01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
¡¡¸½ÂåÀ¤³¦¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë±Ñ¸ì¡Ê¤Î½ôÊѼï¡Ë¤ÎʬÉÛ¤ò¤¤¤«¤ËÀ°Íý¤·¤ÆÂª¤¨¤ë¤«¤È¤¤¤¦ÌäÂê¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¤model_of_englishes ¤òÃæ¿´¤È¤·¤Æ¡¤Â¿¤¯¤Îµ»ö¤ÇÏÀ¤¸¤Æ¤¤¿¡¥ºòÆü¤Îµ»ö¡Ö#2402. polycentric language (2)¡× ([2015-11-24-1]) ¤Ë¤Æ¾Ò²ð¤·¤¿ Clyne ¤ÎÊÔ¤ó¤ÀÏÀʸ½¸ Pluricentric Languages ¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Ë¡¤±Ñ¸ì¤ò°·¤Ã¤¿ Leitner ¤Ë¤è¤ëÏÀʸ¤¬¤¢¤Ã¤¿¡¥¤½¤³¤«¤é¡¤Leitner ή¤Î±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¥â¥Ç¥ë¤ò¾Ò²ð¤·¤¿¤¤¡¥Leitner (225--26) ¤Ï¡¤¸½ÂåÀ¤³¦¤Î±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¤òʬÎह¤ë¤Ë¤¢¤¿¤Ã¤Æ¡¤4¤Ä¤Î¶ÛÇ÷¾õÂÖ (tensions) ¤òǰƬ¤ËÃÖ¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥
Firstly, diffusion from the former (British or American) parent varieties. It emphasizes linguistic continuity and represents the substratum or "variety base", so to speak. The second, complementary tension is nativization, triggered largely by social, cultural, and environmental demands. A linguistic response is found by either language and dialect mixing and recasting the base input, i.e. the dialects of settlers, or, alternatively, by the resources of L1-languages. The third element is the independent creation of linguistic forms in learner and/or pidgin type situations. This may, but need not, lead to unsystematic differences between varieties of English. And, finally, the growing pressures from similar needs in all societies, which are reinforced by the possibilities of technology and communications (maritime trade, E-mail, FAX, TV, tourism etc.). They will lead to viable, but geographically non-contiguous socio-economic entities and communication networks. They are predominantly urban and demographically multiethnic.
¡¡Ã¼Åª¤Ë¤Þ¤È¤á¤ì¤Ð¡¤(1) Îò»ËŪ¤Ë±Æ¶Á¤ÎÂ礤ʱÑÊÆÊѼï¤Ë¤è¤ë°ú¤¤Ä¤±¡¤(2) ³ÆÃÏ¤Ç¤ÎÆÈ¼«ÊѼï¤Îȯ㡤(3) ³Ø½¬¼Ô¡¦¥Ô¥¸¥ó±Ñ¸ìÏüԤˤè¤ë¿·¤¿¤ÊÊѼïÃÂÀ¸¤Î²ÄǽÀ¡¤(4) À¤³¦¶¦Ä̸ì¤È¤·¤Æ¿Í¡¹¤Î¶¦Í¤¹¤ë¥Ë¡¼¥º¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¯±Ñ¸ì»ÈÍÑ¡¤¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤í¤¦¤«¡¥¤³¤Î¸«²ò¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆÃíÌܤ¹¤Ù¤¤Ï¡¤ÆÃ¤Ë (2), (3), (4) ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆÊѼï¤ÎÃÂÀ¸¤äȯã¤È¤¤¤¦Æ°ÂÖ¤¬¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤È¤·¤ÆÁȤ߹þ¤Þ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¡¤¤½¤·¤Æ "geographically non-contiguous", "predominantly urban and demographically multiethnic" ¤È¤¢¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤ÈóÃÏÍýŪ¤Ê¦Ì̤¬¶¯Ä´¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤À¡¥ÅÁÅýŪ¤Ê¡Ö#217. ±Ñ¸ìÏÃ¼Ô¤ÎÆ±¿´±ß¥â¥Ç¥ë¡× ([2009-11-30-1]) ¤Ë¤»¤è¡¤Èæ³ÓŪºÇ¶á¤Î¡Ö#272. ¹ñºÝ¸ì¤È¤·¤Æ¤Î±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÏüԤò¶èʬ¤¹¤ë¿·¤·¤¤¥â¥Ç¥ë¡× ([2010-01-24-1]) ¤ä¡Ö#1106. Modiano ¤ÎƱ¿´±ß¥â¥Ç¥ë (2)¡× ([2012-05-07-1]) ¤Ë¤»¤è¡¤½¾Íè¤Î¥â¥Ç¥ë¤Ï¤¤¤º¤ì¤âÃϰèÀ¤òÁ°Äó¤È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¡¥Leitner ¥â¥Ç¥ë¤Ï¡¤¤½¤ÎÁ°Ä󤫤鼫ͳ¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ëÅÀ¤Ç¡¤¸½ÂåŪ¡¦¸½¼ÂŪ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¡¥
¡¡¤³¤Î4¤Ä¤Î¶ÛÇ÷¾õÂÖ¤òǰƬ¤ËÃÖ¤¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¤Leitner (226) ¤Ï¡¤À¤³¦¤Î±Ñ¸ì½ôÊѼï¤Ï "three levels" ¤ÇÂ礤¯À°Íý¤µ¤ì¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤«¤ÈÄ󵯤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥
The first one is the (new) core or Common Norm, which holds largely for all NL, SL, and FL varieties. Secondly, there are typological clusters of southern/northern and of British- and American-influenced NL, which partially shape SL varieties. And, finally, there are the individual "Englishes".
¡¡¤³¤ì¤âüŪ¤Ë¤Þ¤È¤á¤ë¤È¡¤(1) À¤³¦É¸½à±Ñ¸ì¤È¸Æ¤Ó¤¦¤ëÊѼ(2) Îò»Ë¡¦ÃÏÍý¥Ù¡¼¥¹¤ÎÂçÊѼﷲ¡¤(3) ¸Ä¡¹¤ÎÊѼ¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥¡Ö#426. ±Ñ¸ìÊѼï¤Î¥Ô¥é¥ß¥Ã¥É¥â¥Ç¥ë¡× ([2010-06-27-1]) ¤Ë¶á¤¤¥â¥Ç¥ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤¬¡¤¤½¤ÎÇØ¸å¤Ë¡¤¾å½Ò¤Î¤è¤¦¤ËÈóÃÏÍýŪ¤ÇưŪ¤ÊȯÁÛ¤¬¶¯¤¯¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤ò»ØÅ¦¤·¤Æ¤ª¤¤¿¤¤¡¥
¡¡¡¦ Leitner Gerhard. "English as a Pluricentric Language." Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Ed. Michael Clyne. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992. 179--237.
2026 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2025 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2024 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2023 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2022 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2021 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2020 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2019 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2018 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2017 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2016 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2015 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2014 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2013 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2012 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2011 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2010 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2009 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
ºÇ½ª¹¹¿·»þ´Ö: 2026-06-26 03:46
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow