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prescriptive_grammar - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-01-06 Thu

#4637. 18ɸŪȯˡ [dialectology][standardisation][prescriptive_grammar][philology][ortheopy][prescriptivism][pronunciation][lexicography][methodology][walker][reconstruction]

Ѹ˸ǤϡѸȤ櫓18ɸŪȯƱ񤷤ȿƤ18ȤСλפǤꡤˤĤƤФޤ˵ϼ (prescriptivism) λǤ롥#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) ɽȤơɸŪǵŪȯ󼨤뼭񤬼ȽǤ줿äɸŪϰҲϿ;ϤʤɤʤȿƤ
ͤƤߤСϼθȤΤϡ֡ȤȯˡѤ٤פȤǤϤʤ֢ȤȯˡѤ٤餺פ⤯Ȥ¿Ĥޤꡤػߤ٤Ȥ֢פɸŪʸɽ路ƤΤȲǤΤǤ롥äΤ򤹤뤳ȤϡʤΰŪʸ촷뤳ȤˤĤʤΤǤ롥ʸؾξڵ (evidence) ᥽ɥȤưΤɤǤ֤ȤäƤ褤Beal ʸϡޤˤΤɤǤ֤ϪƤƤ롥Beal (345--46) ηѤ褦

I hope that I have demonstrated that, even though the authors of these works [= prescriptive works] were prescribing what they viewed as 'correct' pronunciation, a proto-RP used by educated, higher-class speakers in London, they were often acute observers of the variants which were proscribed. In telling their readers which pronunciations to avoid, they provide us with a record of precisely those non-standard features that were most salient at the time. Such evidence can fill in the gaps in the histories of dialects, provide answers to puzzles such as those surrounding the reversal of mergers, and, perhaps most importantly, can provide time-depth to the 'apparent-time' studies so prevalent in current variationist work.


ʸؤˤƤϾڵ꤬ǽפǤ뤳Ȥ򡤺ƹͤƤ롥

Beal, Joan C. "Marks of Disgrace: Attitudes to Non-Standard Pronunciation in 18th-Century English Pronouncing Dictionaries. Methods and Data in English Historical Dialectology. Ed. Marina Dossena and Roger Lass. Bern: Peter Lang,2003. 329--49.

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2021-12-01 Wed

#4601. ʸˡعʸˡʸˡ [terminology][prescriptive_grammar][lowth]

ʸˡˤĤѤɸ3ĤѸϡ褽ƱƤؤΤȤ򤵤Ƥ褦˻פ롥ĿͤˤäƸ촶ϰۤʤ뤫⤷ʤ伫Ȥޤ̤ռ3ԤѤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤷ͳ˸Ƥ륱ʤʤ
ƹͤƤߤȡ̯˥˥奢󥹤ۤʤ褦˻פ롥餫ǤϤ뤬ƱǤϤʤ3ԤȤؼоݤƱʤȤϸ鷺Ȥ⡤ʤȤ⤪褽ŤʤˤΤؼ٤ۤʤ롥ե졼ήˤС3Ԥϡְ̣ (Bedeutung) ۤƱǤְյ (Sinn) ϰۤʤcf. #2795. ְ̣ؼоݡ ([2016-12-21-1])ˡθĿŪʸ촶Ǥ뤳ȤǤĤġ3Ԥζ̤ˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ֵʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ϡѸ˸ԤǤˤȤä˱ѸѸǤ롥17νФơλȤ18˶δ쵬ϼ (prescriptivism) ΩӤոΥޥʡȤƼʤФʤʤϢθˡ뤤϶ܤ򼨤Ȼפʤз褷ȯƤϤʤʤ֤٤餺פȤƤαʸˡǤ롥Robert Lowth (1710--87) Lindley Murray (1745--1826) ˤʸˡ񤬤Ȥ롥Ǥϵʸˡ (descriptive grammar) ֤뤳Ȥ¿ʸˡǤϤʤȤơФȽоݤȤ롥Ѹʳء˻ˤ˰֤ŤʤСʸˡܼϡǤ˱ѸƤꡤ̤˻ȤʤѸüԤǰƬˤոΥޥʡǤȤˤȻϹͤƤ롥
ֳعʸˡפϰ "school grammar" ȱͿ뤳ȤϤǤΤΡŪˤܤαѸ춵ʻˡ˾ѸǤϤʤʸֳ̤عdzؤ֡ʸˡפȼʤС嵭18εʸˡ˴ŤƤʤ⡤ŪʴäƸ˥åץǡȤ줿ܤγعαѸ춵ˤ븽αʸˡؤΤȤȤ館뤳ȤϤǤ롥ʸˡȤƼºݤ⤫ƤȤƤϡʸˡعʸˡʬϤưۤʤʤؼоݤƱȤϸ鷺Ȥ⡤ʬ˶̤Ƥ롥عʸˡܼϡѸȤʤѸؽԤعˤƽ٤ʸˡǤȤˤ롥ʸˡܼȤƿָոΥޥʡפϡ˱ʸˡƤѸüԤˤȤäƤؿȤʤΤФơعʸˡȤϤޤ2ȤƤαѸ뤿˳عǼ갷ʸˡǤ롥褽ƱƤؤƤȤϤξԤΥ󥹤礭ۤʤ롥
ǸˡʸˡפˤĤơ"traditional grammar" ȱ뤬ؼƤƤϡʸˡعʸˡ礭ۤʤ櫓ǤϤʤ褦˻פ롥18εʸˡ21ޤǶƤعʸˡδ֤Υ󥹤ΰ㤤ϾҤ̤ŪˤξԤϡפȤϢ³ƤȤ¤ĴˡԥäѸǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥˴Ťǿαʸˡ֤Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢ˤȤäƤϡ18εʸˡήߤĤġޤǡʳعʸˡˤƤ˱ƶϤ³Ƥ륿פαʸˡȤްդ롥ΤᡤѸüԤˤȤäƤüԤˤȤäƤȤѸʤΤǤϤʤ
ʾޤȤȡʸˡعʸˡʸˡ3ĤѸϡؤƤʸˡܤƤΤΤ礭ۤʤʤɤȤ館뤫Ȥ˱ơ伫ȤϡʻȤʬƤˤϡ˻ȤʬƤ褦˻פΤǤ롥
ߤʤϡ3ĤѸɤΤ褦ˤȤ館Ƥޤ

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2021-01-09 Sat

#4275. 2ŪǺᤷǽεʸˡ Greenwood [prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][negative][double_negative]

2 (double_negative) 뤤ϤŪ¿ (multiple negative) ϡʸˡˤǺᤵƤǤܤǤcf. #301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1])ˡŪˤСȤƤϸűѸ줫ΤƤꡤ̣ǽȤƤ꼭ĤĤ̾Ρʤ뤤϶Ĵ줿ˡפä꼭ĤˡǤääơֹפȤŪȯۤʤɡȤȤʤäΤǤ롥λפǤ18˥֡Ȥʤäϼ (prescriptivism) Ȥθʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ˤꡤ2ǡȤƱѸΥˤΤ夬äȤ롥
κǽλųݤͤϡAn Essay Towards a Practical English Grammar (1711) 路 James Greenwood Ǥ롥 Benjamin Franklin ȽȤʸˡʸˡǤ (cf. #2904. Ѹˤˤ Benjamin Franklin ([2017-04-09-1]1753ǯ ǤȤ p. 182 ˤ "Two Negatives, or two Adverbs of Denying, do in English affirm." ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
θ塤 Greenwood Ρפ¾εʸˡȤˤ⥳ԡ졤γعʸˡˤޤǾäפĤȤˤʤäƶĴƤGreenwood λϤ󡤤λˤƤ⡤2Ͻ̣Τ˾ѤƤɽǤ롥񤵤ɽǤʤСդ˿侩ɽǤʤ˥塼ȥ롤˼夲뤳Ȥʤۤɤʿޤɽˤʤä줬Greenwood ʤȤɿԡˤˤʰǡͥƥʲͤդ줿ȤΤ⡤λνȤϤԻ׵ĤǤ롥Horobin (64) ƱݤǡʤƤ롥

As is usual in such works, no support for the claim is offered; it is certainly not based on practice, since double negatives had been common since Old English. A famous instance appears in Geoffrey Chaucer's description of the knight in the Canterbury Tales, who 'nevere yet no vileynye [evi] ne sayde . . . unto no maner wight [person].' Since there are four negatives here (nevere, no, ne, no) a prescriptivist might be inclined to claim that Chaucer is signalling the knight's rudeness, but this is self-evidently not the implication; the incremental build-up of negatives is intended to underline the knight's purity of speech and good manners.
   This is not just a quirk of the English language; multiple negation as a form of reinforcement is found in other languages, like French, where 'je ne veux rien' uses both the negative ne and rien 'nothing'---'I don't want nothing'.


ǡGreenwood ʤȤɿԡˤˤʰǡǺᤵ줿ȽҤ٤ΤΡȤϰۤʤ븫 --- ޤǤ2λѤϲФˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤ --- ФƤ뤳ȤոƤˤĤƤϡ#2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-01-1]

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2020-09-07 Mon

#4151. ɸಽȵϲδط [standardisation][prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][double_negative][stigma]

ɸϡ#1245. ʣŪβȤƤν񤭤ȤɸѸȯŸ ([2012-09-23-1])#1246. Ѹɸಽȵϼδط ([2012-09-24-1]) ǤƤǤ롥Ѹξ˴ؤǯͤɤǤȡεϲȤΤϡɸಽٿʤǤʤ¤ϤޤʤΤǤϤʤȤ¿ʤäƤƤ롥Ĥޤꡤϼθ̤ϴ¸ɸಽη˰첡äۤɤΤΤǤꡤɾƤϤʤȤǶɤ Percy (449) ƱݤεŸƤ롥

With increasing precision, scholars have independently established that mid-eighteenth-century prescription more often "reinforced" than "triggered" the stigmatization of specific grammatical variants. Studies of spelling have revealed similar trends. In general, such popular lexicographers as Samuel Johnson . . . and Noah Webster followed rather than established norms: in Anson's words, though "usage and authority work mutually ... no authority---even Webster---can hope to change a firmly entrenched spelling habit" (1990: 48)
   In the case of double negation, it seems clear that "natural" standardization preceded explicit prescription. Sociohistorical corpus studies of late medieval English documented that double negation receded from educated usage long before eighteenth-century grammarians condemned it. Key contexts seem to be writing generally and professional language specifically . . . .


ʤƶϤΤĿͤ佸ĤǤ⡤λѼԤΤǤҲ߽ФήܼŪѤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ뤤ϾʤȤ񤷤ƶˤϡƱդ롥
ΰѤǿƤ롤"double negation" ¤ϵϼषƤȤŪʻŦˤĤƤϡ#2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Percy, Carol. "Attitudes, Prescriptivism, and Standardization." Chapter 34 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Oxford: OUP, 2012. 446--56.
Anson, Chris M. "Errours and Endeavors: A Case Study in American Orthography." International Journal of Lexicography 3 (1990): 35--63.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-09-08-1]

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2020-08-19 Wed

#4132. ʤ괧 the 첻Ǥ the apple Τ褦ˡ֥פȯΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][pronunciation][article][clitic][euphony][vowel][prescriptive_grammar][sociolinguistics]

hellog 饸17ϡ괧 the ȯ˴ؤǤ̤ the θ첻³ˤ [ði ˈæpl] Τ褦ȯ졤[ðə ˈæpl] ȤȯʤȽޤȯΤ䤹ȤȤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤ㴳ε䤬ޤԤȯˤΤǤ礦ȤƤäʤ褦˻פΤǤºݡĴ٤ƤߤȸαѸüԤǤ [ðə ˈæpl] ȯ륱ʤΤǤ
Ǥϡʤ [ði ˈæpl] ŪȯȤƤΤǤ礦ʲβޤ᤿İ



ήǤƤСѸˤ̤ä th'apple, th'orange ʤɤ elision ȯѤƤޤ˵ϼŪʸѤΤȤ the apple ʤ⤽ȯñζܤȤΤˤʤ褦 [ði ˈæpl]ˤʷפȤơֿͰŪ줿פΤǤϤʤȵäƤޤȯˤ貿ˤ衤ټȯãǴάά줿ΤƤӤȤʣĹȤΤϡQǤϹͤˤǤˤϵŪŪͰŪȸƤӤŪϤƯȻפޤ嵭ϤޤDzǤͤޤǤˡ
ȴϢơ##906,907,2236εåɤߤ

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2020-05-29 Fri

#4050. ˤ뵭Ҽȵϼ [terminology][prescriptivism][linguistics][hellog_entry_set][prescriptive_grammar][link]

Merriam-Webster ΥȤ "A Word on 'Descriptive' and 'Prescriptive' Defining" ꤹ뵭ɤ˴ؤ뵭Ҽ (descriptivism) ȵϼ (prescriptivism) Ūʬ䤹ƤܸˤѸˤ衤Τ褦ŪΤ򲡤פȥꥫʸջȤ򿴤ΤȻפ碌롤줿Ȼפʸ˾äΩȡ̤Ǥ롥

Descriptivism reflects how words are actually used.
Prescriptivism dictates how words ought to be used.


ʤɤ˸ؤѸؤʬƳݤˡĤ񤷤Τ񤷤ϡޤˤεҼȵϼζ̤򤤤뤫Ȥ¸롥ǯ֤ʸˡؤǤơǤ⸽ʸʸʸˡؤǤʤΤߤʤ餺̤ο͡ˤˤȤäơϼλߤȤȤϼǤꡤƤǤ⤤롥äȤСαѸǤʻαѸǤ⡤ջȤˤϡؤƱͤˡΤΤȿǤ롥ʸˡʤȯʤ˽в񤦤ȡɤƤ⤽줬꤫ȤǸƤޤΤΤ褦˵ϼŪʸˤɤäפ꿻äƤޤäƤ뤿ˡ줬ȤʤäơҼλդߤȤؤ§ȤƺΤäƤΩ򤹤ʤ򤹤뤳Ȥ񤷤Τ⤷ʤؤϵϼǤϤʤҼΩΩäƤ롥ޤϡ򤷤ä򤹤뤳ȤפǤ롥
ǯαѸˤΤ褦ˡ˼ҲŪȯۤѶŪ˼ؤʬˤƤϡդФ뵬ϼȯãյΤΤͻоݤˤȤΩäƤƤ롥еϼΤΤ򵭽ҤƤȤߤޤҼȵϼȤϼ¤Ϣ³ΤǤꡤ٤ˤʤȤƶФ褦ˤʤäƤ
ҼȵϼϡʲεǤͤƤʲγơ뤤εåͳǡƹͻƤ餤

#747. Ҥȵϡ ([2011-05-14-1])
#1684. ʸˡȵʸˡ ([2013-12-06-1])
#1929. ؤΩ줫鵬ϼŪѤɤ٤ ([2014-08-08-1])
#2630. ϼѸˡʵҡˤ礹뤳ȤˤĤơ ([2016-07-09-1])
#2631. Curzan ۩ָǤꡤϼɤǤס ([2016-07-10-1])
#3047. ؼԤȵϼԤäɬס ([2017-08-30-1])
#3323. ֤ȤФεϰռϡưǤס ([2018-06-02-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-01-1]

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2019-05-28 Tue

#3683. ư lie ¾ư lay Ʊ (2) [verb][prescriptive_grammar][conjugation][preterite][participle][lowth]

ε ([2019-05-27-1]) ˰³ư lie ¾ư lay ˤĤơɸѸˤơξԤκƱ֡ŪȤäƤۤ뤵褦ˤʤäΤϡʸˡȤ18θ塤19ʹߤΤȤ18ˤΤ褦ʼ򼬤ʸˡȤɽ꤬ Robert Lowth (1710--87) Ǥ롥
Lowth (56) ϡ#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡľܤˤ2ĤưκƱˤĤƸڤƤcf. #2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1])ˡΤ褦 Pope Ρָѡ򼨤Ĥġ餫ɼԤմ򤷤Ƥ롥

   This Neuter Verb is frequently confounded with the Verb Active to lay, [that is, to put or place;] which is Regular, and in the Past Time and Participle layed or laid.
         "For him, thro' hostile camps I bent my way,
         For him, thus prostrate at thy feet I lay;
         Large gifts proportion'd to thy wrath I bear." Pope, Iliad xxiv. 622.
Here lay is evidently used for the present time, instead of lie.


Lowth ξưκѤ˥ФȤϱѸ˾褯ΤƤ뤬ճȻŦƤʤȤ롥ΰѤʬ̤ꡤξưμ¾ζ̤ȻλȤʬˤĤƤմƤ뤬layed laid δ֤ηֻ֡ɤˤĤƤä뤷ƤͻҤϤʤȤ
Ϣ Lowth ϼư lie Τ˽о줵Ƥսǡ"Lie,lay,lien, or lain" ȳѤ򼨤Ƥ롥ʬɤ줬Ф꤫lien ȤɸŪˤϺ˴֤Τۤष˵󤲤ƤΤäLowth ɤդ˲𤷤ƤͻҤϤޤäʤʸˡܻؤȤͣפǤȤʤСlie Lowth εϤˤ⼫Ƶ˴٤äƤ褦ˤߤ롥
ȽǤˡʸˡ Lowth ܻؤȤϡͣפǤϤʤäȤȤ館٤18εʸˡȤϡФи褦ˤۤɥä櫓ǤϤʤʴƤ򼨤ƤΤǤ롥ʸˡȤɤΤ褦ɾƤ뤤ѤƤȤΤۤäȽפʤΤ⤷ʤ
ºݡǯ18εʸˡȤˤĤƺɾεƤƤ롥#3035. Lowth ϤޤǤиƤʤä ([2017-08-18-1])#2815. 18εϼκɾˤĤ (1) ([2017-01-10-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Lowth, Robert. A Short Introduction to English Grammar. 1762. New ed. 1769. ʱѸʸݹ亮꡼13Ʋ1968ǯ9--113ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-04-1]

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2019-05-27 Mon

#3682. ư lie ¾ư lay Ʊ (1) [verb][prescriptive_grammar][conjugation][preterite][participle][taboo][complaint_tradition][lowth]

ư lie ʲˤ¾ư lay ʲˤζ̤Ĥ٤ȤʸˡդϡܤμѸ쳦Ǥͭ̾Ǥʡ#124. Ѹʸˡε ([2009-08-29-1]) 򻲾ȡˡư lie -- lay -- lain ȳѤ¾ư lay -- laid -- laid ȳѤ롥ԤΤβȸԤθƱˤʤΤǡ򾷤ΤɬǤ롥⤳ŵƤѸؽԤ1ͤѸѤˤƤμѤ뵡˷äޤ줿Ȥϡޤʤ
ѸǤξԤκƱФ˶Ȥʬʤȡ̵ܡפȤΥåƥŽۤɤʤΤǡȴʤʤȤְ㤨Ƥʸ̮λ٤ˤۤȤɸʤȻפ뤬äƤޤä饢ȤȤNGɤФƤޤäƤΤǤ롥¾ˤäȸͶڥ¿ϤΤ褦ˤơΥڥФƤ褦˻פ롥ζ̤Ѹ춦ƱΤˤƶܤ̵ͭʬȥޥȤʤäƤΤlie lay ΥڥϡʹߡΤ褦ʸΤФƤˡɽȤäƤ褤
ߤǤȥޥȤƺѤȤȤϡǤ⺮ƱԤפ䤿ʤȤȤǤ롥Ūˤ17, 18ˤ⺮ѤӤǤꡤä˳ʤȤߤʤƤ櫓ǤϤʤäˤƵϼĬޤˤĤơ٤ѤȤƤȤаޤ롥
Fowler (445) ˡФ lay and lie ȤܤΩƤƤΤǡѤƤ

Verbs. In intransitive uses, coinciding with or resembling those of lie, except in certain nautical expressions, lay 'is only dialectal or an illiterate substitute for lie' (OED). Its identity of form with the past tense of lie no doubt largely accounts for the confusion. In the 17c. and 18c. the alternation of lay and lie seems not to have been regarded as a solecism. Nowadays confusion of the two is taken to be certain evidence of imperfect education or is accepted in regional speech as being a deep-rooted survival from an earlier period. . . .
   The paradigm is merciless, admitting no exceptions in standard English. Incorrect uses: She layed hands on people and everybody layed hands on each other and everybody spoke in tongues---T. Parks, 1985 (read laid); Laying back some distance from the road . . . it was built in 1770 in the Italian style---Fulham Times, 1987 (read lying); Where's the glory in . . . leaving people out with their medals all brushed up laying under the rubble, dying for the glory of the revolution?--New Musical Express, 1988 (read lying); We are going to lay under the stars by the sea---Sun, 1990 (read lie); They may have lost the last fight [sc. the final of a ruby tournament], but how narrow it was, and they can still be proud of all the battle honours that will lay for ever in their cathedral in Twickenham--(sport column in) Observer, 1991 (read lie).


ξưκƱ˥֡ŪǤ뤫ϡ"The paradigm is merciless, admitting no exceptions in standard English." Ȥ1ʸˤä䤫˼Ƥ롥˻ޤǡΡָѡפפ䤿ʤ褦
Υ֡ϻϤΤϡRobert Lowth (1710--87) ϤȤ18εϼʸˡȤȤcf. #2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1])#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1])ˡ餬ϻϤȤƤ⡤줬ѤƤʤСפȤϤʤʤѤǤ͡ƺѤǤ͡ΤΥ֡ݻƤΤǤ롥ε#3681. βͤŤμΤüԤǤ ([2019-05-26-1]) #3672. ȥꥢ50ɥ뻥 responsibility Υڥ󥰥ߥ (2) ([2019-05-17-1]) ε˽С⤽1ͤ⤷ʤʤ⤽1ͤ⤷ʤ

Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-04-1] [2019-05-28-1]

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2019-03-25 Mon

#3619. Lowth Ф2ӵȲǾ [comparison][double_comparative][superlative][lowth][prescriptive_grammar][adjective]

#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) #3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡʸˡȤͼ Robert Lowth ˤ1762ǯʸˡˤ͡ʸˡζػ߾बߤ뤬Ϣ夲ƤƻӤˤĤƤ⡤2ӵ (double_comparative) ȡ̣Ū˲ʺǾؤΥФʤƤ롥Lowth (34--35) ϢսȴФ

[4] Double Comparatives and Superlatives are improper.

"The Duke of Milan, / And his more braver Daughter could controul thee." "After the most straitest sect of our religion I lived a Pharisee." Shakespeare, Tempest. Acts xxvi. 5. So likewise Adjectives, that have in themselves a Superlative signification, admit not properly the Superlative form superadded: "Whosoever of you will be chiefest, shall be servant of all." Mark x. 44. "One of the first and chiefest instances of prudence." Atterbury, Serm. IV. "While the extremest parts of the earth were meditating a submission." Ibid. I. 4.

"But first and chiefest with thee bring
Him, that you soars on golden wing,
Guiding the fiery-wheeled throne,
The Cherub Contemplation." Milton, Il Penseroso.
"That on the sea's extremest border stood." Addison, Travels.

   But poetry is in possession of these two improper Superlatives, and may be indulged in the use of them.
. . . .
[5] "Lesser, says Mr. Johnson, is a barbarous corruption of Less, formed by the vulgar from the habit of terminating comparisons in er."
      "Attend to what a lesser Muse indites." Addison.
   Worser sounds much more barbarous, only because it has not been so frequently used:

"Chang'd to a worser shape thou canst not be." Shakespeare, 1 Hen. VI.
"A dreadful quiet felt, and worser far / Than arms, a sullen interval of war." Dryden.


ƤΤ more braver, lesser, worser Τ褦2ӵ顤most straitest Τ褦2źǾ顤 chiefest, extremest Τ褦ˤȤȺǾ̣äƤƻ򤵤˺Ǿ鲽ǾǤ롥⡤̤ˤäƤΤ Shakespeare, Milton, Addison, Dryden ʤɤʪ·ɤ߱ʤά Lowth ξʤǤˡʤlesser ϸߤǤ̤ѤƤ뤳Ȥա
Shakespeare worser ѤˤĤƤϡ#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ޤDryden Ϥ worser λѤ椨 Lowth ˤäǺᤵƤ뤬#3220. 󥰥ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ¤ Dryden Ȥ2Ӥ񤷤ƤΤǤ롥
Ѹˤ2ӤˤĤƤϡ#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1]) ׻ȡ

Lowth, Robert. A Short Introduction to English Grammar. 1762. New ed. 1769. ʱѸʸݹ亮꡼13Ʋ1968ǯ9--113ǡ

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2019-03-24 Sun

#3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ [johnson][dictionary][prescriptive_grammar][comparison][superlative][adjective][suffix][lexical_diffusion]

1755ǯ Johnson μνʸ "Grammar of the English Tongue" ꤹʸˡҤξϤ롥ǷƻӤˤĤƤ⥹ڡ䤫Ƥ뤬-er/-est Ӥ more/most ӤȤȤʬϡ⵬§ȤΤ񤷤ä褦Johnson ʤλ򸫤Ƥߤ褦
 

          The Comparison of Adjectives.

   The comparative degree of adjectives is formed by adding er, the superlative by adding est, to the positive; as, fair, fairer, fairest; lovely, lovelier, loveliest; sweet, sweeter, sweetest; low, lower, lowest; high, higher, highest.
   Some words are irregularly compared; as good, better, best; bad, worse, worst; little, less, least; near, nearer, next; much, more, most; many (or moe), more for moer), most (for moest); late, latter, latest or last.
   Some comparatives form a superlative by adding most, as nether, nethermost; outer, outmost; under, undermost; up, upper, uppermost; fore, former, foremost.
   Many adjectives do not admit of comparison by terminations, and are only compared by more and most, as benevolent, more benevolent, most benevolent.
   All adjectives may be compared by more and most, even when they have comparatives and superlatives regularly formed; as fair; fairer, or more fair; fairest, or most fair.
   In adjectives that admit a regular comparison, the comparative more is oftener used than the superlative most, as more fair is oftener written for fairer, than most fair for fairest.
   The comparison of adjectives is very uncertain; and being much regulated by commodiousness of utterance, or agreeableness of sound, is not easily reduced to rules.
   Monosyllables are commonly compared.
   Polysyllables, or words of more than two syllables, are seldom compared otherwise than by more and most, as deplorable, more deplorable, most deplorable.
   Disyllables are seldom compared if they terminate in some, as fulsome, toilsome; in ful, as careful, spleenful, dreadful; in ing, as trifling, charming; in ous, as porous; in less, as careless, harmless; in ed, as wretched; in id, as candid; in al, as mortal; in ent, as recent, fervent; in ain, as certain; in ive, as missive; in dy, as woody; in fy, as puffy; in ky, as rocky, except lucky; in my, as roomy; in ny, as skinny; in py, as ropy, except happy; in ry, as hoary.


Johnson ϤΤ褦ǡʤε§˱ʤ⻶ȤơMilton Ben Jonson μ󤲤Ƥ롥
Ǥ˰ѤҤˤϡ̣¿ޤޤƤ롥ȤС֡Ѥɽ魯Ǥ most ȤղäȤΤϸ츻Ūˤ⤷ (ex. nethermost, outmost, undermost, uppermost, foremost) outer ˤĤƤϡ#3616. 촴첻ûפӵͳ褹 latter, last, utter ([2019-03-22-1]) 򻲾ȡޤforemost ˤĤƤϡ#1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1]) 򻲾ȡ
äơӤƻˤĤ most ѤǾ more ѤӵΤۤ٤ȤΤⶽ̣ŦӵȺǾǤϤ⤽ⷹۤʤ뤫⤷ʤȤϡ٤ࡥ
Milton λˤϵ줿 virtuousest, famousest, pow'rfullest ʤɤ Johnson ʤλˤǤϵƤʤʤäƤȤ⸫ƨʤJohnson Ǥ˸ŪʴФäƤȤˤʤ뤫ȤʬκСJohnson λޤǤ˸ʬۤȤϤǤäƤȹͤƤ褵
Τ褦ʡֺפ1ˤĤơLass ŦƤ뤳Ȥ⼨ŪǤ롥Lass (157) ϡJohnson ǤϵƤƤʤ woody, puffy, rocky, roomy ʤɤζӤߤǤϵƤƤ¤ͤȡ鸽ޤǤ˶ӤŬϰϤ礷ƤǽȽҤ٤Ƥ롥⤷ʤСθóȻ (lexical_diffusion) ȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ
18εʸˡɤľϡѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤθѲΡȯפ¥Ƥ롥

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.

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2019-03-21 Thu

#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ [double_comparative][comparison][shakespeare][style][prescriptive_grammar][hc][adjective][superlative]

worser, more larger, more better, most worst, most unkindest ʤɤ2ӵ (double_comparative) 2źǾ餬ѤƤȤϡѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤ롥#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡShakespeare ˤѤƤꡤѸ˾1ĤΥͥǤ롥
٤Ϲ⤤ΤΡºݤλ٤ȤƤϡȤϤʤ餷Kytö and Romaine (337) ˤ Helsinki Corpus Ѥ¾ŪĴˤȡ2ӵΤ1%ˤ2źǾǤ2%ˤȤɤޤȤޤ1640ǯˤϰڵʤȤ Helsinki Corpus ⤽ۤɵʥѥǤϤʤΤӳǧɬפɤϰʾ٤⤤ȤȤΤ褦
Adamson (552--53) ϡShakespeare Jonson 夲ʤ顤2ӵ顦ǾϡλǤ顤ʸṲ̄äưտŪѤतɽäΤǤϤʤȴäƤ롥

It's notable that such forms [= double comparatives and superlatives] can be found in consciously grandiloquent discourse, as with the double comparative of (16a), and that Ben Jonson explicitly claims the usage as an 'Englishe Atticisme, or eloquent Phrase of speech', perorating, as if to prove his point, on the double superlative of (16b):

(16) a) The Kings of Mede and Lyconia
        With a more larger list of sceptres (Shakespeare 1623/1606--7)

     b) an Englishe Atticisme, or eloquent Phrase of speech, imitating the manner of the most ancientest, and finest Grecians, who, for more emphasis, and vehemencies sake used [so] to speake. (Jonson 1640)


θ塤ˡ17Ⱦ18ˤƤαѸɾȤ䵬ʸˡȤǺᤵ졤ܤ򸫤뤳ȤϤʤʤä (cf. #2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1])#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1])#3220. 󥰥ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1]))
Ȥϵդ줺˸ߤޤǻȤ³Ƥ lesser nearer ʤɤϡ¤Ūˤ2ӵȤ٤ΤǤ (cf. #209. near Ρ ([2009-11-22-1]))

Kytö, Merja and Suzanne Romaine. "Competing Forms of Adjective Comparison in Modern English." To Explain the Present: Studies in the Changing English Language in Honour of Matti Rissanen. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki. 52. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Leena Kahlas-Tarkka. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 329--52.
Adamson, Sylvia. "Literary Language." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 539--653.

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2018-11-28 Wed

#3502. pronoun exchange [personal_pronoun][case][prescriptive_grammar][dialectology][shakespeare]

;̾ˤĤơʸˡŪŪʤȤǼʤη֤Ѥ줿ꡤεդäꤹ륱 pronoun exchange ȸƤ֡Ǥͭ̾ʤΤϡ#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) ǥȥåפ˵ between you and I Ǥ롥ֻ˻֤ۤʤΤ1;̾ˤŪʤ me Ŭʤֻ줫龯ΥƤȤȤ⤢ꡤĤĤ I ȤäƤޤतΡָѡפǤ롥
ѤȤϤäƤ⡤ϵʸˡΩѸʸθѤ˴ŤȯۤǤ롥λˤϡפǤϤʤɽƤƤȤ̣ˤơɽפˤʤäºݡ褯ΤƤ褦 Shakespeare Sweet Bassanio, ... all debts are cleared between you and I if I might but see you at my death. (The Merchant of Venice iii.ii) Τ褦ѤƤΤǤ롥ƱͤˡYes, you have seen Cassio and she together. (Othello iv. ii) ʤɤ⤢롥
ŤѸΤߤʤ餺ɸǤ⡤pronoun exchange Ϥդ줿ݤǤ롥Gramley (196) Ѥ롥

Pronoun exchange, in which case is reversed, is widespread (SW, Wales, East Anglia, the North). This refers to the use of the subject pronoun for the object: They always called I "Willie," see; you couldn't put she [a horse] in a putt.. The converse is also possible. Compare 'er's shakin' up seventy; . . . what did 'em call it?; Us don't think naught about things like that. Subject forms are much more common as objects than the other way around (55% to 20%) . . . . In the North second person thou/thee often shows up as leveled tha in traditional dialects . . ., but not north of the Tyne or in Northumberland . . . . Today pronoun exchange is generally receding.


ѤǿƤ thou/thee ˤĤƤϡϢ 10 ʤ you ϡ֤ʤפǤ⤢֤ʤפǤ⤢ΤϿޤ⻲Ȥ줿Ʊͤˡshe er (< her) pronoun exchange ˤĤƤϡ#793. she --- 奤󥰥ˤ۷ʬۡ ([2011-06-29-1]) Ͽޤ򻲾ȡ
ͤƤߤС⤽⸽ɸѸǤ⡤2;Ρʣ̾μʤ you Ūˤ pronoun exchange äΤǤ롥you ϤȤŪʤη֤ˤʤη֤ ye ä you ʤΥåȤˤ⿯Ƥˡ ye ɤФƤޤäȤˤˤĤƤϡ#781. How d'ye do? ([2011-06-17-1])#800. you ˤ ye ִ phonaesthesia ([2011-07-06-1])#2077. you ȯˡ ([2015-01-03-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-12-1] [2020-08-08-1]

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2018-06-02 Sat

#3323. ֤ȤФεϰռϡưǤ [prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][standardisation]

ܸء٤5ǡɸܤζ̸פꤹýԤǤ롥Ѹˤˤɸಽ (standardisation) ˤĤƴؿäƤˤȤäơŤʾˤǤ롥ƬϤܸɸˤĤƤͤʤΤɮԤα (21) ʸϤκǸǸεϤˤĤưŪʥȤĤƤ롥

ȤФεϰռϡưǤεϤɤΤˤΤȤѡפܤäƤȡƤȤˤĤƤߤʤǵƤȡ̡֥ȡХȥסͤڤʤΤ⤷ޤ


ܥ֥DZѸˤδ鵬ϼ (prescriptivism) 䵬ʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ˤĤ͡˹ͤƤˤ뵬ϤȤϲȤ䤤ȯȤˤϡȤˤ¿¿ͤΩοͤȰո򴹤뤳ȤʤΤǤϤʤȻפؼԡ쥳ơ̤θѼԤޤᡤΩ֤ΰۤʤ͡ˡʸˡȯʤɤˤޤĤ֥ȡХȥפĤġѡפƤȤפαĤߤˤϼŪʰյ⤢뤷Ūʻɷ⤢롥
äȤСإǤ⡤Τ褦ʵԤʤ٤Ǥ롥ҸؼԤΤʤˤ⵬Ϥؤ٤˴ؤƲٺ⤽ؼԤȤƸ椫Υл԰1ѼԤˤʤ櫓ǡ¿쾯ʤ쵬ϼŪ¦̤碌Ƥ롥ҼȵϼϳǰŪ֤ΤǤϤ졤ĿͤΤʤǤ³Ǥꡤ߰¸ƤȸʤʤΤ
ϡʰռˤΤΤ֤Τʤǰܤ椯ΤǤʾ塤θѲɤˤˤƤ⡤濴Ū˰٤ʤΤǤϤʤȤФεϰռϡޤư̤üԽĤ߽ФƤʪǤ롥
Ϣơ#1684. ʸˡȵʸˡ ([2013-12-06-1])#1929. ؤΩ줫鵬ϼŪѤɤ٤ ([2014-08-08-1])#2630. ϼѸˡʵҡˤ礹뤳ȤˤĤơ ([2016-07-09-1])#2631. Curzan ۩ָǤꡤϼɤǤס ([2016-07-10-1])#3047. ؼԤȵϼԤäɬס ([2017-08-30-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

ͺ硡ܸȡɸ졦̸١סܸء375桡ýɸܤζ̸ס񱡡2018ǯ6--22ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-05-29-1]

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2018-05-14 Mon

#3304. ϼ18Ĺطʡ2 [language_myth][prescriptive_grammar][sociolinguistics][johnson][latin]

18Υꥹ˵ϼĹطʤˤĤơ#1244. ʤϼ18˵Ĺ ([2012-09-22-1]) ϤȤ prescriptive_grammar εǼ夲Ƥ Aitchison ϡ2ĤζϤʼҲŪװطʤˤꡤϼνŪʶˤޤǻ夲줿ΤȹͤƤ롥2ĤȤϡ"The first was a long-standing admiration for Latin, and the second was powerful class snobbery" (10) Ǥ롥
ޤƥؤƴݤˤĤơΤˤƥƥΰҿ֤⤫äΤϡˤƥꥹȶθǤäȡƶΥͥ󥹰ʹߤ˳θȤʤäȤˤ롥Ǥ˥ƥïǤʤäˤ⤫餺Τ褦񤯤ȤۤȤ졤ƥ춵餬˹ԤʤƤBen Jonson 򤷤 "queen of tongues" ȸ路᤿ۤɤǤꡤºݡ¯ʸˡҤݤˤϡ˥ƥʸˡǥȤ줿
ΥƥΰŪʰҿ椨ˡ¯Ф3Ĥ٤뤳Ȥˤʤä1Ĥϡˤϸꤵ줿ˡΤȤͤǤ롥⤦1Ĥˤϡƥ줬񤭸դäˡäդФ񤭸դͥۤȤǸˡƥ줬˭٤ʶޤ򼨤Ǥ뤿ˡޤ˼äѸΤ褦ʸǤȤäޤ줿
ϼ18Ĺ2ܤװϡήҤǤ롥Samuel Johnson ŵǤ롥Johnson Dictionary ԻݤˡήɤԤ񤭸դѤˡˤǺѤդ˲ؤο͡äդˤĤƤϤ
Τ褦ʻطʤΤʤȯŸϼȵʸˡϡθ192021ˤѤ졤ޤʤߤǤ롥ĤοäĹȤäƤ褤

Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 4th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2013.

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2018-03-10 Sat

#3239. Ѹ˴ؤʿ [complaint_tradition][prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][dryden][swift][language_myth][stigma]

ѸˤϡʹߤϢʤ³ "the complaint tradition" ʿˤꡤ"the complaint literature" ʿʸˤѤƤ㤨С#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) ǼतΡ֤ʱѸϼʤפȤӤΤȤǤ롥ŵŪ˿ʹʤɤ˴󤻤Ƥ
ϡɸѸ줬ۤܳΩǡϼŪĬ褦ˤʤäƤŤλ̤롥̾ͤǤСJohn Dryden (1631--1700) 䡤 Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) κǽôȤcf. #3220. 󥰥ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1])#1947. Swift clipping Ƚ([2014-08-26-1]
Milroy and Milroy ˤСˤ2ĤΥפȤξԤϽŤʤ⤢뤬ŪۤʤäƤꡤŪˤʪȹͤɬפ롥ޤ Type 1 顥

Type 1 complaints, which are implicitly legalistic and which are concerned with correctness, attack 'mis-use' of specific parts of the phonology, grammar, vocabulary of English (and in the case of written English 'errors' of spelling, punctuation, etc.). . . . The correctness tradition (Type 1) is wholly dedicated to the maintenance of the norms of Standard English in preference to other varieties: sometimes writers in this tradition attempt to justify the usages they favour and condemn those they dislike by appeals to logic, etymology and so forth. Very often, however, they make no attempt whatever to explain why one usage is correct and another incorrect: they simply take it for granted that the proscribed form is obviously unacceptable and illegitimate; in short, they believe in a transcendental norm of correct English. / . . . . Type 1 complaints (on correctness) may be directed against 'errors' in either spoken or written language, and they frequently do not make a very clear distinction between the two. (30--31)


Type 1 ϡǤŵŪʥפǤꡤȤñƤʿǤ롥ָȽפȤäƤ褤ΥפɸѸݻ (maintenance) 뵡ǽôäƤȤŦ⤪⤷
˵󤲤 Type 2 Type 1 ۤΤƤʤϤ Swift ˤޤ̤롥

Type 2 complaints, which we may call 'moralistic', recommend clarity in writing and attack what appear to be abuses of language that may mislead and confuse the public. . . . / Type 2 complaints do not devote themselves to stigmatising specific errors in grammar, phonology, and so on. They accept the fact of standardisation in the written channel, and they are concerned with clarity, effectiveness, morality and honesty in the public use of the standard language. Sometimes elements of Type 1 can enter into Type 2 complaints, in that the writers may sometimes condemn non-standard usage in the belief that it is careless or in some way reprehensible; yet the two types of complaints can in general be sharply distinguished. The most important modern author in this second tradition is George Orwell . . . (30)


Type 1 "the correctness tradition" ȸƤ֤ʤСType 2 "the moralistic tradition" ȸƤǤ褤Ѥˤ褦ˡGeorge Orwell (1903--50) Ǥ̾ʼ羧ԤǤ롥Type 2 ɽǯưȤƤϡ1979ǯ˻Ϥ줿 "Plain English Campaign" 롥ŪʾˤïˤǤʬʸո򿴤٤ȼĥȿǤꡤʱѸǽ񤫤줿ʸ "Crystal Mark" դưԤʤäƤۤǯʱѸФƾޤ£äƤ롥

Milroy, Lesley and James Milroy. Authority in Language: Investigating Language Prescription and Standardisation. 4th ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2012.

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2018-03-02 Fri

#3231. ɸ˼­򤪤 Blake αѸ˻ʬ [standardisation][periodisation][historiography][chancery_standard][prescriptive_grammar][prescriptivism][romanticism]

Blake αѸ˽ϡѸɸಽ (standardisation) ɸѸηȤ˾碌ͥ줿Ѹ˳Ǥ롥Ȥ櫓ܤ٤ϡΤΤȤ礭ۤʤѸˤλʬˡ (periodisation) Ǥ롥ѸˤθˤˤơޤǤ͡ʻʬƤƤBlake ΤϰӤɸ˼­򤪤ҲŪʴƤǤꡤܤФ褦ʿ (Blake, Chapter 1) 7ʬƤ롥ʲˡȤȤ˵

(1) եå粦λ (?9Ⱦ)ɸŪѼ郎¸ߤ͡Ѽ郎ΩƤ
(2) 9Ⱦ?1250ǯȥν񤭸ɸबƶϤä
(3) 1250ǯ?1400ǯɸȤǰʤ塨ɸΤ˶ޤ줿 "the Interregnum"
(4) 1400ǯ?1660ǯɸν񤭸աʤȤ櫓ֻȸäΥ٥ˤơˤΩƤ
(5) 1660ǯ?1798ǯɸλ
(6) 1798ǯ?1914ǯѼŪ¿ռ줿
(7) 1914ǯ?ѸʬԳΤħŤ

(1) եå粦λ (?9Ⱦ) ϡѸ줬ѸȤ1Ĥñ̤ȤƸƤȤ⡤ѸνѼ郎¤٤뽸ΤȸƤǤ롥äơ1ĤɸȤȯۤ¸ߤʤ
(2) եå粦λʹߡȤ櫓10--11ˤƥȥűѸν񤭸դɸȤƤϰ̤1066ǯΥΥޥϳΤ˱ѸμҲŪϰ̤򤪤Ȥ᤿ȥɸϱѸҶǺ١³1250ǯޤDZƶϤĤʤȤ⡤ϤƱѸ񤳤Ȥ񤭼ꤿ¸ߤƤѸ˾塤ɸ줬ΩȤƽפǤ롥
(3) Ƥɸ줬ƶϤ򼺤ʤɸ줬ޤǤζ̴ (the Interregnum) Ѽ郎Ω1Ĥɸ줬ʤ塥
(4) Ѹ˾2ܤν񤭸դɸ줬졤夷Ƥ塥15Ⱦ Chancery Standard ΡʤΰˤǤȹͤ롥ޤȤȯۤϵǤ롥
(5) 뵬ϼλ塥ʸˡ¿蘆졤ɸܻؤ줿塥ڤǯϡ (Restoration) 1660ǯȡޥȤʤ Wordsworth and Coleridge ˤ Lyrical Ballads Ǥ줿1798ǯħŪǯǤϤ뤬Τ˴֤˶ޤ줿ϡסס«פȤäɤ礦Ǥ롥
(6) Lyrical Ballads 1 (1914) ޤǤλ塥Ĥ餢ټͳˤʤꡤѼؤδؿޤꡤɸвƸ褦ˤʤä塥夫εϼޤƤΤ¡
(7) 1狼鸽ߤޤǤλ塥Ѹ줬ʤʬԤƩʾ"fragmentation and uncertainty" (Blake 15) ħŤ塥

ŪʡָűѸסѸסֶѸפζʬ򤵤ȾۤƤϤ褤

Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.

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2017-12-17 Sun

#3156. γȱѸפΤޤȤ [slide][new_englishes][world_englishes][model_of_englishes][variety][history][link][timeline][standardisation][prescriptive_grammar][prescriptivism][asacul]

γȤŪŸϡѸȱѸ̤򤱤̤뤳ȤΤǤʤȥԥåǤαѸ˾ΰյˤĤơ饤 (HTML) ˤޤȤƤߤޤɤȤƤϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ޤ

ȯŸ
(1) Ѹɸಽϲ岡ơѸˡֵῴϡפ⤿餷ǡ
(2) Ѹ¿Ͳ򾷤Ѹˡֱϡפ⤿餷
ߤ̤αѸΤδäۤ


ܺ٤ϳơΥڡܥ֥εƼؤΥ󥯤˭٤ĥäƤޤ

1. γȱѸ
2.
3. (1) ȯŸ
4. Ϣǯɽ (#777, #1377, #2562)
5. (2) Ѹεῴ --- ɸಽϲ
6. ɸಽȵϲ
7. 18εϼ
8. ʸˡȯ
9. ʸˡ
10. (3) Ѹα --- ͡ʱѸ
11. ͡ʱѸѼ
12. ѸѼνʬˡ
13. 21ῴϤȱϤΤ᤮礤
14. ޤȤ
15. ʸ

¾Ρ֤ޤȤ᥹饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1])#3068. ֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-20-1])#3089. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-11-1])#3102. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-24-1])#3107. ֥ΥޥȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-29-1])#3121. ְѤȯȱѸפΤޤȤ ([2017-11-12-1]) ɤ

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2017-09-13 Wed

#3061. ѤѤȤǰȯˤĤ [prescriptive_grammar][prescriptivism][black_death][language_myth]

֡Ѹ˾ˤ⥤ѥȤΤä (black_death) ˤĤƽŪ˹ͤƤϢ¢إڥȤʸ٤ɤǤȤˡǰȸδǰ˻Ƥ¦̤뤳Ȥ˵Ť
¢ (326) ˤСԷȤǰΤϥͥ󥹰ʹߤǤꡤΩʤǰܳŪ˸줿Τ18դ19ƬȤεǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (325)

ħؼԤΥᥢ꡼饹ˤСֱȤϡФͣ줫ĸ䤷ݤǤϤꤨʤĤޤꡤ줬ȤˤɬηϤ¸ߤΤŬǤεݤ̣뤫ˤơȤϻʪηŪŤʬȤʪפȤƤˤСޤ줬ԷʤΤȤƽˤϡ򤹤٤ΤỌ̇̄Ť롤ŪʤĿŪؤΰռ¸ߤʤФʤʤˤϡҤȤͥƵŪʥ륷ͤư줿ϤԲķȤʤ롥


ȴ뤿ˤϡ֤Ф봶ɬפǤ롥ԷϡֱǰפȤΤȤǾ˥ڥǤ롥Ϲ¤ȯۤΤΤ
ƱȤϡʸˡˡˤĤƤ롥ȴ뤿ˤϡ֤ѤФ봶ɬפǤ롥ϡָŪǰפȤΤȤǾ˥ڥǤ롥
ѸʸˡˡδǰΤ˸줿Τϡ񤷤18դ19Ƭȵʸˡ񤬽Ǥ줿Ǥ롥λˤϡΤʰ̣ǤθΡָѡפȡѡפϤʤäȤäƤ褤ʸˡΡָפȤϡ18ʸˡ߽ФԷפΤȤäΤǤ롥

¢ Ի顡إڥȤʸ衼åѤ̱ʸȱ¡١īʹҡīӡ1995ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-16-1]

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2017-09-03 Sun

#3051. less + ʣ̾פϥᡩ [prescriptive_grammar][comparison][countability]

εʸˡǤϡ§Ȥơless + ʣ̾פǧʤȤȤˤʤäƤ롥less men, less things ϤФʹ뤬ѤǤꡤfewer men, fewer things ȸ٤Ǥ⤫롥
(no) less than Τ褦ʴŪʸ̮ǤϡĻ̾ʣ³ƤƤ뤳Ȥ롥Ȥ櫓֤ۤؤˤϡ٤⤤㤨СIt is less than seventy miles to London., It costs less than £50. ʤɤϡʤȤȤʲĻ̾Ūʡ˿ȤԲĻ̾Ūʡ̤Ȼפ뤬θ§ʤ⡤ˤϴѤ뤳ȤΤǤʤʸˡΥɥۥå򴶤ʤTimes 1991ǯ Indira Gandhi supported sterilisation in the belief that fewer children meant less poverty. Ȥ§äʸڤ뤬§ζˤߤȤơʤɤϤष̣ȴ롥
ƤΤ褦ʥɥۥåΤ뵬ʸˡιܤϡˤ̤äƤߤȤ⤷Ƥꡤless Ļ̾ʣȶϸűѸ줫ǧ롥Ϥꡤ18εʸˡ򲡤ơless + ʣ̾פ򤳤줬εŪˡ˿޺ĤƤȤäƴְ㤤ʤ
Fowler less ιˡŪ⤬롥ͭѤʤΤǡѤƤ

Historical note. The account given above . . . is an attempt to describe current attitudes towards the use of less and fewer. It should be borne in mind, however, that there is ample historical warrant for the type less roads, less people, etc. Such uses originate 'from the OE construction of lǽs adv. (quasi-sb.) with a partitive genitive' (OED). In OE, lǽs worda meant literally 'less of words'. When the genitive plural case vanished at the end of the OE period the type less words took its place, and this type has been employed ever since: e.g. there are few Vniuersities that haue lesse faultes than Oxford---Lyly, 1579. Hostility to the use emerged in the 18C., but 'folk memory' of the medieval type has ensured that there has been no break in the use of the type which I have branded as 'incorrect'. It is of interest to set down the way in which the problem of less and fewer is presented in CGEL, the standard descriptive grammar of current English (§5.24): . . . 'There is a tendency to use less (instead of fewer) and least (instead of fewest) also with count nouns: You've made less mistakes than last time. This usage is however often condemned. No less than is more generally accepted: No less than fifty people were killed in the accident.'


#624. ѸʸˡѲΰ ([2011-01-11-1]) ȡ#860. ѸѲѰۤΰ ([2011-09-04-1]) Ǥϡless + ʣ̾פѲ1ȤƵ󤲤ѲȤäƤ⡤嵭Τ褦˸ŤϢʤȤѤƤȤͤȡ٤ѰѲȤȤ館٤ɸʸˡΰؤȿĤĤ븽ݤȤ̣ˤѲȤߤƤ

Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-18-1] [2017-09-04-1]

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2017-08-30 Wed

#3047. ؼԤȵϼԤäɬ [prescriptive_grammar][prescriptivism][speed_of_change]

ФƤȤ٤˴ؤơФХץθؼԤȥݥԥ顼ʸ쥳ơΩ롥ؼԤϡҼŪΩꡤѲѰۤϸܼǤꡤͰŪ˥ȥ뤹뤳ȤʤɤǤʤȹͤƤ롥ϼŪʥơϡŪŪʸˡʸˡιܤæꤢѤȤǺᤷѤĥ롥
Τ褦ξԤϤФΩ뤬ºݤ˲в֤򻶤餹ȤȤϰճȤʤȯŸȤҲŪʸݤˤʤȤȤϡޤʤΤܤǤѸǤ⤽Τ褦ʥϳ̵ǤϤʤΤΡ̱Ūˤʤ뤳ȤϾʤνäʿ¤ݻƤȤФʤΤ⤷ʤͳߤ̵ؿ̵ܿˤȤΤ䤷ؼԤϼŪѤȤɤ礦򤷤äͤǡݥԥ顼ʸ˻äƤȤϡäȤäƤ褤ϼΥơȤ˼򷹤뤳ȤɬפȻפС褬ˡäƤȤŪ꤫Ϥޤäˤ衤˸Ȥϲɤ٤Ȥä˿εäƤǽ⤤̤ȤơͿԤߤʤˤĤƿ˹ͤ뵡Ȥʤ롥餷Ȥ
Horobin (165--66) ⡤ǯǤ줿Ѹ˳᤯ξϤǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The dismissive manner in which professional linguists have typically ignored prescriptivist approaches has also contributed to the lack of dialogue and continued misinformation. Since prescriptivist approaches are widely held and have a demonstrable impact upon the use of English and its future, it is clearly incumbent upon professional linguists to accord its proponents due attention and to engage in public debate.


ҸؤȵϼδطˤĤƤϡʲε⻲Ȥ줿#1229. ϼ4Ĥή ([2012-09-07-1])#1684. ʸˡȵʸˡ ([2013-12-06-1])#1929. ؤΩ줫鵬ϼŪѤɤ٤ ([2014-08-08-1])#2630. ϼѸˡʵҡˤ礹뤳ȤˤĤơ ([2016-07-09-1])#2631. Curzan ۩ָǤꡤϼɤǤס ([2016-07-10-1])

Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-05-29-1] [2018-06-02-1]

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