ѸɤǤȡit ˡѸƸǤȤ롥㤨 there is ʸΤ褦¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ˤ there it Ѥ뤳Ȥcf. ե il y a, ɥĸ es gibtˡMustanoja (132) ʸư줬 it ǤϤʤ̣μ˰פƤ뤳Ȥա
In many instances it occurs in a pleonastic function carried out by there in Pres. E: --- of hise mouth it stod a stem, Als it were a sunnebem (Havelok 591); --- of þe erth it groues tres and gress (Cursor 545, Cotton MS); --- it es na land þat man kan neven ... þat he ne sal do þam to be soght (Cursor 22169, Cotton MS); --- bot it were a fre wymmon þat muche of love had fonde (Harley Lyr. xxxii 3); --- hit arn aboute on þis bench bot berdles chylder (Gaw. & GK 280); --- bot hit ar ladyes innoȝe (Gaw. & GK 1251).
Ϣơ#1565. existential there ε (1) ([2013-08-09-1])#1566. existential there ε (2) ([2013-08-10-1])#4473. ¸ʸˤμỌ̇̄μ ([2021-07-26-1]) ȡ
⤦1Ĥϡ¾ they 褦 it ˡ Mustanoja (132--33)
Another aspect in the ME use of the formal it is seen in the following cases where it is virtually equivalent to 'they:' --- holi men hit were beiene (Lawman B 14811; cf. hali men heo weoren bæien, A); --- it ben aires of hevene alle þat ben crounede (PPl. C vi 59); --- thoo atte last aspyed y That pursevantes and heraudes ... Hyt weren alle (Ch. HF 1323). --- to þe gentyl Lomb hit arn anioynt (Pearl 895); --- hit arn fettled in on forme, þe forme and þe laste ... And als ... hit arn of on kynde (Patience 38--40); --- þei ... cownseld hyr to folwyn hyr mevynggys and hyr steringgys and trustly belevyn it weren of þe Holy Gost and of noon evyl spyryt (MKempe 3). This use goes back to OE. Cf. also German es sind ... and French ce sont ...
եɥĸʸʤɶ̣Ѹιʸϡե줫θܿȤǽϤ뤬षŪ˴ŤΤǤϤʤˤǤ롥ɤ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ε#4607. Ѹν ([2021-12-07-1]) ǡ"Middle English lyric" ȤħˤĤƸħ1ĤȤơ"I" "you" ˸꤫פȤƤˤĤơѤ Greentree (388--89) Τ褦˲äƤ롥
The 'lyric I' who addresses the 'you' implied in Middle English lyrics is a general, typical figure, an 'I' without ego, who may make the reader a participant in the poem. Anonymity helps efface the poets of many medieval lyrics, removing distractions to focus attention on the poem itself. Aspects of style may suggest a particular poet, place or time of composition. Some political verses recount historical events, and some poets describe their situations, but a manuscript's time of compilation does not necessarily reveal the dates when its contents were written, and biographical details may be fictions. These factors can enhance or diminish the reader's appreciation of a work. Acrostics and other devices sometimes reveal a poet's name or the place of composition. However, the lack of details of a poet's life and state of mind spares the reader fruitless speculation, since it is both easier and more profitable to concentrate on the lyric 'I'.
Ѹ "I" ϻܿͤؼȤ⡤ɤꡦʹǺʤƱ1;ñ̾ȤƵǽƤ롤ȤˤꡤͤïȤ䤤طʲƤΤΤ˾Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʤؤͶ1;ñ̾ʸŪˡȤǤ
ѸħʬϤƤ
Greentree, Rosemary. "Lyric." A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 387--405.
ܲرμȤ Bennett and Smithers ΥѸν (Middle English lyrics) ɤǤ롥Ǥ褯ΤƤΤϡؾβλ Sumer is icumen in cf. #1438. Sumer is icumen in ([2013-04-04-1])ˡβΤˤؾİȤ뤬ĴҤȲλ줬뤯ؾˡƬǤ뤰äƤޤޤˤϤʤ롥
ѸνȤäƤ⡤ȤƤ¯ŪʤΤ⤢нŪʤΤޤǤ롥ΤޤᥫСϰϤϹSumer is icumen in Τ褦˲ڤ˺ܤΤ⤢СǤʤΤ⤢롥͡Ūû¿դˤûǤ "lyric" ȸƤǤޤΤǤϤʤȤ롥ºݡΥŤǤϲȤ䤤ФơüŪˡûǤפȤ⤢褦Greentree (388) "Characteristics of Lyrics" ˴ؤɤǤߤ褦
There are some constants in the genre. Ann S. Haskell notes a 'cluster of characteristics' including brevity, metrical pattern, rhyme scheme, theme and occasional hints of a plot. To John Burrow, the term 'usually means no more than a short poem', but he emphasizes 'the most characteristic axis of lyric poetry: the "I" addressing the "you", and distinguishes that 'I' from any other personal utterance, since the lyric 'I' 'speaks not for an individual but for a type' (Burrow 1982: 61). The voice of the lyric 'I' is always present, sounding many notes: laughing, weeping, expressing countless human feelings, praying, teaching or passing on scraps of knowledge.
ΥŤߤޤʤΤϡǤȿΤ¸Ƥ뤫Ǥ롥ष줳ѸνħʤΤ⤷ʤΤȤ Greentree (387) Τ褦ɽƤ롥
'Oh, to vex me, contraries meet in one'
Anyone who seeks the essence and boundaries of the medieval English lyric may find John Donne's line an apt expression of the task's pleasures and exasperations. The Middle English lyric attracts contraries of matter and manner, metre, diction and form. The slightest of structures may bear the weight of serious content with a paradox or exploration of holy mysteries in a form equally suited to celebration. Apparently artless forms may prove sophisticated and lavishly allusive. The disparate members of this genre vary from the glorious to the mundane . . . . Vexation comes from attempts to define the genre, to confine its members within a few descriptive sentences. Every statement can be questions, every adjective is ambiguous, every category has exceptions.
Ѹνϡ˰ηϸˤ衤ʤˤȤȤ館ƤƤ褤
Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Greentree, Rosemary. "Lyric." A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 387--405.
Burrow, John. Medieval Writers and their Work: Middle English Literature and its Background 1100--1500. Oxford: OUP, 1982.
#4539. ̾ιǡ ([2021-09-30-1]) ǸűѸο̾ηߤΤǡ³Ѹο̾ΥȥɤƤߤ (Coates 320--21) Ǥ˰ʲεʤɤǽҤ٤ƤȤŪˤϥΥޥˡűѸο̾¿Ѥ줺˾ä˥ե줫֤ο̾ή͵ȤäƤ褤
#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1])
#590. last name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤä ([2010-12-08-1])
#2364. ΥޥαѸ̾Υե줫֤ ([2015-10-17-1])
#2365. ΥޥαѸ̾κѡ ([2015-10-18-1])
#3902. 㥢̾ Edward, Edgar, Edmond, Edwin ([2020-01-02-1])
ե줫֤ο̾Ȥ̩ˤХեͳäƤ̾ȤȤǤꡤõХեǤϤʤ̤θ˵̾ۤȤɤǤ롥ޤ2ʬ롥
1ĤϡȤȤϱѸ켫Ȥ°Ƥޥͳ褹̾ǡ줬եͳƺƤӱѸäƤȤǤ⤤٤̾Ǥ롥William, Robert, Richard, Gilbert, Alice, Eleanor, Rose/Rohais, Maud ʤɤ롥եݤ꤬뤬¤ϤȤϥޥϤο̾Ǥ롥
⤦1Ĥ˸ʪ䡤͵Τͤˤʤ̾ǡAdam, Matthew, Bartholomew, James, Thomas, Andrew, Stephen, Nicholas, Peter/Piers, John; Joan, Anne, Margaret/Margery ʤɤ롥12Ⱦ Mary 14 Christopher ʤɤäƤƤ롥
¾ͭ̾оʪ̾Ȥ Arthur, Guenevere, Launcelot 䡤֥ȥ줫 Alan ʤɤ⤢äۤΩʤ
Ǥˤäƿ͵Τ̾դȤΤϰۤʤΤѸƱǡϤꤹ꤬ä褦Ǥ롥
Coates, Richard. "Names." Chapter 6 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 312--51.
ICAMET (= Innsbruck Computer Archive of Machine-Readable English Texts) ϡ780ʻλäƤŤ Version 2.4 600ۤɡˤʤѸ컶ʸѥǤ롥2012ǯ긵֤ƤΤΤۤȤɳѤ뵡ΤʤäѥƱѥѤëʸˤäƻפФ补 CD-ROM ǹͭѥICAMET ʳˤ tagged Brown Corpus, Wall Street Journal, Switchboard tagged ޤޤƤICAMET Υե doc rtf ǡƥȤ annotation COCOA ͿƤ롥
ѸƥȤޤॳѥȤɽŪʤΤȤưʲפ⤫֤Υ饤ʥåפ ICAMET äȤʤʤϤۿؤ
Helsinki Corpus (HC) Ѹʬ
The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English, second edition (PPCME2)
Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse
The Middle English Grammar Corpus (MEG-C)
The Parsed Corpus of Middle English Poetry (PCMEP)
嵭ѥˤϤ줾ħ뤬 ICAMET ܤ롥ޤȤƤѸ컶ʸΤߤޤޤƤȤðۤǤ롥ϤˤĤƤϡVersion 2.4 ˴Ťë (63) ˤС̤ꡥ
| 12 | 12--13 | 13 | 13--14 | 14 | 14--15 | 15 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ե | 3 | 8 | 9 | 1 | 14 | 13 | 111 | 159 |
| ???? | 110,454 | 58,692 | 344,268 | 3,996 | 704,137 | 378,080 | 4,349,808 | 5,949,435 |
| % | 1.9 | 1.0 | 5.8 | 0.1 | 11.9 | 6.4 | 73.1 | 100 |
ɤѤƤեѼȸƤ֤٤ȤˤϡĹ餯ƬǺޤƤѸˤǤ⡤ѼˤĤƤФиڤ뵡뤫ܥ֥εդƤ륿ȤƤ (anglo-norman) ѤƤʸǤ Anglo-French θƾΤ⼫ͳ˻ȤäƤ
ε#4133. OED ˤѸ˳ ([2020-08-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤1 Middle English: an overview ɤǤȤ"A multilingual context" ꤹΤȤɸؤθڤĤ
What to call the French used in Britain in this period is a difficult scholarly question. Traditionally the term 'Anglo-Norman' has been used, notably in the title of The Anglo-Norman Dictionary. In fact, the present-day editors of that dictionary note that in many ways 'Anglo-French' is a more appropriate term, since it better reflects the wide variety of inputs shown by the French used in medieval Britain. OED3 retains the term 'Anglo-Norman' largely to maintain consistency with the title of The Anglo-Norman Dictionary.
Ѥ̤ꡤOED ˤȤƤϴ¸ The Anglo-Norman Dictionary θƾΤȰפ Anglo-Norman ѤȤȤΤ褦⿴ΤȤѼؤΥץåȤ Norman French ˸¤ʤȤ顤äȹ Anglo-French ȸƤŬڤȤϹͤƤ餷
ľ OED θäƤߤ褦ޤ Anglo-Norman "The variety of the French language spoken and written in medieval England after the Norman Conquest." Ȥ롥̾̾ȤƤ1818ǯƻȤƤ1735ǯ˽ФƤ뤬ޤǶˤʤäƤθƾΤǤ롥
Anglo-French äƤߤȡ"The variety of the French language spoken and written in medieval England." Ȥ롥ۤȤȰ㤤ʤ̾̾ȤƤ1862ǯƻȤ1884ǯ˽ФƤ롥Τˡνפä
Anglo-French developed after the Norman Conquest of 1066, and remained current in some functions until the mid 15th cent. The term 'Anglo-Norman' has traditionally been used in the same meaning (cf. Anglo-Norman n. 2), but 'Anglo-French' is preferred by many scholars since this variety was not solely based on Norman French. French in later legal use is normally distinguished as Law French (see law-French n. at law n.1 Compounds 3).
Ϥ OED ⿴ Anglo-French θƤ̾ΤۤäƤ褦˻פ롥Law French Ȥ̤λΤռƤ (cf. law_french) ̾ϡ˼ҲŪȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿#3558. ȸ̾ε ([2019-01-23-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ε#4076. Dictionary of Old English Dictionary of Old English Corpus ([2020-06-24-1]) ˰³Ѹ˸ˤϤʤƤϤʤʤġˤĤơѸ츦ȤСƤ MED ʤФʤʤ (Kurath, Hans, Sherman M. Kuhn, John Reidy, and Robert E. Lewis. Middle English Dictionary. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1952--2001. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/med/) DOE DOEC δطƱͤˡMED ˤϢ MEC Ȥѥꡤ⤿ؤͭѤǤ (MEC = McSparran, Frances, ed. Middle English Compendium. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2006. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/mec/)
MED 1952ǯ˺ǽξǤ졤1991ǯ˺ǸξǤƴθ塤2000ǯ˥饤Ǥ Middle English Compendium Ȥ߹ޤ졤Ȥ꤬˸夷٤ʸǤ뤳ȤϤhyperbibliography ν¿꤬56,000ۤɤθФؤѸμǤ뤳ȤϤˤФѸ츦˾κʪȤ롥2018ǯˤϤۤ20ǯβǤ졤ߤѸ츦äƤ롥
MED ˤϡѤäΤäƤ٤Ĥħ롥Durkin (1150--52) ˵äƻŦƤޤMED ϡ¿դʧȤȤOED ǤϤθ礭ʴȤƵҤʬƤ뤬MED ΥȥκιϸǤ롥̣Ǥϸΰ㤤ʤɤȳڤäơLALME LAEME ˰ѤͤƤȤäǤ롥θͥȤħˤꡤŪʸΤߤʤ餺ʸŪŪʸˤġȤʤäƤȤ¦̤롥
νŻȴϢơMED ϳθͭ̾ȤƤλѤˤդʧäƤ롥ƤǸθȤƸڤ뤬ϸͭ̾츦˸ͭѤǤ롥¿ƥȤ˵ƤѸ̾ʤɤ⽦夲Ƥꡤ¾ʸܿθˤǤ롥
MED ˤ餯ϡ츻ҤʤȤľθűѸѸǤХǤη֤ʤɤƤˤȤɤޤꡤߤʤ
Ǹ˻ŦƤ٤ϡʸդƤǯˤĤơ(1) ܡʾڵˤΤΤǯȡ(2) ƥȤ줿ȤܤǯȤʬƵƤǤʸԤϥåǤƤˡξǯǰƬˤС㤨аۼܴ֤ǤθӤ˺ݤƵŤȽǺȤʤνפʾϡdiplomatic ɤߤɵ᤹ʸŪʴؿƤǽƤ롥
Ϣơ#4016. Ѹ츦ΤδŪʥ饤 ([2020-04-25-1]) ⻲ȡ
Durkin, Philip. "Resources: Lexicographic Resources." Chapter 73 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1149--63.
ɸˤĤơSmith (47--48) λʸɽꤤĤȴФĥäƤߤʸǤ뤳ȤǧѤߡˡܥ֥Ǥϡ¾ƼΥ饤Ҳ𤷤ƤޤȤʤΤ link ȡȤ櫓 Chaucer ϢΥϡ#290. Chaucer ˴ؤ Web resources ([2010-02-11-1]) ɤ
ϿϿʤľܤβڵĤäƤʤŤθ첻ˤƿꤹ뤫Ȥ䤤ϡѤʵǤʤ顤˸ؤˤȤäܼŪʲǤ롥Ѹˤˤ뤳βˤĤƤϡޤǤŪʴ#437. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 ([2010-07-08-1])#758. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 (2) ([2011-05-25-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
оݤȤʤˤäƤ⡤ΤѤǤʤˤϰ㤤롥 Smith (40) ȤơȤ櫓ѸȯꤹˡܤƤߤ5ۤɵƤ롥
a) "reconstruction", both comparative (dealing with cognate languages) and internal (dealing with paradigmatic variation);
b) analysis of "residualisms" surviving in modern accents of English;
c) analysis of the writings of spelling-reformers and phoneticians from the Early Modern English period, supplying information about usages closer to the Middle English period than now;
d) analysis of contemporary verse-practices, based on the analysis of rhyme, alliteration and meter; and
e) analysis of spellings.
ս˥ȤäƤe) ΥڥʬϤȤΤȴ뤯餤ΤȤ˻פ뤫⤷ʤѸɽʸɸ֤ޥե٥åȤѤƽƤʾ塤ñΥڥͤˤΤǤ롥ѸȯȥڥδطͤƤߤʬ褦ˡڥľȯɽ路Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤäơѸˤƤⴰľȯɽ路Ƥ櫓ǤϤȤŪɤƤɬפȤʤ롥ǤľǤϤʤȤϤʤȤŪʷȯɽ綠ȤƤ뤳ȤǧƤ褵ǤꡤɤΤ褦ľǤʤΤɤΤ餤ŪʤΤˤĤƤϡʸηϤ䥹ڥηϤξܺ٤ʬϤ̤Ƥʤ餫ˤ뤳ȤǤ롥
d) ϱʸѤǤ롥ѸαʸϡȤ櫓ˤΦ鿷⤿餵줿ӱ (rhyme) ɤӱξڵϡȤ櫓첻μ̤䶯֤˴ؤ¿ξͿƤ롥űѸδƬ (alliteration) ѸˤϱߤΤΡ濴˺ĤꡤѸλҲ䶯֤˴ؤҥȤͿ³Ƥ롥ޤʸϡ嵭εӱƬȤ̩ܤ˴ؤ뤫DZΧ (meter) μǤϤȯ˼ͿƤ롥
c) ϡ³Ѹ˻˾ܳŪ˸Ƥ벻ؼԤˤ롤ȯˤĤƤΥȤ˰͵ˡǤ롥ΥȤϤޤǶѸΡʼȤƵŪʡȯˤĤƤ줬Τ˿ǤСȯˤĤƤ礭ʥҥȤȤʤŪʲѲħƤСϡʶѸȯˤջϡѸȯˤǽޤ롥
b) ḽμŪˤϡ˸Ť¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ롥ּΤܤΤ˶ּäƤ롤ȤˡϢơ#1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1])#2019. ؤˤ6Ĥθ§ ([2014-11-06-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
Ǹ a) ϡϢȤ (comparative_linguistics) ˴ŤƷ (reconstruction) ŪƷˤŪʿˡǤ롥ƷȤȡʸΤʤθˡȻפ뤫⤷ʤʸǧűѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸˤƤڵηΤ˽ʬѤ롥
Ѹȯθϡ嵭Τ褦ʿμˡǿʤƤƤꡤǤܤȤ餫ˤƤ롥
Smith, Jeremy J. "Periods: Middle English." Chapter 3 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 32--48.
ѸŪ첻ĹûɽʬΤǤ롥ȤطʤˤĤƤϡʲεʤɤƤ
#1826. 첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1])
#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])
#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤס ([2017-03-23-1])
#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])
#2075. 첻첻Ĺû ([2015-01-01-1])
첻Ĺûʬ褦Ȥưʤä櫓ǤϤʤޤǽʬäȤǡʬˡϺƤΤ˸űѸǤϤΤ褦ʻߤϤۤܤʤʤäѸˤʤȤĤοƳ졤ʤˤϸޤǼѤ줿Τ⤢롥Minkova (189--90) ꡤΤ褦ʿ5褦
(1) ³λҲŤͤû첻ɽ魯
Ormulum ǺѤ줿ˡfollc (folk), þiss (this), þennkenn (think) ʤɤȤ롥Ĺ첻ˤϡӤƤ櫓ǤϤʤfó (for), tīme (time) Τ褦˥ȵդˡΤ뤳ȤääȤ⡤ο Ormulum ʳǤϤߤ줺ޤǸΩñȯλߤǤcf. #2712. ѸθŪ֤ꤿ ([2016-09-29-1])ˡ
(2) 첻ŤͤĹ첻ɽ魯
aa (aye), see (sea), stoone (stone(s)), ook (oak) ʤɡʬ䤹ˡȤʬŪˤϸޤ³Ƥ롥Ϣơ#3037. <ee>, <oo> ϤΤ <aa>, <ii>, <uu> ϤʤΤϤʤ ([2017-08-20-1]) ȡ
(3) Ҳθ <e> äơ첻ĹȤɽ魯
"magic <e>" ȾΤĹ첻ɽwife, stone, hole ʤɡѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ̩ܤ˴ϢɽοǤ롥ܳŪ˵§Τ16ΤȤθѸΩƤ뤳Ȥաcf. #2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> (1) ([2015-10-30-1])#2378. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> (2) ([2015-10-31-1])ˡ
(4) ۤʤ첻2Ȥ߹碌2Ż (digraph) Ĺ첻ɽ魯
<ie> [eː], <eo> [eː] ʤɡΤ褦2ŻϸűѸˤ⤢ä첻Ĺûɽ魯˻ȤƤ櫓ǤϤʤäѸǤ2ŻĹ첻ɽ魯ΤѤ줿ǡȤ롥Ѹ beat, boat, bound ʤɤȡ
(5) 첻 <i/y> źĹ첻ɽ魯
䥹åȥʬۤФ뤬baith/bayth (both), laith/layth (poath), stain/stayn (stone), keip (keep), heid (head), weill (well), bluid (blood), buik (book), guid (good), puir (poor) ʤɤȤĹ첻ɽ路
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
ѸǤϡ?ʤ롿Ԥפ̣ˤϡŵŪˡcome/go + ʬ Ѥ롥ưưθ˸ʬźơư֤ˡǤ롥ʲ BNCweb 褦
Jack came rushing down from his room on the top floor and . . . .
The question came sneaking into her mind . . . .
She had contrarily thought that if he really cared he would have come running after her.
A great mammoth of an American truck went thundering past, forcing me on to the dirt shoulder.
He gulped and went rushing on.
. . . the crowd of silver helmets went flooding in pursuit, . . . .
űѸä˱ʸ䡤³ѸλˤϡΤ褦ʾ˸ʬǤϤʤ줬ѤΤŪäȤ櫓ưưȤ come Ȥ㤬¿ߤ롥Mustanoja (536--37) 褦 to ȼʤǤ뤳ȤݥȤǤ롥
þer comen seilien . . . scipes (Lawman A 25525)
þer com a wolf gon after þan (Fox & Wolf 108)
in him com ur Lord gon (Judas 25)
He comme flie too felde (Alis. Macedoine 995)
wiþ þat came renne sire Bruyllant (Ferumbras 2333)
nece, ysee who comth here ride (Ch. TC ii 1253)
on his hunting as he cam ride (Gower CA i 350)
ŻưȤ٤ lie stand ˤ㤬ߤ뤬ưˤĤƤ to ȼʤ⤢Сto ȼߤ (Mustanoja 537) ξ硤֤ǤϤʤŪɽ魯ˡȤƲǤ⤢ꡤξŪ
feowertene niht fulle þere læe þa verde þeos wederes abiden (Lawman A 28238)
ne þurve þa cnihtes . . . careles liggen slæpen (Lawman A 18653)
hu mynecene slapan liggen (Wint. Ben. Rule 63)
the fraunchise of holi churche hii laten ligge slepe ful stille (Pol. Songs 325)
þanne he lieþ to slepen, Sal he nevre luken þe lides of hise eȝen (Best. 15)
on a bed of gold she lay to reste Til that the hote sonne gan to weste (Ch. PF 265)
faire in the soond, to bathe hire myrily, Lith Pertelote (Ch. CT B NP 4457)
--- and in my barm ther lith to wepe Thi child and myn, which sobbeth faste (Gower CA iii 302)
ennȝless stanndenn aȝȝ occ aȝȝ To lofenn Godd (Orm. 3894)
--- he stood for to biholde (Ch. TC i 310)
Ѹˤʤȡcome + פ֤ɽ魯ˡϿषƤˤĤʤcome + ʬפä褦ˤʤ롥äȤ⡤ԤιʸűѸΤƤʤ櫓ǤϤʤäȤդäƤ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ꥹμ̤߰Ȥơˤ5ĤΤƤ롥duke ʸߡ, marquess ʸߡ, earl ߡ, viscount ʻҼߡ, baron ˼ߡˤǤ롥14ȾФޤǤϡIJ˻ä¯ϡ绨Ĥ earl baron ʬव٤äλ5Ĥμ̤߰夷Ƥ߰̾Ϥ줾ȼͳ˹ήƽƥåȤȤª褦ˤʤä
ɮƬ duke ʸߡˤܤ褦θϡƥ dux, duc- ʷλƳԡˤ˵ġбư ducere ƳˤǤ롥dux ϥե duc ФơѸ duk, duc ʤɤȤäƤϡ־ηסֻƳԡפۤɤΰ̣Ǥꡤ̤߰ɮƬȤƤΡָߡפΰդѤΤ14ȾΤȤǤ롥
dux ϥγ˹ĤĹؤäθ塤եʤɤǺǾ̤ξιȤʤäΥޥʹߤΥɲϥΥޥǥߤǤ⤢äˡȤƱդڡͿΤ褷Ȥ̤߰μߤäƤ14ˤʤȤؤ褦ˤʤäɤǺǽˡָߡפϰ̤Ϳ줿Τ Edward III λҤ Edward ʸ˹ "Black Prince" ȸƤФˤǤꡤ1337ǯ Duke of Cornwall ˽줿θ塤錄ˤ̤߰Ϳ졤Duke of Clarence, Duke of Lancaster, Duke of York, Duke of Gloucester ʤɤ
duchess ʸ͡ˤƱ˱ѸäƤƤꡤduchy ʸΡˤ⤷Ǥ롥2Ҳ /ʧ/ ˻ƤΤϥեǤȯȿǤΤǤ롥Ԥϡ16--19ˤȯ˰ dutchess ֻѤ뤳Ȥ¿ä
ΥޥˤꡤɤθѸϥե줪ӥƥȤʤäѸθȤϲä櫓θοƤäȡ¤뤲ƤäηаޤˤĤƤϡreestablishment_of_english οεǼ夲ƤȤ櫓ʲεƤ
#131. Ѹ ([2009-09-05-1])
#324. IJˡDZѸѤǧ줿ǯ ([2010-03-17-1])
#336. Law French ([2010-03-29-1])
#1207. Ѹνդ ([2012-08-16-1])
#3096. ѸѸϽˡ ([2017-10-18-1])
#3265. ޤǹνɸϤäȥƥä ([2018-04-05-1])
(134--35) ϡѸȤƤαѸ13ʹߤήΤʤƤ뤬νϤȤСä1649ǯǤ롥
ʤ֥Υޥװʸ塤ɵ²ϥեǤꡤʸʤɤˤϥƥ줬ѤƤ줬ˤ֥ΥޥӼװʹߡ²֤ǤѸ줬Ū˻Ȥ졤ɥ3ΰ컰ϻǯϵIJǤ˱Ѹ줿̱ˤϥե줬Ǥʤؤ¿ȤȤؤäƤ
IJθʸΤۤϡȾޤǤϥƥȤȤ˥ե줬ȤƤȬǯˡƤѸȤʤäʵIJˡΤϥƥΤޤޡˡŪˡȤǧֹˤ۲ġסʥ롦ȡˤ⡤켷ȾޤǤϥե줬ȤƤʰϻͶǯˤȤȤ˱Ѹľ졤ʸ庣ޤ³Ƥ롥
˸⤢롥ˡΧޤʸѸǽʤФʤʤʤ롤֥ƥѡפϡϥΡī1713ǯΤȤǤ롥ɤϡΥޥʹߡѸŪʾ˴˼᤹Τˡä650ǯפȤˤʤ롥
ľδʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ١ҡӡ2015ǯ
Ѹ줳Ȥ虜ϡűѸѸˤ⤿ϿƤ롥ǸŤαѸ줳Ȥ虜 Proverbs of Alfred (c. 1150--80) ȸƤФΤ뤷ʸغʤˤͳΤΤޤƿΤȤ虜ϿƤ
13--14ΤΤ濴ȤSkeat ԤΤȤ虜롥ˤѤƤΤ¿ΤǡѸѸˤγؽˤäƤĤǤ롥ʲˡĤƤĤФƤߤ褦
Hwa is thet mei thet hors wettrien the him-self nule drinken? (Old English Homilies): "Who is he that may water the horse and not drink himself?"
Nis nawer nan so wis mon / That me ne mai bi-swiken. (Layamon): "There is nowhere so wise a man that one cannot deceive him."
Euer so the hul is more and herre, so the wind is more theron. (Ancrene Riwle): "The greater and higher the hill, the greater the wind on it." hul ˤĤơ#1812. 6ñѰۤǸѸ ([2014-04-13-1]) )
Wel fight that wel specth --- seide Alvred. (Owl and Nightingale): "He that speaks will, fights well --- said Alfred."
Strong hit is to rowe ayeyn the see that floweth, So hit is to swynke ayeyn un-ylimpe. (Prov. of Alfred): "As it is hard to row against the sea that flows, so it is to toil against misfortune."
For qua bigin wil ani thing / He aght to thinc on the ending. (Cursor Mundi): "For he who will begin a thing ought to think how it may end."
Ther God wile helpen, nouht ne dereth. (Havelok): "Where God will help, nothing does harm."
More honour is, faire to sterve, Than in servage vyliche to serve. (Kyng Alisaunder): "It is more honour to die fairly than to serve cunningly in servitude."
Tel thou neuer thy fo that thy fot aketh. (Hending): "Never tell thy foe that thy foot aches."
The lyf so short, the craft so long to lerne. (Parlement of Foules): "Life is so short, art is so long to learn."
Hit is not al gold, that glareth. (Hous of Fame): "All is not gold that glitters."
The nere the cherche, the fyrther fro Gode. (Handlyng Synne): "The nearer to the church, the further from God."
That that rathest rypeth roteth most saunest. (P. Pl.): "What ripes most quickly, rots earliest."
A litell stane, as men sayis, / May ger weltir ane mekill wane. (Bruce): "A little stone, as many say, can cause a great waggon to be overturned."
For spechëles may no man spede. (Confessio Amantis): "For no man can succeed by being speechless."
It is nought good a sleping hound to wake. (Troilus): "It is not good to wake a sleeping dog."
Mordre wol out. (Canterbury Tales) wol ˤĤơ#89. one ȯ¤äȯ ([2009-07-25-1]) ȡ
Charite schuld bigyne at hem-self. (Wyclif, Works): "Charity should begin at home."
Skeat, Walter W., ed. Early English Proverbs, Chiefly of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, with Illustrative Quotations. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910.
ưΡֶܹԡפβϡѸηˤˤƥ㡼Ǥ롥ˤĤơ#178. ưε§Ѳά ([2009-10-22-1]) #527. Ե§Ѳưε§®٤ٻɸ2ȿ㤹? ([2010-10-06-1]) #528. ˵§ư wed !? ([2010-10-07-1])#764. ѸưѤ3Ĥʬˡ ([2011-05-31-1])#1287. ưζܹԤ١ ([2012-11-04-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
礭Ĭή˵դ餦ʵήʤּ嶯ܹԡפλ⤷ФлŦƤꥹѸ dive -- dived (-- dived) Ф륢ꥫѸ dive -- dove (-- dived) 㤬褯ΤƤ뤬ŪˤϤ¾롥
ȤСWełna (425) ˤСѸ˼嶯ܹԤʤʬˤƶѲԵ§˷Ѥ³ƤΤȤơΤ褦㤬ȤѸθǵˡ
| INFINITIVE | PAST | PAST PARTICIPLE |
|---|---|---|
| chide | chidde, chōde | chidden |
| ring | ringde, rongen (PL) | runge |
| sawe | sawed, sew | sawid, sown |
| sew | sowed | sewed, sowen |
| shew, show | showed | showed, showen |
| stycke | stiked, stacke | sticked, stōken |
| weer | wēred, wōre | wēred, worn |
첻 (gvs) Ѹ첻˾塤ȾΤΤϡϢŪʿܤǤȤꤵƤΤΡ첻շΤɤϤޤäˤĤưոʬƤ뤿Ǥ롥徺2첻βɤϤޤꡤˤɤΤʬʤСpush chain drag chain ˤǯǤϡ첻ܡפ1ĤϢŪʿܤȤߤʤȤϤǤʣѲνΤˤʤȤΩԤ⾯ʤʤ (58--59) ϡ첻ܤγȳϻˤĤơˤƧޤƼΤ褦ˤޤȤƤ롥
GVS ѲƱ˵ä櫓ǤϤʤʤѲ (eː iː, oː uː, iː əɪ, uː əʊ) ϲʤѲ٤ʤ1400ǯ˻Ϥޤ1550ǯޤǤˤϴλƤȹͤ롥ʤѲˤĤƤϡ줫ǯ٤ƳϤ졤1700ǯ溢ޤѲβ³ƤȤ롥ʤΤ첻첻ȶ첻ξ徺Τ줫˵äˤĤƤϡոʬ졤Jespersen (1909) ϡޤ첻첻ϤǤη٤ʲζ첻夲줿ȼĥ夲Ϣ (drag-chain theory) Ȥ¾ȥꥢ Karl Luick (1865--1935) Ϥ (1914--1940) ˤơJespersen Ȥϵդˡ첻ξ徺˵ꡤ/iː/, /uː/ ΰ֤ޤǹ줿ᡤ/iː/, /uː/ Ͽ첻Ȥͻ뤿ᡤФ˲夲첻Ȥ夲Ϣ (push-chain theory) ȾΤ롥夲Ϣ˴ؤơ첻֤κDzʡʤ첻ϢŪ夲ĥԤʤ餺뤬GVS ˴ؤ¤ϡҤξʤȲʤλŪ줫ߤơDzʤϢܤϤޤäȹͤΤ̵Ǥ롥ޤGVS γϻˤĤƤոʬƤꡤǯǤ13ˤޤ̤餻뤳ȤǤʤѲϤۤƱ˻ϤޤäȤԤ⤤ (Stenbrenden 2010, 2016 ʤɡˡ
GVS ϡʤȲʤ˴ؤ뾯ʤȤ2Ĥΰۤʤ벻ѲʤäƤȹͤ褵Ǥ롥˾ʤβ˲ʤβϤ졤֤äƤߤΤȤƲեȤ褦˸Ȥ櫓ʤˤĤư夲ʤΤ夲ʤΤȤˤ夬ĤƤʤ
εǡƶϤΤ Minkova and Stockwell ǯ GVS βƤߤ
3ϡѲ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1909.
Luick, Karl. Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache. 2 vols. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1914--40.
Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. The Chronology and Regional Spread of Long-Vowel Changes in English, c. 1150--1500. Diss. U of Oslo, Oslo, 2010.
Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1150--1700: Evidence from Spelling. Cambridge: CUP, 2016.
#1264. ˸ؤθ³ȡιؤƻ ([2012-10-12-1])#2865. Ĥ䤹ڵä䤹ڵؤΥҥȡ ([2017-03-01-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ˸ؤˤϻθ³ȤȤ⤷꤬롥̤Ȥ˾ۤɤΤΤĤäƤƤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥 (29) ϡ˸ء٤ΤʤΡָűѸαŪŪפȤˤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
˸ؤǤϸ¸ǽפǤ뤳ȤϤޤǤʤθоݤȤΤǤСʸϿ˲äơüԤθľѡʤʤɤθ쿴ŪޤƼ¤˭٤ʻȤΤǤ뤬˸ؤǤϤϴñˤʤʤŤλȤȤ¿ʬʤΤǡμθ³Τ褦˻פ뤬ºݤϡʾ˸ΤǧʤФʤʤä˰ŤиŤۤɸΤꡤѸˤǤϡäOEθ³ˤĤƤϤ褯ǧǡʤƤʤƤϤʤʤ
Ūˤɤ줯餤Τָ뤿ˡűѸѸλˤĤƻϤƤս⤷Ƥ
űѸμܤ˴ޤޤ300ǡʸ2000Ǥ롥ʬŪˤϥˤ˲Ǥ롥̤ϥΥޥʹߤ200ǯ֤˽줿Ѹλ⾯ʤ(29)
Ȥ850ǯλǻĤäƤΤϡ4ĤΥƥȤ35ۤɤˡΧʸļʤɤûŪʸȾǤ롥(29)
űѸ9䤬ȥǽ줿Ǥ롥(31)
ɮ (authorial holograph) ѸǤ Ayenbite of Inwit 1340ǯˡ Hoccleve (1370?--1450?) νʪ15Ρեε²μˤʽ Paston Letters 䤽¾ƱνʽۤɤǤ롥(34)
Ѹˤˤ礭ʸ (philology) ʸɾ (textual criticism) Υץʬǽ뤵ʤǤ롥
Ϣơ#1264. ˸ؤθ³ȡιؤƻ ([2012-10-12-1])#2865. Ĥ䤹ڵä䤹ڵؤΥҥȡ ([2017-03-01-1])#1051. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (1) ([2012-03-13-1])#1052. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (2) ([2012-03-14-1]) ⻲ȡ
2ϡѸ˳ѡ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ22--46ǡ
Ѹαʸ쥿դѥߤĤThe Parsed Corpus of Middle English Poetry Ի Richard Zimmermann εĤѤǤ롥
ʳǡƱѥ41Υƥȡ160,432줫ʤäƤʥƥȡꥹȤˡСϰϤ c. 1150--1420ǯʤ Helsinki Corpus ζʬǤ M1, M2, M3 Ǥ롥쥿 Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English ƱˡդƤꡤCorpus Search 2 ʤɤΥġѤƲϤǤ롥
Related Corpora ΥڡξͭѡˤѸ˴ؤƼ拾ѥǡ١ؤΥʲˤĥĤƤ
The Penn-Parsed Corpus of Middle English
The Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse
The Innsbruck Corpus of Middle English Prose
A Parsed Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (P-LAEME)
Database of Middle English Romance
ƥĥդäƤ뤦ˡʥץȤʪƤΤʤȤ
űѸ˴ؤ˸ȤơǶ2Ĥεǿ줿cf. #3208. ݥ饤ȥͥäűѸ ([2018-02-07-1])#3211. ù¤ ([2018-02-10-1])ˡ褽 speech_act, politeness, discourse_analysis, information_structure ˴ؤä Traugott γˤäơѸ˴ؤ˸ȤơɤΤ褦ʤΤ뤫Ƥߤ
Traugott ϡϥɥ֥åƬ3ĤŦƤ (466)
(1) "the shift from information-structure-oriented word order in Old English to 'syntacticized' order in Middle English; this in tern led, at the end of the period, to new strategies for marking topic and focus in special ways."
(2) "the development of auxiliary verbs in contexts where implied abstract temporal, modal, or aspectual meanings of certain concrete verbs became salient"
(3) "the appearance of a large set of new discourse types, from romances to drama, scientific writings, and letters"
(1) ϸΥե˴ؤ̤ȤäƤ褤űѸ줫Ѹˤƶޤष礬경ƤäȤˤꡤŪͳʸѤƾ¤ȤάäƤΤ뤳ȤǤʤʤäˡ̤μʤʤʤФʤʤʤäȤȤǤ롥㤨СѸˡټԤɸ by ȼư֤ιʸȯãƤȤϡΤ褦ʾ¤˵ʬ뤫⤷ʤ⤷β⤬ΤǤСŪװѲΰȤʤäȸ뤳Ȥˤʤ
(2) Ūʴޤߤ(1) ȴŪ˴ϢȻפ뤬ư줫ưؤȯãʤŵŪʸˡ (grammaticalisation) λˤΤˡʸ̮˽줿ް (implicature) ͶƳ (invited_inference) ʤɤƻΩƤäƤ븦ؤѸˤ϶ޤοˤ³ˡˡοˤꡤŪؼʤȤˡư줬ȯã뤬ȯãˤŪʥᥫ˥बͿƤǽ롥
(3) ϿäνиǤ롥夬ˤĤ졤λˤϤʤäƥȡפƤ뤳ȤѸ˸¤äݤǤϤʤѸǤΤ˿郎߽Ф줿Traugott ϥޥࡤʳŪʸϡȤäŦƤ뤬¾ˤեʤӥƥˤαƶ뤤Ϻ礷¿Ѥλʸ䱤ʸʤɤ
ۤѸˤϱѸνդɸಽ (standardisation) ⵯϤƤꡤïĤɤɸѼѤΤѤʤäΤȤäҲŪоݤȤʤ
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "Middle English: Pragmatics and Discourse" Chapter 30 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 466--80.
#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ˰³ѸμפʽǯɽAlgeo and Pyles (123--24) ˵äƼ
| 1066 | The Normans conquered England, replacing the native English nobility with Anglo-Normans and introducing Norman French as the language of government in England. |
| 1204 | King John lost Normandy to the French, beginning the loosening of ties between England and the Continent. |
| 1258 | King Henry III was forced by his barons to accept the Provisions of Oxford, which established a Privy Council to oversee the administration of the government, beginning the growth of the English constitution and parliament. |
| 1337 | The Hundred Years' War with France began and lasted until 1453, promoting English nationalism |
| 1348--50 | The Black Death killed an estimated one-third of England's population, and continued to plague the country for much of the rest of the century |
| 1362 | The Statute of Pleadings was enacted, requiring all court proceedings to be conducted in English. |
| 1381 | The Peasants' Revolt led by Wat Tyler was the first rebellion of working-class people against their exploitation; although it failed in most of its immediate aims, it marks the beginning of popular protest. |
| 1384 | John Wycliffe died, having promoted the first complete translation of scripture into the English language (the Wycliffite Bible). |
| 1400 | Geoffrey Chaucer died, having produced a highly influential body of English poetry. |
| 1476 | William Caxton, the first English printer, established his press at Westminster, thus beginning the widespread dissemination of English literature and the stabilization of the written standard. |
| 1485 | Henry Tudor became king of England, ending thirty years of civil strife and initiating the Tudor dynasty. |
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