##948,949,950 εǡ츫̤ʤʸˤĤƼ夲Ƥͤ뤭äȤʤäΤϡChaucer The Parson's Tale (l. 90) ˡιʸѤʸ줿ȤǤRiversideǤѡˡ
But nathelees, men shal hope that every tyme that man falleth, be it never so ofte, that he may arise thurgh Penitence, if he have grace; but certeinly it is greet doute.
ʣܸͤȤʤ餳βսɤǤΤǤΤȤǡ֤ۤ١ǤϤʤȤƤפȤ̤ꤷƤޤȤäϡष֤Ȥ١ǤäȤƤפŬڤǤ롥δ֤Ǥ㤬줿ΤǡιʸܤĴ٤Ƥߤ褦ȻפäǤ롥
ƤϰȤʤä̤Ĵ٤ǡѸˤɽλѤˤĤ Mustanoja Ȥ˺ƤȤ˵Ť®Ƥߤȡpp. 321--22 ˰ʲεҤä
Never so, indicating an unlimited degree or amount, has been used in concessive clauses since the end of the OE period. It is not uncommon in ME texts: --- were he never knight so strong (Havelok 80); --- be he never so vicious withinne (Ch. CT D WB 943). Parallel expressions have been recorded in some other Germanic languages, particularly in High and Low German, where nie sô is used in the same way as never so from the earliest times down to the close of the Middle Ages. . . . The corresponding affirmative forms ever so is modern English.
ޥΤۤե䥢ΥޥˤɽäȤ (expletive) Ȥ꼭ä봶ФϡѸΤΤǤϤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
űѸѸؤѸ˻ޤǡ¿θѲɤ̤Τˤ줫ؤŤƤä;̾ she she ȡˤ they [2011-04-10-1]ȡˤڡ3ñ -s γ硤ʣ -s Hotta θȡˤοĹťΥɸ줫¿θäμѡƱѸ˾Ѳȸ뤫⤷ʤޤοʿʸˡξü⡤ΥꥹɸѸˤĤƤκפǻΤϡѸ˸줿Ρפ椨Ǥ롥
ʤ̤ȤʤΤŤθưϤϲʤΤȤϡǤ롥 (linguistic geography or geolinguistics) ǤϡѲŤȤ the wave theory Ť龧Ƥ롥ˤСɤȤӤ礭Фꤲޤ졤;ȤŤƽ˼ϤءäؤȹäƹԤäǤ롥ºݤˡ嵭νѲϡȾμȤŤƤäȤΤƤʾʤȤ⡤ʣ -s ŤˤĤƤdzǧˡꤲޤ줿ФʤۤɤޤǤ˥ͥ륮äΤǤ롥ҲؤǤϡ̾Τ褦ʥͥ륮ϼҲŪ˱ƶϤΤϰŵŪˤԻˤȯȤ;ȤؤŤƤ椯ΤȹͤƤꡤΥɥļˤؤȤʤǤΤ¤ϵդǤ롥ʤʤΤ
ˤĤƤ (175) ǤڤƤ뤬ǰѤ Thomason and Kaufman (274) ΰҲ𤷤褦
Until about 1225 innovations starting in the South were spreading northward (e.g., /aː/ > /oə/, 'ɣ' > w/y), after 1250 practically all innovations in English were starting in the North and spreading southward (e.g. lengthening of short stressed vowel in open syllable, dropping of final unstressed schwa, degemination, spread of third person singular present tense -es at the expense of -eth). No explanation (except that York, England's second city, is located in Deira) can as yet be offered for why the North should have been so influential on the Midlands and South from 1250 to 1400, since it was much poorer than the rest of England, and was constantly being raided by the Scots, with whom the Northerners (ruefully, one supposes) shared a dialect.
¾ǡThomason and Kaufman (289) ϡSawyer (174--75) Ȥʤ鼡Τ褦ˤҤ٤Ƥ롥
. . . there was a great growth of quite profitable sheep-farming at the hands of Norse-origin or even Norse-speaking entrepreneurs in the eleventh century in the Lincolnshire Wolds (which lie in Lindsey, the major town being Louth) and in the Yorkshire Wolds (which lie in the East Riding of Yorkshire part of Deira, the major town being Bridlington), which lie right across the Humber from each other . . . .
ʤ顤 (175) ˤơɤɤ˼Τ褦ʰոҤ٤ˤȤɤޤä
I cannot offer a strong alternative, but it is possible that as carriers of Norsified English in the North and East passed innovative linguistic features to neighbouring areas through person-to-person communication, the receiving areas willingly picked up the Norsified features as "faddish." For the time being, however, I would like to leave this question open.
ˤĤƺǶ O'Neil (266) ˸Ĥ̤ΰոҲ𤷤Ƥ
Now why the northern Middle English system became that of all England is not at all clear. . . . After the return to English as the language of the English realm there may have been a (mistaken, note) feeling that it was in the north that real English resided, thus leading to it becoming the accepted model toward which the rest of England moved. This is an explanation of sorts, albeit not a very satisfactory one (1).
ѺǸ (1) ϵؤλȤǡεˤϰʲΤ褦ˤ롥
(1) It is, however, difficult to reconcile this explanation --- such as it is --- with the general London antipathy toward the northern dialects of Middle English. (266)
ϿޤǤ롥
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
Thomason, Sarah Grey and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.
Sawyer, P. H. The Age of the Vikings. 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold, 1971.
O'Neil, Wayne. "The Evolution of the Germanic Inflectional Systems: A Study in the Causes of Language Change." Orbis 27 (1980): 248--86.
ѸǤϤ̤˸뤬λ鸫̯ʹ¤롥go ˼бŪ̾줬տ魯빽¤ǡˤ he goes him Τ褦ɽǤ롥ŪˤϼؼƵ̾ȹͤ뤬himself Τ褦ʣѤ뤳ȤѸˤϤʤ, p. 187ˡǽŪˤϰ ethical dative ȹͤ뤫⤷ʤȤƤ⤽εǽϤʤʤ褦˻פ롥
㤨СChaucer "The Physician's Tale" (l. 207) ʰѤ The Riverside Chaucer ˡ
He gooth hym hoom, and sette him in his halle,
ι¤ˤĤƤäĴ٤¤ǤϡޤܤȤʬʤΤOED Ǥ "go" θ45ȤưʲεҤä
45. With pleonastic refl. pron. in various foregoing senses. Now only arch. [Cf. F. s'en aller.]
ʸȤƤϡѸ4ȡʬȴ֤1892ǯΤΤ1㤢Τߤä
Middle English Dictionary ΥȥƤߤȡ2a.(b) ˴Ϣ뵭Ҥää˲ϤʤפäƤȤѸǤϼ¤ˤ˵빽¤Ǥʤ顤äĴ٤餤ǤϤޤܤܤäƤʤΤǤ롥 (187) ˤСѸǤ gon Τۤarisen, feren, flen, rennen, riden, sitten, stonden ʤɤαȯμư줬ι¤Ȥ뤳ȤΤƤ롥
Ѹäι¤ϡѸǤϤɤʤäΤHelsinki Corpus go him 濴ȤƤߤѸ줫10ʾ夬äΤΡѸ1ʤä칽¤϶ѸѤƤ褦ˤߤ뤬ɤäаޤäΤ
סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ
[2010-03-29-1]εǿ줿 Law French ˤĤơƣ (31) ⤦ʲΥեѸŪˡΧѸǤ뤬̲ƹȤ褦ˤʤä̾⾯ʤʤ
accuse ֹȯʹʡˤ, assize ֽȽ濳ʿˡ, cause ʾ١ʻˡ, court ˡȽ, crime Ⱥ, damage »ˡ, demesne ֡ʸ˴ŤϤΡͭ, dower ֲػ, fee ³, guile ֺά, just ָʡ, justice ֻˡʴˡȽʴˡ, petty ֡Ⱥ˷ʡ, plea ֡κǽΡۡ, plead ֡ʾٻ¤ʤɤ˿ΩƤ, property ֽͭ, puisne Ƚ, session ֳ, sue ʤ, suit ʾ١, summon ־, heir male ˻³͡, issue male ˻ҡ, real estate ư
¾ˡΧϢǤϡLe roi le veult ֲ˾ߤסʲ۲Ĥηʸˤ Le roi s'avisera ֲϤθʤסʲİƤκ۲ĤȤηʸˤȤʸȤƤɽߤǤĤäƤ롥ѹ ( great arms ) ʸ ( motto ) ȤƤ DIEU ET MON DROIT ϡֿȤ郎פ̣12Ⱦ Richard I ǻȤäͺӤͳ褹Ȥ졤15Ⱦ Henry VI λϤ˲ä줿ȤʲȡˡʤߤˡѹϤˤ HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE ȤʸޤƤꡤեǡ֤ȻפԤ˲Ҥפ̣롥1348ǯ˥Ĥߤ Edward III ȯͳ褹Ȥʿp. 409ˡѹ "The Royal coat of arms" ѹθ뤳ȤǤ롥

ƣ ʿֱѸ˹͡סسر١227桤1959ǯ15--41ǡ
رѹ˻ŵ١罤ۡ1994ǯ
ʸ嵭2018/09/29(Sat)Wikipedia SVGɤ
[2010-03-17-1]εǿ줿ˡΧʸαѸ첽˴Ȥץä1362ǯ˸Ƭʾټ³ե줫ѸڤؤäˡΧطʸˤϤޤޤե줬ѤƤ¤1731ǯޤǻȤ³ΤǤ롥Υե Law French ȸƤФ졤Norman Conquest Norman French ȤȤʤäƳΩ줿ˡΧʸϸǤ롥
ߤǤѸˡΧѸȾեͳǤΤϡҤˤäƤ롥ˡΧط̾Ⱥ̾ȤäƤߤƤ⡤ѸˡΧ French ʬ
̾: advocate ԡ, attorney ͡, bailiff ּ, coroner ָ봱, counsel ۸͡, defendant , judge ֺȽ, jury 濳, plaintiff ָ
Ⱥ̾: arson С, assault ˽ԡ, felony ֽź, fraud ֺ, libel ʸ̡, perjury ֵڡ, slander ָƬ̡, trespass ֿ
ޤեǤϡܷ̾ƻפȤ礬̤ʤΤǡȿǤˡΧطζ礬¸ߤ롥
attorney general ֻˡĹˡ̳Ĺ, court martial ַˡġ, fee simple ñڸ, heir apparent ˡ³͡, letters patent ֳļ, malice aforethought ͽŤȰա
ѸˡΧٶΤϤΤѤ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992. 591.
[2009-09-05-1]εʤɤǡѸαѸˤƤε˷ǤǯɽǤϡ1362ǯ˵IJγѸ졤1363ǯˡǤλѸ줬ѸȵȤԤˡǤαѸѤ1363ǯǤϤʤIJǤαѸѤƱǯ1362ǯȷӤĤƤ뵭Ҥ̤ǸĤդλƤʤäΤǡΤʤȤĴľƤߤ
С1362ǯν˳줿IJǡ³ˡ ( Statute of Pleading ) ꤵ졤ܹԤǯ1äȤȤǤ롥ѸˤѸŪյȤƤϡǯȤоħŪܹǯȤм¼ŪȤȤˤʤˤ衤IJγƱѸǹԤ줿ǯȽŤʤ뤳Ȥ⡤1362ǯѸθŪħǯȤߤʤƤ褤αѸޤǤˡNorman Conquest ¤296ǯκзήƤ
ơLondon Middlesex νȽˤƤϡѸˤʾټ³ϰ1356ǯ˻ϤޤäƤŪˡΧȤƤϾ嵭̤1362ǯꤵ줿ϡ³ϥեǹԤƤΤǤ롥ޤƱˡꡦܹԸ⡤ϿΤϤޤƥǹԤƤȤõ٤Ǥ롥ĤޤꡤΩڡ۸ۡʤɡƬʾټ³Ѹڤؤä줬ʸʤˤϱѸϰ̤ϤޤäѸ줬ˡΧνդȤƤǧ줿Τϡ줫126ǯ1488ǯΤȤǤ1489ǯ1ȤҤ⤢ꡤꡦܹԤκˡ140ǯ塤1628ǯˤ褦䤯Ѹǽ줿ǽˡŵԻ졤ˤ103ǯ塤1731ǯˡΧʸƥǤϤʤѸǽ뤳Ȥ̳Ť줿ˡΧʬǤαѸ첽®٤١ȤΤǤäΤ褦դˤСʬǤΥեƥαƶϤ褤礭ΤǤä狼롥
߷ ˧ͺ 顡ԡرѸǯɽ?ѸˡѸػˡʸػˡ̻?١ҡ1993ǯ
졡رѸˡ١罤ۡ1983ǯ174--75ǡ
[2009-09-05-1]εǡѸˤĤƽҤ٤1066ǯΥΥޥͤ ( Norman Conquest ) ʹߡ1362ǯդˤޤǡɤǤϸξDZѸ줬Ѥ뤳ȤϤۤܤʤäΤ˽ѸȸƤФ뤳λˤѸǽ줿ʸ¸ߤ뤬ޤŪʸǤ롥ʸŪˤ⤢ޤƤʤɾ뤳Ȥ¿ѸեΤӤΤȤǡ̱θǤѸϤޤϲäƤΤǤ롥
ơܸˤߤƤߤȡʿ½˰츫ȱѸȻ̤ä𤬤äܸǽ줿ʸؤϡս٤κ줿ȹͤ760ǯ顤ļΡظź٤κ줿905ǯޤǤΤ˶롥λϴʸλǡ²ο١طй١ʸڽク٤ʤɤδʸνͿνκǤΤǤܽ١ܸ嵭١³ܸ嵭١ʸϿ١ػϿ٤ʤɤιˤ⡤٤ƴʸǽƤդǤߤ¤ꡤΤ˾ü줿Τ褦褷ƤΤǤ롥θ줬νդȤƤۤȤɸƤʤǡ夳ۤʤ졤ѸܸξϻƤ褦˸롥
礭ۤʤ롥ܤǤϡ̣ǤäȤŪʰ̣礤ӤӤʸϤʸǤϤʤʶʤܸʸȤƵƤΤǤ롥ŷĤν˻ʤΤȡˤǤ롥˻ŷĤˤäƸƬɤ߾夲¸դǤ롥鵮²äƴʸܤθĺŷĤθȯ줿դܸ줽ΤΤǤä˻ʸϤ̿ΤȤǽƤꡤǤϴ濴Ǥ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ졦ưबղ̾Ǽ졤ܸ줽ΤΤǤ롥ʸǤϤ뤬ʶʤܸʸϤǤ롥ܤǤϡŷĤϤᵮ²äդܸäȤϵʤФơΥꥹǤϡ²ŪäդϱѸǤϤʤեä
ξǡҲŪϰ̤ι⤤ܤǤϴ졤ꥹǤϥեˤظ졤㤤ܤǤܸ졤ꥹǤϥեˤظȸƤ֤ȤˤȡξϰʲɽΤ褦ˤޤȤ롥
| ꥹ | ||
|---|---|---|
| ̱ä | ||
| ν | ||
| ²ä |
[2009-06-21-1], [2009-06-20-1]Ѹˤ through ΰ֤꤬515̤ꤢäȤ˼夲ѸλǤꡤֻˤȿǤ줿̡ȤǤʤΰ֤꤬ʤ줿Ѹˤʤȡ˽ɸबƤޤŪʰ̣ǤΡɸפǤϤʤɸಽؤβߤȤʤֻפƤѼǤ롥ϥɥθʸѤ줿ѼǡChancery Standard ȤΤƤ롥15 Chancery Standard ΥѥĴ Fisher et al. ˤȡthrough ΰ֤Ϥλ14ˤޤǹʤƤʣΰ֤꤬ǸŪʰ̣ǤΡɸפǤϤʤȤΤ뤬515̤⤢äľλ٤гʤοǤ롥ʲѥٿȤȤ˰֤롥
through (1), thurgh (4), þurgh (3), thorugh (2), thourgh (1), throu (1), thorogh (1), throgh (1), thorwe (1), thorwgh (1), thorw (1), thorow (1), þorow (1), þorowe (1)
Chancery English ʳΥѥȤС¾ΰ֤⤤ޤ˭٤¸ߤƤȿ¬뤬15αѸνդɸಽؤƻϤȤϴְ㤤ʤ
ʤߤˡƸǸ thru ֤ϡѸ줫ΰ֤ˤȤڤΥƹͤ٤Ǥ롥ºݤˡѸ515̤Τʤ thru ¸ߤʤѸ through ȤƤ褦䤯ɸಽ줿֤꤬ǯƸ thru ʤ֤ƤȤȤϡˤչԤƤ褦Ǥ⤷
Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.
Nevalainen, Terttu. An Introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006. 30.
Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996. 68, 76.
Υޥͤ ( Norman Conquest ) ʹߡѸȾϡɤϥեλۤ˶Ƥ̱θǤѸϤϲäƤ13դ꤫˱ѸबϤޤ롥եۤλߤ줿¿ΰ仺٤ƤҤä֤ˤϡʻ֤ȥͥ륮ɬפä㤨СˡŪʸαѸ̳18ˤʤäƤ褦䤯ܹԤ줿Ѹϡ¤ĹƻΤä櫓Ǥ롥
ʲǯɽϡѸ˴Ϣ˹ʤäƤޤȤǯɽǤ롥
| 1066ǯ | Υޥͤ |
| 12--13 | ѸʸغʤʤɤϤ Layamon's Brut, The Owl and the Nightingale, Ancrene Wisse, etc. |
| 1258ǯ | Simon de Monfort ȿܵؤؤΥեͤѤФ빳ġѸβᤵ롥η̡Henry III ۹פƥ졤եǤʤѸǤФȤȤʤä |
| 1272ǯ | Edward I ɲȤƽƱѸѤ |
| 1337ǯ | Edward IIIեβ̷Ѿĥɴǯ褬Ϥޤ ? 1453ǯ |
| 1348--50ǯ | ǽΥڥȤήԡ 1361--62, 1369, 1375ǯˤήԡ¤ˤĤƤ[2009-08-24-1]ȡ |
| 1350ǯ | Higden's Polychronicon ǡή²λˤȤäƤ⤹Ǥ˱Ѹ줬ȤʤäƤȤ |
| 1356ǯ | ȽεϿѸˤʤ |
| 1362ǯ | IJγѸ |
| 1363ǯ | ˡǤλѸ줬ѸȤʤ (Ͽϥƥ) |
| 1380ǯ | ɥΥɤϿ˱ѸȤϤ |
| 1381ǯ | Peasants' Revolt |
| 1384ǯ | ɥΥƥѸ۹Ф |
| 1399ǯ | ѸȤǽβ Henry IV ¨ |
| 1414ǯ | Henry V ɲȤƽƱѸǼǤѸλѤ夵 |
| 1422ǯ | ɥξ¤ȼԤ³ƥ줫Ѹˤ |
| 1453ǯ | ɴǯν |
| 1488ǯ | Ѹ줬ˡŪʸνդȤǧ |
| 1539ǯ | Great Bible ˤƸǧݼŪʽǤѸλѤǧ褦ˤʤ |
| 1628ǯ | Ѹǽ줿ǽˡŵԻ |
| 1731ǯ | ˡŪʸѸǤʤФʤʤʤ |
ѸϤˤ̤䤨֤ʤƥ줫äѤƤѸˤǤ褯夲ϡűѸ[2009-05-30-1]ȽѸ[2009-08-19-1]Ǥ롥Ԥϥʸ䥭ꥹȶȤܿȴϢԤϥͥåθŵĬή餦Ȥ礭֤ˤϤޤ줿Ѹϥեαƶä[2009-08-22-1]ƥ줫μѤϱƤΤΡäȷ³ƤȤϳФƤƤ褤
ѸˤѤ³줿طʤˤϡɤμͤƥ̤䤨֤ʤŵʸءѡŷʸؤʤɤؤǤȤ𤬤롥ޤ John Wycliffe (1330?-84) Ҥݤˡƥθŵ1000ʾñѤȤ⤢ä
λΥƥѤħȤƤϡѸˤޤǻĤäƤä¿Ȥ롥ѸˤʤäƤΤ⾯ʤʤΤȤϡƥñ줬ΤȤѤƤϼΤƵƤäѸηоȤʤ
ѸΥƥѸĤƤWycliffe ФΤΤֻäϽǯ
actor (c1384), adjacent (a1420), adoption (1340), ambitious (c1384), ceremony (c1384), client (?c1387), comet (?a1200), conflict (?a1425), contempt (a1393), conviction (a1437), custody (1453), depression (1391), desk (1363-64), dial (1338), diaphragm (a1398), digit (a1398), equal (a1390), equator (1391), equivalent (c1425), exclude (c1384), executor (c1290), explanation (c1384), formal (c1390), gloria (?a1200), hepatic (a1393), impediment (c1385), implement (1445), implication (?c1425), incarnate (1395), include (1402), index (a1398), inferior (?a1425), intercept (1391), interrupt (?a1400), item (a1398), juniper (c1384), lector (a1387), legitimate (a1460), library (c1380), limbo (c1378), lucrative (a1412), mediator (c1350), picture (a1420), polite (a1398), prosecute (?a1425), quiet (c1384), recipe (a1400), remit (c1375), reprehend (c1340), requiem (c1303), saliva (?a1425), scribe (?c1200), scripture (a1325), testify (a1378), testimony (c1384), tradition (c1384), ulcer (a1400)
߷ ⡡رѸˡ١ҡӡ2008ǯ. 69--70ǡ
رѸ١ؽDz2005ǯ. 80.
ε[2009-07-14-1]ǡVerbix θűѸεǽҲ𤷡ɾƽä¤ϽҤ٤äȤ̤ΤȤǤ롥
ưȳɽưȤȯۤϡɸȤƷε§ΩƤ븽ǰƬˤȯۤǤ롥ϸűѸѸʤɤˤϡޤʤޤʤȯۤǤ롥Τ˸űѸˤ Late West-Saxon Ȥɸפ¸ߤűѸʸˡǤϡ̾盧ˤȤŤưγɽƤ롥Late West-Saxon ΡɸǤ variation Ϥꤦ뤷夬ѤгѤλѤ롥ѸˤäƤϡűѸŪʰ̣ˤƤɸפ¸ߤʤ櫓ǤꡤVerbix ѸǤȤΤϲ̤ƤɤɸȤߤʤƳɽƤΤ
Verbix Ūȯۤ餹ȡ variation ȤäݤϡΤ褦н褹ˤϡVerbix ŪȯۤǤϤʤѥŪȯۤɬפǤ롥դѥȤǡ١Фơ㤨Сbēon ľˡ;ñ߷פȥȯԤȡѥ̵ʸ鳺֤õ٤Ƥ롥θ̤ϡ餯 Verbix Τ줤줿ɽǤϤʤѰ۷ ( variant ) ˤʤűѸνؼԤˤϤޤäΩʤꥹȤԤˤϵŤʺ
Ѹ˸桤ҤƤϸ츦ˤ븽ߤĬήϡɸȤ Verbix ŪȯۤǤϤʤvariation Ƥ륳ѥŪȯۤǤ롥Ʊץߥʤ顤Verbix Τ褦ʥץ⡤ѥץۤ⤷ʤ
ȤϤVerbix 켫Τϡؽ顦δ顤ʤʤ⤷ġȻפĿŪʸԹǤȡűѸѸ̾ζɽμưġ뤬ФΤˤʡȻפïäƤʤʬǺ뤷ʤΤʡ
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow