Ѹˤˤ³ˡϡͿˤɤäƤȤäƤ褤Τ˸Ǥⴰ˾ä櫓ǤϤʤ#326. The subjunctive forms die hard. ([2010-03-19-1]) #325. mandative subjunctive should ([2010-03-18-1]) Ǥ줿̤ꡤǴ궯Ѥ³ƤꡤषѤƤȤܤΰ褹餢롥³ˡοϡ礫ʬϤظѸˤΰŪʸѲĬή (synthesis_to_analysis) ˾äƤꡤ˾塤硹ŪʵήȤϤʤ
硹ŪʵήϤʤäΤΡäȤήǤиѸˤä16˿ष³ˡϿΰӤéäƤ18Ⱦ19ˤơȤڵ롥Tieken-Boon van Ostade (84--85) ϤͳμҲư (social mobility) ȵʸˡαƶϤˤȤߤƤ롥
The subjunctive underwent a curious development during the LModE period. While its use had rapidly decreased since the end of the sixteenth century, it began to rise slightly during the second half of the eighteenth century and into the nineteenth, when there was a sharp decrease from around 1870 onwards . . . . The temporary rise of the subjunctive has been associated with the influence of normative grammar, and though, this may explain the increased use during the nineteenth century, when linguistic prescriptivism was at its height and its effects must have been felt, in the second half of the eighteenth-century it must have been because of the strong linguistic sensitivity among social climbers rather than the actual effect of the grammars themselves. This is evident in the language of Robert Lowth and his correspondents: in Lowth's own usage, there is an increase of the subjunctive around the time when his grammar was newly published, and with his correspondents we found a similar linguistic awareness that they were writing to a celebrated grammarian . . . .
Tieken-Boon van Ostade ϡʸˡαƶϤäȤƤ⤪餯ŪǤꡤȤ櫓18Ⱦ³ˡäΤäȶ "social climbers" ԡˤξ徺ָȿǤռˤȤߤƤ롥
³οѸˤΡּʡήȤߤʤΤǤСѸΤäȤήϡʹּҲΤֿŪˡ߽ФήȤȤˤʤ#2631. Curzan ۩ָǤꡤϼɤǤס ([2016-07-10-1]) Ȥפʤ
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.
Tieken-Boon van Ostade ͤ (553--55) ˡ"LOWTH'S NORMATIVE STRICTURES" ΰǤƤA Short Introduction to English Grammar 1762ǯνǤäƤΤǤ롥˺ϿȤưʲ˵ϿƤ
Adjectives used as adverbs (pp. 124--5)
As
instead of relative that or which (pp. 151--2)
improperly omitted, e.g. so bold to pronounce (p. 152)
Be for have with mutative intransitive verbs (p. 63)
Because expressing motive or end (instead of that) (pp. 93--4)
Do: scope in the sentence, e.g. Did he not fear and besought . . . (p. 117)
His for its (pp. 34--5)
Double comparatives
Lesser (p. 43)
Worser (p. 43)
Wrong degrees of comparison (easilier, highliest) (p. 91)
Fly for flee (p. 77)
-ing form
him descending vs. he descending (pp. 107--8)
the sending to them the light (pp. 111--13)
It is I
Whom for who (p. 106)
Lay for lie (p. 76)
Let with subject pronoun, e.g. let thee and I (p. 117)
Mood: consistent use (pp. 119--20)
Neither sometimes included in nor (pp. 149--50)
Never so (p. 147)
Not before finite (p. 116)
Nouns of multitude with plural finite (p. 104)
Past participle forms (pp. 86--8)
Sitten (pp. 75--6)
Chosed (p. 65)
Pronominalization/relativization problems (pp. 138--41)
Relative clause dangling (p. 124)
Relative and preposition omitted, e.g. in the posture I lay (p. 137)
So . . ., as for so . . ., that (pp. 150--1)
Subject
lacking, e.g. which it is not lawful to eat (pp. 110; 122--4)
superfluous after who (p. 135)
Tense: consistent use (pp. 117--19)
Than with pronoun following (pp. 144--7)
That including which: of that [which] is moved (p. 134)
That (conj.)
improperly accompanied by the subjunctive (p. 143)
omitted (p. 147)
This means/these means/this mean (p. 120)
To superfluous, e.g. to see him to do it (p. 109)
Verb forms
subjunctive verbs in the Indicative (wert for wast) (p. 52)
Thou might for thou mightest (pp. 97, 137)
I am the Lord that maketh . . .: first person subject with third person finite in relative clause (p. 136)
Thou for you
Who
Whom for who in subject position (p. 97)
Who for whom in object position (pp. 99, 127)
Whose as the possessive of which (p. 38)
Who used for as, e.g. no man so sanguine who did not apprehend (. . . so sanguine as to . . .) (p. 152)
Woe is me (p. 132); ah me (p. 153)
Ye for you in object position (pp. 33--4)
You was (pp. 48--9)
Various:
"Improper use of the Infinitive" (p. 111)
Sentences "abounding" with adverbs (p. 127)
"Disused in common discourse": whereunto, whereby, thereof, therewith (p. 131)
Improperly used: too . . ., that, too . . ., than, so . . ., but (pp. 152--3)
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. "Eighteenth-Century Prescriptivism and the Norm of Correctness." Chapter 21 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 539--57.
Robert Lowth θؤαƶϤϷפΤʤŪʲǤϡA Short Introduction to English Grammar (1762) Ǽ줿 Lowth εϤϡ༫ȤǤиΤǤȤΤơLowth ǸŪĴҤϡιԤȤƤΩȴطƤȤƤ
Tieken-Boon van Ostade (543) ˤСβɬäƤʤȤLowth ɾȤ¿ϡΥɥ綵ȤƤΩĴ뤬Lowth οΤ1777ǯΤȤǤ롥Τ˾Τܤ1766ǯˤ St. David's Oxford μ綵ȤʤäƤ뤬ˤƤ1762ǯʸˡνǤοǯΤȤǤ롥äơֹԤˤդ路ǤиפȤɾϡʥȤȤˤʤ롥
ޤLowth δǤΥˤĤƤ褦ƱԤǤ William Melmoth (1710--99) A Short Introduction to English Grammar νǤФƻܤLowth Ȥ2 (1763) Τ˼줿Ȥ¤롥ˡǤνʸˤ Lowth ɼԤ˲Τξľ˸ƤӤƤΤ
If those, who are qualified to judge of such matters, and do not look upon them as beneath their notice, shall so far approve of it, as to think it worth a revisal, and capable of being improved into something really useful; their remarks and assistance, communicated through the hands of the Bookseller, shall be received with all proper deference and acknowledgement. (1762: xv; quoted in Tieken-Boon van Ostade, 543.)
äȤ⡤νʸʸϤμҸᤫ⤷ʤˤ衤Lowth ΥϸεʸˡΤʤǺ夲졤¿쾯ʤĥƤΤǤ뤳ȤϳΤ
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. "Eighteenth-Century Prescriptivism and the Norm of Correctness." Chapter 21 of ''The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 539--57.
ɸѸεʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) Ǥϡ (double negative) 롥#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) ΥˤǤܤǤꡤѤΰ̤Τ褦ˤߤʤƤ롥ŤѸǤФ꤫¿꤬̤ѤƤ¤ꡤϤθˡ˸ŪʸѤΤˤ뤳ȤʪäƤ褦˻פ뤬ϼΩ줫ϥΰĥǤʡ#549. ¿θѡ ([2010-10-28-1]) ȡˡ
ɸѸˤϡΤ褦18εʸˡζϤʱƶǴ˻ꡤߤޤŨ뤵ƤȤΤ̾θθɬΤǤϤʤ褦ԸȤĤ Tieken-Boon van Ostade (81) Τ褦˻ŦƤ롥
Many scholars believe that the disappearance of double negation from standard English was due to the influence of the normative grammarians, but Nevalainen and Raumolin-Brunberg . . . have shown that double negation was already on the way out during the EModE period. The same is true for another 'double' construction, the use of double comparatives and superlatives, no longer in general use either when first condemned by the grammarians (González-Díaz 2008)
ڤƤԸäƳΤƤʤ⤷θΤʤΤȤС˼θѤˤʤӵ顦ǾˤѤФλ¤18ʸˡȤǤäι¤ܤФȤäȤˤʤ롥
ˤĤƤϡdouble negative γޤӵˤĤƤϡ#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) hellog ȡ
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.
Tieken-Boon van Ostade (138) ˤѸγɤǤơʸˡȥ쥷ܤ˸פʤ줿
Between 1500 and 1850, the number of such books [= cooking recipes] increased dramatically, which, interestingly, shows a parallel with the steep rise in the publication of English grammars since the 1760s . . . . Their reading public was also similar: people who desired access to the 'polite' middle classes, and who needed tools for this, even cookery books. Another similarity is that writers of cookery books often 'copy from existing collections so that such compilations tend to be "improvements" of earlier cookery books' (Görlach 1992: 750).
ޤξƥȥפȤˡ̤ƽǤ³ƤꡤȤ櫓18ȾäȤޤμפϤ徺ָζή˻٤ƤȤŦƤ롥⡤ʤ»νʽˤȤäơ֤ʤߡפªƤΤǤ롥ˡԤֲפȾΤơΥԥڤΤ褦˹ԤʤäƤȤȤⶦߤǤ餫ȤȳȤȤǤϤʤäΤȤϤ18Ⱦˤϡ㤦٤ǧ褦ˤʤäƤ褦Ǥ롥
ܤǤϡ뺧Ȥ˽ȤΤʤߤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ褦äܸʸˡμϵƤʤϤ̣ǤۤäȤȤǤ롥18ΥꥹҲϡ "social climbers" ˤȤäΤڤǤϤʤäΤʤȹͤճʶä
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.
#1097. quotation marks ([2012-04-28-1]) ǡѸΰ single double κˤĤϡγĤνˤĤˤҤȤƤߤ褦
ߤδǤϡȡdz顡ɡĤȤΤϼΤ褦˻פ롥εǤߤ褦ˡŪˤεϡ֤ѤϤޤޤפȤޤȤơ֤ޡȤƽȯΤä֤ϤޤפȸäƤơ֤ɤǽפȸʤΤϡѼԤȤ̵ǤΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤϸŪʻˡʤΤ⤷ʤŤϡĤΰ֤ʤäΤǤ롪ˤȤäơɤǰѤ뤫餫ɤ⤽DzȤʤȡȤ碌ƤΤ褦
üԤˤ˸ؤäκƸʻǤСºݡȤʤäΤ褦ʥ뤬ˤʤȡĤʤϿȤʤ롥ơ⤬͵18ˡĤĤΰ䤬ŪѤ褦ˤʤäꤷ18ˤϸͤˤȤäƤϸ줷ۤɶˡ¿Ѥ뤳ȤȤ줿ΤǡMurray εʸˡǤ⡤Τ褦2ŰλѤ侩줿ΤǤ롥ʸإȯãȤȼľˡѡνŤζˡδѤ¥ʤȤˤʤ (Crystal 308--09)
γĤˤĤơȤľ̤⤦1Ĥ꤬äϡѤʣˤޤȤκǸĤΰޤ뤫뤤ϸκǽ˳ΰ֤ȤäǤ롥ȤˤäƤϡλϤȽ줾쳫ĤΰɸȤˡѤǤϳΩưѤƳƤ뤫Τ褦˸ɤ붲줬롥ߺѤƤΤϡλϤϲƳΰդưѤη³ĤΰϰΤνˤդʤȤˡ (Crystal 310) 츫ŪǤϤʤΤ褦СμȹΥХμƤ뤳ȤǼǤ
ŪˤϡɬĤΤǤϤʤäȤ¤դ٤Ǥ롥ĤƤδˤˡϡĤγ̤бΤǤʤȤ˥顼Ȥʤ븽ΥץߥΤ褦ʥȤжˤˤ롤¤ˤ餫δäΤǤ롥
Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.
ε˰³18εϼȳơʸˡȤŪˤĤƤꡥεǿ줿褦ˡ18˹Τ褦˵ʸˡǤ졤ʤˤ֤褦줿Τ⤢äʸˡԾιޤȳʸˡȤŪȤϡʤطˤäΤ
ɤ顤Ūʸˡޤ졤줬Ūʰ̣礤äƼƤ졤Ծ碌ȤȤǤϤʤषԾˤʸˡο͵ŪˤȤˡŪȤǤäꡤǤƤȤȤȤΤ褦ʸˡζȤʤäȤɽǤºݤˤϤޤǰ褦˶Ȥ줿櫓Ǥʤ褦ǤꡤBeal (101) Ѥ롥
The 'doctrine of correctness' was thus invoked by writers of all political persuasions, so it would be a mistake to argue that any set of political circumstances created the market for grammars in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It might be wiser to agree with Crowley that 'language becomes a crucial focus of tension and debate at critical historical moments, serving as the site upon which political positions are contested' (2003: 217). Thus, the emergence of these grammars and the accompanying discussions about language and power are symptomatic of the turbulent times in which they were written.
ܵɸǤϡ18εϼפǤäBeal εϡΰѤˤ⤢̤19ˤƤϤޤȤɤ߿ʤȡ20--21ˤ̤ȤҤ٤Ƥ롥츫ȡʸˡȤΤϷӤĤʤ褦˻פ뤬ʸˡˡνפȲ᤹СʸˡȤΤҲŪʡפȷӤĤ˶ꤦ뤫ȤȤ褦ҤƤϡˤˤƸդϾäȤΤ⤷ʤ
ʤΰѤǸڤƤ Crowley ϡCrowley, T. Standard English and the Politics of Language. London: Palgrave, 2003. ΤȤǤ롥
Beal, Joan C. English in Modern Times: 1700--1945. Arnold: OUP, 2004.
Ѹ˾塤18 "doctrine of correctness" ħŤ줿ϼλǤɾƤΤˤˤϡȾ50ۤɤΡȾˤ200ĶʸˡǤ졤ϱʸˡȤäƤǤϤʤ
Beal ϡ5 "Grammars and Grammarians" ˤơ18Ϳ줿ŪɾˤĤƺƹͤ¥Beal (90) ϡ18ˤϵϼĬΤϴְ㤤ʤäΤΡȤΩϡŪ䥤ǥ˱͡ʣǤꡤñ˵ŪȤäɾǤԽʬǤƤ롥
[E]ighteenth-century grammarians had a range of motives for writing their grammars, and . . . these and later grammars, far from being uniformly 'prescriptive', would be better described as occupying different points on a prescriptive-descriptive continuum.
Ѹ˴ؤΤȤϡơŪѸˤĤȯƤ㤨СSwift Ann ȷȤݼʪư⤷Ƥޤ1707ǯ֥ƥϢ粦ΩơɸŪʱѸѸᡤåȥɿͤʤɤˤ餹ɬⴶƤϼطʤˤϡŪǤäΤǤ (Beal 97)
Whilst it is perfectly valid to see eighteenth- and nineteenth-century grammars both as the necessary agents of codification and as self-help guides for the aspiring middle classes, it cannot be denied that many of the authors of these works were politically and/or ideologically motivated.
Beal (111) ϡФΩ Lowth Priestley ˤڤξԤΰ㤤ΰ㤤ʴްդȤŪΰ㤤ˤǤȤƤ롥
These two grammarians [= Lowth and Priestley] were writing within a year of each other, so any norms of usage to which they refer must have been the same. Although both used a classical system of parts of speech, neither is influenced by Latin here: they both describe preposition-stranding as a naturally occurring feature of English, more suited to informal usage. The difference between Lowth and Priestley is one of emphasis only, far from the prescriptive-descriptive polarization which we have been led to expect.
18ʵڤӤʹߡˤθŪϼˤĤơɤäƤȤ¤ܤ٤ȤˤǼ줿Beal κɾɤǡɾ礭ۤʤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ褦˻פ줿Ǥϡ18ϵϼλǤȤ¤Фơ礭ʽϲäƤʤBeal Ǥ "prescriptive-descriptive continuum" ȤɽʤƤ뤬ϡִܤ prescriptive Ǥꡤ prescription Ȥ reason-usage continuum äפȹͤ뤳Ȥϡ³ǤǤ롥λä "descriptive" ȤƻѤ뤳Ȥϡޤ᤹ΤǤϤʤ
Ϣơ#141. 18εϤѤ ([2009-09-15-1])#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1])#2778. Joseph Priestley --- ѽŻӤʸˡȡ ([2016-12-04-1])#2796. Joseph Priestley --- ѽŻӤʸˡ (2) ([2016-12-22-1]) ȡ
Beal, Joan C. English in Modern Times: 1700--1945. Arnold: OUP, 2004.
#2778. Joseph Priestley --- ѽŻӤʸˡȡ ([2016-12-04-1]) 2ơεǽҤ٤褦ˡRudiments of English Grammar νǤ1761ǯ˽Ǥ줿1 Lowth A Short Introduction to English Grammar Ǥ졤1762ǯˤ James Buchanan The British Grammar 1763ǯˤ John Ash Grammatical Institutes 줾Ω³˽ǤƤ롥ޤ¿λ֤Фơ1784ǯˤ Noah Webster A Grammatical Institute of the English Language ˽ФƤ롥Τ褦ˡ18ȾϼפʵʸˡνǹλǤäʤʤΩ1755ǯˤ Johnson Dictionary of the English Language ǤƤˡ
Priestley Rudiments ϡνǹ˯ȤʤäǽפʸˡˤĤƤʾ˸ħϡִѤμפʴȤŪѤǤǤФפˤʻp. 279ˡPriestley δѽŻλϡθδѼϤȤơۤʤϤȤƻȵȤˤʤä
(287) ɾˤȡʲ̤Ǥ롥
Rudiments Ҥȷ٤ A Short Introduction to English Grammar Ǥ Robert Lowth 䡤ʸˡůŪǤä Hermes (1751) James Harris ʸˡȽؤɤ°ȤʤСJoseph Priestley 18ˤʳɤɽؼԤǤäPriestley ϶ϱʸˡƥʸˡΤ勞ĶæΤޤޤαѸ¤˴ѻơ§٤ϤФؤΤᡤѸ֤˿ͰŪäơ¦鵬ꤷ褦ȤεؤǤػα (Academy) ΩˤȿФƤ롥Τ褦ʼͳǿŪ٤ϡ§ȤƤʸˡǤΧڤʤδ (Usage) ¸ߤ뤳Ȥդ٤ˤĤʤäƤ롥Priestley ˤȤäƤϡPreface ǽҤ٤ƤդڤƤʤСäդδ (the custom of speaking)פθܸŪͣʤΤǤ롥¤ˡPriestley 18ˤƽƱѸδѤǧؼԤǤȤ뤬 Priestley βʳؼŪܤȤ˴ŤȽϤ˵ΤǤäPriestley δѤŻ뤹٤ϡΤ1776ǯ The Philosophy of Rhetoric 路 George Campbell ˰Ѥ졤ˤä usage Ť줿 Campbell ⡤good usage ǧ줿ɽ⡤ϰ̤ݻ뤿˰͵ʤФʤʤ (canons) ꤷƤꡤusage Ф븫˰礯Ȥäǯᤤ Priestley Τۤ٤ӤƤꡤPriestley ǤŪ츦ƻƳߤ⤽ԤǤȤ롥Priestley Υƥ켰ʸˡ§ˤ餺줿Ȥˤ˾Ȥ餷ƴܤʿʲƤ뤳ȤϡRudiments Ǥ⡤Ȥ 'Notes and Observations' ΩħǤ롥ϸߤ˻ޤǸԤĤоݤȤʤꡤʹ2֤ˤʸˡͻüȤʤäƤ뤳ȤɼԤ˵Ť褦
ΥꥹȷӤĤ륳ȤǰϡѽŻλȤ⤤롥Priestley ϡѸػ˾̾ȤƤ Lowth Murray ٤бƤ⤷ʤ̣ǥꥹǤ褯ɽʸˡȤäȤ롥
Priestley, Joseph. The Rudiments of English Grammar with Explanatory Remarks by Kikuo Yamakawa and A Course of lectures on the Theory of Language, and Universal Grammar with Explanatory Remarks by Kikuo Yamakawa. Reprint. Tokyo: Naun'un-Do, 1971.
Noah Webster ꥫѸϰ̤˿ʤôäȤϱѸ˾褯ΤƤ뤬ظDZƤäΤΡ1ͤζ̣оʪȤ˺ƤϤʤʤꥫ2 John Adams (1735--1826) Ǥ롥Adams ϡѸ٤ǥߡΩ뤳Ȥ˰ߤƤäȤ Jonathan Swift ΥꥫǤȤäȤο˽ä1780ǯ95˥ॹƥफIJĹ˰ƤơꥫˤѸȤνפ⤯Ƥ롥Baugh and Cable (355) ˰ѤƤʸϤƸ褦
The honor of forming the first public institution for refining, correcting, improving, and ascertaining the English language, I hope is reserved for congress; they have every motive that can possibly influence a public assembly to undertake it. It will have a happy effect upon the union of the States to have a public standard for all persons in every part of the continent to appeal to, both for the signification and pronunciation of the language. The constitutions of all the States in the Union are so democratical that eloquence will become the instrument for recommending men to their fellow-citizens, and the principal means of advancement through the various ranks and offices of society. . . .
. . . English is destined to be in the next and succeeding centuries more generally the language of the world than Latin was in the last or French is in the present age. The reason of this is obvious, because the increasing population in America, and their universal connection and correspondence with all nations will, aided by the influence of England in the world, whether great or small, force their language into general use, in spite of all the obstacles that may be thrown in their way, if any such there should be.
It is not necessary to enlarge further, to show the motives which the people of America have to turn their thoughts early to this subject; they will naturally occur to congress in a much greater detail than I have time to hint at. I would therefore submit to the consideration of congress the expediency and policy of erecting by their authority a society under the name of "the American Academy for refining, improving, and ascertaining the English language. . . ."
Ǹ "refining, improving, and ascertaining" ɽƤ뤬Ͽǯ˥ɤμͤͤƤ#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) ۵뤷äȤ Swift "Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining" ΤʤǤ롥ΰ̣ǤϡAdams μĥϤޤäΤǤϤʤषȤ⤤롥ޤΤ褦Ƥˤ⤫餺ɤϥꥫˤƤ⥢ǥߡΩʤäȤ⡤Adams μĥϤʤ
Adams ꥹˤƥꥹѸ˴ؤĥƤΤǤϤʤꥫˤƥꥫѸ˴ؤĥƤȤפǤ롥Adams ϡꥹǤΥǥߡΩεñʤ֤ȤǤϤʤꥫȤŷϤǤδ˾ߤȤơμĥƤꥫѸؤλΤȤäƤ褤Ʊͤ Webster ưǼꥫѸؤοAdams ʤˡǼȤȲǤ
ʤΰѤ2ˤ롤ѸϼʹߡθȤʤȤ Adams ͽϸäबƤסɤαƶϡꥫιݴط̤ͥʤɤͽκ⡤ŬڤȤۤʤФ˾ȼƤȤפȡǤϤ뤬Adams ηŴ㡤٤餺Ǥ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
18ˤ͡ʸˡȤָɾȡפȤ٤͡о줷Samuel Johnson (1709--84), Robert Lowth (1710--87), John Walker (1732--1807), Lindley Murray (1745--1826) Ȥ櫓ͭ̾⤦1ͤνפоʪȤ Joseph Priestley (1733--1804) ̾ʤ櫓ˤϤʤŻ뤷 Lowth ФPriestley ϴѤŻ뤷ʸˡ路Ƥ롥Priestley ϤλδɤɽŪҤȤäƤ褤
㤨С1761ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Rudiments of English Grammar ȤʸˡǡPriestley ϡǤä夲Ūʸˡ§ǤϤʤ˰ޤƤѤ˴Ťʸˡ§ǤΩƤ٤Ƥ롥
It must be allowed, that the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language. We see, in all grammars, that this is sufficient to establish a rule, even contrary to the strongest analogies of the language with itself. Must not this custom, therefore, be allowed to have some weight, in favour of those forms of speech, to which our best writers and speakers seem evidently prone . . . ?" (qtd. from Baugh and Cable 277)
The best and the most numerous authorities have been carefully followed. Where they have been contradictory, recourse hath been had to analogy, as the last resource. If this should decide for neither of two contrary practices, the thing must remain undecided, till all-governing custom shall declare in favour of the one or the other. (qtd. from Baugh and Cable 277)
ޤPriestley Ʊ Rudiments ΤʤǡǥߡˤĤƤȯƤꡤΤ褦ʵؤߤϴѤ˽ۤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
As to a public Academy, invested with authority to ascertain the use of words, which is a project that some persons are very sanguine in their expectations from, I think it not only unsuitable to the genius of a free nation, but in itself ill calculated to reform and fix a language. We need make no doubt but that the best forms of speech will, in time, establish themselves by their own superior excellence: and, in all controversies, it is better to wait the decisions of time, which are slow and sure, than to take those of synods, which are often hasty and injudicious. (qtd. from Baugh and Cable 264)
1762ǯ Theory of Language Ǥ⡤Ʊݤ֤롥
In modern and living languages, it is absurd to pretend to set up the compositions of any person or persons whatsoever as the standard of writing, or their conversation as the invariable rule of speaking. With respect to custom, laws, and every thing that is changeable, the body of a people, who, in this respect, cannot but be free, will certainly assert their liberty, in making what innovations they judge to be expedient and useful. The general prevailing custom, whatever it happen to be, can be the only standard for the time that it prevails. (qtd. from Baugh and Cable 277)
Priestley θѤˤϡ¤ŪǸŪʶ롥θѤϡǤȯؼԤȤƤ Priestley ̾1ġ֤ҤȤĤȯʤȤȡɬޤǹͤĤ⤷ʤä̤Դμ뤳ȤˤʤġġסʤʤμϾȯŸˤȤⶦĤƤ褦˻פ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ε ([2016-11-28-1]) ³ԡϡѸˤˤɸಽȵϲλߤâʸˡȯνǿʤǤäΤϤʤȤ䤤ˤĤƹͤƤߤν֤˴ؤϤޤɤʤͻƤߤͤϤꤽ
ޤŪ¤ƳǧƤ褦ˡ褽âʸˡȯνǿʤȤȤϸդʤФʤʤΤϡ줾ɸಽϲδ֤ˤʤ饪Сåפʬ뤳ȤääƤʸˡϤޤꡤʸˡäƤȯϤޤäȤ褦ʿŪʶڤΤ褵ǧ櫓ǤϤʤϼԤǽ餫3ڤʬλ֤ "divide and conquer" 褦ȷײ褷Ƥ櫓Ǥʤ
1ĹͤΤϡνɸಽϲμȤߤ䤹ȴϢƤΤǤϤʤȤȤɸಽϲȤȤоݤȤʤΤϡƤäդդǤ롥ϡդ˴ؤ뵬§ۤꡦɽڤ䤹Ȥ𤬤äθ̤⡤դȤ³ŪΤ˻Ĥۤɾ䤹ɸಽϲŪȤΰҿ⳰˼ȤˤäȤСθ̤Ϥޤܤ˸Ǹ졤ĤäƤʤȺΤǤ롥ȤСäֻǤ⸫䤹ŪˡüդȤȤˤʤꤽ
ˡäŪǤϤ뤬ϤաפȶӤĤǤʸˡåȤȤʤ롥ƽդʡáˤȹʡʸˡˤСѸ줫ɸಽϲβϺ¤ΤȤã줿Ȥˤʤ
ˤ⤦ʤȤʤСåȤդäդذܤۤĤƤʤ͡äդȤȤϡźǤ롥ºݡ#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) ξϡǧȯ (rp) ȯãȤʤϤºݤǧȯѤ褦ˤʤäͤϡߤ˻ޤǾɤǤꡤ¿ΰ罰ȯϡפƤʤĤޤꡤȯɸಽϲϡäʸˡ٤ơƤפȤϸʤäȤ⡤äʸˡȤơɤޤǡƤפΤϲŪˤФƤפ褦˻פˡ
Ѹˤˤɸಽϲϡ嵭Τ褦ˡȤθ̤θ䤹мȤߤ䤹νǿʤȤȤǤΤǤϤʤ
ѸѸȾФˤƵäѸɸಽȵϲĬήˤĤơ#1237. ɸѸΥǥȱѸɸಽ ([2012-09-15-1])#1244. ʤϼ18˵Ĺ ([2012-09-22-1])#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) 濴Ȥơstandardisation prescriptive_grammar γƵˤƤήˤĤħŪĶ̣ϡΥСåפϤˤ衤âʸˡȯν˵ϲλߤʤƤȤ
ɡƥꥹ줿ѸɸಽܻؤƤǽϡää16ȾϸäƤȤϤθ17ˤƤϡֻε§첽˾Ƥ褦ˤʤääȤֻϡ17--18ޤǤˤϤ褽褷Ƥꡤ1755ǯ Johnson μνǤϤᲡȤߤƤ褤ʴϢơ#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])#2321. ֻɸಽδĬή ([2015-09-04-1]) ȡˡ
ɸಽϲΥåȤȤʤäΤϡʸˡǤ롥18ˤϵʸˡνǤ꼡Ǥ#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) #2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1]) 繥ɾ
ơ٤18Ⱦ19ˤơȯפؤΤ꤬褦ˤʤ롥Ū (orthoepy) ؤδؿϡ#571. orthoepy ([2010-11-19-1]) ǽҤ٤褦16鸫ΤŪˡȯפԤʤ٤ȤĬ͡δ֤Ǥˤ狼˹ޤäƤΤ18ȾԤʤФʤʤä礭ʹʤΤϡ#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) Ǥ롥
ȯפμĥʤ褦ˤʤäΤ18ȾȤŪ٤äȤˤĤơBaugh and Cable (306) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The first century and a half of English lexicography including Johnson's Dictionary of 1755, paid little attention to pronunciation, Johnson marking only the main stress in words. However, during the second half of the eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth century, a tradition of pronouncing dictionaries flourished, with systems of diacritics indicating the length and quality of vowels and what were considered the proper consonants. Although the ostensible purpose of these guides was to eliminate linguistic bias by making the approved pronunciation available to all, the actual effect was the opposite: "good" and "bad" pronunciations were codified, and speakers of English who were not born into the right families or did not have access to elocutionary instruction suffered linguistic scorn all the more.
ǤϡḽѸɸಽȵϲλߤáֻޤˢʸˡȯȤǿʤǤäΤϤʤˤĤƤεǡ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Ѹ˾ͭ̾ Swift ˤ A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue (1712) Ǥϡ̾3Ĥΰۤʤư correct, improve, ascertain ѤƤ롥ѸפֲפֳꤹפȤäΤǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ֱѸθոäפȤǤ϶̤Ƥ뤬ưδ֤ˤϤɤΤ褦ʴްդκΤcorrect ˤϡָŦΤľפȤްդꡤimprove ˤϡ֤ɤס ascertain ˤϸŤȤơֳꤵפۤɤΰ̣롥
3ĤưȤԤäŤʤ櫓ǤϤʤSwift ϼλˡֱѸθոäפۤɤΰ̣Ǥ褯Ѥ줿⤦1·3ư줬롥ascertain, refine, fix 3ĤBaugh and Cable (251) ˤС줾ϼΤ褦ʰ̣Ѥ롥
ascertain: "to reduce the language to rule and set up a standard of correct usage"
refine: "to refine it--- that is, to remove supposed defects and introduce certain improvements"
fix: "to fix it permanently in the desired form"
ֱѸθոäǶ̤Ƥ褦˸뤬ܤƤ¦̤ϰۤʤ롥ascertain ϤŪɸκäΤǡJohnson ascertainment "a settled rule; an established standard" ŤƤ롥ŪˤСǤȤʤ뼭ʸˡǤ뤳Ȥؤ
ˡrefine ϤФոܻؤΤǤ롥μͤδ֤ˤ Chaucer λ䥨ꥶ٥īαѸ줳ͥǸҤѸǤȤΥ른åʱѸѤꡤαѸϿʬƤޤäȤФäΤǤ롥ˤϡ#1947. Swift clipping Ƚ([2014-08-26-1]) #1948. Addison clipping Ƚ ([2014-08-27-1]) ޤޤ
Ǹˡfix ϰٳꤷոʱ뤷褦ȤΡȤȤ館ƤФ褤Swift ϤȤ18ȾνꤿϡνʸϤʱ뤵뤳ȤܵǴäƤΤǤ롥ͤСޤạ̈ΤʤꤤǤϤ (cf. #1421. Johnson θѡ ([2013-03-18-1]))
18εϼԤδ֤ˤϡɤ¦̤֤ƻŸƤΤˤĤư㤤ΤǡưȤΰ̣϶̤Ƥɬפ롥
Ƕܸפ˶ФƤ뤬ܸˤĤ ascertain, refine, fix Τ¦̤бΤʤΤ뤤ϡ3ĤΤǤʤ¾¦̤ʤΤ褯ʬʤȤǤϤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ꥫѸüԤϥꥹѸüԤŪʸˡˡŻ뤹뷹Ȥ롥ꥫѸ̢䤹뵬ϼŪʤϡ#897. Web3 νǤ50ǯ ([2011-10-11-1]) #1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1]) ǤҤ٤褦ˡȤΤǤ롥ˤ͡ŪͳȻפ뤬ŵŪѸ˽ Algeo and Pyles (209--10) Ƥ椷ʤҲؤʲͤκ߽Ȥ1ĤθƤ롥
Perhaps because pronunciation is less important in America than it is in Britain as a mark of social status, American attitudes toward language put somewhat greater stress on grammatical "correctness," based on such matters as the supposed "proper" position of only and other shibboleths.
Algeo and Pyles ϲʤθҤ٤Τ⤷ʤȯظˤϡ֤ζƱΤˤƤⲿ餫μҲŪʶ̤ϤΤפȤ褦˻פ롥ꥹˤϼȤƳɸΤȤƤȯκۤꡤꥫˤϼȤƶܤƻ̵ͭɸΤȤƤʸˡκۤΤȡҲŪʶ̤μȼʤξΤǰۤʤ뤬ˤ¸ߤϤ롤Ȥĥ
ΤˤθȤƤ⡤ʤμʤꥹǤȯǤꡤꥫǤʸˡǤΤȤϻĤ롥ϱѸ˼Ҳؤζ̣ȥԥåˤʤꤽǤˤΥ̸Ūʴ鼨٤ห1Ƥߤ褦ϡ#1503. 졤áȯμҲŪ ([2013-06-08-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Hudson αʲ˴ط롥
Hudson (45) ϡʸˡáȯŵŪʼҲŪˡ줾ķɽ魯סɽ魯ס֥ǥƥƥɽ魯ǽΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥⤷βʤСȯκۤפʼҲỤ̄ĥꥹǤϡüԤ°볬ɸ뤳ȤŻ뤹뷹ȤȤ졤ʸˡκ̣ۤĥꥫǤϡüԤҲŪ«ɸŻ뤹뷹ȤȤ롥ñ㲽Ʋ᤹СꥹǤϽ°볬ؤε°ռŻ뤵졤ꥫǤϹȤؤε礬Ż뤵롤ȤȤˤʤ
Hudson βϽ벾ǤꡤΤ褦˵ʤ뤳ȤûŪspeculation ȤƤϼ¤ˤ⤷
Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.
ʸˡǡ֤Ӥä shouldס֤ä shouldס shouldפȤƤ̾ˡ롥It is surprising that she should love you. ʤɤˤ뽾° should ˡΤȤΤȤˡؤФ롥
ѸˤΩ줫餳θݤᤷ褦ȤԤˤȤäƤϡΤ褦ʸƾΤϤޤ˶ŪصŪʹ롥Τ̻ŪΩٹˤȤäơshould ΤˡФ͡ʸƾΤϵ˾褦Ǥ (309)
should ˮΡֲ褦ȤΤϤĤ褦ȤΤϤ䤵פʤɤΡ֤褦פ˴ޤޤƤŪյĤΤǤ롥椨ְճȤ̣ shouldס̣ shouldפʤɤ褦ʤΤƻǤǤ롥
ŪʥΩĻ伫Ȥ⡤ٹμĥˤϻƱ롥ΰѤüŪ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ뤬ݥȤϡĤƤ϶ɽ蘆Ƥˡʲˡ³ˡˤ˽ưѤ뱪ˡ֤줿ȤȿǤ should ѤƤ롤ȤȤ should ˡְճפˡʤɤȸƤ֤Ȥ϶Ūʥ硼ȥåȤˤŪʴϡֱŪ³ˡפ뤤ϡ³ˡαŪפȸƤ֤٤ΤǤ롥οϡСٹ (310) ۩֤ should ΰյϤȽǤʤ;ȤΤˤΤǡä¾ΰդϤʤפǤ롥
should ѤŵŪʹʸ It is strange that . . . should . . . . ʤɤѰۥѥ¿ٹ (310--13) ȤơѸ줫ΤĤʸ褦
It is right that a false Latin quantity should excite a smile in the House of Commons; but it is wrong that a false English meaning should not excite a frown.---Ruskin.
How almost impossible is it that good should come unmixed with evil!---Watts-Dunton.
That there should have been such a likeness is not strange.---Macaulay.
How very strange that you should have said so!---Hardy.
It is natural enough, Mr. Holgrave, that you should have ideas like these.---Hawthorne.
It is strange I should not have heard of you.---Wilkie Collins.
Is it not extraordinary that a burglar should deliberately break into a house at a time when he could see from the lights that two of the family were still afoot?---Doyle.
Is it possible, on such a sudden, you should fall into so strong a liking with old Sir Rowland's youngest son?---Shakespeare
It is impossible you should need any assistance.---Cowper.
I wonder you should ever have troubled yourself with Christ at all.---Borrow.
Now, I wonder a girl of your sense should waste a thought upon such a trumpery.---Goldsmith.
I am sorry that Murray should groan on my account.---Byron.
I lament that your father should be deceived.---Ainsworth.
I am content it should be in your keeping.---Scott.
O that men should take an enemy into their mouths to steal away their brains!---Shakespeare.
Oh, Henry, to think that you should have such a grief as this; your dear father's tomb violated!---Watts-Dunton.
ʸǤ should ѤƤ뤬ҤΤȤꡤŤ³ˡζޤѤƤѸǤޤޤϤĤäƤΤǡϵ롥
'Tis better that the enemy seek us.---Shakespeare
It is not proper that I be beholden to you for meat and drink.---George Borrow.
I am often ashamed lest this be selfish.--Miss Mulock.
ʬ̤ꡤˡ should ϡ֤Ӥäס֤äפʤɤ̤ʥ٥ŽդΤդ路ˡȤϡñ˸Ťζޤˤ³ˡѤȤƤαŪ³ˡˡˤʤºݾ塤Ūˡ֤Ӥäס֤äפʤɤδްդȼȤ¿ΤϳΤshould ȡ֤Ӥäס֤äפȤľܤˤϷӤĤʤŪ˷ӤĤ븰ϡ³ˡεǽǤǰפȤ¾ʤǰפȤϰϤʤΤǤ뤫顤ʸ̮ˤäƤϡֶäפǤϤʤ¡סֵסִӡסƴȤǤʤΤǤ롥Τ褦ȡ should ˡŪˡ֤Ӥä shouldפȤȤ館⡤˺ݤƱϰϤʤϡ츽ݤ̻Ū˸뽬ΤĤƤѸˤ⤿餷Ƥηä1ĤǤ롥
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
1918ȾФεϱʸˡΥ٥ȥ顼#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) Ҳ𤷤ϡ1918ȾˤäðۤαʸˡȤȤԤҲ𤹤롥
Lindley Murray (1745--1826) ϡPennsylvania Υ̤εȤޤ줿Ƥ¶ȲȤǤꡤפѤ褦˸ƤˡΧƻ˿ʤߡNew York ۸ΤȤʤä̤ʤɿŪDzʻŻ֤꤫۸ΤȤᡤ30ȾˤϤǤ˰ʤƤͳ⤢1784ǯˤϥꥹ York ˶ᤤ Holgate ž֤ơᤤʳ鱣Ϥޤ˥νع졤ζդ˱Ѹ콤ؤʤɤ뵡äȤˡ褤ʸˡζʽʤΤǽƤȺꤵ줿ϼ뵤ϤʤäǤڤ줺ˡ1ǯ餺ǽ夲줬18˶äƽǤƤεʸˡ軻Ȥ٤ English Grammar, adapted to the different classes of learners; With an Appendix, containing Rules and Observations for Promoting Perspicuity in Speaking and Writing (1795) Ǥ롥äơʸˡϡϼ侦䵤Ȥ̵طޤ줿λʪǤ롥
Murray ϡʸˤƤˤƸǤꡤʸˡ (work) ȤϸƤФãˤʸˡԻ (compilation) ȸƤȤԤȤ Harris, Johnson, Lowth, Priestley, Beattie, Sheridan, Walker, Coote Ƥ뤬Ȥ Lowth ߤˤƤ뤳ȤϵʤεʤɤޤơLowth ȾषȤäƤ褤餤Ǥ롥ȤƳȤȤϤʤ֤ݼŪŪɼԤռǺӤδϳΤǤꡤ̤ȤơȴѤΥХμ줿軻ȸƤ֤ˤդ路ʸˡ˻ž夬ä
English Grammar ϽǤƱȯŪԤ1850ǯޤǤ150줿Ȥꥹ⥢ꥫǤΤۤԤ褯衼åѤܤǤǤ줿19ȾˤƤϱʸˡ̾ȤƷפθγعʸˡθȤʤä
ʾ塤Crystal (53) Ӻڡڸԡ(248--49) Ȥ
ʸ嵭2016/06/06(Mon)Ƭ2١19פȽޤ18פθǤŦäк꤬Ȥޤ
Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.
ãڸ ԡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
ϼʴ18ȾˤǤפʸˡȤϡåեɤλضӥɥμ綵̳ Robert Lowth (1710--87) Ǥ롥1755ǯ Samuel Johnson ˵ŪȤ뼭˽Ф7ǯ1762ǯˡ٤ Lowth Ӥ뤳Ȥˤʤ뵬ϱʸˡ Short Introduction to English Grammar: with Critical Notes ƿ̾Ǿ尴ܤ1800ǯޤǤ45Ф٥ȥ顼ȤʤꡤˤεϿɤؤ뤳Ȥˤʤ Lindley Murray ʸˡ English Grammar (1795) δäȤʤäܤǤ⤢롥Lowth ʸˡ˸뵬ŪʸˡܤϡθĹꥹλҶ˶졤αƶ20ȾФޤǴ줿ޤ˵ʸˡθĤΤ褦Ǥ롥
Lowth εϼŪΩϽʸ˵Ƥ롥Lowth κǤⶵܤؤι̱ǤʸˡˡθȤƤꡤȤλ̿ǤȹͤƤ褦㤨Сͭ̾ʵʸˡȤơֻ (preposition_stranding) ζػߤ롥Lowth ۩
The Preposition is often separated from the Relative which it governs, and joined to the Verb at the end of the Sentence, or of some member of it: as, "Horace is an author, whom I am much delighted with." . . . . This is an Idiom which our language is strongly inclined to; it prevails in common conversation, and suits very well with the familiar style in writing; but the placing of the Preposition before the Relative is more graceful, as well as more perspicuous; and agrees much better with the solemn and elevated Style.
⤷ȤˡΰѤǤ Lowth Ȥ "an Idiom which our language is strongly inclined to" ֻ֤ѤƤ뤬ѰդȤϡξ̤⤷ʤˤ衤ʸˡǤϤΤ褦ʵϼŪʼĥ֤ΤǤ롥
Lowth ʸˡܤػߤĴϤۤɸΤǤϤʤLowth ߤˤʸˡȤϤζػߤ̵§ơ궯ĥ褦ˤʤäĤʸˡȤ "Never end a sentence with a preposition." ȶĴǸ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥
ε§ФƤȿͭ̾ͤ Winston Churchill 롥Churchill "(this was a regulated English) 'up with which we will not put'" ȽҤ٤Ȥϡ褯ΤƤ (Crystal 51)
Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.
ε#2579. ǽαʸˡ William Bullokar, Pamphlet for Grammar (1586) ([2016-05-19-1]) ȴϢơ (68--69) ֶƬˤФǧʳפ4ĤƤ롥Ƥ褦
1ʳϹФλǤꡤ1561ǯޤ³ѸθäϼڤǤꡤѸǤΤȤϤޤѤȤǤȤߤʤƤGouernour (1531) 路 Sir Thomas Elyot Toxophilus (1545) ԤǤ Roger Ascham ⤳Υ롼פ°롥
2ʳ1561--86ǯλȾ֤ǤꡤƳޤ͡ʼʤǤθ̤ơѸ줬ܤ쿷Ǥ롥ˤƱѸФ뼫褦ˤʤäŵ Sir Philip Sidney An Apology for Poetrie (c. 1583) ˸졤ǤϱѸ줬¾θӤƤҤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
3ʳ1585ǯ1650ǯޤǤǡѸ줬äǤϡ˭١פơ˼ˡʸˡˤƤϤޤäƤȹͤƤMulcaster Bullokar Υ롼פ°Ϲ챿ưʤǤꥢեռƤܻؤƤʸˡϥƥʸˡ˱褦ΤǤꡤƥθҤڤ뤳ȤˤäƱѸ⤯褦ȴޤƤ
4ʳ1650ǯʹߤǡʸˡƥʸˡΩ褦ȤɽФWallis ʹߡषƥΥռΩʸˡܻؤ褦ˤʤ롥
夲 Bullokar ˤѸ˾αʸˡϡ3ʳɽΤäȤ
ѸϡѸ줬ȤƤμƥ줫鼫ͳˤʤäƤǤ뤬϶볫˷깭줿ȤȸͻӤζȸΤäΤǤ롥Ϣơ#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1]) ȡ
졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ
ѸˤĤơɸŪˡˤ͡¿Ѹֻˤ路ܥ֥ǤӤӼ夲Ƥ Horobin ϡΤ褦ֻФݼŪ٤̢䤷Ƥ븽ˤĤƤ롥ɸ˵褦ˡ⤽ʤΤ褦ʿֻ͡ˤΤ˴ؤ Horobin θŽ̤ƤΤβսǤ (pp. 228--29)
Why is correct spelling so important? Throughout this book I have tried to show that standard English spelling comprises a variety of different forms that have developed in an erratic and inconsistent manner over a substantial period of time. We must therefore discard any attempt to impose a teleological narrative upon the development of English spelling which would argue that our standard spelling system is the result of a kind of Darwinian survival of the fittest, producing a system that has been refined over centuries. We have also seen that the concept of a standard spelling system is a relatively modern one; earlier periods in the history of English were able to manage without a rigidly imposed standard perfectly well. What is more, informal writing, as in the letters and diaries of earlier periods, has often allowed more relaxed rules for spelling and punctuation. So why should it be different for us? I suspect that one reason is that spelling is the area of language use that is easiest to regulate and monitor, and thus the area where users come under the strongest pressure to conform to a standard. Older generations of spellers have considerable personal investment in maintaining these standards, given that they themselves were compelled to learn them. As David Mitchell confesses in his Soapbox rant against poor spellers, 'I'm certainly happy to admit that I do have a huge vested interest in upholding these rules because I did take the trouble to learn them and, having put that effort in, I am abundantly incentivized to make sure that everyone else follows suit. The very last thing I want is for us to return to a society where some other arbitrary code is taken as the measure of a man, like how many press-ups you can do or what's the largest mammal you can kill'. But is correct spelling more than simply a way of providing puny men with a means of asserting themselves over their physically more developed peers?
ֻϸˤĤƿ͡ǤݼŪˤʤ꤬ΰǤȤĥˤϡ˻롥λ¤ϽդħԲʬǤ롥դäդȰäơָפĤޤǤֻĤΤǤ롥ݤǤ褦ˡäդǤиäʤΤޤ⤷ʤդǤʪŪư̾ڵĤäƤޤˤޤʤդǤ⡤ʸˡˡʤɤϸֻɾΥåȤȤˤ礭Ūñ̤Ǥꡤ̤˵ʤ뤤ϾˤˤϸֻȤΤüᤤñ̤ʤΤɤˤĤˤĤֻɾФ̵ʤΤ
⤦1ġ֥ϳعǶϫֻФ©Ҥ衤ޥϫƳФ⡤狼ʤǤϤʤǤ¦̤롥 Horobin ˤȤäƤϡŪޥåʤ̡Ʊ餤ϼŪޥåȸ褦դ֤֡פȤŪʸݤȴؤäƤꡤŪʲϤʤʤȴϢơ줿ˡΥ뤳ȤؤοŪȤװ⤢뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ#2087. ֻפؤοŪ ([2015-01-13-1]) #2094. ֻפؤοŪפθ ([2015-01-20-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
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