hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 / page 4 (4)

variation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2013-01-28 Mon

#1372. "correlational sociolinguistics"? [sociolinguistics][variation][language_change][causation][idiolect]

ҲؤǤ͡ĴԤʤƤꡤǤ˸ŵŪȤ̾ĴĤ⤢롥ܥ֥ǤϡΤΤۤξ˲᤮ʤʲ˿Ƥ

#882. Belfast νŹ ([2011-09-26-1])
#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ ([2013-01-19-1])
#1370. Norwich ˤ -in(g) ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-26-1])
#1371. New York City ˤ non-prevocalic /r/ ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-27-1])

Ĵ⡤ʤüԽĤμҲŪʶ̤ŪѰۤбƤȤȤ餫ˤƤ롥Τ褦ʸ̤ߤȡΤ˼ҲȸȤطƤ뤳ȤϤ狼뤬ʤؤƤΤشط̣ΤȤ꿼䤬롥¿θǤϡޤƧ߹ˤϻʤȤ¿ǡҲؤϡҲȸشطŦƽ "correlational sociolinguistics" ǤȤȽʤƤؤȼҲؤΤ줾ˤꤵƤѥ᡼դ碌˲᤮ҲؤȤʬȼ餫ˤθȤΤϾʤȤȽ
ΤˡȽϼҲؼԤŤߤ٤ȽȻפ롥Wardhaugh (11--12) ʤɤ⤳ˤĤƻ̤䤤ƵƤ뤬ȽؤβȤƤ褯ޤȤޤäƤΤ Trudgill (39--41) Trudgill ϼ5󤲤ơ"correlational sociolinguistics" ȤȽ롥

(1) ŪʾڵפȤüԤ˼ҲŪϰ̤ͿˤꡤΤˤɤΤ褦ʾѤƤ뤫Ƥ롥
(2) оݤȤƤ춦ƱΤμҲ¤ˤĤƲ򶵤Ƥ롥㤨СNorwich ǤϡҲ Middle Class Working Class 礭ʬª뤳ȤǤ뤳Ȥ򼨺롥
(3) Ŀ͸ (idiolect) ο񤤤ͽۤ뤳ȤϤǤʤҲĤʿŪʿ񤤤ͽۤ뤳ȤǽȤʤ롥
(4) ̤ҲĤδ֤θŪۤϡޤŪϢ³ŪʤΤǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ȤʤäƤ뺹ۤŪʰ㤤ǤϤʤŪʰ㤤Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨤
(5) ѲˤˤĤ¿μͿƤ롥

Trudgill ϡҲؤμΩä (5) ˤäƤȹͤƤ᤬롥"correlational sociolinguistics" ʤ "causational sociolinguistics" (?) ʤʬȯŸԤƤ롥

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-10-16-1]

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2013-01-15 Tue

#1359. ϰѰۤȼҲѰ [sociolinguistics][variation][variety][rp][elf]

ҲŪʸѰ (linguistic variation) Υѥ᡼ˤ͡ʼΤΤ롥Ѹ˴ؤƤϡ#227. ѸѼΥǥ ([2009-12-10-1]) #228. ѸѼΥǥ (2) ([2009-12-11-1]) ʤɤǤĤΥѥ᡼򸫤ŪˤСѰۤμפʥѥ᡼Ȥơ顤̱²̡ȡʤɤ󤲤롥衤ҲؤǤȤ櫓ˤƤΤϡϰѰۤȳʼҲѰۤ
ϰѰۤȼҲѰۤδطȤǤ뤬פʱѸҲˤƤϰŪ˼Τ褦ʥǥȤɽʥȥåɥ롤p. 37 οޤȤ˺ˡ

Trudgill's Variation Pyramid

οޤϡҲŪ˹⤤ΩˤüԤɤδ֤ˤϰŪʺʤ㤤ΩˤüԤɤδ֤ˤϰŪʺ礭Ȥ򼨤Ƥ롥ꥹˤѸѤƤϤƤȡŪ˰ҿΤ RP (Received Pronunciation) üԤϡꥹΤɤޤäȤƤ⤪褽Ʊ RP äɸȤѼäüԤϡϰˤäƸߤ礭ۤʤäѤ롥ΥǥϡRP Τ褦ȯΤߤʤ餺äʸˡˤͭǤ롥㤨С֤פɽ魯ϡԥߥåɤĺˤɸѸǤ scarecrow ʤԥߥåɤդˤʤɸѸǤϡϰˤä bogle, flay-crow, mawpin, mawkin, bird-scarer, moggy, shay, guy, bogeyman, shuft, rook-scarer ʤɤȸؤ롥ʸˡǤϡɸŪ He's a man who/that likes his beer ФơɸѼǤϰˤäƴط̾ʬwho, that, at, as, what, he, Τ褦˸ؤʥȥåɥ롤p. 38ˡ
ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) δ顤Υǥ Svartvik and Leech ˤ#426. ѸѼΥԥߥåɥǥ ([2010-06-27-1]) Ƥ뤳Ȥդ
դäƤ٤ϡˤϡϰѰۤȼҲѰۤδطषեԥߥåɤȤʤ⤢ȤȤȥåɥ (31--32) ˤСɤΥɥ²°륫ʥˤĤơäʸˡˤĤϰ躹ȥȺδطĴƤߤȡ̥ȡʥ֥եޥˤǤϰˤäѰۤ¿ΤФơ̥ȡ֥եޥˤǤϰޤǸߤ˶Ȥ
ԥߥåɤθϰۤʤ뤬ˤ衤ϰѰۤȼҲѰۤδ֤ˤϡФСشطȤȤϤ

P. ȥåɥ ظȼҲ١ȽŹ1975ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-06-09-1] [2013-05-17-1]

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2013-01-09 Wed

#1353. 첻Ĺû [pronunciation][phonetics][spelling][vowel][phoneme][frequency][variation]

[2012-02-13-1]ε#1022. ѸγƲǤ١פdzǧǤ褦ˡ/ʊ/ ϱѸû첻ǤΤʤǺǤ٤㤤ΤǤ롥ֻȤƤϡŵŪ <oo> <u> ɽ蘆벻ǤԤ /uː/Ԥ /ʌ/ ȤƼ¸뤳Ȥ¿ΤǡºݤˤϤۤɸʤŪˤϤɤΤ餤Τ
#1191. Pronunciation Search ([2012-07-31-1]) ǡ/ʊ/ + Ҳפǽñ򽦤äƤߤ "^[^AEIOU]*(?<!Y )UH[012]? [^AEIOUHWY]+$" Ƥߤȼ159줬󤬤ä

bloor, book, book's, booked, books, books', boor, boord, boors, bourque, brook, brook's, brooke, brooke's, brookes, brooks, brooks's, bruehl, bull, bull's, bulls, bulls', cook, cook's, cooke, cooked, cooks, could, crook, crooke, crooks, duerr, duerst, flook, fluhr, fooks, foor, foot, foote, foote's, foots, fuhr, fuld, full, full's, fulp, fults, fultz, gloor, good, good's, goode, goods, gook, hood, hoods, hoofed, hoofs, hook, hook's, hooke, hooked, hooks, hooves, joong, jure, kook, kooks, koors, kuehl, kuhrt, look, looked, looks, loong, luehrs, luhr, luhrs, lure, lured, lures, mook, moor, moore, moore's, moored, moores, moors, muhr, nook, nooks, poor, poor's, poore, poors, pull, pulled, pulls, puls, pultz, put, puts, rook, rooke, rooks, routes, ruehl, ruhr, schnooks, schnoor, schoof, schook, schultz, schulz, schulze, schuur, shook, should, shultz, shure, snook, snooks, soot, soots, spoor, spoor's, stood, stroock, stuhr, suire, sure, took, tooke, tookes, tour, tour's, toured, tours, ture, uhr, wolf, wolf's, wolfe, wolfe's, wolff, wolves, wood, wood's, woods, wool, woolf, wools, woong, would, wuertz, wulf, wulff, zook, zuehlke


ǡбĹ첻 /uː/ 첻 /ʌ/ ñϡƱͤξ︡ "^[^AEIOU]*(?<!Y )UW[012]? [^AEIOUHWY]+$" "^[^AEIOU]*(?<!Y )AH[012]? [^AEIOUHWY]+$" ˤС줾596졤966줬ҥåȤꤵ줿ĶˤĴǤϤ뤬Ū /ʊ/ ñ줬ʤȤ狼롥
171Τ<oo> = /ʊ/ δط򼨤Τ95줢롥ֻȯδططʤˤϡ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1]) ӡ#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) ǽҤ٤̤ꡤĹ첻û첻ȤѲä
βѲϲΤΤǤϤ뤬;ȤϸǤ⾯θˤƻȯŪ˸롥㤨Сȯɤ򼨤ΰ ([2010-08-28-1]) dzǧǤ¤ꡤroom, bedroom, broom ȯϡĹ첻û첻δ֤ɤ򼨤LPD Preference polls ˤСɤʬۤϰʲ̤ꡥ


BrE /ruːm/BrE /rʊm/AmE /ruːm/AmE /rʊm/
room81%19937
bedroom6337--
broom928--


Ϣơ#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1]) ⻲ȡĹ첻 /uː/ ˤĤƤϡ#841. yod-dropping ([2011-08-16-1]) Ϳ롥

Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.

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2012-09-23 Sun

#1245. ʣŪβȤƤν񤭤ȤɸѸȯŸ [standardisation][dialect][writing][variation]

[2012-09-06-1]ε#1228. ѸˤˤɸѸȯŸȳΩäơפǡɸѸν񤭸դȯŸ¿ˤĤƿ줿Wright ԤʸΤʤǤȤ櫓ĥƤΤ Hope Ǥ롥񤭤ȤɸѸȯŸϡαѸˤǼĥƤ褦ľŪʲǤϤʤ¿ε͡ʸ콸ĤͿ֤ΤʣŪʲǤäȤĴ롥ˤƤϡܤ variation ΤʤɸȤʤ٤Τ򤹤԰٤ϡͣ selection ǤϤʤ¿ selections ȤƤȤ館롥[2010-11-10-1]ε#562. busy ֻȯפǡbusy ֻ顤ȯȤɸȤƸꤵ줿аޤ򸫤 selection ǤϤʤ selections ꤷʤФʤʤȤɽ魯
ڤΤ褤 Hope (51) ͤΤʤǤ⡤ä˼ĥʼβսѤ褦̣ǤϡWright ʸΤɽƤȤսǤϤʤ

. . . the 'selection' process of standardisation is not the selection of a single dialect, but the selection of single linguistic features from a range of dialects --- features which are then recombined into a new dialect which lacks a common ancestor. Standardisation thus becomes, not a unitary process operating on a single dialect at a single time, but a group of processes operating on all dialects over a much longer time. Selection becomes selections, and this accords much more closely with the observed nature of Standard English (the mixing of northern and southern forms, for example). Standardisation is not simply a set of decisions made by one identifiable group of late medieval bureaucrats: it is a complex of processes, growing out of the decisions made by a much wider range of writers in English (including, for example, the hundreds, perhaps thousands, of people involved in keeping and exchanging business records).


ϢơѲüԤѶŪʤ뤤ϺѡˤȤƤȤ館ͤˤĤƤϡ#1056. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤ ([2012-03-18-1]) #1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤ󤸤ѡ ([2012-03-31-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Hope, Jonathan. "Rats, Bats, Sparrows and Dogs: Biology, Linguistics and the Nature of Standard English." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 49--56.

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2012-09-16 Sun

#1238. 󥰥Υޥ̻ο [language_myth][scribe][anglo-norman][variation]

ε#1237. ɸѸΥǥȱѸɸಽ ([2012-09-15-1]) ǻȤ Milroy ʸǡSkeat ȯüȯ "the myth of the Anglo-Norman scribe" ḽŪɸѸΥǥ˱ѸᤷȤ̤˵󤲤Ƥ롥
Skeat ϡThe Proverb of Alfred ˤĤƤʸ ("The Proverbs of Alfred." Transactions of the Philological Society. 1897.) Τʤǡܤ˸ֻ̯ϡűѸǽ񤫤줿 exemplar ɤ߲򤱤ʤä̻˵٤ޤǤϤ褤ΤSkeat Ϥˡμ̻ϱѸ1Ȥʤ󥰥ΥޥͤäΤȷŤMilroy (21) Ƚ褦ˡ"Unfamiliarity with an older writing system does not necessarily mean that the scribe could not speak English" Ǥ롥
Skeat ιˤ Havelok the Dane Sisam (Sisam, K. and Skeat, W. W. The Lay of Havelok the Dane. Oxford: Clarendon, 1915.) ǡοä϶롥

The manuscript spelling appears . . . to be of a very lawless character, but is easily understood in the light of Professor Skeat's discovery (in 1897) that many of our early MSS . . . abound with spellings which can only be understood rightly when we observe that the scribe was of Norman birth and more accustomed to the spelling of Anglo-French than to that of the native language of the country, which he had acquired with some difficulty and could not always correctly pronounce. (cited in Milroy, p. 26 from Sisam and Skeat, xxxvii--xxxviii)


󥰥Υޥ̻ˤȤִֻ̯פˤϡ(1) Ƭ <h> ξά䡤դŪ <h> (2) <wh> ѤȤƤ <w> (ex. wat) (3) <sh> ѤȤƤ <s> (ex. sal) (4) <ht> ѤȤƤ <th>, <cht>, <cth>, <ct>, <t> (ex. rith, ricth) (5) <t> ѤȤƤ <th> (ex. with) (6) <th> ѤȤƤ <t> (ex. herknet) (7) <u>, <wu> ѤȤƤ <w> (ex. wl, hw) (8) <t>, <d> ʤɤդˤæ (ex. lan for land) ʤɤ롥
ɸѸΥǥ˿äƤܤˤϡѸֻˤ uniformity äƤ٤ǤꡤæƤΤǤʤäǤʤ̻μˤΤ˰㤤ʤȱǤߤǤϡѸֻθ椬Ÿ嵭Τ褦ֻѰۤˤηΤ뤳Ȥ狼äƤ롥
ߡѸֻθϡLALME LAEME ߽Ф Edinburgh ɤ濴ˡˤʤƤ롥ˤȤä variation ֤ǤԲķǤȤȤϡƳȡθį뤳ȤˤäƤưפǤΤǤϤʤϢơ[2012-08-08-1]ε#1199. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (2)פ⻲ȡ

Milroy, Jim. "Historical Description and the Ideology of the Standard Language." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 11--28.

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2012-09-15 Sat

#1237. ɸѸΥǥȱѸɸಽ [standardisation][historiography][sociolinguistics][variation]

Milroy "Historical Description and the Ideology of the Standard Language." ϡѸˤˤ standardisation ȱѸػˤˤ standard ideology Ʊ˹ͻɤ߱ΤʸǤ롥variation ¸ߤξݤstandard ideology ˿äαѸ˵ҤȽ뤽˯ϡMilroy ʤǤϤΤΡ
Milroy ϡȯãɸѸΥǥϱѸ˸Ԥ򴬤ߡν񤤤ѸˤΤΤƱǥ˲ôƤȼĥ롥Ȥ櫓󥰥ɤ¾̥衼åѽȯãȼȽΤȤǡޥȤƤαѸĴ졤Standard English ϡ˲ (historicisation) Ƥ˲ΤʤǡAnglo-Saxon Old English ȤƱѸˤ˰֤Ť뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ̤ä Germanic 뤤 Proto-Indo-European ޤǤ⤬Ѹˤμ뤳ȤˤʤäޤѸι¤ŪѲϤäѤŪװˤ⤿餵줿ȤѲѤŪȤʤꡤѸ줬αƶƤȤ¤ϡѤǤȤͤ줿Sweet, Sisam, Skeat, Wyld ȤѸˤۤƤؼԤǤ顤ƶɤǤƤ Standard English ΥǥƤΤǤꡤߤǤ餳ξϾʤ餺³ƤȸäƤ褤
Milroy ϡ̤ο͡Τߤʤ餺Ѹ˸Ԥ⶯äƤɸѸΥǥ뤤 standardisation Ȥˡߤ˴Ϣ5ĤħǧƤ롥uniformity, respect for writing, invariability, prestige, carefulness Ǥ롥

(1) "the chief linguistic consequence of successful standardisation is a high degree of uniformity of structure" (13)
uniformity θȤơˡȸäˡΤ˶̤ʤδϸŪˤŪҲŪˤŪǤʤˡºݤˤϤѼüԤϤʤ֤ɸѸΩΤˤʤ롥
(2) "standardisation is implemented and promoted primarily through written forms of language" (14)
ˤꡤ񤭸нŤαѸ˵Ҥ¥ʤ롥
(3) "standardisation inhibits linguistic change and variability" (14)
ɸѸ줬Ѳ˼ޤʤȤ櫓ǤϤʤ®٤ϤäǤ롥ɸಽѲȤȤϡSwift Johnson λ夫龯ѤäƤʤ
(4) "the equation of the standard language with the prestige language" (15)
prestige language ȤϾͿˤääˤʤҤѼؤ"prestige" ȤǰʬϤʤҲŪƥ꡼ɽ魯ΤǤꡤΤϤ狼äƤʤкŪ˶̤볬ȽŤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ɬפ¿θ椬ɬפȤƤ복ǰǤ롥
(5) "carefulness and clarity of enunciation" (19)
RP Υ饸ɽ褦ˡȯ򤪤ʤˤϡޥ˴ƤꡤɤƤɬפ롥ۤɤޤäƤʤ¤ꡤ¸ʤȯǤ롥

ɸಽΥǥ츦Ԥˤʸ츦Ԥˤ˶򤫤ƤȤȤϽŤ¤Ǥꡤ򤤤˹뤫뤤ϾʤȤǧƤϡ츦ԤμץơޤΰĤǤ롥

Milroy, Jim. "Historical Description and the Ideology of the Standard Language." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 11--28.

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2012-08-08 Wed

#1199. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (2) [hel_education][standardisation][prescriptive_grammar][language_change][variation]

[2009-05-22-1]ε#24. ʤѸˤؤ֤פؤդäȥꥢDZѸˤ򶵤Ƥ Schmetterer αѸ˶ȤͤɤSchmetterer ϡѸˤΤʤǤѸȽѸˡȤ櫓1500ǯʹߤαѸɸಽηаޤؤӡ뤳Ȥɬפ⤹롥Ūμ夤Ѹ줫顤εʲؾФѸؤѤǤѻ뤳Ȥǡ줬경줿ŪʤΤǤϤꤨʤȤǧ˻뤳ȤǤȤĥǧȤˤĤơSchmetterer ϶Ū3󤲤Ƥ롥

(1) "language change is both inevitable and necessary in order to meet the requirements of the world around us" (372)
(2) "right" and "wrong" can be applied to language utterances only with the greatest possible caution" (372)
(3) "a language consists of various levels, regional, social, and temporal" (373)

Ȥ̻ŪѤ (change) ΤǤꡤŪҲŪŪװˤ궦Ūˤؤ (vary) ΤǤ롥Τ褦ήưŪоݤɾäȤΤϡ衤ԲǽǤ롥ʹ֤μҲˤζ̤ܼŪǤꡤˤĤƤ⤢٤εȤߵϡä˶ȤȤι̱ˤȤäơΤʤȤ򤷤褦ȤΤ顤ݤˤ⡤ƤǤ줿Τɾݤˤ⡤¤դʧʤФʤʤ
Ѥ⤹Сؤ⤹ΤǡĤʬ򤷤ǤεϤǤСΩġΤ褦ʸѤη˺ǤΩĤΤɬѸˤȤϤ鷺Ȥ˸ˤǤϤʤ

Schmetterer, Victor. "The History of the English Language and Future English Teachers." Studies in Early Modern English. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky. Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 371--77.

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2012-07-19 Thu

#1179. ťΥɸȤܿȡּ夤嫡 [variation][contact][sociolinguistics][old_norse][history][weakly_tied][social_network][language_change][geography]

[2012-07-07-1]ε#1167. ܿʿǤϤʤˤ㤷פǡܿθ̤ϡŪǷ³Ūʾ⡤԰³ŪʾˤƤΤǤȤĤμĥҲ𤷤϶ǯμҲؤǤȤΡּ夤嫤ǷФ줿 ("weakly tied") ҲǤ׿Ƴ䤹ʤ䤹Ȥĥб롥Τ褦ʼҲŪͥåȥ˴ŤѲϡMilroy ʤɤθ̤ơǧΤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ[2011-09-26-1]ε#882. Belfast νŹפ򻲾ȡˡ
ĤϡιͤűѸȸťΥɸʲĤŪѸǤ֥ΥɸפѤƤˤȤθܿλ˶ŪŬѤդμҲŪŪ褦Ȼߤ󤬡[2012-07-07-1]εǰѤʸϤǤ롥˷ǤѤϡּ夤嫡ŬѤ򤵤˿䤷ʤᡤդޤʸϤǤ롥

ϡΥ󥰥ɤϤαǤϥ󥰻̲ͤȥ󥰥ɿͤδ֤Ǹꡤ󥰻ˤη׺ɤϤߤ졤ʼã⤽ϰ˽ߤĤ̲ΰ̱줿ΤǤäϰΥ󥰥ɿͤȰܽԤ̲ͤϤߤθդΰ㤤餤ˤƤʤä顤ࡼʲä̵äȤƤ֤ܿȲˤäưפ˽褿ǤΤ褦ʾϡ夤嫤ǷФ줿ԡߥ˥ƥ̤˽иξθΥꥨȤǤ׿αӲǤ夤嫤ǷФ줿̲ͤ͡󥰥ɿ͡뤤ϤκͤΤǤꤨޤΤ褦ʿãοȤǰפʤɤ˷ȤΤ䡤뤤ʼΤ褦ˡϰ­򿭤ФͤǤäơޤޤϤǶ嫤Ƥ륳ߥ˥ƥοãܿ뤳ȤˤʤΤǤ롥ζ嫤Υߥ˥ƥ1ĤΤ塹Ѥ餺ƱϤĤǤ뽸ǤäΤ褦ʽˤɬ濴Ṳ̄ͤ¸ߤοͤꥢȤ뤳Ȥˤäơˤν˹ޤäƤΤǤ롥Ƥθ׿γΥᥫ˥ब¾θѲǤ߹礤Ū˥ǡϰˡ󥰥󥸥ʥӥȸƤФ롥Ȥϰۤʤäդ¿ޤȿΤǤäǡζϡǡϰ褬󥰥ɲˤäå󤵤ޤǡ̿ͤϹԤ褬ԲǽǤäᡤϤϰ¿˳礷ΤǤ롥


εҤˤϡҲ˸ؾνפΩĤޤޤƤ롥ޤѲˤƼ夤嫤ζƱΤȶ嫤ζƱΤβ̤Ū䤬ɽƤ롥ˡĿͤȶƱΤ̤ĤġӤĤƤ롥ϡѲ (implementation) ȳȻ (diffusion) Ȥ̩ܤ˴ϢΩǤ롥ơŪѰ (synchronic variation) ̻ŪѲ (diachronic change) ߴط⼨Ƥ롥
ۤˤ⡤Ѳˤפ䷳ȤäҲư䡤β̤ʤɡܤ٤ޤޤƤ롥ˡּҲ˸ءפȤɽѤޤ˼Ҳؤ˸ؤȤ򶯤ռǤ롥

ͳإ󥰤Υ󥰥꽻ˤȱѸؤαƶ١޽2012ǯ

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2012-03-02 Fri

#1040. ̻ŪѲȶŪѰ [diachrony][variation][language_change]

[2012-02-16-1]ε#1025. ֤̻֤δطפǿ줿diachronic change ̻ŪѲˤ synchronic variation ʶŪѰۡˤȤ1Ĥθݤ2Ĥ¦̤Ǥ롥change variation ȤˡѲפ뤳Ȥ뤬줾γǰϤष֤ΤǤ롥Ǥ줾ƻĤ褦ˡchange Ȥ̻ŪʳǰǤꡤּ˱äѲʤؤ󤫡ˤǤ롥variation Ȥ϶ŪʳǰǤꡤۤʤ⳰νװˤؤѲʤؤ󤲡ˤǤ롥
ǽҤ٤Ȥư change vary ˤƼOALD8 ˴ŤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥

to change: pass from one state or form into another
to vary: be different according to the situation


˿ޤǼм̤ꡥ

Diachronic Change and Synchronic Variation

̻ȶξ򺹤ġθܤȤȤˤʤꡤˤ change variation Υͥ륮ȤߤƤ롥
ѲͤǡξԤδط򤷤ƤȤϽפǤ롥Vogt (367) طսѤ褦

At any moment between the initiation and the conclusion of these changes we have a state characterized by the presence of more or less free variants, so that the speakers have the choice between alternative expressions. In each case the choice will be determined by an interplay of factors, some linguistic, some esthetic and social, an interplay so complex that most often the choice will appear as being due to pure chance. At any moment of this long period the French phonemic system would have to be described in such a way that the relations between these variants would be accounted for, because, in my opinion, these relations, however complex they may be, are themselves part of the system. What therefore in the history of a linguistic system appears as a change will in a synchronic description appear as a more or less free variation between different forms of expression, equally admissible within the system. Let it be added that this statement cannot be reversed: every free variation within the system will not, in the time dimension, correspond to a change. It is important to stress this aspect of systems, because without admitting a fair latitude of variation within a system, it is difficult to see how structures could change at all.


Vogt, Hans. "Contact of Languages." Word 10 (1954): 365--74.

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2012-02-16 Thu

#1025. ֤̻֤δط [diachrony][saussure][variation][language_change]

塼衤 (synchrony) ̻ (diachrony) ΩȤȤˤʤäƤꡤߤ˻ޤǸؤȤжؤȤƤ롥ǯϼҲؤ䥳ѥؤȯŸʤɤˤ variation ܤ褦ˤʤꡤ˸Ʊ̻Ū change ؤδؿޤäƤsynchronic variation diachronic change 1Ĥθݤ2Ĥ¦̤ǤꡤƤ褦䤯֤̻֤ޤȤ˰褦ˤʤäȤ20δ֤ˤ˸³ƤؤؤʤɴϢʬοŸ⤢äޤǼήɤθؤΡ΢פǤΤȤä̻֤ܤ褦ˤʤäƤ֤̻֤δطɤͤƤ椯ȤΤ礭ʲǤ롥
ξԤޤ礤Ϸ褷ƿΤǤϤʤ塼ξԤΩ¤ԲʬǤΩʤȤϤʤƤ̻Ūʸ쵭ҤϡʣζṲ̄Ť͹碌Ƥ椯ȤˤäƤʤŪʸ쵭ҤϡۤȤƤϻ֤˻ߤ᤿֤̤Ȥ뤬¤ˤ¿ʤȤ̤ػ֤⤿򤨤ʤ֤̻֤ľ򤹤뼴Ǥ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤȤƤ⡤ϲ餫ˡͻ¤ƤȹͤɤΤ褦ˡͻ¤ƤΤɤΤ褦ˤͻ¤򤹤Ф褤Τϡ̻ŪʻȤѸˤ˸ؤȤäʬؤ˲󶡤ǤΤ뤤ϵդˡؤ̻ؤ˲󶡤ǤΤȤľ뤹롥
ϡܥ֥ǼˤʤäȤäǤϡֱѸˤ϶ؤˤɤΤ褦ΩĤפȤ褦äϤޤֹͤͤˤʤפȤŪʤȤҤ١󤲤ʤ

üԶƱΤηФƤ̻ŪʸѲβȡüԸĿͤηФ򡦻ФβȤƱ򼨤ȤƤԻ׵ĤǤϤޤԤϸԤƶͿ뤷ԤԤ˿ʻ󶡤ޤ㤨 GVS ηŪϡGVSηŪ첻ѲäȲꤷƤäǤˡŪʹ¤ؤβϤʤʤä櫓ǤդˡѸη䱤Χˤơäμˤäȯʤɤο񤤤礭ۤʤ붦ŪʸݤޤΤȤѤ츻Ȥ̻Ūطʤ򻲾Ȥʤ¤ꡤŪˤϤޤǤʤ褦Ǥ


⤦1Ķ󤲤ȤСѸԵ§Ѳưʬˡ꤬롥Ե§ѲưβΤʤˤϡ̤첻ؤˤ륯饹Τۤˡbought, thought ʤɤ dental suffix ĥ饹, cut, put, shut ʤɤ̵Ѳ饹, was/were, went ʤɤ佼ˡˤ륯饹̤롥űѸưʬűѸʹߤβѲΤäƤСΥ饹ʬϤλ餫Ǥ롥ºݤˤϡ٤ʬǤжŪʻǤΡ̩ʴѻפִפǤͭյڤоݤʣʾˤϡڤȯΤ̻ŪμϤΩġդޤʤǡŪʬϤ˥󥹥ԥ졼ơĤƵäϤ̻ŪѲ¬ȤȤ⤢ꤦ
ȴϢơ̻ŪʸѲΤäƤȡŪʸο񤤤򤷤䤹ȤݤΤȤ򡤿ȤѤƲ

Ǹˡ̻˰ݤŤȤ1쳤ƻΥʥå׼̿μ̿ʬϤпˤĤƤʤˤ餫ˤʤ뤬̤˸äƤΤ̤˸äƤΤȤɲŪСΤβȤͿ줿褦ʰݤ롥̻ŪʤʤμطʤˤСŪȤơ꼫ʡꤢꤽƤǽˤʤΤǤϤʤ


褦ȤȤơȾܤŻ߲ˤĤơʤΤĤʤΤ狼äƤСΤ򤬿ޤפȤΤ⤢롥äȤ⡤˿ޤΤñ˿ޤäʤΤȤΤϽפǤϤ롥
ơֹͤͤˤʤפΤۤˡϰʲ2˲ä

Ѹˤγƻ塤̿ޡʶ֡ˤ򽸤뤳Ȥϡ쥿ݥ˹׸롥ʱѸˤ˸¤ääǤϤʤǤ
Ūɤ (variation) ̻ŪѲ (change) μǤȤ顤ɤƤ褦ʶŪιۤ¥


εʹߤͤ餻Ƥ뤬ʤϤܤǤ롥
֤̻֤ͻˤĤƤϡMcMahon 褯ͤƤʤȤݤäƤΤǡطʬƤ

. . . it seems that past events may cast light on present situations, so that we may understand current systems better by considering how they came to be. For these reasons, historical linguists may be able to illuminate synchrony, the study of a single language state, through diachronic work: understanding language change means understanding language better. (10)


֤̻֤ޤ礤񤷤[2011-09-10-1]ε#866. üԤΰռ̻ŪʼϤ뤫פ⻲ȡ

McMahon, April M. S. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2011-11-02 Wed

#919. Asia ȯ [pronunciation][diachrony][variation]

1019ˡؤѹ David Warren ˤֱ񤬳줿Υ饷ˡ1952ǯɥޤ Warren ιֱǤϡAsia(n) Ȥ줬ѽФ/eiʃə(n)/ ȯƤȯϻʹ뤳ȤϤäƤ⡤ߤǤϳ /eiʒə(n)/ ȯΤǧƤΤǡȤȯˤĤAsia ϡ[2010-08-28-1]ε#488. ȯɤ򼨤ΰפˤޤޤƤꡤȯɤ򼨤ŵΤ褦ʤΤǡĴ٤Ƥߤ
LDP3 ˤСAmE ǤϤۤ /eiʒə/ BrE Ǥɤ줬㤷ȤPreference Poll η̤ϡ̤ꡥ

Asia in LPD3

ޤ1942ǯޤ줿͡ϡͭҲ 32%̵Ҳ 68% Ȥפ⼨ƤWarren ϾҤ̤1952ǯޤǤϤ뤬ΥꥹѸüԤǤϤޤ /eiʃə/ ϤʤȤȤͽۤ롥
[2011-10-28-1]ε#914. BNC ˤä庹ĴפǤ⿨줿Ǥȯǯ𺹤Ĵ٤뤳ȤǡŪ˲ǯ̻ŪѲѻ뤳ȤǤ롥Ԥ "apparent time"Ԥ "real time" ȸƤФ졤ŪѰ (synchronic variation) ̻ŪѲ (diachronic change) ӤĤˡǯμҲ˸ؤdzΩƤξԤƱǤ櫓ǤϤʤŤ˰С̻ŪѲŪ˴ѻˡȤͭǤ롥

Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-07-11-1] [2013-10-17-1]

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2011-10-13 Thu

#899. Web3 permissiveness [lexicography][webster][dictionary][variation][diatone]

2֤ε ([2011-10-11-1], [2011-10-12-1]) ǡƹαѸ켭 Web3 ħ򸫤Ƥɾɽ碌СαѸ켭˾塤Ǥ descriptive ǡǤ permissive ʼäȤȤˤʤ
ȯҤ˴ؤƤϡεǵ̤Ѽܤɸ಻ʻ30Ķ⤢ˡͥȯɬפǤꡤǤ⤢Ȥݤ롥ºݤˡǶᡤΤΥȰ֤ʣμˤäĴ٤ȤȤԤʤäƤΤWeb3 variation ˭٤ϷȴƤWeb3 ŪȯΤȤŪ˸ƤʤȤڤ˴
Ū˽Ҥ٤ȡܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤äƤΡ̾ưײˤĤ (see diatone) 1δ֤ζѲ򼭽ˤäɤȤξѼ򰷤äꥫѸ줫ϰʲ4ĤμǶεҤӤ

Web1913 = Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. Ed. Noah Porter. Online version published on 9 January 1997 at http://machaut.uchicago.edu/websters . Merriam, 1913.
PDAE = Kenyon, John Samuel and Thomas Albert Knott, eds. A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam, 1951.
Web3 = Gove, Philip Babcock, ed. Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam, 1961. (In this survey I used the CD-ROM version [2000] based on the 1961 unabridged edition.)
AHD4 = The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. \ Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006.

ʲϡ̾ư岽η򼨺14ˤĤơ񤴤Ȥ˶εҤޤȤ᤿ΤǤ롥"o" "oxytone"ʸβ˶ˡ"p" "paroxytone" β˶ˤ򼨤Web3 Ǥϡ"p, o" "o, p" ¿ɤ˶򤪤ƤĤȸФǤ롥ĴλȤƤϡȤ櫓ŪȯŻ뤹Ȥˤä櫓ǤϤʤΤľʤȤޤ permissive ʵҤ򼨤Ȳ˺٤ȡäǤ롥ɡʸ (forthcoming) ǤϼεϼȵҼˤĤưҤ٤ˤϤʤä

WORDPOSWeb1913PDAEWeb3AHD4
declinenounooo, po
declineverboooo
dismountnoun--oop
dismountverboooo
disputenounooo, po
disputeverboooo
employnounooo, po
employverboooo
entailnounooo, po
entailverboooo
rebuffnounooo, po
rebuffverboooo
replaynoun--op, op
replayverb--ooo
reportnounooo, po
reportverboooo
retortnounoooo, p
retortverboooo
retouchnounoop, oo, p
retouchverboooo
revisenounooop, o
reviseverboooo
romancenounoo, po, po, p
romanceverbooo, po
surmisenounoo, po, po
surmiseverboooo
trajectnounopp--
trajectverboooo

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2010-09-29 Wed

#520. ˸ؤϸεȿʲθȤɤΤ褦ʴطˤ뤫 [evolution][language_change][variation]

ε[2010-09-28-1]ǡǯˤʤäƤƤεȿʲθħˤּ˱äҥȤθήܤǡ˸ؤˤȡεȿʲθ϶̤Ƥ롥बʳοʲˤäƸ˲äȤȤȡ㤨иűѸ͡ʷ֤Τꤨ̾ʣѸˤ -s ذ층Ƥ椯ˤɤΤ褦ʴϢ뤫ȹͤȡϼǤϤʤ2ĤϳΤ˸Ѳ򰷤äƤˤϤʤμ뤤¸ؤۤʤäƤ褦ˤפ롥Ԥ׸ꡤԤϸ̸ȤФ褤
ȵȿʲʬǤ⡤(biological) evolution of language cultural evolution of language ̤Ƥ褦Ǥ, p. 176ˡʪŪʲδϡҥȤθȯ貿ѤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤȤ롥ˤĤѤäƤΤϡޤѲʪŪʲǡʸŪ¦̤ѲƤȤˤʤȡ˸ؤѸˤʤɤθ̸ˤǰäƤ褦ʶŪʸѲλϡ٤ơ֡ʺΤȤѲʪŪʲǤʸŪʲפȤȤˤʤǤ⡤ʪŪʲǡʸŪʲȤƸβɤѤäƤƤΤõ뤳ȤϡεǽܼʪŪʲФʸŪʲħʪŪʲβǽʤɤ˸ƤΤȹͤ롥
Τ褦ʤȤͤƤȤˡWeinreich et al. ʸǴϢ뤳ȤƤȤפФʸϡ쵯ޤ褷Ƥʤ1968ǯȤᤤ˽񤫤Ƥ뤬Ѱ ( variation ) ιͤꤷŪȯۤǽ񤫤Ƥ롥ʸˡɡ¤ءʸˡʤɤˤѲѤȽҲŪʴä˸ variationist ȸƤФƤ륢ץǿѲۤ뤿ͽʸȤäƤǤ롥ǤϡѲ ( theory of language change ) Ϥ礭ʸʲ ( theory of linguistic evolution ) ΰȤʤ٤ȤμĥʤƤ롥ޤˤäơԤ cultural evolutionԤ biological evolution бΤȹͤ롥

We think of a theory of language change as part of a larger theoretical inquiry into linguistic evolution as a whole. A theory of linguistic evolution would have to show how forms of communication characteristic of other biological genera evolved (with whatever mutations) into a proto-language distinctively human, and then into languages with the structures and complexity of the speech forms we observe today. It would have to indicate how present-day languages evolved from the earliest attested (or inferred) forms for which we have evidence; and finally it would determine if the present course of linguistic evolution is following the same direction, and is governed by the same factors, as those which have operated in the past. (103)


ʲϡ֥뤫ҥȤκǽΥߥ˥֤ؤȯŸ鸽ߤθ칽¤ˤޤǤθʲ򰷤οʲ鸽ߤˤưӤΤǤ뤫ɤ䤦פΤˤʤWeinreich et al. λιؿμȯۤθ˶ä
ޤΤ褦˶󤲤ơѲȸʲ򼨤Ƥ롥

Investigations of the long-range effects of language planning, of mass literacy and mass media, have therefore a special relevance to the over-all study of linguistic evolution, though these factors, whose effect is recent at best, may be set aside for certain limited studies of language change. (103 fn.)


ʪŪʲʸŪʲϽ̤٤ǤȤȤ1ʤξԤδ碌ƸѲõ٤ǤȤȤ1ιͤϡޤ褯ޤȤޤäƤʤ

ؤҤȤΤȤФεȿʲ١ҳҡ졦ʸ19ӡ2010ǯ
Weinreich, Uriel, William Labov, and Marvin I. Herzog. "Empirical Foundations for a Theory of Language Change." Directions for Historical Linguistics. Ed. W. P. Lehmann and Yakov Malkiel. U of Texas P, 1968. 95--188.

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2010-09-01 Wed

#492. ѸζѲưɤ [emode][verb][conjugation][variation][corpus][ppceme]

Ѹˤϡưβʬ˿ΰ۷֤äȤΤƤ롥ä첻Ѳ ( ablaut, or vowel gradation ) ˤäƲʬäűѸζѲưͳ褹ưϡ-ed ؤε§ηȤؤäѰۤμब¿ä
ѸǤʬѰۤΤưϤʤ櫓ǤϤʤ㤨 bid -- bid / bade / bad -- bid / bidden, prove -- proved -- proved / proven, show -- showed -- shown / showed, sow -- sowed / sown -- sown / sowed ʤɤ롥Ѹΰ۷ִ֤ɤϸѸǤϤʤ18̾ʵʸˡ Robert Lowth (1710-87) ǤɤƤƤۤɤ顤ĤʤäȤȤ ( Nevalainen, pp. 93--94 )
Ϥ˴ؤơ[2010-03-03-1]ǾҲ𤷤 PPCEME ( Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English, second edition ) ˤꡤפưʤȤʣưˤβˤĤư۷֤򤶤äȸƤߤñ˰֤ȹͤΤ⤢뤬餫˸촴첻βΰۤʤΤ⤢ꡤɤη㤷ʬå١

awake : awaked (1), awoke (3)
bear : bar (6), bare (133), barest (2), beare (1), bore (24)
begin : be-gane (12), be-gayne (1), began (281), began'st (1), begane (13), begann (1), beganne (27), begannyst (1), begayn (1), begayne (1), begon (1), begun (10)
break : brak (6), brake (60), brakest (2), break (2), broake (7), brok (4), broke (49), brokest (1)
come : bacame (1), becam (5), became (79), become (1), cam (475), came (2170), camest (11), camst (4), com (27), come (55), comst (1), ouercame (4), ouercome (2), over-cam (1), overcame (2), overcome (1)
drink : drancke (3), dranckt (1), drank (19), dranke (21), dronke (3), drunk (1), drunke (2)
eat : ate (15), eat (11), eate (12), ete (2)
fall : befel (1), befell (6), fel (15), fele (1), fell (306), felle (4), ffell (1)
find : fande (4), ffond (1), ffonde (1), ffound (1), find (1), fond (2), fonde (2), found (344), founde (63)
get : begat (67), begate (60), begot (3), begott (2), forgat (3), forgate (2), forgot (8), forgote (1), forgott (2), gat (10), gate (15), gatt (4), gatte (1), got (101), gote (23), gott (23)
give : forgaue (2), gaue (261), gauest (9), gave (364), gavest (12), gayff (4), gayffe (2), geve (1), misgaue (1)
help : help'd (2), help't (1), helped (5), helpt (1), holp (1), holpe (1)
know : knew (419), knewe (88), knewest (3), knewyst (1), know (1), knowe (1), knowethe (1), knue (1), knwe (1)
ring : rang'd (1), rong (1), rung (1), runge (1)
run : ran (77), rane (7), rann (3), ranne (38), run (12), rune (1), runn (1)
see : saw (627), saw (1), sawe (237), sawest (14), sawiste (1), see (5)
sing : sang (7), sange (5), song (11), songe (3), sung (13)
sink : sanke (1), sunke (1)
speak : bespake (2), spak (2), spake (318), spoak (1), spoake (8), spock (1), spoke (61), spokest (2)
spring : sprang (1), sprange (5), spronge (1), sprung (3), sprunge (1)
swear : sware (55), swoare (1), swore (56)
take : betoke (1), betook (4), betooke (4), mistook (1), mistooke (2), ouer-tooke (1), ouertoke (2), ouertooke (3), overtook (2), overtooke (2), take (1), taked (3), tok (2), toke (333), tokened (1), tokest (2), took (296), tooke (333), tooke (1), undertook (8), undertooke (2), vnd=er=tooke (1), vndertooke (2)
write : wrat (1), wrate (7), wret (32), wrett (49), writ (19), write (2), writt (8), writte (1), wrot (21), wrote (106), wrote (1), wrott (7), wrotte (3), wryt (1), wryte (1), wrytt (2)


ѸζѲưβʬɤ͡˸椵Ƥ뤬Nevalainen References ʲ2θ򸫤ĤΤǥ⤷Ƥ

Nevalainen, Terttu. An Introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.
Gustafsson, Larisa O. Preterite and Past Participle Forms in English, 1680--1790. Studia Anglistica Upsaliensia 120. Uppsala: Uppsala U, 2002.
Lass, Roger. "Proliferation and Option-Cutting: The Strong Verb in the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries." Towards a Standard English, 1600--1800. Ed. Dieter Stein and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1993. 81--113.

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2009-07-15 Wed

#78. Verbix ȥѥ [software][web_service][conjugation][inflection][oe][me][corpus][variation]

ε[2009-07-14-1]ǡVerbix θűѸεǽҲ𤷡ɾƽä¤ϽҤ٤äȤ̤ΤȤǤ롥
ưȳɽưȤȯۤϡɸȤƷε§ΩƤ븽ǰƬˤȯۤǤ롥ϸűѸѸʤɤˤϡޤʤޤʤȯۤǤ롥Τ˸űѸˤ Late West-Saxon Ȥɸפ¸ߤűѸʸˡǤϡ̾盧ˤȤŤưγɽƤ롥Late West-Saxon ΡɸǤ variation Ϥꤦ뤷夬ѤгѤλѤ롥ѸˤäƤϡűѸŪʰ̣ˤƤɸפ¸ߤʤ櫓ǤꡤVerbix ѸǤȤΤϲ̤ƤɤɸȤߤʤƳɽƤΤ
Verbix Ūȯۤ餹ȡ variation ȤäݤϡΤ褦н褹ˤϡVerbix ŪȯۤǤϤʤѥŪȯۤɬפǤ롥դѥȤǡ١Фơ㤨Сbēon ľˡ;ñ߷󼨤פȥ꡼ȯԤȡѥ̵ʸ鳺֤õ٤󼨤Ƥ롥θ̤ϡ餯 Verbix Τ줤줿ɽǤϤʤѰ۷ ( variant ) ˤʤűѸνؼԤˤϤޤäΩʤꥹȤԤˤϵŤʺ
Ѹ˸桤ҤƤϸ츦ˤ븽ߤĬήϡɸȤ Verbix ŪȯۤǤϤʤvariation Ƥ륳ѥŪȯۤǤ롥Ʊץߥ󥰤򤹤ʤ顤Verbix Τ褦ʥץ⡤ѥ򸡺ץۤ꡼⤷ʤ
ȤϤVerbix 켫Τϡؽ顦δ顤ʤʤ⤷ġȻפĿŪʸԹǤȡűѸѸ̾ζɽμưġ뤬ФΤˤʡȻפïäƤʤʬǺ뤷ʤΤʡ

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