#24. ʤѸˤؤ֤ ([2009-05-22-1]) #1199. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (2) ([2012-08-08-1]) #1200. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (3) ([2012-08-09-1]) ˰³ݡɤαѸ˳ν Jacek Fisiak ˤ֤ʤѸˤؤɬפΤפҲ𤹤롥 pp. 20--21 ΤޤްѤơؤͳ4狼䤹϶ĥǤ롥
Ѹζդˤʤ뤿˳ؤǤѸˤٶ٤ͳĤȡ
ޤ1ˡߤαѸ뤿ˤϡѸβˤĤƲؤΤäƤ뤳ȤͭפǤ롥ˤܤ뤳ȤˤäơǸαѸ˼ȤळȤǤ롥αѸǤ§ŪѲȸʤΡȤ man -- menfoot -- feetmouse -- miceox -- oxen ʤɤ˸Ѹ̾ʣĤƤϵ§ŪѲǤäȤ顤§뤳ȤǤ롥ƱͤˡǤϥΤ褦ˤ餬äƸѸ֤硼λˤϤʤ구§ŪǤꡤŪɬΤǤäˤΤС/f/ β <gh> 뤤 <f> ɽƤ뤳ȤˤĤƤϤʤ餪ȤԵ§ʤȤʤȤʬ롥
2ˡβξ֤Τ뤳ȤϡΤʸغʤʸɤߡվޤ뵡ͿƤ롥ȤкǹǤäƤ⸽̤ƤǤϡ䡤ͥåηλʷϵȤꡤǽ뤳ȤϤǤʤǤ
3ˡѤˤ뵬Ϥ˴ؤ뤢и桹Ƥ롥ѲΤǤꡤʸˡ§ȿƤ֤ϡפΤȤʤ뤫ΤʤˤܤС桹Ϥäȴˤʤ롥߲äʸϤѤƤդϤɤʤΤǤ٤ȤΤǤϤʤȯŸɤΤʬʤСˤʤäȽǤȤȤǤ롥
Ǹˡѹˤʸؤʸؤ֤äơѸˤϳؤФʤƤ褤ȤͳϤɤˤʤˤ餫ǤΤʤԤϡοͤοʹνפ¦̤1Ĥ礯ԤǤ롥ˤοʹ֤ꤢΤǤ뤫顤ʹ֤뤿ˤϤβ餫ǤΤͤФʤʤ (Bloomfield & Newmark 1963: 19)
3ͳȤƵƤθȾεϡä˽פǤ롥ѸΤɤäƤˤ֤ȡǤ⤢Τ褦ʼͳΤϻ¤ȤäƸƤɤʸѲǤ̵Ƚ˼٤ȤȤˤϤʤʤˤʤäȽפȤΤȤʤΤ줬Ǥ뤫ĿĿͤͤƤ椯ɬפΤǤϤʤ#1360. 21¿εƤϱѸХХˤ뤫 ([2013-01-16-1]) Ǹ褦ˡϼˤǤƤȤŦƤϽƤΤ˱Ѹˤ뤳Ȥ¿ȡϹͤƤ롥
ʤǸ˰ѤƤνϡBloomfield, M. and Newmark, L. A Linguistic Introduction to the History of English. New York: Knopf, 1963. Ǥ롥
ĥե㥯 رѸ˳⡡1̻ˡ١Ļҡ2006ǯ
ߡαѸȤޤĶˤϡELF (English as a Lingua Franca) ȤƤεǽʤ mutual intelligibility ܻؤῴϤȡüԽĤȼԡ뤹뵡ǽʤ cultural (national, ethnic, etc.) identity ƽѼ郎ʬ줷Ƥ椯ϤȤʣ˺ѤƤ롥塤ȿ2ĤϤɤΤ褦ޤ礤ĤƤ椯ΤȤϡѸ̤ꤦ礭ʥơޤǤ롥ϡرѸˤDzۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ104ֱϤȵῴϡ ǤƤ롥
Ѹ줬Ѽʬƻ路Ƥ椯⤷ʤȤʥꥪطʤˤϡĤιͻѻ롥㤨СĤƤ lingua franca ƥ줬ɤäѼؤʬȤŪ¤䡤˱ѸνѼ郎³λ̱ĥϤƤȤϤ®ƤǽΤ⤦1ĤװȤƤϡŪϰռμޤ꤬롥ϰռϵῴϤȤƺѤΤǡ줬ޤäƤȤСŪ˱ϤäΤϼǤ롥ϡ¿ƤҲĬȤӤĤƤ
Schmitt and Marsden (208--11) ϡϤĹƤװȤơ3Ƥ롥
(1) ɸಽʤ뤿ΰʸʸμβŻҵѤȯŸˤꡤ衤ῴϤȤƺѤƤտ줿ʸϤ⡤®٤Ż뤹Żҥʤɤˤά줿ʸϤ¸ߴƤƤ[2011-07-14-1]ε#808. smileys or emoticonsפȡˡηϡŻΤαѸ줫αѸʤɤؤ礷ƤꡤФݡȤαѸʤɤؤǤƤ롥
(2) Ѹ "localizing" ĤơBBC ϤȤɸѸôäƤǶϡष줾ϰ迧ФؤɤڤäƤƤ롥㤨СCNN ϥڥǤ CNNenEnpañol Ω夲Ƥ롥
(3) Ѹ춵餬åȤȤѼ¿ͲϡαѸ춵ΥåȤϡѼɽȤ ENL Ѽ路ʤäǯǤϡ¾ѼѸ춵ΥåȤȤʤꤦưФƤƤ[2009-10-07-1]ε#163. ɤαѸΤäȤ깽!?פȡˡ
(1) (2) ˤĤơϱѸεῴϤФǺѤȴԤ줿ǥ䵻ѳष¿ĹǺѤ褦ˤʤäƤƤȤΤǤ롥[2009-10-08-1]εǼ夲#164. ͥåȤѸ첽פ⡤ƱĬή°
21¿ƤĬϡѸХХˤƤ椯Τ
This diversification may be more acceptable to societies now than before, as there appears to be a general movement away from conformity and toward a greater tolerance of diversity. Whereas in former times there might have been an outcry against incorrect written English, nowadays people seem increasingly comfortable with the idea that different types of English might be suitable for different purposes and media. These trends may exert pressure toward more diversification of English rather than standardisation. (Schmitt and Marsden 210)
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
ˤݼ (conservative) ȳ (innovative) ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤȤƱѸαƺä (ame_bre) Ȥ櫓ǶΡ#1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1]) colonial_lag ˴ؤ뵭ǿƤۤˡܥ֥ݼ פǸȡĤε롥εɮʤ顤ݼȤϰβʤΤȹͤƤǤ롥
Ȥơgarage ȯαƺͤƤߤ褦LPD ˤȡθȯζ֤ϡꥫѸǤ2ᡤꥹѸǤ94%1֤롥

ʬۤˤĤơɤ餬ݼŪǤɤ餬ŪȤ1Ĥθʤ餯̾θˤˤСθϥե garer "shelter" ˴ŤǤꡤեŪ2ؤζܤˤȹͤΤǡΰ֤ݤäƤ륢ꥫѸȯݼŪǤȵǤ뤫⤷ʤ (cf. Romance Stress Rule) ̤θˤС1ΤȯѸ첽ʥޥ첽ˤƤڵǤꡤꥹѸȯѸŪʶ֤ηθƤȤ̤ȤݼŪǤ롤ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ (cf. Germanic Stress Rule)
ޤ̤θˤСŪ˸ŪʵϤ餹뷹ˡݼŪɽ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ꥫѸŪ˵Ͻ٤ȸ뤬㤨С[2011-10-11-1]ε#897. Web3 νǤ50ǯפȡˡΰ̣ǤݼŪȤ⤤ΤǤ롥ȤϤƤǤΤΤϡŪ˳ŪäȤƤǤ롥
˽Ҥ٤3ݼϡ줾줢̣ǤݼŪǤϤ뤬ߤˤɤƤ롥θ̷ϡִפˤ롥ݼפֵŤ¸褦Ȥ뤳ȡסʡع6ǡ١ˤ硤ǤֵפؤΤˤʤСݼ餽ΤΤλؼƤۣˤʤ롥ȤϡˤƵϤȤƼƤ롤뤤ϾʤȤԤʤƤˡؤθˡʳθˡѤΤǤΤѲΤǤΤʤ
եŪȯ֤Сgarage 2˶֤ꥫѸȯݼŪȤߤʤ뤬ޥĸ֤С1˶֤ꥹѸȯݼŪǤ롥ޤ쵬ϤΩɤΤ褦ʤΤǤ졤夹дȤƵǽΤǡʸ夽餹Ĭ³СϤ٤ݼŪȤ롥Ĥޤꡤɤ֤ˤäơݼλؼƤ礭ۤʤäƤΤǤ롥ɤ֤ΤȽǤҴŪʻɸϤʤ
Τ褦ˡݼʤƤȿոǤˤȤŪѸˤʤˤݼˤϡʤȤⲿȤƤΤʤ̵̣
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
ε#1309. ʸȾʸ ([2012-11-26-1]) ǡʸˡŪʵǽòƤȤ˿줿Ѹˤơʸ (capitalisation) ˤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤSchmitt and Marsden (156) Ƥβվǵ(a)--(c) ƬʸɬʸѤ٤硤(d)--(g) ϤƤʸѤ뤬ɤΤǤ롥
(a) the opening word of a sentence;
(b) proper names;
(c) names of the days of the week and months;
(d) names of the deity and religious celebrations (God, the Lord, Mass);
(e) key temporal events or epochs (the New Year, the Middle Ages);
(f) abstract nouns to which we may want to draw attention (Liberty, Education), along with scholarly or medical disciplines (Mathematics, Psychotherapy, Gerontology) and institutional labels (the State, Government);
(g) the main words in titles and other words to which we may want to give emphasis;
˴ޤޤƤʤΤ⾯ʤʤظѸˡŵ (242--45) 餤ĤȴФС;ñ̾ I OγƹԤκǽʸδƬ1줢뤤Ͽ졤Ƭ (acronym)դǶɽ魯ʬʸǼʹФʸʤɤǤʸѤ롥嵭¿ʸѤˤϡմͭ餫ζĴȤä̤̤ƴ롥;ñ̾ I ʸʸѤˤĤƤϡŪ˰ޤƤԤȤ¦̤⤷ʤĤƤϥǥեȤʸäʸξʸƬˤäꤵƤäˤפȡI ȤȤ˸ɷʳƮδ O ⺣ޤǤ褯Ƥ롥
Ϣơ#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ ([2009-07-27-1]) #583. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä ([2010-12-01-1]) ȡ
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
ꥫѸ "colonial lag" Ϥ뤫ȤˤĤơ[2012-10-14-1], [2012-10-15-1], [2012-10-16-1] 3ˤ錄äơGörlach ʸ˽äƹͻGörlach μĥϡꥫѸɬ褯ۤݼŪǤϤʤȤȤäѸαƺ˴ؤˤƤϡꥫѸݼȤƥ쥪פϳΤ˺դƤ롥ħΤAmerican Speech εǰ٤1ǽʸMcKnight "Conservatism in American Speech" Ǥ롥
McKnight ɤߤʤ顤ݼȤȤ2̤ɬפΤǤϤʤȵդ1ĤϸŤˡĤ䤹뤤ϿˡиˤѤˤȤäṲ̄ˤݼ⤦1ĤϡϽ٤Ȥ̣ǤݼξԤϸߤ˴ط뤳Ȥ⤢뤫⤷ʤܼŪˤ̸ĤΤΤǤϤʤ
Ԥΰ̣ǤϡꥫѸϡGörlach Τ̤ꡤɬݼŪǤϤʤȤǤ롥㤨С#315. ꥹѸϥꥫѸ٤ݼŪ ([2010-03-08-1]) #627. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ ([2011-01-14-1]) #628. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ (2) ([2011-01-15-1]) εǿ줿̤ǡԤΰ̣ǤϡꥫѸϾʤȤ⥤ꥹѸӤݼŪǤȵǤ뤫⤷ʤ#897. Web3 νǤ50ǯ ([2011-10-11-1]) Ǥ줿̤ꡤꥫѸεϽŻ٤ϤФлŦƤ롥McKnight ä˸Ԥΰ̣ǤݼˤƤ褦
18˵ϼӤ줿ΤϡꥫˤƤǤϤʤꥹˤƤäϥꥫؤ⤹ӲФäơϼĬήȤǤϡƴ֤礭ʺϤʤȹͤ롥ϼĬήΤΤζϤäΩĴסν٤3Ϥ줾̤Ƥɬפ롥ϼĬήϱƤƱ餤⤷ʤϤäΩĴפϡŪˤХꥫꥹϴѤǤꡤ٤ϥꥫΤۤκǸΰ̣ˤơꥫѸϡݼŪפȤ뤫⤷ʤMcKnight (11---16) ȯˡʸˡˤƺꥫѸεϽĥƤ롥
ꥫѸˤȤäƤεϤεˤĤոСƩ§Ȥä (reason) Ǥꡤޤȯ˴ؤƤϽաֻˤǤ롥
The natural order of things was inverted. The living colloquial idiom which should determine the written form was itself governed by the artificial forms of literary use. The writing governed the pronunciation. Sometimes English names such as Warwick, Chatham, Harwich, Lancaster, in American use are pronounced as spelled. At other times, as in Wooster, Warrick, an English pronunciation is provided with a new American spelling. In the same way idiomatic phrasal combinations in which the grammatical relations of the words are not apparent in parsing are replaced by artificial combinations in which the grammatical relations are regular. (McKnight 10)
ۤ˵ϼεȤƤȴѤΩˤĤƤϡ#141. 18εϤѤ ([2009-09-15-1]) ȡ
Ρݼ (conservatism) ϤФˤʤ뤬ۤʤ٥Ǥݼ̤ƤʤȡΤǤϤʤ
Görlach, Manfred. "Colonial Lag? The Alleged Conservative Character of American English and Other 'Colonial' Varieties." English World-Wide 8 (1987): 41--60.
McKnight, George H. "Conservatism in American Speech." American Speech 1 (1925): 1--17.
Ѹʹߡh ϾȯǤꡤֻȯȤδطˤƲ褷褷Ƥh ˤĤƤϡ#214. ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1]) #459. ʻҲ /h/ (2) ([2010-07-30-1]) #494. hypercorrection ˤ h ([2010-09-03-1]) ϤȤ h γƵǼ夲Ƥ̤Ǥ롥Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤ŤˤĤƤϡäȤΤƤ뤬ܺ٤Ϥ狼äƤʤξڵȤˡ¬Ƥ椯ʤѸʹߤˤ h ȯֻδطˤĤơSchmitt and Marsden (140) εҤ˱ä褦
űѸǤ h ϵ§ŪȯƤΥޥʹߡեѸ줬̤ήˤä h 礭ѲAnglo-Norman ΥեǤ /h/ ϤǤæƤꡤֻǤ erbe (= herbe) ost (= host) Τ褦 <h> 뤳Ȥä츻Ȥʤƥη herba, hostem h ޤޤƤȤ <h> ֤뤳ȤȤʤä˽Ѹˤʤ etymological_respelling Ǥ롥θ̤Ū h ĥեѸΤ˵ڤӡ/h/ ȯʤ <h> ֤¿αñ줬߽Ф줿ºݤˤϡȯˤ /h/ Υȥդθؤɤ٤γǵäƤΤΤΤϺæˤäȤڵϤȤ㤨С18ˡ⤽ h ʸȤߤʤƤ褤ΤȤɾ餢äȤ (Marsden 140--41)
ʾϡϼӤ줿18˵Ÿ롥/h/ æϡ㤤̵üԤħǤȤơҲŪ (stigmatisation) 줿ΤǤ롥 Thomas Sheridan (1719--88) Course of Lectures on Elocution (1762) ǡh-dropping "defect" ȸƤƤɾԤäʤۤɤޤǤ˵® stigmatisation ΤϤ狼äƤʤʹߡɸѸˤƤ <h> = /h/ δطΤȤ夷ɤ櫓 heir, honest, honour, hour 4ʥꥫѸǤ herb ä5ˤˤƤϡ/h/ ζʤѸȯѤ줿ɸѼä˥ꥹѸνѼǤϡߤ˻ޤ h 뺮Ϣʤ³Ƥ롥üȤơHi'm hextremely 'appy to be'ere. Ƥ
Schmitt and Marsden εҤɤǤȡh ˤĤ椬ޤФȯȤƤϤľǤƤ⤪ʤä /h/ ɸѸˤƤϡֻȵϼϤǤܴ̤ۤȤȤˤʤ롥h Τɤäˤϡ̣ǤϱѸ˾絬ϤηŪ etymological respelling Ǥꡤspelling pronunciation Ǥ⤢롥Hope μĥ#1247. ɸѸϸŪˤꤽˤʤѼǤ ([2012-09-25-1]) ⤦ʤơɸѸϼθѲǤʤ褦ʸѲФѼǤפȤ
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
ε#1245. ʣŪβȤƤνȤɸѸȯŸ ([2012-09-23-1]) ǡɸѸȯŸ¿ο͡ˤŪ (selections) βǤȤ Hope ΰոǤϡȤϰռŪʤΤʤΤ̵ռŪʤΤʤΤԼʤΤʤΤ̾ĿͤϰռŪǤԼǤȤ⤤뤬¿ˤȤʤ̵ռŪǤ꼫ǤȤ⤤롥
Hope ϡɸѸȯŸΤġΥӥХȤħˤĤơΤ褦˹ͤƤ롥ɸಽβϡ͡νĤ̵ռŪʸѤ˶ư "a 'natural' linguistic process" 뤤 "a language-internal phenomenon" (51) Ǥ롥ϡФɸಽȰ勞˰뤬¤оȤʤƤ뵬ϼȤΤ "language-external: a cultural, ideological phenomenon" (52) ǤΤ椵롥̤˼ҲŪǤȹͤƤɸಽ "natural" "language-internal" ȤߤʤΤϵ;Ϥϼȶ̤ǤϡԤʬϤǤϤʤʽŪ̵ռȤϡKeller θѲˤָפε۵롥invisible_hand γƵȡ
Hope (50) ϡѸɸಽȵϼδطԤԤΩĴطǤ롥
One of the paradoxes of the relationship between standardisation and prescriptivism is that prescriptivism always follows, rather than precedes, standardisation. It is therefore wrong to see prescriptivism as the ideological wing of standardisation: standardisation can be initiated, and can run virtually to completion (as in the case of English in the early seventeenth century), in the absence of prescriptivist comment. In fact, it is arguable that prescriptivism is impossible until standardisation has done most of its work --- since it is only in a a relatively standardised context that some language users become conscious of, and resistant to, variation.
18εʸˡǻŦƤε§㤨С¿ζػߡˤϡǤˤٴѤȤɸಽƤ餳ŦΤǤäơФиƤ褦ˡʸˡȤǤиä櫓ǤɬʤθϡɸಽȵϼƱƤ롤뤤Ʊ˺Ѥδְ㤨ƤȤ館Ƥ뤳Ȥˤ롥ɸಽȵϼȤ2Ĥβ̤ξԤδطǧ뤳ȤפǤ롥
Hope, Jonathan. "Rats, Bats, Sparrows and Dogs: Biology, Linguistics and the Nature of Standard English." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 49--56.
Keller, Rudi. On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language. Trans. Brigitte Nerlich. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.
[2011-01-13-1]ε#626. ֥եŪʸǤפȤáפǡ16˻Ϥޤäեɸಽή줬18γ̿ˤƺǹĬޤեǽȤäؤȤؤäаޤθȾǥꥹǤϡֱѸᥤꥹ̱ξħפȤռϤäȼ夤ȽҤ٤Watts ͤɤߡ奤ꥹˤбѸɸಽȿòΤˤꡤ18˻äĺãƤȤ狼äߡѸǽ䤽̩ܤ˴Ϣ뵬ϼοϡŪʥեפۤɷϤʤΤΡ̣Ǥ˿ƩƤȤͤƤߤȶstandardisation γƵȤ櫓Ƕε ([2012-09-06-1], [2012-09-15-1]) ɸѸȯŸȳΩˤˤĤƽƤϡʤȤ櫓18ɸѸϲĬΤͤƤߤ
Watts (34--35) ˤСѸ줫Ѹλˤơߤ˴طˤޤĤοääƤäפʿäȡlanguage and ethnicity myth, language and nationality myth, language variety myth, myth of superiority, myth of the perfect language, golden age myth, myth of the undesirability of change Ǥ롥Watts ϡƻθѤϪ褹ɾᡤοäξĹǯ˿ (41) language and ethnicity myth language variety myth 17νˤǹԤΤФmyth of superiority, language and nationality myth, myth of the perfect language, golden age myth, myth of the undesirability of change 18Ⱦˤư쵤˿ĹƤ롥Ԥοäλ夬«ͤ줿ΤȤϼȤ礭ʿäޤ줿ΤȤ롥
λطʤˤϡȤ櫓ꥹιݼҲˤƬȡҤ⳰ؤθؼɬä1603ǯ James I ˤ륤ɤȥåȥɤβʳȤơ1707ǯˤξεIJ줷ꥹϳؤ⿷Ф̤ꥫ̱ϤɽƥեйȤȤˡǤϥйĤġ쥤ɲҤΩɳؤäեꥫȥꥫǤǰפե䥪Ȥγμ⤤ä㤷ʤä
Τ褦ʹݸפΰ۾ȯãȿ̱褤η㲽ˤꡤꥹ϶ȥǥƥƥ㤷ɬפȤ褦ˤʤäȥǥƥƥ夲뤿ˡкѡˡʤʸ濴ǤɥϡѤƽȤɸѸŪ˿ʤǽ뤳ȤΤߤʤ餺ؤΤ餷ǤäƽФơȤɸѸ줬ҤξħȤƻ夲졥ȤȤ˵ϽĬήޤ줿ΤǤ롥
18Ⱦ˵ϼޤ줿ȤϤäƤ⡤ʤȤǡȤ櫓ǤϤʤWatts (30) ζĴ褦ˡΤ褦ʥǥȯãϡΤ褦ʤΩƤäƤεä
. . . any language ideology can only be formed
1 on the basis of beliefs about language, and attitudes towards language, which already have a long history, and
2 as a driving force behind a centrally significant social institution, the institution in this case being public education.
Watts, Richard J. "Mythical Strands in the Ideology of Prescriptivism." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 29--48.
8ܡICEHL-17 γزǥ Zurich ˹ԤäƤ824ˤϡߥؤ Anne Curzan ˤ "Prescriptivism: More Than Descriptivism's Foil" ꤹ plenary session ꡤֵϼ4Ĥήפ줿ޤĴζʬΤ褦ۤ줿ϥɥȤΰȴФ
Four Strands of Prescriptivism
Four different yet integrated strands, based on the aims of prescriptive advice about usage:
Standardizing prescriptivism: rules/judgments that aim to promote and enforce standardization and "standard" usage;
Stylistic prescriptivism: rules/judgments that aim to differentiate among (often fine) points of style within standard usage;
Conservationist prescriptivism: rules/judgements that aim to preserve or purify usage;
Politically responsive prescriptivism: rules/judgments that aim to promote inclusive, nondiscriminatory, and/or politically correct usage.
ֱǤϡʳμҲϤӤʤ顤4ĤήˤĤƤιߤȤϪ줿㤨С̵§Ȥȡstandardizing prescriptivism Ͽ롥֤Ĥʤ̿ǤΤƱͤˡεϤʤХߥ˥Ωʤǽ롥ɽȤɤȤΥ롼Ǥ롥ǡstylistic prescriptivism ϡ롼Ȥޥʡ˶ᤤ㤨С椬ĤѤäƤ鲿äޤǤδ֤ȯ֤ʤФʤʤȤ̵§ϤʤͤˤäƵϰϤϰۤʤޥʡȤʿͤΤ褦ʤΤϤ˰㤤ʤʤƤ⥳ߥ˥ΩĤTPO θɽФʤСѤ⤷ʤȤ̣ǤΡϤߡפȤȤ館롥conservationist prescriptivism ˤĤƤϡäȤ褤̾ΤʤװȤեޥʸȤơ"old parenting" ȤɽϤ狼䤹Ȥä
ºݤˤϡ4Ĥήδطʣǡߴ֤ΰư⤢롥̤˽вäƤˡˤϡ4Ĥήܤ̤ʤƤΤ϶̤ʤ黲ȤɬפΤȵդ줿Ǥ롥
#24. ʤѸˤؤ֤ ([2009-05-22-1]) ӡ#1199. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (2) ([2012-08-08-1]) Ǽ夲ƤѸ˳ؽνˤĤդäSchmitt and Marsden (71--72) ϡѸˤηä˱Ѹ춵رѤ٤ȤФơ˿ͤƤ롥Ρֶפʲ褦
ФгؽԤ䤹褦Ե§ʤɤϡˤζλʪǤ롥㤨С3ñ -s ʤĤäΤï狼ʤۤȤʤꤦ뵬§ˤϡʸˡȤǤиǺФΤ¿ϱѸϤΤ褦ä٤뤳Ȥ˴ؿꡤѸ줬ºݤˤɤΤ褦äƤ뤫Ȥ¤ˤܤʤäʬΥ (split_infinitive) shall will λȤʬ[2010-07-22-1]ε#451. shall will λȤʬ˴ؤ The Wallis Rulesפȡˤʤɤ
Τ褦ԿԤʵ§ΤΤƱ餤ϤǤΤϡͣʸˡȤäͤ٤ϳؽԤˤⶵդˤդƤ롥ؽԤⶵդ1ĤԤƤ뤬ºݤˤϸηϤǤꡤѲŬѤ褦ȤʣѲ٤ηϤǤ롥ĤޤꡤʸˡȤŪʵ§ǤϤʤʸˡܤΤʤˤŪѤιܤ⤢ꡤ§ȤƶȤȤϤ褤ȤǤʤѲʸˡܤ⤢롥Ԥξˤϡ§ȤƤȤ館ΤǤϤʤ¿ξѤ뵬§ŪʷϤ뤱ɤ˱Ѱۤ뵬餤ˤȤ館ƤΤ褤
դϡѸʸˡν褯Ѱۤʸ̮Ūװ̤Ƥɬפ롥ääդȽդζ̤ϽפǤꡤ줾˰ۤʤäʸˡ¸ߤΤǧƤȤפ
Schmitt and Marsden ϡμĥٻ뤿ˡʸˡ Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English ԤμθդѤƤ롥
It would . . . be wrong to assume that standard English is fixed, with little or no variability. In fact, one of the major goals of the LGSWE is to describe the patterns of variation that exist within standard English, and to account for those patterns in terms of contextual factors. . . . In particular, the notion that the standard insists on 'uniformity'---allowing just one variant of each grammatical feature---is a serious fallacy, arising from a misleading application to language of the notion of 'standard' and 'standardization' taken from other walks of life. (18--19)
ơĥѸ¾Τ٤ƤθƱͤˡŪŪʤΤǤϤʤ̻ŪˤѤ뤷ŪˤؤήưΤǤ롥
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
[2009-05-22-1]ε#24. ʤѸˤؤ֤פؤդäȥꥢDZѸˤƤ Schmetterer αѸ˶ȤͤɤSchmetterer ϡѸˤΤʤǤѸȽѸˡȤ櫓1500ǯʹߤαѸɸಽηаޤؤӡ뤳Ȥɬפ⤹롥Ūμ夤Ѹ줫顤εʲؾФѸؤѤǤѻ뤳Ȥǡ줬경줿ŪʤΤǤϤꤨʤȤǧ˻뤳ȤǤȤĥǧȤˤĤơSchmetterer ϶Ū3Ƥ롥
(1) "language change is both inevitable and necessary in order to meet the requirements of the world around us" (372)
(2) "right" and "wrong" can be applied to language utterances only with the greatest possible caution" (372)
(3) "a language consists of various levels, regional, social, and temporal" (373)
Ȥ̻ŪѤ (change) ΤǤꡤŪҲŪŪװˤ궦Ūˤؤ (vary) ΤǤ롥Τ褦ήưŪоݤɾäȤΤϡ衤ԲǽǤ롥ʹ֤μҲˤζ̤ܼŪǤꡤˤĤƤ⤢٤εȤߵϡä˶ȤȤι̱ˤȤäơΤʤȤ褦ȤΤ顤ݤˤ⡤ƤǤ줿Τɾݤˤ⡤¤դʧʤФʤʤ
Ѥ⤹Сؤ⤹ΤǡĤʬǤεϤǤСΩġΤ褦ʸѤη˺ǤΩĤΤɬѸˤȤϤ鷺Ȥ˸ˤǤϤʤ
Schmetterer, Victor. "The History of the English Language and Future English Teachers." Studies in Early Modern English. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky. Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 371--77.
[2012-07-29-1]ε³ԡѸǤϡ##1172,992,984 εˤ褦ʶդñ줬³ȸ줿Ūʶ뤳Τ褦ʶդñ줬Ѹɸಽ䵬ϼĬήΤʤ졤äƤäΤ⡤ƱΤȤäˤϡŪ˵ǽη֡ŵŪ -lyˤäƤ٤ǤꡤƻƱΤΤȤƵǽΤʤȤ "correctness" ȯۤǻǤ롥Strang (138--39) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Secondary modifiers or intensifiers differed considerably. The old forms, full, right, were still in general use; newer very was known, but not used by everybody even in the 17c. For a more forceful degree of modification, wonderous and mighty were inherited, but such terms wear out quickly, and changes have been considerable. During II [1770--1570], pretty, extraordinary, pure, terrible, dreadful, cruel, plaguy, devillish, take on this role, and most of them have lost it again since. We must distinguish here the built-in obsolescence affecting such items at any time, from the particular factors operating between II and I [1970--1770]. These arose from a sense of correctness which prescribed that forms with the appearance of adjectives should not be used in secondary modification. Very was all right because it did not have this form; but instead of extraordinary, terrible, dreadful, etc., the corresponding -ly forms came to be required.
Strang ϡȤƤ extraordinary terrible Ѥϡո˺Ѥָ³ˡ§ ([2012-01-14-1]ε#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ספȡˤˤΤȤϡϼŪ "correctness" ˴ŤˤΤȹͤƤ褦2Ĥװ "distinguish" ɬפϤǰȤƶ̤٤ȤȤǤгΤˤ̤¤ˤϡξԤ䴰äƤΤǤϤʤոϤȤ櫓äաˤȯã䤹ǤϡؤΩؤ꿷ո줬ƤϵäƤ椯ǡϼϤäѤաʸ˴ŤѤǤ롥Ǥϡ경褦ȤտޤǻǤ롥ξԤδطϿΤ褦ʴط˸뤬СʵϼˤʸŪʶΰ۾ȯãˤɽΤŬڤȤΤ褦˻פ롥ˤñλѤոȯãˤΩäƤФۤɡϤˤоݤȤʤ뤷֤Ȥơ -ly 줬夵褦ˤʤäΤǤϤʤʤȤѲȯǤˤޤ줬Ǥ롤ȤȤ⤷ʤ
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.
[2012-07-12-1]ε#1172. ѸΥƥñפǡ-ly ȯãƤˤñ (flat_adverb) ȯãˤȹ碌άҤäơ#1176. -ly Ω ([2012-07-16-1]) ȡ#1181. -ly Ω (2) ([2012-07-21-1]) ǡ-ly 줬Ω礷طʤˤĤƽҤ٤ȯãΩȤΤϤҴ˷礱ɽǤϤ뤬̩ϡ (productivity) Ʊ餤ϡѸˤ -ly ε§ˤ뤬§ (regularisation) ΤΤǤϵ§ȤѸؤοϤˡ-ly ɸѸǺǤ̤ܼȤǧ졤ʸˡؤƤ椯Ȥơˤ䤫ˤȤ館Ƥ
-ly ε§ˤĤƤϡNevalainen (244) ˤ褯ޤȤޤäҤ롥
The generalisation of the adverbial suffix -ly is usually attributed to the effects of standardisation. Fisher et al. (1984: 49) point out that adverbs were already regularly marked by the -ly suffix in the Chancery documents in the fifteenth century. The acceptance of the Chancery Standard was not, however, explicit outside the Chancery itself. At the beginning of the Early Modern English period, it was the printers and educators who began to assume dominant roles in the transmission of the written standard (see Nevalainen--Raumolin-Brunberg 1989: 83--88). The growing feeling for grammatical "correctness" that Knorrek (1938: 104) and Strang (1970: 139), for instance, refer to is well documented in Robert Lowth's Short Introduction to English Grammar. Bishop Lowth writes in 1762:
Adjectives are sometimes employed as adverbs: improperly, and not agreeably to the genius of the English language. As, 'indifferent honest, excellent well:' Shakespeare, Hamlet, 'extreme elaborate:' Dryden, Essay on Dram. Poet. 'marvellous graceful:' Clarendon, Life, p. 18. (Lowth 1762/1775: 93)
ĤޤꡤѸνޤǤ˰̲ήθƤ -ly 줬Ѹλ˰ȼԤ䶵ԤˤѸɸಽư˸岡Ƶ§18εʸˡˤäܤ줿ȤаޤǤ롥Nevalainen ϡʸǡѸˤƤñ夫;ȤdzƤꡤĤޤ줿Τ⤢𤷤Ƥ뤬 (250) ˰ѤҤŪĬή褯ɽ路ƤȤ
Nevalainen, Terttu. "Aspects of Adverbial Change in Early Modern English." Studies in Early Modern English. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky. Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 243--59.
[2012-01-06-1]ε#984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻפǡٹ (127) νҤ٤Ƥ֥ƥϤηƻ줬ѤȤʤפɤٻ¤ʤΤȤռäФ餯ƤȤ Schmitt and Marsden (57) ˼Τ褦ʵҤĤ
Most adverbs of manner in Modern English have the suffix -ly. This derives from Old English lice (meaning "like"), which went through several changes before it was eventually reduced to -ly. Many adverbs in Modern English derive directly from their Old English versions: boldly, deeply, fully, openly, rightly. Others come from the great period of adverb formation in English in the later 16th century, when many adjectives were simply converted to adverbs with zero inflection. These included many so-called "booster" adverbs, such as ample, extreme, detestable, dreadful, exceeding, grievous, intolerable, terrible, and vehement. But others were supplied with -ly from the start (horribly, terribly, violently), and use of the inflection gradually gained ground. During the 18th century, the pressure for normalization ensured that the suffix became the rule. We still use this suffix regularly today to make new adverbs from adjectives.
Ĥޤꡤ16Ⱦˡƻ줫饼ñ (flat_adverb) 礷äȤŦǤ롥ٹθڤѸǰƬˤƤ褦ʤΤǡSchmitt and Marsden Ʊλ¤ˤĤƸäƤȸƤ褤ƥϤηƻȤƤʤ˵Ƥ9Τ dreadful 8ޤǤʥեͳޤ˥ƥϼѸǤ롥
ܤϤ¿̤Ĵפ뤬-ly ñȯŸγάϼΤ褦ˤʤűѸȯãƤ -ly ѸˤʤäʤűѸ̤ -e üȤˤñλѤ⡤Ѹˤ˿ꤨ뤳ȤϤʤäषѸˤϡƥϼѸˤ岡⤢ꡤñμϰŪ礷ñˤϡˤ³Ū connotation ޤȤĤƤ褦ǡ18˵ϼŪʸˡѤƬ˵ڤӡʸȤߤʤ褦ˤʤäθ塤-ly ŪͥȤʤꡤߤ˻äƤ롥
ʤ -ly ˴ؤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ -ly suffix adverb γƵǼ夲ƤΤǡȤ줿
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
Ȥʤ̾μȡбưμפʤϡŤʳαѸˤ⸽Ѹˤ¿ǧ롥Ѹˤ뤳ɽȤƤϡ[2012-03-16-1]εǼ夲 singular they ʤɤ褦Reid ˴Ťƣ (85--86) ˤСפϡ3ʬ롥ʲʸǡפʬ֤Ǽ
(A) Τξñξʣ
At ADT (security systems) 98 years' experience have taught us that no one alarm device will foil a determined burglar.
Five years ago 5 per cent of tax returns were subject to review. Today, only one per cent are subject to review.
The whole process of learning a first and second language are so completely different. (Laura Holland)
Rudolph is especially effective in crowd scenes like the opening, where movement of people and camera are delicately braided, where odd characters flutter through the background unemphasized. (Stanley Kauffman, The New Republic)
(B) Τξʣξñ
The sex lives of Roman Catholic nuns does not, at first blush, seem like promising material for a book. (Newsweek)
Two million dollars comes from corporations and foundations, but almost $400,000 from private gifts. (The New York Times)
Two drops deodorizes anything in your home. (Air freshner advertisement)
For one thing, the player is much closer to the instrument than the listener, and the sounds he hears is thus a different sound. (John Holt, Instead of Education)
(C) and Ϣ뤵줿2ĤμΡξñ
Gas and excess acid in your stomach is what we call Gasid Indigestion. (Alka-Seltzer commercial)
We know that the company's destiny and ours is the same.
Galloping horses and thousands of cattle is not necessary to cinema; I call that photography. (Alfred Hitchcock, radio interview)
I just want you to know that this whole Watergate situation and the other opportunities was a concerted effort by a number of people. (Jeb Magruder, Newsweek)
ʾϡΤοȡǰξǾȤפȤ롥AγʸǤСȤʤ̾μؤƤΤñƤ 98 years', tax returns, a first and second language, people and camera ʣ뤿ᡤ˰ưʣǸƱƤȤȤǤ롥
μҲŪϽŪŪ¦̤ȡĿŪϰæŪʸŪ¦̤ȤΤ礤ȸä褤ƣ (87) ΤȤФڤСΤ褦ˤʤ롥
̾οüԤ֤ˤäưȤθƱ줫ʬΤϤʤκ¸ߤƤͤȡθƱüԤ idiosyncratic ʸ촶Сstylistic ʹߤˤäƤȤפ뤬ä礭ʸ٤ȤĤȡüԤ־θƱˤȤ줺˼ͳˡñ뤤ʣθƱƹԤȤɽ1ĤηȻפ롥
ƣ ֱѸñʣˤĤơסإסرûظ浪ס331993ǯ69--88ǡ
Reid, Wallis. Verb and Noun Number in English: A Functional Explanation. London: Longman, 1991.
ѸȤƤФм夲 singular they ˤĤơ#275. Ѹλ;ñ̾פε ([2010-01-27-1]) Ǥ夲Ѹˤ any, each, every, no ʤɤǽ줿ŪñǤͤɽ魯̾Ǽ뤿Ŭڤ̾줬ʤhe ɽ褦Ȥºܤȸ줫ͤȤä she ɽΤ⤷äꤳʤit ȥΰΤ褦Ƕ礬ʤ they ѤСεʸˡȤ繥ʿΰ (agreement) Ȥ§̤ˤ줫ͤʤ¤θˡȤƤϡǸ˵ singular they ϤƤ뤬Τ褦ʤ褦ʸȤ褯ʹ롥
Τ褦ʸŪȤˡϡ¤ϸѸΤǤϤʤŤˤäƤΤ¿OED "they, pers. pron." B. 2. ˤȡ"Often used in reference to a singular noun made universal by every, any, no, etc., or applicable to one of either sex (= 'he or she'). See Jespersen Progress in Lang. 24." Ȥꡤν1526ǯǤ롥ٹ (254--56) ˤϡѸ줫㤬ȵƤ롥ĤȴФ
Let each esteem others better than themselves.---Philippians, ii. 3.
Each was swayed by the emotion within them, much as the candle-flame was swayed by the tempest without.---Hardy.
Nobody knows what it is to lose a friend till they have lost him.---Fielding.
Everyone must judge of their feelings.---Byron.
No one in their senses could doubt.---Dickens.
Nobody will come in, will they?---Priestley.
each ʤɤԤʤñ̾줬 they ǼƤ⤢롥
The feelings of the parent upon committing the cherished object of their cares and affections to the stormy sea of life.---S. Ferrier.
A person can't help their birth.---Thackeray
they οפϡѸ̾ηϤݱʤǤ롥եǤϡΤ褦ʾ soi, son ʤɤθ줬ѰդƤꡤȤϤʤʤѸˤȤäƤβˡϡθˡޤäȤʤȤΤʤȤΤǤС̾ηϤѤ뤫¸ηαѤн褹뤫Ǥ롥ԤˤĤƤϡ[2010-01-27-1]εǼ褦ˡ͡ʸ줬Ƥ줿ʸǻ s/he ǤޤƤȤϸԤͭϸǤ singular they ϡŪˤϢʤȹԤʤƤζκ뤳Ȥï⤬ƤΤǤꡤͶζϡʲΤʤˤ⸫Ƽ뤳ȤǤ롥
If an ox gore a man or a woman, that they die; then the ox shall be surely stoned.---Exodus, xxi. 28.
Burchfield ǧƤ̤ꡤǤϷ褻ƤȤäƤ褤
ϢơԤġѸʸɮκݤˡѤƤԤ̤θĤ̾ѤΤ虜ʤ˺뤳Ȥ롥ܸǤСԤϡפ֤Ƥ⤽ۤɤʤѸǤ the author ٤֤ⷫ櫓ˤ⤤ʤ
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
ε ([2012-01-09-1]) Ǽ夲ʸˤĤơ³
ŪˤϸäƤƱʸѸǵƤƤطʤȤơϡỤ̄Ūװιʸ⤦1ĤνפװȤơϾװΤǤϤʤȤٹ (148--49) εҲ𤷤ϡ¿ (multiple negation; [2010-10-28-1]) Ȥ뵬ʸˡѤǤ롥
18˲ϤǤߤˤޤǶƶϤڤܤ³Ƥ뵬ϱʸˡνܤΤʤǤ⡤¿ζػߤȤܤϡȤ褯ΤƤ롥ŵŪˤ2꤬褯Ȥʤꡤ1٤Ȥ2Ĥ꼭ޤƤޤȤʸǤ (ex. I didn't say nothing.) ¿ػߤ뵬ʸˡϤä̡ѸǤ꼭1ĤǽʬȤֿġפ줿2Ĥ꼭ۤʤ˸ʤɡߤ˰̣ŪϢƤʤˤϡǤä礦Ȥʤ줾줬Ωΰ̣˹ƤϤʤΤΤ褦ʾǤֿġפ꼭1Ĥθ§פ롥ˡ*Don't drink more pints of beer than you cannot help. 줿ΤǤϤʤٹ (148) ϡ֤Ǥä٤ѤʤȤΤȤޤ˲٤Ϥä̡ˤäƤϤҤʤƤϤʤʤǤäʤʤäơԹʸ˻äפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
ŪˤߤСcannot help doing Υǥ϶äƤΤΤǡOED "help", v. 11. b. ˤСư̾1711ǯǽΤΤǤ롥̣Ȥˡ11. c. ǤϡιʸΤ褦˼夲Ƥ롥
c. Idiomatically with negative omitted (can for cannot), after a negative expressed or implied.
1862 WHATELY in Gd. Words Aug. 496 In colloquial language it is common to hear persons say, 'I won't do so-and-so more than I can help', meaning, more than I can not help. 1864 J. H. NEWMAN Apol. 25 Your name shall occur again as little as I can help, in the course of these pages. 1879 SPURGEON Serm. XXV. 250, I did not trouble myself more than I could help. 1885 EDNA LYALL In Golden Days III. xv. 316, I do not believe we shall be at the court more than can be helped.
OED ϡƱʸŪȤʤ⡤19ȾаʹߡѤȤʤäƤȤƤ롥ʸˡڤΥߥȤδϢạ̇̄Ĺ
嵬ϱʸˡϤФйɸ֤ʤ⡤Τ褦ԹʲޤˤΤΤ⤷̣ŪŪʴΤ⤪⤷ϤŪŪʴΤۤˡ϶̣롥
ʸˡˤ¿ΰˤĤƤϡ[2009-08-29-1]ε#124. Ѹʸˡεפ[2010-02-22-1]ε#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10פȡ
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
̣ѲȵŪʸˡˤȿϤѤƤꡤоݤˤʤ䤹ǯ̾1Ĥˡɸ2λȤʬ˴ؤ롥
interested ˤϰۤʤ2Ĥθ롥ĤαѱѼŵĴ٤ʤǤϡMerriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's English Dictionary (MWALED; see [2010-08-24-1], [2010-08-23-1]) ˤζ̤Ǥʬ䤹ɽ路ƤʬŪ˰Ѥ롥
1a. wanting to learn more about something or to become involved in something
???The listeners were all greatly/very interested in the lecture.???
2. having a direct or personal involvement in something
???The plan will have to be approved by all interested parties.???
ܸˤСԤϡֶ̣äƤסԤϡطΤפζ̤Ȥʤ롥ԤŤɽ魯٤ȤƤԤΤۤŪ˹⤤1Ĥθ줬ۤʤʣθäƤ뤳ȼΤϡѸǤ¾θǤޤäȤǤϤʤܤ٤ϡѸǤξб̡꤬θɽ蘆뤳ȤǤ롥Ūʸˡ˽С1a θֶ̣äƤפ uninterested ǡ2 θطΤפ disinterested ɽ蘆Ȥ롥줾ʸ
- He is completely uninterested in politics.ʶ̣äƤʤ
- Her advice appeared to be disinterested.طΤʤʿ̵Ρ
Ȥ2 θŪޤ餫ǯǤ disinterested uninterested Ʊͤ 1a θֶ̣äƤʤפȤѤ뤳ȤƤƤȤݼŪɾԤϡĤƤΤ¸ߤ uninterested disinterested θζ̤줫Ƥ롤뤤 disinterested ξŪˤʤäƤޤäȤƷپĤ餷Ƥ뤬ȽϤɤΤ餤Ƥ
1ˡdisinterested ξˤĤơȤ interested 2ĤΰۤʤäƤξŪäξ̤ʤԹȤȽʹȤʤǤˤξˤϴƤǤʤ顤ȤȤä̤ξƤ椯ȤˤϸʤȤΤϡޤڤ̤äƤȤϤʤ
2ˡֶ̣äƤʤפθ disinterested uninterested ȴƱǤϤʤФжդ֤ޤǶ̣äƤʤפΰ̣ interested ȤϻȤʬȤ롥ξ硤ξλȤʬˤäơĤƤԲǽạ̈Τʤٹ礤ɸǽˤʤäȤȤǤꡤ餿ʶ̤줿Ȥˤʤ롥
3ˡϡֶ̣äƤʤȡ̵ؿפ̣б1̾¸ߤʤä*uninterest Ȥ̾Ѥ줺lack of interest ʤɤȤŪɽDz뤷ʤäȤdisinterest ȤϡطΤʤȡʿ̵פ̣̾Ȥ¸ߤƤΤǡƻΰ̣ѲϢươƱ줬̵ؿפθô褦ˤʤä̵ؿפФ1ɽǤ褦ˤʤäΤϡηƻΰ̣Ѳ椨ȹͤ롥
ޤȤСΤ褦ˤʤ롥uninterested disinterested ˤޤḤ̂Ѳη̤ȤơݼŪɾԤΤ褦ˤ̤줿ȤϳΤǤ롥ȿ̡¸ߤʤä̤ζ̤줿Τ¤Ǥ롥
ŪʼǤϡdisinterested οޤѤȤǧƤʤ褦줬̵Ǥ뤳ȤͤСָѡפѲΤϻ֤꤫⤷ʤ뤤ϡüԤεϽηСʤȤʼĥäʸ̮ǤϡѤȤΥåƥ޳Τ⤷ʤĿͤȤƤϤɤ餬˾ޤȽǤǤʤȽǤʤ̵ŪѲƤ椯ΤǤϤʤüԤˤäͭŪѲƤ椯ΤȤϿƤ롥
ʾε Trudgill (2--5) ˵ä
Trudgill, Peter. "The Meaning of Words Should Not be Allowed to Vary or Change." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 1--8.
ѸǯֳؤؤؤƤؤμȤǺǽ˽Ȥ1Ĥ (description) (prescription) ΰ㤤롥ؤˤơʸˡ (descriptive grammar) ʸˡ (prescriptive grammar) ζ̤ϺǽܤǤ롥
ҤȤϸΤ뤬ޤޤλѤϿ뤳ȤǤꡤϤȤϸΤ٤ѤꤹΤǤ롥ؤϸθ¤ѻƵϿ뤳Ȥ̿ȤʳؤʤΤǡ֤٤פȤŪʥե륿̤ƸȤʤʸˡˡ֤ƤסƤסָäƤפȤȽǤϤ褽ʸˡ°ؤΩȤ̵Ǥ롥ΤˡʸˡΤΤ춵ѸؤΰϤ뤷ѸˤǤѸ쵬ʸˡΩβϽפǤ (prescriptive_grammar) ؤϸ§ȤƵҤȵϤ̤§ȤԤ˴ؿȤȤƤɬפ롥
ҤϤͥ褵ͳȤƤϡʲͤȤ褤
̤˲ʳؤϤ٤ѤΤǤϤʤ¤λѤѻʵҡˤ褦ȤΤǤ롥ؤ㳰ǤϤʤ
ʤҲʤޤҤƤʤȤƤ˵Ҥ٤ʸˡäƤ뤬٤ƤθҲʸˡäƤȤϸ¤ʤ뤤ɬפȤƤȤϸ¤ʤºݤˡʸˡäƤʤҲ¿¸ߤ롥Ѹεʸˡ18λʪˤʤ
ϤϲʹѤޤƻפ˶ᤤΤǤꡤϰˤäƤư롥ĿŪŪʿ̤ƻפϲʳؤˤʤޤʤ
Ȥ櫓ѸؤؤֱʸʤγϡҤȵϤζ̤ΤƤʤФʤʤȤΤϡּʸˡפʤɤμѱѸμȡʵʸˡˤ뤫ȻפСλ֤ˡֱѸسפʤɤαѸؤμȡʵʸˡˤƤꤹ뤫2ĤϱѸФ⡼ɤޤǰۤʤΤǡƬ180ڤ괹ʤФʤʤ
ҤȵϤν̤ˤĤƤϤɤθˤƤ뤳ȤMartinet (31) ˤ̸ؤ̾ƬȤȤ˰Ѥ褦
La linguistique est l'étude scientifique du langage humain. Une étude est dite scientifique lorsqu'elle se fonde sur l'observation des fait et s'abstient de proposer un choix parmi ces faits au nom de certains principes esthétiques ou moraux. «Scientifique» s'oppose donc à «prescriptif». Dans le cas de la linguistique, il est particulièrement important d'insister sur le caractère scientifique et non prescriptif de l'étude : l'objet de cette science étant une activité humaine, la tentation est grande de quitter le domaine de l'observation impartiale pour recommander un certain comportement, de ne plus noter ce qu'on dit réellement, mais d'édicter ce qu'il faut dire. La difficulté qu'il y a à dégager la linguistique scientifique de la grammaire normative rappelle celle qúil y a à dégager de la morale une véritable science des mœurs.
ؤϿʹ֤θβʳŪǤ롥
븦椬ʳŪȸΤϡ줬¤δѻˤȤŤƤꡤ뿳Ū뤤ƻŪʵϤ̾ΤȤ˻¤μƤ뤳ȤȤǤ롥äơֲʳŪפϡֵŪפΩ롥ؤˤƤϡβʳŪŪĴ뤳ȤȤ櫓פǤ롥βʳؤоݤϿʹֳưǤ뤿ᡤʿ̵ʴѻΰΥƤư˿ʤߡºݤ˸Ƥ뤳ȤˤϤαդ٤ȵꤷȤˤʤ꤬Ǥ롥ʳŪؤ鵬ʸˡȤϡ转˴ؤ뿿βʳؤƻ۵롥
Martinet, André. Éléments de linguistique générale. 5th ed. Armand Colin: Paris, 2008.
ɥĸǤʸƬͭ̾Τߤʤ餺̤̾ʸǻϤ뽬롥Ѹ˴ƤȥɥĸʸѤ뤵졤ɥĸ˴ƤȱѸξʸѤˤʤäƤ롥ɤΤ褦ʾʸ뤤ϾʸѤ뤫ȤϹ̣ punctuation ˴ؤȤäƤ褤̾ʸ ( capitalisation ) 1718ˤϱѸǤԤʤƤǽ˴Τ16ʸˡ John Hart Ǥ롥Walker (21) ʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The use of a capital letter at the beginning of important nouns, as recommended by John Hart in 1569, increased during the seventeenth century, but gradually decreased during the eighteenth century, though Murray's Grammar was still using this in describing the 'Colon' and 'Semicolon' in 1834.
16?18˱ѸǤδȯãطʤˤϡΦθǤƱͤδäǡ18˽˿षƤäΤϡʸѤδ˰ΤʤȤʸˡȤäǤȤȤΤϡδ٤Ƥ̾ʸˤΤǤϤʤֽפʡװ̾ʸˤȤ롼ʴäǤ롥18Ρλ ( the Age of Reason ) ʸˡȤˤϼ줬äΤ
ʸѤκ1700ǯäλɽΤ Gulliver's Travels ԤˤơѸ륢ǥߡΩʤ Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) Ǥ ( see [2009-09-08-1], [2009-09-15-1] ) Swift ʸϤǤ̾ʸδ˼Ƥ롥㤨СSwift ͭ̾ʥǥߡΩò A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue (1712) Ǥϡ̾Ϥ٤ʸǽƤ롥
Walker, Julian. Evolving English Explored. London: The British Library, 2010.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 67
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