¤È¤¹¤ì¤Ð¡¤¤½¤ì¤ò¤è¤¯Íý²ò¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¤«¤é¤À¡¥¤³¤Î°ÕÌ£¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¡¤argot ¤ò´Þ¤à "anti-language" ¤Ï¾ΧŪ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡ÆüËܸì¤Î±£¸ì¤ÎÎã¤ò¤ß¤ì¤Ð¡¤²»°Ìž´¹¤Î·ë²Ì¤È¤·¤Æ¤Î¡Ö¥Í¥¿¡×¤ÏÅöÁ³¤Ê¤¬¤éµ¬ÈÏŪ¤Ê¡Ö¼ï¡×¤¬Á°Äó¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤Â¾Î§Åª¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¡Ö¤¯¥Î°ì¡×¤Ï¡Ö½÷¡×¤Î´Á»ú¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¤¤¤¤ë¤«¤é¡¤¡Ö½÷¡×¤ËÂФ·¤ÆÂ¾Î§Åª¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¤Åù¡¹¡¥
¡¡¤³¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤¼«Î§À­ (autonomy) ¤È¾ΧÀ­ (heteronomy) ¤Î¶èÊ̤ϡ¤¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤Ê¦Ì̤«¤é¤ÈƱ»þ¤Ë¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤Ê¦Ì̤«¤éį¤á¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Irvine, Judith T. "When Talk Isn't Cheap: Language and Political Economy." American Ethnologist 16 (1989): 248--67.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-02-22-1] [2015-08-02-1]

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2015-02-11 Wed

¢£ #2116. ¡Ö±Ñ¸ì¡×¤Îµõ¹½À­¤ÈÛ£ËæÀ­ [variety][model_of_englishes][sociolinguistics][lingua_franca][terminology][elf]

¡¡ºòÆü¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö#2115. ¸À¸ì°Ý»ý¤È¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Ø¤ÎÄñ¹³¡× ([2015-02-10-1]) ¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Ç¡¤¡Ö¸Ä¡¹¤Î¸À¸ì¤äÊѼï¤Ï¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤Ë¤·¤«ÄêµÁ¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤¤¡×¤È½Ò¤Ù¤¿¡¥¤³¤ì¤Ï±Ñ¸ì¤âÆüËܸì¤â¡¤¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï¡û¡û±Ñ¸ì¤âÆüËܸì¤Î¢¤¢¤Êý¸À¤â¡¤¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤Ë¤ÏÈϰϤòÄê¤á¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¤Ç¤­¤º¡¤¤¢¤¯¤Þ¤ÇÌÀ³Î¤ÊÈϰϤ¬¤¢¤ë¤«¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¼Ò²ñŪ¤Ë¼õ¤±Æþ¤ì¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëµõ¹½¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¸À¸ì¤äÊѼï¤Îµõ¹½¤¿¤ë¤³¤È¡¤Û£Ë椿¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¡¤¡Ö#415. All linguistic varieties are fictions¡× ([2010-06-16-1]) µÚ¤Ó¡Ö#1373. variety ¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¡× ([2013-01-29-1]) ¤ÇÏÀ¤¸¤¿Ä̤ê¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ï¡¤±Ñ¸ì¤È¤Ï²¿¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤«¤âÉÔÌÀÎÆ¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥µõ¹½¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤«¤é¡¤¼ÂÂΤò¤Ä¤«¤Þ¤¨¤ë¤³¤È¤â¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤¤¡¥±Ñ¸ì¤Î1ÊѼï¤È¤·¤Æ¤Î¡Öɸ½à±Ñ¸ì¡×¤âƱ¤¸¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤¡Ö#1396. "Standard English" ¤È¤Ï²¿¤«¡× ([2013-02-21-1]) ¤Ç¤ß¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤ÀµÂΤò¤Ä¤«¤á¤Ê¤¤¡¥»ä¤¿¤Á¤¬Ä̾ï¡Ö±Ñ¸ì¡×¤È¸Æ¤ó¤Ç¤¤¤ë¤â¤Î¤âÆÀÂΤÎÃΤì¤Ê¤¤µõ¹½¤À¤¬¡¤µõ¹½¤Ê¤ê¤Ë¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¤Î¼ïÎà¤Ëʬ¤«¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦ÅÀ¤ÇÛ£Ëæ¤Ê¤â¤Î¤Ç¤â¤¢¤ë¡¥Milroy (5) ¤Ë¤è¤ì¤Ð¡¤¡Ö±Ñ¸ì¡×¤Ï3¤Ä¤Î»Ø¼¨ÂоݤΤ¢¤¤¤À¤Ç¿µÁŪ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥

English is multiply ambiguous, since it may refer to (1) international English wherever it is spoken, (2) to the main language of the British Isles, as England may also refer to the UK as a whole (a usage that Scots, Welsh, and Irish are apt to resent), or (3) to the language of England proper---the southern half of Great Britain, the largest of the British Isles.


¡¡Âè1¤Î»Ø¼¨ÂÐ¾Ý¤Ï ELF (English as a Lingua Franca)¡¤Âè2¤Ï±Ñ¹ñ±Ñ¸ì¡¤Âè3¤Ï¥¤¥ó¥°¥é¥ó¥É±Ñ¸ì¤È¤¤¤¦¶èÊ̤À¡¥¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì "global", "national", "ethnic" ¤Ë¤ª¤è¤½ÁêÅö¤¹¤ë¶èʬ¤Ç¤â¤¢¤ë¤·¡¤¡Ö#1521. ÇÞ²ð¸À¸ì¤È·²À¸¸À¸ì¡× ([2013-06-26-1]) ¤Ç¾Ò²ð¤·¤¿¥«¥ë¥ô¥§¤ÎÍѸì¤Ç¤¤¤¨¤Ð¡¤ÇÞ²ðŪ (vehiculaire) ¤«¤é·²À¸Åª (grégaire) ¤Ø¤ÎÃʳ¬ÅªÅùµé¤Ë¤âÁêÅö¤¹¤ë¡¥
¡¡¼ÂºÝ¤Ë¤Ï¡¤¤³¤Î3¤Ä°Ê³°¤Ë¤â¡Ö±Ñ¸ì¡×¤Î»Ø¼¨ÂоݤθõÊä¤Ï¤¢¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤«¡¥Î㤨¤Ð¡¤ÆüËܿͤËŵ·¿Åª¤Ê±Ñ¸ì´Ñ¤È¤·¤Æ¡¤¡Ö±Ñ¸ì¡×¤Ï±ÑÊÆ¤Îɸ½àÊѼï¤ò¤Ò¤Ã¤¯¤ë¤á¤¿¤â¤Î (Anglo-American) ¤È¤¤¤¦Ç§¼±¤¬¤¢¤ê¤½¤¦¤À¡¥¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï¡¤Âç³ØÀ¸¤Ê¤É¤Î¼ã¼Ô¤Î¤¢¤¤¤À¤Ç¤Ï¡Ö±Ñ¸ì¡×¡á¥¢¥á¥ê¥«±Ñ¸ì¤È¤¤¤¦°Õ¼±¤â°ìÈÌŪ¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤­¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï¡¤±Ñ¹ñ¤ÈÊÆ¹ñ¤Î¤Û¤«¤Ë¥«¥Ê¥À¡¤¥ª¡¼¥¹¥È¥é¥ê¥¢¡¤¥Ë¥å¡¼¥¸¡¼¥é¥ó¥É¤ò´Þ¤á¤¿¤¤¤ï¤æ¤ë¥¢¥ó¥°¥í¥µ¥¯¥½¥ó·Ï¤Î±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¤òǰƬ¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¡Ö±Ñ¸ì¡×¤È¤¤¤¦¸Æ¾Î¤òÍѤ¤¤ë¿Í¤â¤¢¤ë¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡¥
¡¡¡Ö±Ñ¸ì¡×¤È¤¤¤¦ÍѸì¤Î»Ø¼¨Âоݤϡ¤»ÈÍѼԤˤè¤Ã¤ÆÊѤï¤ë¤·¡¤Æ±¤¸»ÈÍѼԤǤâ»þ¤È¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤ÆÊѰۤ¹¤ë¡¥¼Â¤ËÛ£Ëæ¤ÊÍѸì¤Ê¤Î¤À¤¬¡¤¤½¤ì¤¬»Ø¼¨¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¼ÂÂΤ¬Û£Ëæ¤Ê¤Î¤À¤«¤é¤É¤¦¤·¤è¤¦¤â¤Ê¤¤¤·¡¤¤à¤·¤í»ä¤¿¤Á¤Ï¤½¤ÎÛ£Ëæ¤µ¤òÊØÍø¤ËÍøÍѤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¤¿¤À¤·¡¤¸À¸ì³Ø¤ÎµÄÏÀ¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¡Ö±Ñ¸ì¡×¤Îµõ¹½À­¤ÈÛ£ËæÀ­¤òÍý²ò¤·¤¿¤¦¤¨¤Ç¡¤°Õ¿ÞŪ¤Ë¤½¤Î¸Æ¾Î¤òÍѤ¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤¬´ÎÍפǤ¢¤ë¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Milroy, James. Linguistic Variation and Change: On the Historical Sociolinguistics of English. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.

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¢£ #2115. ¸À¸ì°Ý»ý¤È¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Ø¤ÎÄñ¹³ [sociolinguistics][methodology][variety][language_change][causation]

¡¡¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤ÈÊѰۤòÀâÌÀ¤¹¤ë¤Î¤Ë¼Ò²ñŪ¤ÊÍ×°ø¤ò½Å»ë¤¹¤ëÏÀµÒ¤Î1¿Í James Milroy ¤Î¸À¸ì´Ñ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¡Ö#1264. Îò»Ë¸À¸ì³Ø¤Î¸Â³¦¤È¡¤¤½¤Î¹îÉþ¤Ø¤ÎÆ»¡× ([2012-10-12-1])¡¤¡Ö#1582. ¸À¸ìÆâŪ¤ÊÍ×°ø¤È¸À¸ì³°Åª¤ÊÍ×°ø¤Ï¤É¤Á¤é¤¬½ÅÍפ«¡© (2)¡× ([2013-08-26-1])¡¤¡Ö#1992. Milroy ¤Ë¤è¤ë¸À¸ì³°ÅªÍ×°ø¤Ø¤ÎÍʸî¡× ([2014-10-10-1]) ¤ä¤½¤Î¾¤Îµ­»ö¤Ç¾Ò²ð¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥»ä¤Ï¤È¤ê¤ï¤±¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤ÎÍ×°ø¤È¤¤¤¦ÌäÂê¤Ë´Ø¿´¤¬¤¢¤ê¡¤¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³Ø¤ÎΩ¾ì¤«¤é¤³¤ÎÌäÂê¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆÀѶËŪ¤Ëȯ¸À¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë Milroy ¤Ë¤ÏĹ¤é¤¯ÃíÌܤ·¤Æ¤­¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥
¡¡Milroy ¤Ï¡¤¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤ò¹Í»¡¤¹¤ëºÝ¤Î3¤Ä¤Î¸¶Â§¤ò·Ç¤²¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

Principle 1 As language use (outside of literary modes and laboratory experiments) cannot take place except in social and situational contexts and, when observed, is always observed in these contexts, our analysis --- if it is to be adequate --- must take account of society, situation and the speaker/listener. (5--6)

Principle 2 A full description of the structure of a variety (whether it is 'standard' English, or a dialect, or a style or register) can only be successfully made if quite substantial decisions, or judgements, of a social kind are taken into account in the description. (6)

Principle 3 In order to account for differential patterns of change at particular times and places, we need first to take account of those factors that tend to maintain language states and resist change. (10)


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¡¡°Õ³°À­¤È¤¤¤¦ÅÀ¤Ç¡¤¤È¤ê¤ï¤±¸¶Â§3¤¬ÃíÌܤËÃͤ¹¤ë¡¥¸Ä¡¹¤Î¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Î¸¶°ø¤òõ¤ë»î¤ß¤Ï¿ô¿¤¤¤¬¡¤ÊѲ½¤»¤º¤Ë°Ý»ý¤µ¤ì¤ë¸À¸ì¹à¤Ï¤Ê¤¼ÊѲ½¤·¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤«¡¤¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï¤Ê¤¼ÊѲ½¤ËÄñ¹³¤¹¤ë¤Î¤«¤òÌ䤦µ¡²ñ¤Ï¾¯¤Ê¤¤¡¥°ÅÌÛ¤ÎÁ°Äó¤È¤·¤Æ¡¤¸½¾õ°Ý»ý¤¬¥Ç¥Õ¥©¥ë¥È¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤ÊѲ½¤¬À¸¤¸¤¿¤È¤­¤Ë¤Ï¤½¤ÎÊѲ½¤³¤½¤¬ÀâÌÀ¤µ¤ì¤ë¤Ù¤­¤À¤È¤¤¤¦¹Í¤¨Êý¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤Milroy ¤Ï¡¤¤à¤·¤í¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Î¤Û¤¦¤¬¥Ç¥Õ¥©¥ë¥È¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤¸½¾õ°Ý»ý¤³¤½¤¬ÀâÌÀ¤µ¤ì¤ë¤Ù¤­»ö¾Ý¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¸À¤ï¤ó¤Ð¤«¤ê¤À¡¥

Therefore, as a historical linguist, I thought that we might get a better understanding of what linguistic change actually is, and how and why it happens, if we could also come closer to specifying the conditions under which it does not happen --- the conditions under which 'states' and forms of language are maintained and changes resisted. (11--12)


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¡¡¡¦ Milroy, James. Linguistic Variation and Change: On the Historical Sociolinguistics of English. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.

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2014-10-24 Fri

¢£ #2006. ¶á¸½Âå¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¤Ç¼«Î§²½¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿¸À¸ì [world_languages][sociolinguistics][dialect][variety]

¡¡¸À¸ì³Ø¤Ç¤Ï¡¤¸À¸ì¤ÈÊý¸À¤òÌÀ³Î¤Ë¶èÊ̤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¤Û¤ÜÉÔ²Äǽ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤³¤Î¸Å¤¤ÌäÂê¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¡Ö#1522. autonomy ¤È heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1]) ¤ä¡Ö#1523. Abstand language ¤È Ausbau language¡× ([2013-06-28-1]) ¤Î¤Û¤«¡¤À¤³¦¤ÎÆÃÄê¤ÎÃϰè¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡Ö#1499. ¥¹¥«¥ó¥¸¥Ê¥Ó¥¢¤Î "semicommunication"¡× ([2013-06-04-1])¡¤¡Ö#1636. Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian¡× ([2013-10-19-1])¡¤¡Ö#1658. ¥ë¥¯¥»¥ó¥Ö¥ë¥¯¸ì¤Î¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³Ø¡× ([2013-11-10-1])¡¤¡Ö#1659. ¥Þ¥±¥É¥Ë¥¢¸ì¤Î¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³Ø¡× ([2013-11-11-1]) ¤Ê¤É¤Îµ­»ö¤Ç¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥
¡¡¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¤Ë¸Â¤Ã¤Æ¤â¡¤Îò»Ë¤ò¿¶¤êÊÖ¤ì¤Ð¡¤¼«Î§Åª¤À¤Ã¤¿¸À¸ì¤¬Â¾Î§Åª¤ÊÊý¸À¤ÎÃϰ̤ËžÍ¤¿¤ê¡¤µÕ¤Ë¾ΧŪ¤À¤Ã¤¿Êý¸À¤¬¼«Î§Åª¤Ê¸À¸ì¤ÎÃϰ̤ؾº³Ê¤·¤¿¤ê¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤¬·«¤êÊÖ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥Î㤨¤Ð¡¤Á°¼Ô¤Ë¤ÏÃæÀ¤¤Ç¤Ï¼«Î§¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¿ Provençal ¤ä Low German ¤¬¸å¤Ë¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì French ¤ä German ¤Î1Êý¸À¤Ø¤ÈžÍ¤¿»öÎ㤬¤¢¤ë¡¥¤Þ¤¿¡¤¸å¼Ô¤Ë¤Ï¶á¸½Âå¤Î¿ôÀ¤µª¤è¤ê¿¤¯¤ÎÎ㤬µó¤²¤é¤ì¤ë¡¥Trudgill (128) ¤Ë¤è¤ì¤Ð¡¤¤³¤ì¤Ï¶áÂå¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¤Ç¹ñ²È¤Î¿ô¤¬Áý²Ã¤·¤¿¤³¤È¤Îµ¢·ë¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥

The rapid increase in the number of independent European nation-states in the past hundred years or so has therefore been paralleled by a rapid growth in the number of autonomous, national and official languages. During the nineteenth century the number rose from sixteen to thirty, and since that time has risen to fifty.


¡¡Trudgill (127--28) ¤è¤ê¡¤¥í¥·¥¢¤ò½ü¤¯¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¤Ç1800ǯ¤Þ¤Ç¤Ëɸ½à²½¤µ¤ì¤¿¹ñ¸ì¡¦¸øÍѸ졦½ñ¤­¸ÀÍդȤ·¤ÆÇ§ÃΤµ¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤¿¸À¸ì¤ò¶ñÂÎŪ¤Ëµó¤²¤ì¤Ð¡¤Icelandic, Swedish, Danish, German, Dutch, English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Polish, Hungarian, Greek, Turkish ¤Ê¤É¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¼¡¤Ë¡¤1900ǯ¤Þ¤Ç¤Ë¤½¤ÎÃϰ̤òÆÀ¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤â¤Î¤Ï¡¤Norwegian, Finnish, Welsh, Rumanian, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Serbo-Croat, Bulgarian ¤Ê¤É¤À¡¥ºÇ¸å¤Ë¡¤20À¤µª¤Î´Ö¤Ë¼«Î§²½¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿¸À¸ì¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï Irish Gaelic, Scots Gaelic, Breton, Catalan, Romansch, Macedonian, Albanian, Basque, Luxemburgish ¤Ê¤É¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡¤³¤ì¤é¤ÎÊѼï¤Î¸À¸ìŪÆÃÀ­¤Ï¡¤¼«Î§¤·¤¿¸À¸ì¤È¤Ê¤ëÁ°¤È¸å¤È¤ÇÂ礭¤¯ÊѤï¤ë¤È¤³¤í¤¬¤Ê¤¤¡¥¤¢¤¯¤Þ¤Ç¼Ò²ñŪ¤ÊÃϰ̤¬ÊѤï¤Ã¤¿¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤¹¤®¤Ê¤¤¡¥¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¡¤¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤ÊÌäÂê¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¤¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³ØÅª¤ÊÌäÂê¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤³¤ÎÌäÂê¤È´ØÏ¢¤·¤Æ¡Ö#1060. À¤³¦¤Î¸À¸ì¤Î¿ô¤ò¿ô¤¨¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¡× ([2012-03-22-1]) ¤Ç¼¨¤·¤¿¡Ö¹ñ²È¡æ¸À¸ì¡Ê³Ø¡Ë¡×¤Î°ÕÌ£¤ò²þ¤á¤Æ´áÌ£¤·¤¿¤¤¡¥Æ±µ­»ö¤ÎÅÄÃæ¤«¤é¤Î2¤Ä¤Î°úÍѤϽÅÍפǤ¢¤ë¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-11-22-1] [2017-12-22-1]

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2014-10-16 Thu

¢£ #1998. The Embedding Problem [language_change][causation][methodology][sociolinguistics][variety][variation][sapir-whorf_hypothesis]

¡¡ºòÆü¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö#1997. ¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Î5¤Ä¤Î¦ÌÌ¡× ([2014-10-15-1]) ¤Ë°ú¤­Â³¤­¡¤Weinreich, Labov, and Herzog ¤Î¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÀè¶îŪÏÀʸ¤è¤ê¡¥º£²ó¤Ï¡¤ºòÆüά½Ò¤·¤¿¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Î5¤Ä¤Î¦Ì̤Τʤ«¤Ç¤â¤È¤ê¤ï¤±Ãø¼Ô¤¿¤Á¤¬ÎÏÀ⤹¤ë The Embedding Problem ¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÀá (p. 186) ¤ò°úÍѤ¹¤ë¡¥

   The Embedding Problem. There can be little disagreement among linguists that language changes being investigated must be viewed as embedded in the linguistic system as a whole. The problem of providing sound empirical foundations for the theory of change revolves about several questions on the nature and extent of this embedding.
   (a) Embedding in the linguistic structure. If the theory of linguistic evolution is to avoid notorious dialectic mysteries, the linguistic structure in which the changing features are located must be enlarged beyond the idiolect. The model of language envisaged here has (1) discrete, coexistent layers, defined by strict co-occurrence, which are functionally differentiated and jointly available to a speech community, and (2) intrinsic variables, defined by covariation with linguistic and extralinguistic elements. The linguistic change itself is rarely a movement of one entire system into another. Instead we find that a limited set of variables in one system shift their modal values gradually from one pole to another. The variants of the variables may be continuous or discrete; in either case, the variable itself has a continuous range of values, since it includes the frequency of occurrence of individual variants in extended speech. The concept of a variable as a structural element makes it unnecessary to view fluctuations in use as external to the system for control of such variation is a part of the linguistic competence of members of the speech community.
   (b) Embedding in the social structure. The changing linguistic structure is itself embedded in the larger context of the speech community, in such a way that social and geographic variations are intrinsic elements of the structure. In the explanation of linguistic change, it may be argued that social factors bear upon the system as a whole; but social significance is not equally distributed over all elements of the system, nor are all aspects of the systems equally marked by regional variation. In the development of language change, we find linguistic structures embedded unevenly in the social structure; and in the earliest and latest stages of a change, there may be very little correlation with social factors. Thus it is not so much the task of the linguist to demonstrate the social motivation of a change as to determine the degree of social correlation which exists, and show how it bears upon the abstract linguistic system.


¡¡ÆâÍÆ¤ÏÆñ²ò¤À¤¬¡¤¤³¤ÎÀá¤Ë¤ÏÃø¼Ô¤Î¼çÄ¥¤¹¤ë "orderly heterogeneity" ¤Î¿À¿ñ¤¬É½¸½¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë»×¤¦¡¥»ä¤Î²ò¼á¤¬Àµ¤·¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¤(a) ¤Î¸À¸ì¹½Â¤¤Ø¤ÎËä¤á¹þ¤ß¤ÎÌäÂê¤È¤Ï¡¤¤¢¤ë¸À¸ìÊѲ½¡¤¤ª¤è¤Ó¤½¤ì¤Ëȼ¤¦Êѹà¤È¤½¤Î¼è¤êÆÀ¤ëÃͤ¬¡¤use varieties ¤È user varieties ¤«¤é¤Ê¤ëÊ£¹çŪ¤Ê¸À¸ì¹½Â¤¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Ë¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¼ý¤Þ¤ë¤«¤È¤¤¤¦ÌäÂê¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤Þ¤¿¡¤(b) ¤Î¼Ò²ñ¹½Â¤¤Ø¤ÎËä¤á¹þ¤ß¤ÎÌäÂê¤È¤Ï¡¤¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤½¤Î¤â¤Î¤¬¤¤¤«¤Ë¤·¤Æ¼Ò²ñ¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ëËܼÁŪ¤ÊÊѹà¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤æ¤¯¤«¡¤¤¢¤ë¤¤¤ÏËܼÁŪ¤ÊÊѹà¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤æ¤¯¤«¤È¤¤¤¦ÌäÂê¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¤¼Ò²ñ¹½Â¤¤¬¸À¸ì¹½Â¤¤Ë±Æ¶Á¤òÍ¿¤¨¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¾ì¹ç¤Ë¡¤¤¤¤Ä¡¤¤É¤³¤Ç¡¤¶ñÂÎŪ¤Ëï¤Î¸À¸ì¹½Â¤¤Î¤É¤ÎÉôʬ¤Ë¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê±Æ¶Á¤òÍ¿¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤«¤òÌÀ¤é¤«¤Ë¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤â¤Ä¤Ê¤¬¤ê¡¤Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (cf. sapir-whorf_hypothesis) ¤ÎËܼÁŪ¤ÊÌ䤤¤ËÏ¢¤Ê¤ë¡¥¸À¸ì¸¦µæ¤Î´ÑÅÀ¤«¤é¤Ï¡¤¡ÊÅÁÅýŪ¤Ê¡Ë¸À¸ì³Ø¤È¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³Ø¤Î¶­³¦¤Ï¤É¤³¤«¤È¤¤¤¦Ì䤤¤Ë¤â´Ø¤ï¤ë¡Ê¤¿¤À¤·¡¤¾¯¤Ê¤«¤é¤Ì¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³Ø¼Ô¤Ï¡¤¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³Ø¤ÏÅÁÅýŪ¤Ê¸À¸ì³Ø¤òÊñ´Þ¤¹¤ë¿¿¤Î¸À¸ì³Ø¤À¤È¤¤¤¦Î©¾ì¤ò¤È¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡Ë¡¥
¡¡¤³¤Î1Àá¤Ï¡¤¼Ò²ñ¸À¸ì³Ø¤Î¤¢¤êÊý¡¤¤½¤·¤Æ¸À¸ì¤Î¤È¤é¤¨Êý¤½¤Î¤â¤Î¤Ë´Ø¤ï¤ë»ØÅ¦¤À¤í¤¦¡¥´ØÏ¢¤·¤Æ¡Ö#1372. "correlational sociolinguistics"?¡× ([2013-01-28-1]) ¤â»²¾È¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Weinreich, Uriel, William Labov, and Marvin I. Herzog. "Empirical Foundations for a Theory of Language Change." Directions for Historical Linguistics. Ed. W. P. Lehmann and Yakov Malkiel. U of Texas P, 1968. 95--188.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-04-03-1] [2014-10-30-1]

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