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prescriptive_grammar - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2010-10-28 Thu

#549. ¿θ [negative][prescriptive_grammar][chaucer]

[2009-08-29-1], [2010-02-22-1]ǿ줿褦ˡѸǤϡŪˤ18εʸˡΩꤢ뤤¿ϡʸˡ̾β˺Ǥ⸷񤵤ָѡפ1ĤǤ롥񤵤ΤϡդˤмºݤˤϤ褯Ѥ뤫ǤꡤɸѼǤǤ̤ʹ롥
¿ФϤ켫ΤĹˤꡤȽǤʸǤ졤⤽ΤΤ⤷ŵŪȽȤƤϡޥʥ˥ޥʥݤץ饹ˤʤäƤޤζĴȤƤŪ˸ɵȤΤ롥Cheshire (114--15) ؤʤ뤳Τ褦Ƚռ˼ꡤ̲γǰޤؤϤä̤ǤꡤˤХޥʥߥޥʥץ饹ȤñʵˤϤʤʤȿ롥
Ǥϡ¿θѤ2ŦäơǶ Chaucer ɤߤʤвä "The Physician's Tale" (ll. 133--34) ¿ʸ򼨤ʰѤ The Riverside Chaucer ˡ¿ӻǤꡤߤΤ褦ˡָѡפȤ񤵤뤳ȤϤʤä

For certes, by no force ne by no meede,
Hym thoughte, he was nat able for to speede;


Ƚ Apius Ƥ̼ Virginia 򸫽ᡤȤ̼ʤȻװƤ̤Ǥ롥ǤϡApius ϤǤϨˤäƤʤȹͤƤ롥no, ne, no, nat 4Ĥ꼭Ω³˸ƤꡤŵŪ¿ιʸǤ롥
ơξ̤Ǥ¿2ĤθѤȤϲ1ܤϡ꼭ʣѤ뤳Ȥˤä꤬ĴƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ιʸɽ魯̣Ū꤫꤫ȤȤȤ̼ǡ֤꼭ȤƤΤ餽꤬ĴƤΤȤʸŪʸѤɾ뤳ȤǤ롥
2ĤθѤϡ꼭βսˤФ뤳ȤǡκѰ ( scope ) Τˤʤ뤳ȤǤ롥ʸǤСno force meede ξ֤ƤΤǡ礦ɸѸ neither ... nor ... ιʸƱǡϤפǤϨפǤȤȤϤäꤹ롥⤷꼭Ѥ by force or by meede ʤɤȤʤäƤ顤Ѹ either ... or ... ιʸƱǡϤפϨפΤɤ餫Ǥʤɤ餫ޤ򿵽ŤФʤФʤʤȤɤߤʸˡŪ˲ǽˤʤꡤۣ椵Ϳͤʤ̾ʸ̮ˤäۣ椵ϲ򤵤ʸȤξǤѤʤФ˱ۤȤϤʤʤŵŪ¿ؤ򸫤ʤȤ¿Ѥ뤳ȤǤषŪʴط뤳ȤȤǤ롥
ǤϤʤζĴȷ«̤ǤФƤΤѸ丽ɸѼ¿ħȸ褦Burnley Τ褦ˤޤȤƤ롥

If we consider this duplication of negators from the point of view of the addressee of an utterance, this apparently redundant repetition can be seen as 'negative support', since each negating item is mutually supportive of the others in clarifying the total negative character of the clause. ( 60 )


嵭2ĤθѤˤ⤦1դäΤǤСl. 133 꼭ۤ뤳ȤˤäƼ嶯 ( iambic pentameter ) αΧƤȤŦǤ褦
¿꤬񤵤³ƿˤ⤫餺ɸѼǤޤ˰ŪǤȤȤϡϤ򲡤Ĥ뤳Ȥθ³Τߤʤ餺¿θѤҤʪäƤΤ⤷ʤ

Cheshire, Jenny. "Double Negatives are Illogical." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 113--22.
Burnley, David. The Language of Chaucer. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1983. 13--15.

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2010-07-22 Thu

#451. shall will λȤʬ˴ؤ The Wallis Rules [prescriptive_grammar][auxiliary_verb][wallis][tense][future]

ѸνưˡΤʤǤȤ櫓ݤʤΤ shall will Ǥ롥ʸˡǤϤνưλȤʬƤꡤʸˡŵŪʹܤȤ롥Υ롼ꤷΤ17εʸˡ John Wallis Ǥ롥Wallis ( 1616--1703 ) ϡ1653ǯ˽Ǥƥˤʸˡ Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae ΤʤǡΤ褦ʻȤʬ꼰˻ޤDZƶϤݤ³Ƥ뤳Υ롼 The Wallis Rules ȸƤФƤ ( Brinton and Arnovick, p. 370--71 )

to promise:to question determination/obligation:
I will (go)We will (go)Shall I (go)?Shall we (go)?
You shall (go)You shall (go)Will you (go)?Will you (go)?
He/she/it shall (go)They shall (go)Shall he/she/it (go)?Shall they (go)?
to predict:to question prediction:
I shall (go)We shall (go)Will I (go)?Will we (go)?
You will (go)You will (go)Shall you (go)?Shall you (go)?
He/she/it will (go)They will (go)Will he/she/it (go)?Will they (go)?


shall will ;Ρˡʿ˱ƤߤȤʬ ( complementary distribution ) ʤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥츫Ⱥ𤷤ʬۤ줿ηϤʤΤįƤǤ롥ηŪǤȤϤʤ⡤ޤǹ碌Τ褦ˤޤǤƤΤϤˤ͹ŪȤ롥ηϤι ( reason ) Ʃ ( transparency ) 򿮤뤿 ( analogy ) ŬѤ Wallis Υ롼ϡ1718εʸˡȤŵŪʻ׹ͲϩɽƤ롥
The Wallis Rule ϸѸǤޤƶϤȤϤäƤ⡤ϵʸˡäǡºݾ shall λѤϿषƤƤ롥ä˥ѸǤϾäƤȤäƤ褤shall will ˴Ϣϡ[2010-03-21-1], [2010-02-22-1]ˤ⤢ꡥ
ʤߤˡWallis ̵µͰƤʬδäۤNewton αѹοؼԤǤ롥

Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006.

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2010-02-22 Mon

#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 [prescriptive_grammar][double_negative][stigma][split_infinitive]

1986ǯBBC Radio 4 ꡼ English Now ǻİԥ󥱡ȤԤ줿äȤʸˡְ㤤󤲤ƤȤΤפη̡ʲΥȥå10󥭥󥰤줿 ( Crystal 194 )

(1) between you and I : ֻθʤΤ I Ǥʤ me Ȥ٤
(2) split infinitives : ʬΥסto suddenly go ʤɡto ưδ֤ߤ٤餺
(3) placement of only : I saw only Jane ΰ̣ I only saw Jane Ȥ٤餺
(4) none + plural verb : None of the books are Ǥʤ is Ǽ٤
(5) different to : different from Ȥ٤
(6) preposition stranding : ֻ֡סThat was the clerk I gave the money to Τ褦ֻǸ˻Ĥ٤餺
(7) first person shall / will : ̤ɽˤϡI shall, you will, he will Τ褦˿;ΤˤäƽưȤʬ٤
(8) hopefully : ʸȤƤˡ˾餯ϡפ򤱤٤
(9) who / whom : ŪʤѤThat is the man whom you saw Ȥ٤
(10) double negation : They haven't done nothing Τ褦꼭Ѥ٤餺

20ǯʾΥ󥱡ȤߤǤۤܤΤޤƤϤޤȹͤƤ褤ʤʤС嵭ιܤ¿19ˤäƤ18Ϣʤ³Ƥ롤©Ĺ stigmatisation Ǥ롥(8) ʤɤŪ褦¾ݤĹ餯ʸˡǡָפȤΥåƥŽƤΤФǤ롥Ȥ̤ؤʤɤϤäȤƤ⡤20ǯ䤽ǡ10ܤȥåץ饹ä뤳ȤϤʤʸˡɸѸθˡ礭ʱƶͿƤȤϻ¤Ǥ鶺褦ȤƤˤ錄äƱ꤬˸³Ƥ¤ߤȡεϤȤΤϤʤʤޤʤΤʤȲƹͤ롥

Though the grammarians indisputably had an effect on the language, their influence has been overrated, since many complaints today about incorrect usage refer to the same features as those that were criticised in eighteenth-century grammars. This evident lack of effect is only now beginning to draw the attention of scholars. (Tieken-Boon van Ostade 6)


ϢȤƤϡ[2009-08-29-1], [2009-09-15-1]⻲ȡ

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997.
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.

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2010-01-31 Sun

#279. ؤδؿȸؤؤδؿΥå [linguistics][prescriptive_grammar][purism]

丫˴ؿΤʤͤϤޤʤܸǤѸǤ⡤ʹεϡդ˴ؤ˻礫ʤɸλȤδְ㤤ʸѤλŦѸӡ츻Ʀμ¤ꡤʤǤˤʤ롥ϡƿ͡δؿ椯ΤȻפäƤ롥
ȤֳءפȤʤ礤˴ؿٹ礤롥ʸˡʹȤؤɤФ롤Ȥͤ⾯ʤʤؤδؿϤäƤؤؤδؿȤΤ֤θ¤Ǥ롥֤ε Crystal Ѥʤλ ( language death ) ˤޤĤ夲ƤCrystal ϸλФ̵֤ؿϡĤޤȤ֤θռ㤵˵ȻŦƤ롥ä˱ѸˤĤƤΡˤξ򡤼Τ褦ʬϤƤ롥

All language professionals have suffered the consequences of a general malaise about language study which has long been present among the general public --- an inevitable consequence (in my view) of two centuries of language teaching in which prescriptivism and purism produced a mentality suspicious of diversity, variation, and change, and a terminology whose Latinate origins crushed the spontaneous interest in language of most of those who came into contact with it. (Crystal 96)


褽ƱȤܸ줢뤤ܿͤˤĤƤ롥ŪʸˡȯǤҲǤ¥졤ǤʤΤϸȤƥåƥŽ롥ޤܸʸˡǤʸˡǤ⡤񤷤ʸˡѸιˤäơŪʴؿƤޤȤȤϳΤˤ
ܤΥݥȤǤѸˤĤƤϡ٤פʤؤ˸¤餺ɤʬǤѸ̤¸ߤΤǤ롥षؤǤϡض̤¾ʬ⤽Ѹ줬̤˹ΤƤȤ𤬤롥¤ޤ뤯餤ǧΤƤȤΤϡͤ褦ˤäƤϴ˾Ƥ롥
ܤΥݥȤǤ뵬ϼ ( prescriptivism ) Ƚ ( purism ) ϺΤȤƬǤ򤷤ƤؼԤǤ⡤ºŪˤ prescriptivist Ǥä purist Ǥäꤹ뤳Ȥ⤷ФФǤ롥ΤˡѾ塤ոȸäոζ̤Ϥ롥餳֤ˤ롥ոĤǤɤǤոǤ³뤫ɤǤ롥դ˸¤餺봷ˤơƲäƤ뤫δϡȾ˱Ѳ롥ܼȤ "diversity, variation, and change" ˤ⤫餺줬ʤΤ褦ǸϤСɤƤ̵ϤĤޤʤΤˤʤ
񤷤Τϡ¿ξ硤ؤؤضˤ뤳ȤضǤϡ"diversity, variation, and change" ʤɤݵʤȤ򤤤äƤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥ؽԤϡؤ֤٤Τ󼨤ʤȺ𤹤뤫㤨бѸؽԤǤСѥȤƱѸˤդ꤫ƤߤȤ褤ȻפѸˤϡѸ "diversity, variation, and change" ηŪ˰ˤΤǤ롥
ѸˤȤʬ̤ơ׺ߤؤδؿ򡤤⤦Ƨ߹ǸؤؤδؿؤȰळȤǤ줭ФʤȾפäƤ롥
Language Death ɤߡCrystal ϱѸؼԤȤƸؤμºŪʱѤͤΤܿȤϸĤĤ⡤¾ˤ줹ǮȷŪɮפϤʤȺɾ

Crystal, David. Language Death. Cambridge: CUP, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-12-31-1]

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2009-09-15 Tue

#141. 18εϤѤ [prescriptive_grammar][academy][swift][lowth][priestley]

[2009-08-29-1][2009-09-08-1]εǡ18εʸˡνиˤꥹǤϡѸ꽡פȼƬˤꡤƥä vernacular ŪסʡѸˤѤ褦ˤʤäռޤȡ͡ϼ⤯ɾ褦ˤʤ뤬Ʊ˼ˤҴˤʤäƤ롥
դȽԤϡ餫εϤ¸ߤȤƤΤǤ롥դΡ֤٤ѡפפθˡϤæƤȤǡȽä롥դϸߤǤ¿θ춦ƱΤǼ夲ݥԥ顼⤽դˤĤơ֤٤ѡפȤϲï⤬ǼǤֵϡפ¸ߤΤȤä꤬롥ꥹǤϡ18äǮ줿
ֵϡפεϲͤϡ礭Ĥʬ롥Ĥϡ( reason ) Ǥ롥18 the Age of Reason λפȤƤФ褦ˡؤοȷݤäե󥹤λŪ Port-Royal ʸˡ˳ؤ Jonathan Swift ( 1667--1745 ) ʤɤΥǥߡԤäΤϤΡפǤ롥ߤεϱʸˡ礭ʱƶͿ Robert Lowth ԤǤ롥
ǡSamuel Johnson ( 1709--84 ) ʤɤ󥢥ǥߡԤϡִѡ( usage ) ˤϡʰ̤Τ벦²ʸϵҤ˻Ȥ³Ƥդ٤ϤǤȹͤLowth ʸˡνǶ򤷤餱˲ä Joseph Priestley ( 1733--1804 ) ⴷѤŻ뤷⤷ȤˡΡִѼפϡꥹΥǥߡԤ礤˱ƶ٥ե󥹤Υǥߡ ( l'Academie française ) μäƤΩʤΤǤ롥ĤޤꡤꥹΥǥߡԤϡǥߡΩλۤ l'Academie française ؤǥߡĤˤִѼפˤȿФƤȤˤʤ롥
ˤͳäե󥹤Ǥϡʰ̤Τ벦²ʸϵҤθդä뤤ϾʤȤ⤽ͤΤäȥǥߡΩԤϹͤƤȤꥹǤϤɤ1066ǯΥΥޥͤ衤ե󥹷Ϥβī³˥륺Ϥ Tudor īåȥɷϤ Stuart īȡгī³1688ǯ̾̿塤̤ˤĤΤϥ William I ɥĿ George I Ǥ롥18ȾޤǡϤȤ٤ʰ̤θդä͡ΥȥåפΩĤϤι񲦤ˤäƤϱѸäʤͤä櫓ǡμͤ¿Ѥ뤳ȤϤǤʤȽǤΤ̵̤ȤäΤ褦ʾǡˤȤäƼ٤ΩϰġפФʤä
ִѡפˤԤǴ궯ˤäο͡˥ԡ³18ȾξرĤνǹȤʤäζ椫ޤƤΤȴѤƤä
ߡѸȤäҲˤƤϡΡֵϡפʸˡ伭˵ƤȤֵϤ꤭פȤͤŪǤ롥θŪʵϴѤϡ˽Ҥ٤褦ĹǮ깭줿߽Ф줿ΤǤäơǽ餫鵬Ϥä櫓ǤϤʤǤϤʤʸˡΤĤ⤷Թϡ18ĹǾ줿֤ޤߡפȤ

졡ֱѸ쥢ǥߡ18סرѸǯ1578桤1971ǯ13--14ǡ

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2009-08-29 Sat

#124. Ѹʸˡε [prescriptive_grammar][history]

γعʸˡǰŵŪդפ˰ʲΤ褦ʤΤ롥

ư lie ¾ư lay ζ̤Ĥ٤
which νͭʤȤ whose Ѥ٤餺
it is me ǤϤʤ it is I Ȥ٤
ʸֻ֤٤餺
İʾΤΤΤˤ between 򡤻İʾΤΤΤˤ among Ȥ٤
the oldest of the two ǤϤʤ the older of the two Ȥ٤
ϻȤ٤餺
to fully understand ʤɤΡʬΥפϻȤ٤餺

֤٤٤餺פϤɤΤ褦ˤޤ줿ΤϡȤ˼ȯŪޤ졤ȤƼƤȤȤʤΤ
䡤ǤϤʤϡۤ250ǯۤ18ʸˡ ( priscrictive grammarians ) 򤳤ͤƺ夲ƿ͹Ūʵ§Ǥ롥¤ϤۤϤΤ櫓ǤϤʤäƤޤҤΤäʸˡȤθĿŪϹˤʤ줬Ի׵ĤʤȤˤθºŤ³γعʸˡθǤƤȤΤǤ롥
ƤȤΤ䤵ϤΡ֤٤٤餺פͿåθ򰮤ƤȤäƤǤϤʤ줬ФƤƤγعʸˡ¤18ο̾ʸˡˤäƿͰŪ˺줿ȤΤäƤޤȡκΤϤϤʤäΤȻפ虜򤨤ʤ̣ǤϡӤٶ򤷤ƤȤ⤤롥ʸˡϡѸؽ볰ͤΤߤʤ餺ѸüԤαѸѤˤ⤤ޤդƤΤǡñǤϤʤ
18ȵϤŤ󤸤ǡthe Age of Reason λפȸƤФ줿ʸˡ§ۤΤȤʸˡԤȯۤǡʸˡ³ȽǤ줿ä˱ƶ礭äΤ1762ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Robert Lowth A Short Introduction to English Grammar Ǥ롥νޤǤ22ǤŤͤȤ顤ʿ͵֤Ǥ롥
ʸˡǤä18αѸδѤǤϡ嵭ʸˡϤ̤ˤʤƤȤϳФƤƤ褤ǡѸǴְ㤨Ȥˡ18αѸǤϵ줿ɤ͡פȷڤήȤǤʤ⤷ʤˡ

ĥե㥯رѸ˳---1̻ˡ١ Ļҡ2006ǯ180--188ǡ

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