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sign - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2015-05-19 Tue

#2213. 塼ε桤˥ե˥ե [sign][semiotics][linguistics][saussure][terminology]

ε#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1]) Ǥ⡤¾¿εǤ⡤塼ε (signe) ΤȤ館ȤƤ塼ˤ뵭ŪŪѸȤƤΡֵ (signe) ȡιǤǤ֥˥ե (signifié) ȥ˥ե (signifiant) ˤĤơñ˲⤷Ƥ
ѸˤơֵפȤϡ̾뤤ϲΤȤǤ򤵤Ƥꡤ줬ֻʪפؼֳǰפ̣ꤹȤȤ館Ƥ롥塼ѸǤϡ (signe) Ȥϳǰ (concept) İб (image acoustique) Ȥ߹蘆äåȤΤȤؤξԤԲʬ˷ӤĤΤʤΤǤ롥

Saussure's

塼뤬2Ĥֻʪפȡ̾פȤϸƤФˡֳǰפȡİбפȸƤ֤Τϡ⿴Ūñ̤Ǥꡤ¸ߤʪŪñ̤ǤϤʤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ֲפȸƤФˡİбפȸƤ֤Τϡȯ줿ΤȤǤϤʤŪ˥᡼줿ǤĤ֤䤯ȤΤ褦ʲ᡼ΤȤؤƤ뤫Ǥ롥
塼ϡΡֳǰפȡİбפ̾Ȥơ֥˥ե (signifié) ȡ֥˥ե (signifiant) ͿѸˡѤ뤳Ȥˤꡤsignifier ʰ̣ˤȤư濴ˤơ̾촴 signe, ʬ signifiéʬ signifiant 3Ԥδط뤳ȤˤʤԹ礬褤塼뼫ȤϡѸƳ򼡤Τ褦Ƥ (99--100)

Nous proposons de conserver le mot signe pour désigner le total, et de remplacer concept et image acoustique respectivement par signifié et signifiant ; ces derniers termes ont l'avantage de marquer l'opposition qui les sépare soit entre eux, soit du total dont ils font partie. Quant à signe, si nous nous en contentons, c'est que nous ne savons par qui le remplacer, la langue usuelle n'en suggérant aucun autre.


Saussure, Ferdinand de. Cours de linguistique générale. Ed. Tullio de Mauro. Paris: Payot & Rivages, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-08-11-1]

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2015-05-18 Mon

#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ [onomastics][personal_name][sign][semantic_change][semantics][semiotics][arbitrariness][saussure]

ܼͭ̾ŪʵǽϡʪĿͤꤹ뤳Ȥˤ롥ΤȤ˰ϤʤΤˤ John Smith ڰϺϤ󤤤뤫⤷ʤξ줽ξǤϡʪꤹΤ John Smith ڰϺȤ̾ǽʬʤȤۤȤɤǤ롥ͭ̾κǤϡidentification Ǥ롥
ͭ̾ˤϡεǽ̤ŪȴϢοտ路ħĤ롥Ω (100--08) ϡˤƸͭ̾줬˰Ƥˤ򳵴Ѥʤ顤ͭ̾ħȤưʲ4ۤɤ˿Ƥ롥

(1) ͭ̾ϰ̳ǰȤƤΥ˥ե⤿ʪĿͤľŪ˻ؼ롥ʤ˥ե (signifié) ʤ˥ե (signifiant)ʥ˥եǤ롥
(2) ͭ̾ԲǽǤ롥
(3) ͭ̾ϸΤʤˤ볰θƤ롥
(4) ͭ̾ϰ̣εǤ롥

(1) ϡüŪ˸иͭ̾ˤϰ̣ʤȤȤ̾ΤäƤ褦ʾħǽ礤ƤȤȤǤ롥ǡؼоݤΤǤ롥ؼоݤꤹΤͭ̾Ǥ뤫顤ΤʤΤǤ롥̣뤤ϥ˥ե⤿ˡؼоݤľܤ˻ؤȤǤȤΤͭ̾κǤΩäħȤ#1769. Ogden and Richards semiotic triangle ([2014-03-01-1]) οޤǤСդľܤǷФ褦ʥ᡼
(2) ʲħ⡤(1) ήФΤǤ롥(2) θͭ̾Բǽϡͭ̾ˤȤỌ̇̄ʥ˥եˤʤǤ롥ȤΤϡ˥եϡʤۤȤɡƱ˥ե󤬸ˤäưۤʤ褦2ĤεɤδϢŤǤ롥äơ˥եʤͭ̾ˤϡȤ̵Ǥ롥̾ Smith ϡ결סڤϡڡפǤ뤫顤̣ȵ뤳ȤǤ̾ȤѤȤ˰̣ϰռ뤳ȤϤʤ¾ؤˤäơ̾̣äȤϤʤ
(3) ϡͭ̾줬ʶʤǤˤ⤫餺塼ξ褦ʺۤηϤȤƤθηϤˤϤޤ֤ŤʤȤҤ٤ΤǤ롥줬ηϤǤȤȤϡäǤС¾θȤμȤựŪʴطˤŪ¸ߤˤʤȤȤǤ롥㤨СˡפȤ̾ϡֽפȤ̾Ȥΰ̣ˤƸηΰ֤ƤΤǤꡤդޤǤ롥ηϤϡȤựˤΩܸȤƤΤȤͭ̾ϰ̣⤿ʤΤǤ뤫顤ȤựΩӤηϤˤȤ߹ޤ줨ʤͭ̾ϡŪʰ̣ͳˡľܤ˳λؼоݤ򼨤Ȥǡˤʤ⳰ȤϢΤǤ롥ͭ̾Ȥϡ塼ŪʸηϤΤʤΤʰ֤Ť⤿ʤȥФȥΤζ֤ˤðۤ¸ߤǤ롥
(4) ϵŪǶ̣ŦǤ롥ͭ̾ϡΤ˥˥եϤ⤿ʤ˥եäƤʾ塤Ū˵κۤݤäƤ롥ȾȤǤƤ֤٤ΤǤꡤʤȤ⵭θǤϤΤ褦ˤߤȡͭ̾ˤϰεȤʤ٤餫Υ˥ե褦ȤϤƯΤʤΤǤϤʤȤ⵿Ƥ롥ͭ̾Υ˥եб륷˥ե̵Ǥ뤫餳η٤餫Υ˥ե鲡󤻤Ƥ롤ȤͤǤ롥ϡ̣ (signifiance) βˤۤʤʤΩ (104--05) ϡͭ̾ΰ̣ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ʸʸ˵ϲؤƤˡ

˶̣Τϡˤͭ̾Ǥ롥̾θ줬˰̣ˤäƽƤΤˤợ⤿ʤҶʥ˥եӤǤͭ̾ϡζ᥷˥եᤶƲ󤻤ƤΤΤޤޤʾǰˤȤ館졤ǥΥ٥Ǥϵդ¿ƤޤĤޤꡤͭ̾ϥ󥰤Υ٥ǥ˥ե⤿ʤ椨ˡΤΥե󥿥ޤ졤ƱˤߤˤȤʤäƥե󥿥ƤΤǤ롥


#1108. 쵭̵ͭ ([2012-05-09-1])#1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1])#1185. ͭ̾첽 (2) ([2012-07-25-1]) ʤɤǡ̾θͭ̾첽ϰ̵̣ﲽȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤȼöͭ̾ˤʤȡ٤ϰ̣Ŷ褦Ȥͭﲽ˸ưȤȤͭﲽ̵ﲽΤαʱΥפ鷺ˤʤ
Ω (100) ϡָͭ̾Ȥʻ򤤤뤫ϡ줾θ⤫Ӥ餻ƤޤФǤȤäƤ褤פȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

Ω 󡦻 ظ١˼ҡ1990ǯ

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2014-06-18 Wed

#1878. ƵΥꥵ [kanji][japanese][sign][semiotics]

6ϥΤǤ롥ιФ椨˹ȤƤФ졤ѸǤ sweetfish (or ayu) ȾΤ롥ǤϡְפȽ񤯤֥פɤΤϤʤ뤤·ˤǤꡤǤλ̤øʥޥǤ롥ۤˡǡּŤ֡פϥĥȥ롤פϥ⥮ּҡפڿֶפϥĥ̥ԡפṇܸ̃Ǥΰ̣ȤϰۤʤäƤ롥Ρơסʥ᡼ȥˡִסʥˡʦסʥɥˤ⤳तȹͤ롥ܸظŵ (118) ˤС񷱤Ȥϡִλ˴طʤ뤤ϸžѤܸƤΡפạ̇̄ǹΰȲ򤹤뤳ȤǤ褦
񷱤ȤѸܸˤžѤΤߤ˸ꤵ뤬ŪʴߤȡɽʸθžѤȤݤܸ˸ꤵʤѸޤɽ륢ե٥åȤϤ⤽ɽʸʤΤľܤθ줫õȤϺϢ븽ݤϤ롥#1823. ޿ ([2014-04-24-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡꥷʸΦ (khi) (theta) (phi) 3ʸϡȥꥢƥذܿ줿Ȥˡ줾 50, 100, 1000 οɽ魯ΤžѤ줿ޤ%ϰŪɴʬΨεԥ塼ǤϾ;α黻ҤȤѤ뤳Ȥ롥񷱤ƱǤϤʤह븽ݤȤϤΤǤϤʤ
˶̤Ƥ褦˻פħϡ˵沽 (signifié) Ȥˡɬ⿷ɽ (signifiant) 餺ˤȤǤ¸ߤƤʸФ˿ʰ̣ǽô碌ƤޤΤؤǤ롥ˤäƤϿΰ̣ǽΤ˾ͤξƤޤ⤷ʤƤ礭ȤϤʤ餺ؤΥåȤΤۤ礭⡤ǽϰϤǴ¸θΰ̣ڡͭѤΤʤΤƱǤ롥
Τ褦˹ͤƤȡ񷱤ȤϷ褷ðۤʸݤǤϤʤŪˤߤ뵭ΥꥵˤʤȤȤˤʤ롥ΤʸǤ첻Ǥ졤ȤΤϡ֤֤֤ƤưۤʤʸذܿȡεƤæƤޤǽʬˤ롥ºݤˡ̣Υ줬ФȤʤѸʡ#1624. Ѹΰ ([2013-10-07-1])ˤ¿뤷ĸθϤ֥֥סʡ#633. beech Ȱθζ ([2011-01-20-1])ˤǤϡbeech ΰ̣ؼоݤΥ줬Ǥä񷱤̤˴ΤϡΥꥵ뤬ʸȤƤ뤳ȡƸɽʸŪȤˤΤθݤȤƤϡʿޤʤΤ⤷ʤ

ܸظŵ١ ʸۤ ԡ񱡡2007ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-08-06-1]

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2014-04-06 Sun

#1805. Morse code [semiotics][sign][double_articulation][cgi][web_service][morse_code]

ɸϡꥫβȡȯ Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1791--1872) ȯſѤ硥ȥ󡦥ġȤΤ롥û (dot)3ܤĹʤĹ (dash) (space) Ȥ߹碌ʤꡤȤ߹碌ե٥åȤб롥
Morse ϡ1830ǯſۤơ1838ǯ˸Υ⡼륹θۤθ塤1844ǯ Baltimore Washington ؤκǽſ̤ŪʺǽΥå "What has God wrought!" ȯŪȿƤӡθ塤衼åѤDzä졤1851ǯ˹ݲĤˤ International (or Continental) Morse Code ꤵ줿1938ǯ˾ѹä줿ߤ˻ޤǹŪˤϹǤ§ȤѤƤʤꥫϥꥸʥǤλѤˤ³ˡ⡼륹ˤſϡä饸ȯˤŪ˱Ƥʤä̿ĶǤ¤ξ򴹤ǽǤ뤳Ȥ顤21θߤǤⴰ̵ѤȤʤä櫓ǤϤʤӡʸ⡼륹ʤɤθѼ⸽줿ߤǤϥޥ奢̵ȤˤѤʤɤ˻ϰϤ¤Ƥ롥
Ūˤϡ⡼륹ϤĤħäηϤǤ롥Ǥħϡ졤Ȥ櫓ʸ礭¸ηϤǤȤȤΩηϤȤϡѵȤäƤ褯Ǥ䥿ॿݸƱͤǤ롥Saussure #1074. Hjelmslev θء ([2012-04-05-1]) ѸǤС¼ (substance) Ѥäǡ (form) ѤäƤʤȤȤˤʤ롥⡼륹Ǥϡȥ󡦥ġȤ߹碌ե٥å1ʸ˸̩бƤꡤ줬ȤʸƱǻ־夢뤤϶־󤵤롥¤ӽȤϤˤϤ뤬ϼΩͭǤϤʤظˤʸʤäΤˤʤӾ塤p. 125ˡ
⡼륹Τ⤦1Ĥħϡμ̤ǤȤϤĤĤ⡤Ȥϰۤʤʬ (double_articulation) äƤ뤳ȤΤ褦ʬͭ뵭ηϤȤΤ⡼륹Ͽ͹ŪʵηϤǤ뤫顤ʬηкտŪȤ߹ޤ줿ȤȤ϶ä٤ȤǤϤʤʬĤۤεηϤȤơҤξã衤ֹʤɤ⤢ˡȤϰۤʤʬ᤬Ȥ߹ޤƤ뤳Ȥܤͤ롥⡼륹ǤϡβǤΤϥȥȥġ2Ǥ롥2ΡֲǡפޤäǷޤäĿȤ߹碌뤳Ȥǡ1ĤʸбַǡפΤ褦ʡַǡפ嵭θ¸§ä󤷤Ƥ椯ΤӾ塤p. 87ˡۤˤϡɤε;㤤ʤɤħ󤲤褦
Ǥϡݥ⡼륹μºݤߤƤߤ褦ξܺ٤ϡRecommendation ITU-R M.1677-1 (10/2009) International Morse code (PDF) ǧǤ롥̤Ρʱʸ˥ƥȤȹݥ⡼륹Ѵϡ־ Morse Code Translator ʤɤʤΤ뤬ʲ hellog ǤäƤߤƥȤ뤤ϥ⡼륹Ϥȡ¾Ѵ͡

    


㤨СWhat has God wrought! Ϥȡ.-- .... .- -  .... .- ...  --. --- -..  .-- .-. --- ..- --. .... - -.-.-- 롥ơ... --- ... ϤȡSOS ֤롥ʤSOS ϥ⡼륹ȤǤ䤹ʹ䤹ʸ¤٤ΤǤꡤ켫Τ˰̣ΤǤϤʤ

ԥ롦 ƣ صء١ҡʸ˥ӡ1972ǯ
Ӿ ɧصؤξԡ١ȽŹҴȿӡ1984ǯ

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2014-03-02 Sun

#1770. semiotic triangle դľܤˤĤʤäƤȤθ [semantics][semiotics][sign][language_myth][sapir-whorf_hypothesis][linguistic_relativism]

ε#1769. Ogden and Richards semiotic triangle ([2014-03-01-1]) ǡOgden and Richards ͭ̾ʿޤ򼨤ˤСSYMBOL REFERENT ĤʤդŪʤĤʤˤʤˤ⤫餺Ǥ¿ξ硤ľŪʤĤʤʼˤ뤫Τ褦˸򤵤ƤǤȤȤä ("The fundamental and most prolific fallacy is . . . that the base of the triangle given above is filled in" (15)) ȤԤλפ "missionary fervor" (Eco vii) ȤǤ٤ۤɤΤΤǡ1ϤľˤϡλפͭͤΰѤ¿ǤƤ롥

"All life comes back to the question of our speech---the medium through which we communicate." ---HENRY JAMES.
"Error is never so difficult to be destroyed as when it has its root in Language." ---BENTHAM.
"We have to make use of language, which is made up necessarily of preconceived ideas. Such ideas unconsciously held are the most dangerous of all." ---POINCARÉ.
"By the grammatical structure of a group of languages everything runs smoothly for one kind of philosophical system, whereas the way is as it were barred for certain other possibilities." ---NIETZCHE.
"An Englishman, a Frenchman, a German, and an Italian cannot by any means bring themselves to think quite alike, at least on subjects that involve any depth of sentiment: they have not the verbal means." ---Prof. J. S. MACKENZIE.
"In Primitive Thought the name and object named are associated in such wise that the one is regarded as a part of the other. The imperfect separation of words from things characterizes Greek speculation in general." ---HERBERT SPENCER.
"The tendency has always been strong to believe that whatever receives a name must be an entity or being, having an independent existence of its own: and if no real entity answering to the name could be found, men did not for that reason suppose that none existed, but imagined that it was something peculiarly abstruse and mysterious, too high to be an object of sense." ---J. S. MILL.
"Nothing is more usual than for philosophers to encroach on the province of grammarians, and to engage in disputes of words, while they imagine they are handling controversies of the deepest importance and concern." ---HUME.
"Men content themselves with the same words as other people use, as if the very sound necessarily carried the same meaning." ---LOCKE.
"A verbal discussion may be important or unimportant, but it is at least desirable to know that it is verbal.." ---Sir G. CORNEWALL LEWIS.
"Scientific controversies constantly resolve themselves into differences about the meaning of words." ---Prof. A. Schuster.


ĤΰѤǼ̤ꡤOgden and Richards 忴Ƥ뤳θϡԥᥦդβ (sapir-whorf_hypothesis) (linguistic_relativism) ˤؤäƤ롥ºݤɤǤߤȡThe Meaning of Meaning ¿μˤޤ餷ƤΤ狼ꡤΰ̣ "a seminal work" ȸƤǤ٤Ȥ

Ogden, C. K. and I. A. Richards. The Meaning of Meaning. 1923. San Diego, New York, and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.
Eco, Umberto. "The Meaning of The Meaning of Meaning." Trans. William Weaver. Introduction. The Meaning of Meaning. C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards. San Diego, New York, and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989. v--xi.

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2014-03-01 Sat

#1769. Ogden and Richards semiotic triangle [semantics][semiotics][sign][basic_english][language_myth]

ɸϡOgden and Richards ˤ뵭̣θŵŪ̾ The Meaning of Meaning ǹΤ褦ˤʤäʲοޤΤȤؤ

Semiotic Triangle

οޤΤĺΰյϡSYMBOL REFERENT δ֤ˤϡʤȻʪδ֤ˤϡܼŪʴطϤʤŪʴطʤȤƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ľܤδط뤫Τ褦˸򤵤Ƥ뤳ȤŬڤʻ׹ͤȸλѤˤȤäƽκǤȡԤ⤹롥μĥϡΤʤDz٤Ȥʤ֤롥
SYMBOL, REFERENCE, REFERENT 3ԤδطˤĤơĹѤȤʤ뤬ԤľƤ餪 (10--12)

   This may be simply illustrated by a diagram, in which the three factors involved whenever any statement is made, or understood, are placed at the corners of the triangle, the relations which hold between them being represented by the sides. The point just made can be restated by saying that in this respect the base of the triangle is quite different in composition from either of the other sides.
   Between a thought and a symbol causal relations hold. When we speak, the symbolism we employ is caused partly by the reference we are making and partly by social and psychological factors---the purpose for which we are making the reference, the proposed effect of our symbols on other persons, and our own attitude. When we hear what is said, the symbols both cause us to perform an act of reference and to assume an attitude which will, according to circumstances, be more or less similar to the act and the attitude of the speaker.
   Between the Thought and the Referent there is also a relation; more or less direct (as when we think about or attend to a coloured surface we see), or indirect (as when we 'think of' or 'refer to' Napoleon), in which case there may be a very long chain of sign-situations intervening between the act and its referent: word---historian---contemporary record---eye-witness---referent (Napoleon).
   Between the symbol and the referent there is no relevant relation other than the indirect one, which consists in its being used by someone to stand for a referent. Symbol and Referent, that is to say, are not connected directly (and when, for grammatical reasons, we imply such a relation, it will merely be an imputed, as opposed to a real, relation) but only indirectly round the two sides of the triangle.
   It may appear unnecessary to insist that there is no direct connection between say 'dog,' the word, and certain common objects in our streets, and that the only connection which holds is that which consists in our using the word when we refer to the animal. We shall find, however, that the kind of simplification typified by this once universal theory of direct meaning relations between words and things is the source of almost all the difficulties which thought encounters.


Ogden and Richards ܤŪƤ semiotic triangle 󼨤˻äͳϡθˤϤӤäƤ뵭Ọ̇̄˴ؤȤˤäSYMBOL, REFERENCE, REFERENT 3Ԥδ֤ˤط򤵤ƤʤȤפˤäƿθդΥߥߥ˥ƤȤȤؤξ紶ԤͤưƤΰ̣ǤϡThe Meaning of Meaning ϡŪŤŪȤ֤ Umberto Eco ɾƤ̤ꡤ"therapeutic" ʽǤȸ ("The Meaning of Meaning is pervaded by an abundant missionary fervor. I will call this attitude, with a certain severity, the 'therapeutic fallacy'." (vii)) Ԥ餬 Basic English ϺפĤΤ⡤Τ褦 "therapeutic" ʰտޤäƤˤۤʤʤBasic English ˤĤƤϡ#960. Basic English ([2011-12-13-1]) ڤӡ#1705. Basic English ǽ񤫤줿ä ([2013-12-27-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ȤʤäƤϡsemiotic triangle ϵỌ̇̄ȤƴŪ°뤬⤵˻äаޤˤϡOgden and Richards θѤ˴ؤºŪռäΤǤ롥

Ogden, C. K. and I. A. Richards. The Meaning of Meaning. 1923. San Diego, New York, and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.
Eco, Umberto. "The Meaning of The Meaning of Meaning." Trans. William Weaver. Introduction. The Meaning of Meaning. C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards. San Diego, New York, and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989. v--xi.

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2013-12-14 Sat

#1692. ̣ȷ֤δط [sign][arbitrariness][double_articulation][diachrony][semantic_change][polysemy][semantics]

ˤĤƤϡarbitrariness ε濴ˡȤ櫓#1108. 쵭̵ͭ ([2012-05-09-1]) ǵǤϡ̵̤ͭɬפ뤳Ȥ˿줿signifié signifiant Ȥδطʿа̣ȷ֤ȤδطˤĤƤ򿿷˹ͻΤ塼Ρä˥ե󥹡˸ؤȤ뤬̣ؼԤǤФʤΤȡ¡ʤ̴ؿ򼨤
Ф2ϤϡۤȤɰ̣ȷ֤δطιͻ䤵Ƥ롥ФϡʬˤĤơ#767. ʬ ([2011-06-03-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Martinet Ѹ礤˽Фʤ顤ˤ signifié signifiant δطäƤФμŪɾ򤤤ĤѤ褦

̣ϰǤϡ򼨤֤ʬΥǤʤΰ̣ȷ֤ʬΥη11бʤƤ餺֤ϰ̣ꤹΤ˽ʬǤϤʤΥѥɥåˤäơΰ̣ȷ֤δط餫ˤɬפ롥(54)


Ƥϡˤȡ1ʬñ̤Ǥ뤫顤Ǥˤʤäƺ줿̣Υʤɤ̣θǤ2ʬͭ¤ǤˤϴԸǤʤ(56)


Ū̻ŪȤ2ŤδϡɽΥ٥⵭ƤΥ٥ǤȤȤ餫ˤʤ롥Τˡθ֤Ǹΰ̣뤳ȤȡŪʲ򸦵椹뤳ȤȤ餫˰ۤʤ2ĤΥץǤ롥άͤޤޤʻ˸줿Ĥΰ̣⡤¿Ȥ˹ͤСƱΤΤȤȤˤʤʤơΤϡФд¸ΥѥѤΤǡ塼ϡָ϶ǤĤϤ򤷤ǤפȤΤ٤Ƥ롥סʡعֵ١235ǡˡΰ̣ط1Ĥζ֤¾ζ֤ؤ³1̵ռŪФ뤳Ȥ⤢롥̵ռŪϡĶŪˤʤä1Ĥθΰ̣֤ΤǤ롥(61)


̣ΩϡĤ줿ηϤΤǤϤʤ줿ηϤΤǤ롥ΤˡŪˤʤäựİ뤳ȤϤǤʤ(62)


ŪŪʴؿϡȤ櫓3ܤΰѤǿƤ롤Ū¿̻Ūʰ̣ѲȤδطˤĤƤιͻܤ̣Ѳϻ֤ȤȤ˽˿ʹԤ̣ɬṬ֤̌षξΰ̣ѤƤȤ¿Ѥ̤ϡŪˤ¿Ȥʤ롥ζŪ¿ϡ1ͤüԤФΤǤϤʤŪ˿ФƺФ줿ΤǤȤǡ̵ռŪȸƤӤ뤷֤̻֤ȤĶۤĶŪȤƤӤ
嵭Τ褦˰̣Ѥ뤬֤ˤѤȤǰϤۤɤޤƤϤޤʤ褦˻פ롥ȡ֤ˤ̵ռŪĶŪʼȤΤϡͤˤȤȤˤʤդˡ̣ȷ֤ħ礭ʺΤǤϤʤ

졼̡ ءοǡϰ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ2013ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-06-14-1]

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2013-05-29 Wed

#1493. Ѹʤ̱ [latin][borrowing][semantic_change][word_formation][sign][loan_translation][lexicology][terminology][neo-latin][morphology][romancisation][false_friend][waseieigo]

ε#1492. ֥ǥ󥦥פѸ줫 ([2013-05-28-1]) ǡѸȸƤФˤĤ̻ŪŪξͻ¤ΤȤιͻϱѸäˤۤȤɤΤޤƤϤޤ롥ܸȱѸδطϱѸȥƥδط
ѸˤˤơǤĹؤäƤϥƥǤ롥Φˤäޥλƥ줫äѤƤűѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸˤƥƥѸäΰӤ뤲ʹߤϥꥷȤȤ˼Ȥ neo-classical compounding Ȥ̤ơѸä˱ƶڤܤ³Ƥ (##1437,32,120,1211,478γƵ򻲾) ơѸϤĹܿˤΤʤǡƥθ§򼫤η˼Ǥ[2013-02-08-1]ε#1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§סˡ
ơε (1) Ǥϡ˥ǥȤʤ signe ¸ߤĤ줬Ȥ줿ɤǡѸ줫Ѹ줫̤ȽҤ٤ƱȤϡѸȥƥˤĤƤ롥Ѹ줬ηϤⲽƥ쵬§˴Ťȼ˥ƥñ夲硤ϱǤ[2010-05-24-1]ε#392. antidisestablishmentarianism ˤߤѸΥޥ󥹸첽פ򻲾ȡˡƥ˴¸Υǥ򻲾ȤƼϡƥѸǤ롥ξüδ֤Ūʥ졼󤬹äƤΤܸξƱͤǤ롥ܸξϡεǡֱѸ첣ʸʥʡ˸פȤ٥¨ʤ󼨤Ѹξ "Latinate word" ʥƥñˤȤѸ줬ѰդƤ롥ϱޤषƥѸޤषΤ狼ʤƥγäޤࡥ
ε (2) Ǥϡ֤¦̤顤ѸδĤƷ줿ܸñ4ĤʬषƱͤˡƥδĤƷ줿ñ4Ĥʬष褦

(a) ƥб signe ¸ߤ륿סʼѸŵŪ
(b) ƥб signifié ¸ߤ뤬 signifiant ϰۤʤ륿סѸŵŪ
(c) ƥб signifiant ¸ߤ뤬 signifié ϰۤʤ륿ס"false friends" 뤤 "faux amis" ŵŪ
(d) ƥб signe ¸ߤʤסʱŵŪ

Ѹ򤵤ʤƥüԤꤹȡüԤϱѸüԤˤäȯ줿 (c) (d) Τ褦ʸʹȡƬξ˥ϥƥʤ⤫֤ȤϡѸüԤѸʹȤƱȿǤ롥ѸˤƤ⡤Ѹ˰̣㤨Ƥ (c) Ǥ tradition ([2011-11-27-1]ε#944. ration reasonפ򻲾ȡˤ䡤(d) Ǥ antidisestablishmentarianism [2010-05-24-1]ε#392. antidisestablishmentarianism ˤߤѸΥޥ󥹸첽פ򻲾ȡˤΤ褦ʸä䤷Ƥ椯Ȥˤäơ˭ɽϤ˻äΤǤ롥
ܸꡥ¾줫θüѤŪǤˤäƤϡ(a)--(d) Τ٤ƤΥפ¿쾯ʤ츫ΤʤΤǤϤʤѸϡ̣򤽤ȥԥåȤƤФм夲뤬̸ŪˤϷ褷ðۤʸݤǤϤʤΤ

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2013-05-28 Tue

#1492. ֥ǥ󥦥פѸ줫 [japanese][borrowing][semantic_change][word_formation][terminology][sign][loan_translation][lexicology][morphology][false_friend][waseieigo]

#1471. golden ߽ФѲ ([2013-05-07-1]) εǡ֥ǥ󥦥 (Golden Week) Ȥܸɽ˿줿ȤѸȤƾҲ𤷤ƱؤΥȤꡤѸ춵˴ؤͭȤIs ǥ󥦥 wasei-eigo?ȤؤΥ󥯤򤤤ʤ꤬ȤޤˡεˤȡGoogle Books Ngram Viewer (see [2010-12-25-1]) Ǹ򤫤ȡgolden week Ȥɽ1951ǯ˱Ѹ¸ߤȤȤ狼Υڡ򻲾ȡˡ[2010-12-25-1]εǽҤ٤褦ˡľΤȤ Google Books ΥѥȤƤɾϤˤȹͤƤ뤬ʤȤƱ¸ߤϻ¤ǤȼƤ褤Ѹ golden week ˡ緿Ϣ١פʤä櫓ǤϤʤޤǡ֡ʲΤ褦ˡ餷֡פۤɤΰ̣ѤƤ褦ơΤ褦ʾ˴դߤơϤܸΡ֥ǥ󥦥פѸȤߤʤƤ褤Τɤ
䤤ˤ͡¦̤Ȼפ뤬 (1) ̻֤¦̤ (2) ֤¦̤롥֥ǥ󥦥פѸ줫ɤȤ䤤ϡäѤ (1) λȯ䤤Ǥꡤܸûˤܸ츻ؤˤƤϽפ(2) λϤ䤤ϤޤܼŪǤϤʤΤΡŪܸŪꤲȤǤƱ餤̣ʲ (1) (2) Τ줾ˤĤƵ

(1) ̻֤¦
ܸѸȤѸθ̩ǤΤϤĤѸ켭ŵ򻲾ȤƤȽȤʤäѸŵȤƵ󤲤֥ʥס֥Хåߥ顼פΤ褦㤫餽ħФСֱѸͳˤηǤѸε§˳§äȤ߹碌뤳ȤˤäƷܸȤƤθפȤȤˤʤꤽϡ (signifiant) ܸηǹԤʤƤѸΥǥ򻲾ȤƤʤ˾ƤǤ롥ޤϡθ̣ѲɤѸصռѤ줿ɤʤɤθȯŸˤϸڤʤǤꡤäѤܤȤ롥
ѸΩϡ (borrowing) Ǥ롥Ѹ¦ΥǥȤʤ뵭 (signe) 򻲾ȤۤܤΤޤܸηϤΤʤ˼Ǥ롥
ơѸܸ礬ѸǤ뤫ѸѸǤ뤫ϡ¸αѸǥ򻲾ȤɤˤäƤ롥֥ǥ󥦥פǤСѸˤǤ¸ߤƤ餷ǥ golden week 򻲾ȤѤΤ뤤ϱѸ¦Υǥ̵ͭϤɤǤ졤Ȥܸȼ˺夲ΤʤΤѸ¦˥ǥ뤬ʾ塤򻲾ȤȹͤΤȻפ줫⤷ʤɬ⤽ȤϤʤnighter ʤɤηֵ§ΤޤΤȤϰۤʤꡤgolden week 쵬§ΤޤΤǤꡤΤ褦ŪɽѸ¦ܸ¦ΩȯǽϽʬˤ롥θó׿Ԥǥ¸ߤΤʤäȤǽΤƤʤΤǤϤʤɤΤȤؤϡθó׿ԤѸǥ¸ߤΤäƤꡤ򻲾ȤݤȤˤäƤΤǤꡤΤ뤳ȤŪˤ񤷤ʾ塤䤤ˤϡ֤狼ʤפȤ褦ʤˤСθó׿Ԥǥ¸ߤΤäƤ뤫ݤ⡤ºݤΤȤyes no ڤʬǤϤʤ⤷ʤѸ golden week ɤǸʹȤ褦ʡȤܤʵˤʤ⤷ʤ⤽ѸˤϤäȥǥ뤬ꤽȤФѸηƧڤˤϽʬʤΤǤ롥
츻ؾ塤֥ǥ󥦥פܸǤηȹͤ뤫Ѹ줫μѤӰ̣ü첽ȹͤ뤫礭ʰ㤤Ǥ롥츻˽񤯤٤ȤѤäƤ뤫Ѹ˥ǥ뤬¸ߤʤ֥ʥפΤ褦ˡ餫Ѹ㤬üˤ롥Ѳ狼äƤ֥ѥפΤ褦ˡ餫ʼѤ㤬¾üˤ롥ξüδ֤ˡŪ𤬤褯狼ʤ졼󤬹äƤꡤɿŪʸ츻ؼԤǤ̵ˤɤ餫˽°뤳ȤˤˡѸ줫Ѹؤ³Ϣ³ΤΤΤ˲٥ƤȤΤ1Ĥβˡˤʤ뤫⤷ʤǥ뻲Ȥ̵ͭˤ餺 signifiant ѸǤȤΤǡֱѸ첣ʸʥʡ˸פʤɤȤƤΤ̵񤫤⤷ʤ

(2) ֤¦
δ֥ǥ󥦥פͤȡҤȤϰäǽˤʤ롥ѸδĤƷ줿ϡ (signe) δ4ĤΥפʬव롥

(a) Ѹб signe ¸ߤ륿סʼѸŵŪ
(b) Ѹб signifié ¸ߤ뤬 signifiant ϰۤʤ륿סѸŵŪ
(c) Ѹб signifiant ¸ߤ뤬 signifié ϰۤʤ륿ס"false friends" 뤤 "faux amis" ŵŪ
(d) Ѹб signe ¸ߤʤסѸŵŪ

(c) "false friends" Ȥϡ춵ʤɤǻŦƤֽ֤ǡ֤б뤬̣ϰۤʤ뤿դפפǤ롥ԴʼѲ䡤Ѹ̣ѲˤäƤ⤿餵뤳Ȥ¿ǥ¸ߤ˵Ť˺줿ѸʤɤǤΥפ°Τ뤫⤷ʤ
ѸˤޤȤĤ᡼ȤơֱѸǤ̤ʤΡפ뤬ºݤˤϡֱѸǤ̤ʤΡפϡ(c) (d) ˶̤ªƤɬפ롥(c) ˤϡ֡ʼư֤Ρ˥ϥɥסȤ򥵥ܤΰդǤΡ֥פס˿ڤˤؤ֥եߥ˥ȡפʤɤ(d) ˤϡ֥꡼ޥס֥Хåס֥٥åɥס֥Сȡפʤɤꡤ̤ʤμۤʤ롥෿˽С֥ǥ󥦥פ (c) Ȥʤ෿ϤޤǶŪ෿Ǥꡤ(1) ǰä˽Ť֤̻ŪʴȤоȤդ줿

ǤϡĤγ٤Ѹ¾θáʲˤŪ˰֤Ť褦ȻߤƤ˵ɬפѸפȤܼŪ (1) δ̾դ줿ѸǤ餷Ȥ狼äƤֱѸǤ̤ʤΡפȤϡ(2) °Ǥ롥ѸפȡֱѸǤ̤ʤΡפȤϡ̻֤ȶ֤ζ̤ƱͤˡäڤʬƵۤ褤ΤǤϤʤ
ϡϢѸ夲롥

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2013-05-19 Sun

#1483. taboo ŪȤʤͳ [taboo][sociolinguistics][sign][euphemism]

taboo ʶشˤϡҲˤƵꤵ줿֤٤餺פǤꡤ񤤡ոˤΤǤ롥դȤƤΥ֡ϡ俶񤤤ȤƤΥ֡Ʊ󤢤뤤ϱĹȹͤ졤ؤȤƤϤޤǼŪʤΤª뤫⤷ʤդȤƤΥ֡ϡ̤˻פƤʾ˸ŪʸݤǤ롥
ޤդȤƤΥ֡ϡ쵭 (signe) ηȤäƤ롥򤵤Τϡsignifiant signifié η«椽ΤΤǤȤȤ㤨С֡뤵䤹̣ΰȤʸˤ뤬ѸǤϡˤĤˤ뤳Ȥϥ֡ǤϤʤintercourse ʤɤθˤ뤳Ȥ⥿֡ǤϤʤȤ̾ f---ck ϶򤵤롥֡ signifié ΤߤʤΤǤϤʤ signifiant ʬӤĤ signe Ȥñ̤ˤꡤʤƸŪʸݤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
ˡ줬֡ˤʤȡնŪظ줬Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ¤롥Ū drag chain ȤǤƤ٤븽ݤ֡ϡʸνи˹׸ȤǡΤ˸ŪʥѥȤͭŪʸݤȤȤˤʤ롥㤨СPapua New Guinea Kabana Ǥϡʤɰ̴طˤԤ̾ˤ뤳Ȥϥ֡ȤƤ롥θʸˤƿ̾ŵŪ̾̾Ǥ롥ȡ㤨а̴طˤԤεɽ魯 urae Ȥˤʤ Urae ȤȤ̾ľ硤̾ȤƤ urae ˤ뤳ȤǤʤʤäƤޤǤؤʤΤǡˤεؼȤƥ̣ moi Ѥ롤Ȥä (Wardhaugh 249)
̤ȤƤϡ#1362. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ֡ ([2013-01-18-1]) ǿ줿롼 (Zulu) 㤬롥롼ǤϡʤȤη̾Ƥ֤Ȥϸʤʥ֡Ǥꡤ̾˻䡤̾˴ޤޤβ򤷤ʤФʤʤ㤨С/z/ 򤵤벻Ȥʤȡamanzi ʿˤȤ򤵤ͤФʤ餺ɽ魯ظȤ amandabi ʤɤѤ (Trudgill 67)
ϡʸ°ʤԤˤȤäƤϼ¤˶ΰԹʴ˻פ뤬⤽⥿֡Ȥݤϡ줾ʸȼλ׹ͤ˴ŤǤꡤʳŪǤ뤳Ȥ¿ƬǤʳŪȤ狼äƤƤ⡤տŪ˼Ȥ񤷤Τ֡Ǥ롥
Ǹˡ֡θ̤ϸޤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥轻̱ Nootka ȤϡѸäȤ such ȤʤȤͳϡNootka ǤϤ줬 "vagina" ɽ魯Ǥ (Trudgill 20) ƱͤˡOklahoma 轻̱ˤäƹԤʤƤ Creek üԤϡfákki (soil), apíswa (meat)apíssi (fat) ʤɤȯѸˤ륿֡۵Ȥͳǡ򤱤Ȥ (Wardhaugh 250)
֡ϡʸȸδطͤǡפǤ롥

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.

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2012-11-17 Sat

#1300. hypostasis [hypostasis][sign][function_of_language][semiotics][phrase][rhetoric]

Bloomfield (148) Ѹǡ򤢤̾Ǥ뤫Τ褦˰ȡβhypostatization ȤƤФ롥ʲˡ󤲤褦

That is only an if.
There is always a but
The word normalcy
The name Smith
the suffix -ish in boyish [2009-09-07-1]ε#133. ƻĤ -ish γηϩפ򻲾ȡ

Ǹ -ish ϡΩ Ish. ֤ߤʡפΤ褦˰ȤΩѤ褦ˤʤäƤꡤܼμβȤۤˤ⡤isms ʽμ, ologies ʽˤʤɤ㤬롥
ۤˡ̤ˤȤ館 realization ʸ²ˤȤ hypostasis ⤢롥kick the bucket ǡֻ̡פΰդƻ̤ˡ֥ХĤ򽳤פȲ򤹤Ȥhypostasis Ƥ롥¾Ԥȯ򷫤֤ (quotation) ⡤ǽŪˤ hypostasis ˤƶᤤȹͤ롥褯Τ줿ȤƤϡLewis Carroll Through the Looking-Glass μΰˤ nobody μβ󤲤롥ָդפˤ̤복ǰ

"I see nobody on the road," said Alice. "I only wish I had such eyes," the king remarked in a fretful tone. "To be able to see Nobody! And at that distance too! Why, it's as much as I can do to see real people, by this light!"


hypostasis ϥ᥿Ūˡ1ĤȤȤ館Ƥ褤줬ŪʴؿоݤȤʤΤϡ̤Ȥ»줬̾ʤΤƻˤʤΤɤ°뤳ȤˤʤΤʤɤ꤬뤫Ǥ롥ޤΤʤ˭٤㤬ꡤ̣Ѳ¤ʤɤ¤Ūʸưˤ⹭ؤäƤȤƽפˡȤؤ꤬
hypostasis ȴϢơ᥿εǽˤĤƤϡ#1075. ȳݻ ([2012-04-06-1]) Ǽ夲 Barthes ε2ѤȤƤ meta language 䡤#1071. Jakobson ˤ6Ĥεǽ ([2012-04-02-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ׸켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ298--99ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-07-15-1] [2017-01-12-1]

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2012-09-05 Wed

#1227. Ọ̇̄ [information_theory][frequency][sign][semantics]

#1108. 쵭̵ͭ ([2012-05-09-1]) #1110. Guiraud ˤؤι ([2012-05-11-1]) ǻȤ̣ؼԤ Guiraud ϡ (information_theory) θؤؤαѤˤؿηϤ쵭Τ;١ѤʤɤͻƤ롥
1954ǯʸɤߡ¿μŪƶ줿㤨С˥ե󡤥˥ե١ĹδطˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (128) ǽϥ˥ե˥ե֡סкǤû˥ե󤬺Ǥ٤ι⤤˥ե˳Ƥ롥줫顤˥ե󤬸ˡֶưסˡѹäס
Υ˥եȥ˥եߴطްդΤϡ餫ͳ٤̣֤ѲƤ椯ȡޤݤƤξԤδ֤ζѹդ뤿ˡηϤĴǽȯưѹդ᤽ȤȤȤǤ롥̤θ򤹤СѲϡãθΨ¤ݤ¤ˤƵȤȤˤʤ롥ηϤηϤ1ĤǤʾ塤˴ؤ̸ǤָΨפ˽虜ʤȤˤʤ
ǤϡָΨפ졤ְ̣פϼξݤΤ̤̣ȤȤƤ Guiraud ϡΤ褦ˡǾθ̣Ѥ˳褫ȹͤƤ롥ҴŪ˿ɽ蘆٤ĹȤɸѤơܤ˸ʤ˥եȥ˥եδطõΤǤϤʤ

La relation coût/information (ou forme/fréquence) traduit objectivement ces rapports entre le signe et le concept et permet de poser en termes objectifs le problème de la signification. (128)

ѡʤ뤤Ϸ֡١ˤδطϥ˥եȥ˥եδ֤ΤδطҴŪɽ魯ΤǤꡤ̣ѤҴŪ󼨤뤳ȤǽˤƤ롥


Guiraud, P. "Langage et communication. Le substrat informationnel de la sémantisation." Bulletin de la société de linguistique de Paris 50 (1954): 119--33.

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2012-07-25 Wed

#1185. ͭ̾첽 (2) [onomastics][toponymy][semantic_change][semantics][sign][methodology][semiotics]

ε#1184. ͭ̾첽 ([2012-07-24-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Coates onymisation ˤĤơפȤ2⤹롥
(1) Coates ˤä onymisation ϰ̣򼺤Ǥ򤹤ȡϡ[2012-05-09-1]ε#1108. 쵭̵ͭפǸڤ̵ﲽפˤۤʤʤǿ줿褦ˡ쵭̵ﲽͭﲽ̻Ū̵¤ΥȤȤθȡͭ̾Ȱ̾δ֤αޤ̵¤˷֤ΤʤΤ⤷ʤεϡ#1056. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤ ([2012-03-18-1]) #1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤ󤸤ѡ ([2012-03-31-1]) εǤߤĹˤθѲѤˤؤȤ롥
(2) ͭ̾ϲŪפ䡤̸ˤϸʤ㳰ŪʲѲ뤳Ȥ¿Ūˤϡεǿ줿褦ˡͭ̾ä phonological space Ū˹ȤƤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ˸ؤˡδϡѲ˴ؤͭ̾㳰Ūʿ񤤤ϡֲѲݤˤϡͭ̾򻲾Ȥ뤳ȤդפȤȤʤ롥Coates (33) ϡHogg Ʊݤθڤٻʤ顤"using name material in argumentation about phonology (and morphology) needs caution, because name material can contain chronological and systemic anomalies with respect to its matrix language" ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥㤨СűѸ geat "gate" ϡYeats, Yates ʤɤȯֻκפĤƤ뤬ɸѸǤϸťΥɸ gat ͳ褹Ȥܤ gate äƤHogg 69; [2009-11-19-1]ε#206. Yea, Reagan and Yeats break a great steak.פ⻲ȡˡ

Coates, Richard. "to þære fulan flóde . óf þære fulan flode: On Becoming a Name in Easton and Winchester, Hampshire." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 28--34.
ԥ롦 ƣ ذ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ1990ǯ
Hogg, Richard M. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language: Vol. 1 The Beginnings to 1066. Ed. Richard M Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 67--167.

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2012-07-24 Tue

#1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) [onomastics][toponymy][metonymy][semantic_change][semantics][sign][origin_of_language][hydronymy]

metonymy ޤ (trope) θϡ̣˹ԤʤƤǤϡФСͭ̾줬̾첽㤬夲롥atlas, bloody mary, cardigan, dobermann (pinscher), hoover, jacuzzi, jersey, juggernaut, madeira, mercury, oscar, post-it, sandwich, tom (cat), turkey, wellington (boot) ʤˤȤޤʤξάͭ̾ǰƤ̿̾ҥåȾʤʤɤˤꡤ̾첽Ƥ椯㤬롥
դβ̾줬ͭ̾첽ˤĤƤϡޤ긦оݤȤƤʤäβϡͭ̾ (onomastics) Ǥ "onymisation" ȸƤ֤٤ΤǤ롥Coates ϡűѸΰŪɽ sēo fūle flōde "the foul channel" Fulflood Ȥͭβ̾ȯŸƹԤ˼ʤ顤onymisation Ū˹ͻƤ롥ʲCoates (30--33) 󤷤褦
ޤonymisation ϡɬŪѲްդʤΤ Fulflood ξˤϡ첻ѲȼäƤ뤬the White House ʤɤϡȤʤ "the white house" ٤ä˷ŪѲƤʤʤǤ϶κۤϹθʤȤȤˡonymisation ܼϡη֤ˤΤǤϤʤ˸ͭ̾ȤƻȤ褦ˤʤäƤ뤫Ȥˤ롥˸褦ˡºݤˤ onymisation ϷѲȼȤ¿ϲܼǤϤʤȤȤǤ롥
ˡͭ̾ˤʤȤȤϡȤʤɽΤäƤ̣򼺤ȤȤǤ롥sēo fūle flōde ϡ֤Ρס֤ʤסֿϩפȤŪʰ̣¤Ȥ򤵤뤬Fulflood ̾ʬϤ줺ˡľܤβؼ뵭Ȥ򤵤롥Ԥΰ̣Ѥ "semantic" ȸƤ֤ΤǤСԤΰ̣Ѥ "onymic" ȸƤ֤ȤǤ
ߡŪˤ flood ˤĤƤΡֿϩפΰ̣Ϥʤ̾ȤƤ flood ϡűѸ衤̣ѲƤṬ̌ϸͭ̾ Fulflood ΤʤˡʴʬϤС˲Ū˻¸ƤȤ롥λ¸ϡͭ̾ Fulflood ʬϤ̣ʬϤʤʤä餳ǽˤʤäΤǤꡤonymisation η̤ŵŪʸȤ롤̣򼺤Ȥˤäƻ¸ȤΤŪǶ̣
ˡCoates ϡ̣ѡʲθ顤"Onymic Reference Default Principle" (ORDP) 󾧤Ƥ롥ϡ"the default interpretation of any linguistic string is a proper name" ȤǤ롥ˤϡθѤˤƤϡŪľܤʻؼ (onymic reference) ͭä˰㤤ʤȤʲŪȯۤ롥
Ǹˡonymisation ϤФзŪѲȼϲŪפ䡤̸ˤϸʤ㳰ŪʲѲȤ뤳Ȥ¿ͭ̾äϰ̸äΤ褦˲ΰ̩٤⤤櫓ǤϤʤΤǡȯ¿ΤԵ§äƤ⡤֤ͭ̾μ̤»ʤʤȤ

Using an expression to refer onymically licenses the kind of attrition, or early and/or irregular sound change . . . because the phonological space of proper names is less densely populated than that of lexical words, and successful reference may be achieved despite less phonological precision. (33)


ͭ̾줢뤤ϸͭ̾첽ȤˤĤơŪΩ줫顤ޤǾܤͤȤϤʤäΤǡCoates ʸ򤪤⤷ɤ

Coates, Richard. "to þære fulan flóde . óf þære fulan flode: On Becoming a Name in Easton and Winchester, Hampshire." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 28--34.

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2012-05-09 Wed

#1108. 쵭̵ͭ [semantics][semantic_change][language_change][arbitrariness][sound_symbolism][phonaesthesia][onomatopoeia][saussure][sign][root_creation]

塼 (Ferdinand de Saussure; 1857--1913) (arbitrariness) Ȥƾư衤̵褬֤Ƥ㤨СθȿΤȤơΥޥȥ (onomatopoeia) ħ (sound_symbolism) Фе󤲤ƤϡӤǤꡤͭȤ2Ĥΰۤʤ̤в褹ȼĥ
(24--27) ˤСܼȤƵ뤳Ȥϵʤ signifiant signifié ϡ˼ҲŪʵˤäƷӤĤƤ롥ˤȤȡ֤Ǥפ֥פΤ褦פ⤫٤뤫⤷ʤɬͭӽ櫓ǤϤʤष֤ɤʸߤʸ츻ŪˤͭŪǤ (25) ͭŪȤȤˤϡŪͭȸṲ̄ͭƤɬפ롥Ԥϼˤ벻첻˼̤ onomatopoeia ǤꡤԤʣʤɤηŪʤˤäߴط㤨Сpossible impossible δطˤǤ롥ޤ (root_creation) ơ٤ƤθϤ줫μͭˤä߽ФȤ¤ܤͤ롥
פʤΤϡͭϸŪǤʤŪǤʤ˼ͳǤȤŪǤʤȤΤϡäޤä signifiant signifié бѤǤϤʤͳ˴ط򤤤Ƥ褤ȤȤǤ롥ŪǤʤȤΤϡȡʣ硤ǥಽʤɡɤˡѤƤ⡤̣̿̾ŤǤȤȤǤ롥
äơۤܤ٤Ƥθ͡ʼʤˤͭŪ߽Ф졤 signifiant signifié бꤹ뤬ꤷˤϺƤбѲ뼫ͳ롥СͭŪʴطϻ֤ȤȤޤꡤ˺졤Ĥˤ̵ŪȤʤ뤬̵ﲽ椬ȯȤʤäƺƤͭﲽƻ߽ФͭﲽȤϰռŪϢ³θĿͤϺǤꡤ̵ﲽȤ̵ռŪϢ³ŪʽĤŤǤ (45) ͭﲽ̵ﲽΤαʱΥϡ̣ܼˤǤ롥ΰ̣ѲͭȤ޼СʲΤ褦ˤʤ

Guiraud's Arbitrariness from a Diachronic Point of View


ˤȤäơ塼ΤȤϡĤǤ⼫ͳͭﲽ̵ﲽ뤳ȤǤʤľ˵ŪǤȤؤΤʤΤǤ롥
#1056. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤ ([2012-03-18-1]) #1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤ󤸤ѡ ([2012-03-31-1]) εǤߤĹˤθѲϡΥͭﲽʬˤȤ櫓ܤȤȤˤʤ

ԥ롦 ƣ ذ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ1990ǯ

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2012-04-06 Fri

#1075. ȳݻ [sign][function_of_language][semantics][semiotics][homonymy][polysemy]

ե󥹤εؼ Rolan Barthes (1915--80) ϡ (sign) 2ѤΤ⤿餹Ѥܤconnotation ʴỤ̄ˤ meta language ʥ᥿ˤȤ츫ȴطΤʤʸκѤȵǽδط䤫˼ò (165) οޤƸ褦

Barthes' connotation and meta language

ϡε#1074. Hjelmslev θء ([2012-04-05-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ؤϻϼ Hjelmslev ۤΤȤ롥SA signifiant SE signifié 򤽤줾ɽ魯
(1) ˼ connotation ʴỤ̄ˤȤϡdenotation Ụ̄ˤФ복ǰǤꡤŪɽСָΰ̣פǤ롥[2012-03-09-1]ε#1047. nice ΰ̣Ѳפǿ줿You're a nice fellow. ʸ̤ΰ̣ (denotation) ϡ֤ʤϿڤʿͤǤ͡פޤ (connotation) ֤ޤϤʤԿڤۤʤפΰ̣Ȥʤꤦ롥ξ硤֤ʤϿڤʿͤǤ͡פȤ signifiant signifié ηӤĤΤ signifiant ؤȾʤб signifiéΤạ֤̈ޤϤʤԿڤۤʤפȷ礷Ƥ롥connotation ȤϡΤ褦2ʹεѤη̤ȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥
ˡ (2) ϡ (1) βưΤ褦ˤߤ뤬Τ礭ۤʤ롥 meta language ʥ᥿ˤι¤򼨤Τmeta language Ȥϡ#523. εǽȸѲ ([2010-10-02-1]) #1071. Jakobson ˤ6Ĥεǽ ([2012-04-02-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡˤĤƸȤεǽΤȤǤ롥㤨Сconnotation äƲΤȡפȤʸǤ "connotation" ȤѸΰ̣䤦ƤꡤˤĤƤεѤɽƤΤǡ᥿쵡ǽѤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥"connotation" ȤϤ켫Τ /ˌkɑnəˈteɪʃən/ ȤȡִỤ̄פȤ̣1ĤεεΤ signifié ȤʤäợäݤǤб벻 /ˌkɑnəˈteɪʃən/ ȷӤĤ (2) Τɽ蘆2Ūʵι¤롥
connotation meta language Ȥ츫ȴطΤʤʸκѤȵǽ2ʹει¤ȤƴϢŤȤΤϤ⤷Ǥϡ (1) ȿ (2) ⤸äơ (3) äƤߤȡϤɤΤ褦ʸѡǽɽ路ƤȹͤΩ椽켫Τ signifiant Ȥʤ곰 signifié ȷӤĤȤǤϿ (1) connotation ȻƤ뤬ǤϿ˷ӤĤ signifié 켫Τ signifiant signifié ̤ͭεǤ⤢ȤۤʤäƤ롥
줳ͤ餻Ƥߤݻ (paronomasia) Τ褦ʸͷӤΤǤϤʤȻפäݻ줬Ƥ²ΤͤƤߤ褦ɴͰꡤ߸ʿΡΩ̤줤ʤФλդޤĤȤʹкפǤϡֱʤСפȡְȨסԤġפȡ־פݻȤʤäƤ롥ä˸Ԥϡ²Τˤƴ˴줿طǤ롥Ԥġפȡ־פƱäƤ뤫餳ݻȸΤʾ˽פʤΤϡ־פʹԤĹ԰٤䴶𤬤۵뤷Ԥġפʹоα˴ȤȵδطΩƤ뤳ȤǤ롥
οޤϡhomonymy polysemy ȤؤäƤޤ᥿졤Ū¤ŪʤɤΥɤ۵뤳Ȥ顤εǽȤ⿼طˤΤǤϤʤ[2010-10-02-1]ε#523. εǽȸѲפ򻲾ȡˡ

ò 졡20١̼ҡҹ̼Ҹ忷ӡ1995ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2012-11-17-1]

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2012-04-05 Thu

#1074. Hjelmslev θ [glossematics][linguistics][saussure][history_of_linguistics][arbitrariness][sign][semiotics]

塼ؤθѼԤȤ륳ڥϡɤµ Louis Hjelmslev (1899--1965) ǤΩƤ glossematics ϡػˤˤäϰ̤롥glossematics ϸؤ뤤ϸ뤬줬塼ؤѤǤȤΤϡ1Ĥˤϡ塼ξɽ (expression) (content) Ȥ (plane) Ωȡʤ뤤Ϸ (form) ȼ¼ (substance) Ȥε (sign) ΩȤ櫓Ż뤷ɤδط꼰褦ɵ椷Ǥ롥ؤˡ礤˼ƤꡤܤؤؤΤΡϵȤäۤŬڤǤ롥ŪʵҤƤꡤŪʸ̸ؤαѤ Hjelmslev ȤĤ˹Ԥʤʤä
ò (85) ˤ Hjelmslev ޼Ƹ褦

Hjelmslev's Sign

¦Ϥ褯Τ줿塼ε (sign) οޤǤ롥Hjelmslev Ǥϡsignifié ϡƤηפsignifiant ϡɽηפ롥⸽¤ΤΤǤϤʤüԤοŪɽݤǤ롥ˡ岼ξ¦ˤ븶 (meaning or purport) Ȥϸ쳰θ¤ΤȤǤꡤ̵ʼ¼Ϣ³ΤǤ롥˸η꤬ŪƤơ̲줿¼Ω롥¦ʾ¦ˤμ¼Ȥϻ׹ƤǤꡤɽ¦ʲ¦ˤμ¼ȤϲǤ롥Hjelmslev ˤȤäơɽƤΤоŪȤ줿
Hjelmslev ̤ȵ2ΩȤ߹碌˱ơؤ˼Τ褦ʬꤷ

Hjelmslev's Form, Substance, Expression, Content

Hjelmslev ܻؤΤϷθؤäΤǡѸǤȤ cenematics plerematics Ż뤷Ȥˤʤ롥塼 Ż뤷ޤñ٥ηˤȤɤޤäƤˡιͻäHjelmslev ʸƥȤȤ礭ñ̤ˤƱ餤դʧ礭ñ̤ΰ̣θɤΥ٥ˤƤ⡤ɽη (signifiant) Ƥη (signifié) Ȥ򵭹ȤԲʬ˰äǤ⡤塼ιͤ¤äȤ롥ǤƤ homonymy polysemy ζ̤ˡʤɡ¤Ụ̄ȯŸ礤˹׸Ӥɾ٤
ؤϡǡäʽѸ¿ػˤˤƼήʤȤϤʤäŪʥץϸͻǿμͿƤʬDzͤƤȤ¤⡤ؤħ⤭ĦˤƤ롥
ؤˤĤƤɤߤ䤹ȤơĮ (107--40) 䥤å (127--34) 󤲤Ƥ

ò 졡20١̼ҡҹ̼Ҹ忷ӡ1995ǯ
Į 򡡡إ塼ȸء١̼ҡҹ̼Ҹ忷ӡ2004ǯ
ߥ륫å Ρ ͺ ظؤή١ߤ˼1974ǯ

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2012-03-24 Sat

#1062. ʬˤ뤫 [double_articulation][linguistics][sign]

[2011-06-03-1]ε#767. ʬפDz⤷ Martinet ʬ (double articulation) ϡȤƤθΤäƤǤΩä1ĤȤơɤθؤζʽˤ夲Ƥ롥ʬϡǽΩ줫ߤƤк򶯤Ф Martinet θѤ٤ŪʻǤꡤ20¤ؤ̤ħǽ׻1ĤǤ롥
Į (166--68) ˤ 褯褯ͤƤߤȡʬȤΤMartinet μĥ褦ʸηкθƤΤɤϵ路Ȥ1ˡmonème ʵǡˤڤʬ1ʬȡphonème ʲǡˤڤʬ2ʬȤϡ礭ۤʤäƤꡤʬȤƱѸǤޤȤƤ褤ΤʤΤȤ䤬롥monème ϵ (signe) Ǥꡤsignifiant signifié ʬӤĤ1ñ̤Ǥ롥ηкݤˤϡδñ̤Ǥ monème ΤΤμ¿ΤãˤȤäƷкŪʤΤ뤤Ϥμޤʤ顤Ȥ߹碌ˤפ뤳Ȥн褹ΤкŪʤΤȤˤʤ
Ȥphonème ˤĤƤϡΤ褦ʵǤʤphonème signifiant °ñ̤Ǥꡤ켫ΤϵǤϤʤsignifiéĤޤ̣ôäƤʤΤ顤ãηкѤȤˤϴؤ褦ʤȤ櫓Ǥ롥
ʬ˸줿εǤ򡤷к٤ФˡȤȤ館ľȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥monème ηкϡǿ줿褦ˡμ䤹ȤdzݤΤȤ߹碌פ뤳ȤdzݤΤȤǤꡤạ̃Ƥ٤ʤɤȴϢƿͲӤ뤳ȤΤȤǽǤ롥üʾˤϡ100Ĥ monème ʤŪȤ߹碌פƲȤ쵡ǽ̤褦ʲ۸פ⤫٤뤳ȤǤ뤷ȿФˡּܽפȤñ⤿ʤmonème μϿɴĤȤ۸פ⤫٤뤳ȤǤ롥2ĤθθΨ򱾡뤳ȤϤǤ
Ȥphonème ηкϡ monème Ʊ褦ˤϵǤʤΤˡ100Ĥζ̤ phonème ֻҲ첻ܻҲפȤ1¤Ӥ֤1Ĥ monème Ȥ۸ȡ̤ phonème 10Ĥʤ monème 뤿λҲ첻Ȥ߹碌ϴ̤⤢Ȥ۸Ȥ٤Ƥߤ뤳ȤϤǤ뤫⤷ʤ٤ƤΤϡ̣ȼʤ phonème μǤꡤϾãηк˲ؤ꤬ʤãηкȤϡĴǽϤİǽϤΥХ󥹤Ȥۤᤤ
Martinet μĥηкθϡŪǶϤǤϤ롥θħʬȤͤˤ⵿Ȥȡޤޤ˸ˤƲäƷкŪȤߤʤȤŪʻǤζǧƤȤϸ񤤤Ȥ顤Ƨ߸ǤƤˤ⡤ͤùɾɬפ

Į 򡡡إ塼ȸء١̼ҡҹ̼Ҹ忷ӡ2004ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-23-1] [2012-04-29-1]

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2010-08-13 Fri

#473. ̣ѲŵŪʥѥ [semantic_change][sign][arbitrariness]

ΤʤǺǤѲ䤹ϲѸ˸褦˸θùܤû֤ؤΤǤꡤäϤ餯ǤѲη㤷ƱͤѲ䤹ȤѸˤ򸫤ʬ롥ä䲻餱餺Ѳη㤷Ȥơΰ̣롥
ΰ̣Ѥ䤹Τϡη֤Ƥδ֤ŪʴطʤȤˤ롥ɽ ( signifiant ) ȵ ( signifié ) δطܼŪŪ ( arbitrary ) Ǥꡤ桹ȻפäƤ뤢Ȥΰ̣ȤηӤĤϴŪʤΤˤʤŪȤŪȤȤϰŪǤ뤳Ȥˤ̤Ȥΰ̣δطϷʷѲȤȤˤʤ롥ΰ̣ŪѲ뤳ȤȤƤ褦ˤפ롥
̣ѲˤŵŪʥѥ󤬤Ĥ롥ΤʤǤäˤ褯夲Τϡߤ˴Ϣ4ĤΥѥǤ롥Brinton and Arnovick (77--80) 򻲹ͤȤȤ󤷤Ƥߤ褦

(1) ̲ ( generalization ): ü򼨤ŪǤȴѲ

box: from "a small container made of boxwood" to "a small container"
butcher: from "one who slaughters goats" to "one who cuts and sells meat in a shop"
carry: from "to transport something in a vehicle" to "to move something while holding and supporting it"
crisis: from "a turning point of a disease" to "a difficult or dangerous situation that needs serious attention"
holiday: from "a holy day" to "a non-work day"
sanctuary: from "a holy place" to "a safe place"
scent: from "animal odour used for tracking" to "a pleasant smell"

(2) ü첽 ( specialization ): üʰ򼨤ѲŪʰ̣òѲ

acorn: from "wild fruit" to "the nut of the oak tree"
adder: from "a snake" to "a type of poisonous snake"
hound: from "a dog" to "a type of hunting dog"
lust: from "desire" to "sexual desire"
meat: from "food" to "meat"
sermon: from "a speech, discourse" to "a talk given as part of a Christian church service"
stool: from "a seat for one person" to "a backless seat"

(3) ( pejoration ): ޥʥɾӤӤ褦ˤʤѲü첽ͤ뤳Ȥ¿

admonish: from "to advise" to "To warn or notify of a fault"
corpse: from "a body" to "a dead body"
cunning: from "knowledgeable" to "clever and good at deceiving people"
hussy: from "a housewife" to "a woman who is sexually immoral"
judgmental: from "inclined to make judgments" to "inclined to make uncharitable or negative judgments, overly critical"
poison: from "potion, drink" to "a substance that can cause death or serious illness"
villain: from "a low-born or common person" to "a vile, wicked person"

(4) ɲ ( amelioration ): ץ饹ɾӤӤ褦ˤʤѲü첽ͤ뤳Ȥ¿

boy: from "a rascal, servant" to "a male child"
knight: from "a boy, a servant" to "a man who is given a special honor and the title of Sir by the king or queen of England"
nice: from "silly, simple" to "kind, polite, and friendly"
queen: from "a woman of good birth" to "the female ruler of a country"
shrewd: from "wicked" to "mentally sharp or clever"
steward: from "an overseer of the pig sty" to "someone who protects or is responsible for money, property, etc."
success: from "an outcome, a result" to "a correct or desired result"

Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006.

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