hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 ڡ / page 4 (5)

grammaticalisation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2017-02-20 Mon

#2856. νˤ봧ʬ (2) [article][typology][indo-european][linguistic_area][world_languages][grammaticalisation][information_structure][demonstrative][contact][geolinguistics][definiteness]

εǡĸϤۤ¿ʤȤ򸫤̣ΤϡŪʬۤФ򼨤ȤǤ롥衼åѡեꥫʿΤ˴ĸ줬¿εǤϡܤʸ򻲾ȤĤġŪкߤ˾Ƥ
Ѹˤ봧ȯãϡ#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡؼ줫θŪʸˡ (grammaticalisation) η̤Ƥ롥¾θǤƱͤŪȯãȤƤȤ뤳ȤϲǽǤ롥ҤΤ褦ŪʤޤȤޤ꤬뤳Ȥ顤 (139) ϡŪ˸Ϣȯã䤹Ȥ¦̤褦˻פפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ĤޤꡤĹˤ錄ܿˤ (linguistic_area) ιͤطʤˤ롥
Ƕͭβǽϡȯͼ칽¤˻ޤܸ͡⤽βǽ1ĤǤ롥εǤ⿨줿褦ˡưƬĸˤФи뤬θνΤʤǤ1ۤɤߤ줺ʬۤϤФäƤΤǤ롥㤨С٥ȸɡإ֥졤ӥ졤ȥͥʤɤưƬĴĸ췲Ǥ롥
Ǥϡ2ĤθŪħ˲餫ϤΤ (139) ϼΤ褦Ƥ롥

ֽŵŪ˸褦ˡ̤ˡʸƬȤΤϡФܤʤξᡤ󼨤ˤƺǤŪʰ֤ȹͤ롥ưƬξϡΰ֤̾ŪǤǤʤư줬ơ̾ꡦɽΤʸƬ֤Ѥ񤤤ˡ̾ŪǤ˴դꡦζ򼨤ɬŪ⤯ʤäƤȹͤ롥


ȴϢơưƬĸʤ餺Ȥ⡤礬ޤäƤǤϰŪ̾ŪǤ֤ѤꡦɸΤ񤷤ˡȤʤѤ䤹Ȥ𤬤뤫⤷ʤ
ˡ־ݤɡĹפΤ褦ʡܡɾ׷Ρ۷פȡ־ݤɡĹפΤ褦ʡּ졽׷Ρּ۷פȤ෿Ūʶ̤ͤʤСԤǤξܤˤɽ蘆ΤǡΤ褦ʡʳ̤ɸμʤפǤ뤬ԤǤϴΤ褦Ūʼʤ׵ᤵ䤹Ȥ⤢ꤽɾȡѸϳΤ (1) ۷Ǥꡤ(2) ĸǤ뤫顤ȤȤ褤Ȥˤʤ롥
ǽҤ٤ƤȤϡĸŪưŤǤ⤢ꡤĸȤͤ˴Ť쳰ŪưŤǤ⤢롥ʬۤϡ餯θ⳰װߤ߹äơ٤Ф򼨤Τ

ָˤȤäƴȤϲסءظ٥쥯1ظԽԡˡ罤۽Ź2012ǯ136--41ǡ2003ǯ10Ͽ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-23-1]

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2016-07-15 Fri

#2636. ϰŪȻΰ [linguistic_area][geolinguistics][contact][language_change][causation][grammaticalisation][borrowing][sociolinguistics]

2֤εʡ#2634. 衼åѤˤ뱪λϰ (1) ([2016-07-13-1]) ȡ#2635. 衼åѤˤ뱪λϰ (2) ([2016-07-14-1])ˤǡλ졦̣ϰŪȻ (areal diffusion) ˤĤơDrinka ͤ夲Drinka ϰ̤ˤμθϰŪȻ̤νǤꡤܿ˵٤ѲͽۤʾˤǤȹͤƤ롥Drinka ϤΩΩäҤǤꡤ#1977. Ѳˤܿν (1) ([2014-09-25-1]) ̤ͤѤ褦ˡѲˤܿΰյ϶ĥƤ롥¾ҤȤơLuraghi (#1978. Ѳˤܿν (2) ([2014-09-26-1])) ⻲ȡ
λʸκǸǤ⡤Drinka (28) ϺǸϰŪȻΰŪĴƤ롥

   With regard to larger implications, the role of areal diffusion turns out to be essential in the development of the periphrastic perfect in Europe, throughout its history. The statement of Dahl on the role of areal phenomena is apt here:
   
Man kann wohl sagen, dass Sprachbundphänomene in Grammatikalisierungsproessen eher die Regel als eine Ausnahme sind---solche Prozesse verbreiten sich oft zu mehreren benachbarten Sprachen und schaffen dadurch Grammfamilien. (Dahl 1996:363)

Not only are areally-determined distributions frequent and widespread, but they constitute the essential explanation for the introduction of innovation in many cases.


Τ褦ϰŪȻȤϡ (linguistic_area) ȤǰȤ̩ܤʴطˤ롥ä˱λΤ褦Ūʼ (syntactic borrowing) ˤĤƤϡ#1503. 졤áȯμҲŪ ([2013-06-08-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡҲķɸ (the marker of cohesion in society) ªǽŦƤꡤҲؤˤʲͽ롥
ʤŪװȸ쳰Ūװϡܥ֥Ǥ¿夲Ƥ#2589. ѲưΤϷǽ (2) ([2016-05-29-1]) ˴ϢؤΥ󥯽󤲤ƤΤǡ򻲾Ȥ줿

Drinka, Bridget. "Areal Factors in the Development of the European Periphrastic Perfect." Word 54 (2003): 1--38.

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2016-07-14 Thu

#2635. 衼åѤˤ뱪λϰ (2) [perfect][syntax][wave_theory][linguistic_area][geolinguistics][geography][contact][grammaticalisation][preterite][french][german][tense][aspect]

ε ([2016-07-13-1]) ǡ衼å¦νǶ̤ have ˤ뱪ŪλΤϡȤȥꥷȯѥ󤬡˥ƥ蘆졤˸˽ϰŪ˳Ȼ (areal diffusion) ƤäǤȤ Drinka Ҳ𤷤ε (3) Ȥƿ줿⤦1ĤδϢĥ롥֥ե󥹸ɥĸʤɤǡλεǽεǽؤѲΤϡŪǶνǤꡤȵڤεϥѥΥե󥹸äפȤĥǤ롥
ǤϡޤѥΥե󥹸DZŪλδλεǽȤƤǤϤʤεǽȤѤ褦ˤʤäȤĥƤ롥Drinka (22--24) ˤСѥΥե󥹸ǤϡǤ12ޤǤˡǽȤƤˡԤʤƤȤ

It is here, then, in Parisian French, that I would claim the innovation actually began. In the 12th century, the OF periphrastic perfect generally had an anterior meaning, but a past sense was already evident in vernacular Parisian French in the 12th and 13th c., connected with more vivid and emphatic usage, similar to the historical present . . . . During the 16th c., perfects had already begun to emerge in French literature in their new function as pasts, and during the 17th and 18th centuries, the past meaning came to replace the anterior meaning completely in the language of the French petite bourgeoisie . . . .


¾Υޥ󥹽٤Ƥή˾äȻȤϡɤζۤƥɥĸˤ⹭ääʸкѥ󥿡Ȥ᤯ȯŸɥԻԤ Augsburg Nürnberg Ǥϡ1516ˤơλ®֤Ƥä¤ŦƤ (Drinka 25) ե󥹤˶ᤤ Cologne Trier ʤɤԻԤǤϡ12--14ȤᤤʳǡλȤѤФƤȤڵ⤢ (Drinka 26)
⤷Υʥꥪ¤ʤСҿ12ΥѥΥե󥹸줬λβǽȤƤˡήԤȤƶ٤θ졦ŤƤäȤȤˤʤϰ (areal linguistics) (geolinguistics) ΰȤʤꤦ롥

Drinka, Bridget. "Areal Factors in the Development of the European Periphrastic Perfect." Word 54 (2003): 1--38.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-07-15-1]

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2016-07-13 Wed

#2634. 衼åѤˤ뱪λϰ (1) [perfect][syntax][wave_theory][linguistic_area][geolinguistics][geography][contact][grammaticalisation][preterite][greek][latin][tense][aspect]

Ѹޤ衼åѽǤϡhave be ưưβʬȤ߹碌ơִλפ뤳Ȥ롥衼åǤΤθϰŪʬۤϰ (areal linguistics) (geolinguistics) Ω줫ĴơȯȳŪ餫ˤ褦Ȥʸ򸫤Ĥ
Ԥ Drinka ϡޤ衼åѤθϿޤϤǡ(1) have ˤ봰λȯãΤ¦Ǥꡤ¦Ǥ be ͥǤ뤳ȤŦˡ(2) ¦ have λȯȡʬưŪʰ̣ǽưŪʰ̣ؤȺƲᤵ줿εϡȤ˸奮ꥷ̤ꡤƥ줬ȤˤꡤΥޥ󥹽䤽¾θؤ⹭äƤäȵƤ롥Ǹˡ(3) ե󥹸ɥĸʤɤǡλεǽεǽؤѲΤϡŪǶνǤꡤȵڤεϥѥΥե󥹸äƤ롥
(2) ˤĤơ⤦Ҥ٤褦ꥷǤϸ衤Ūλϡbe ܴλʬפǺäƤhave + ʬפζȤ˴λ˶ᤤ̣ɽ魯ȤäˡʸˡΥ롼Ȥ˾äƤä5ޤǤˤϡhave +ꥹʬפȤ졤ޤǤϹʸʤä¾ư⻲ۤɤ򼨤δˤ᤿ƥ¦θˤȤäƤϡΥꥷǤǤʸˡƤhave + ʬפΥѥ󤬡ʸ٥оݤȤʤäȤhave λθǤŪޤʹ¤Ǥ뤳Ȥͤȡƥʤ䤽¾¦θˤΩȯȹͤϡꥷȤܿˤΤȹͤۤȽҤ٤Ƥ (16) Drinka (20) have λΥꥷ쵯ˤĤưʲΤ褦󤷤Ƥ롥

My claim, then, is that the actual concept of HAVE periphrasis owes its existence largely to the Greek model, that the development of the HAVE perfect in Latin is tied closely to that of Greek, that it arose especially in literary contexts and in the language of educated speakers, and continued to be connected to the formal register in its later history. As a result of this learned calquing of the HAVE perfect from Greek into Latin, including ecclesiastical Latin, the Western European languages were, in turn, given a model to aspire to, a more elaborate temporal-aspectual system to imitate. The Romance languages, of course, all inherited these perfect structures, and, as I will argue elsewhere, most of the Germanic languages appear to have developed their HAVE perfect categories on the basis of this elaborated model, as well . . . . What is particularly fascinating to note is that the western languages have preserved and innovated upon this pattern to different extents, but continually show patterns of areal diffusion as these innovations spread from one language to another.


ѸˤȤδϢǵˤʤΤϡѸ have ˤ뱪ŪλεȯŸˤĤơDrinka ŪˤϤۤȤɽҤ٤ƤʤȤǤ롥Drinka ϡѸǤ⡤衼å¦ΡϰŪʳȻ (areal diffusion) ΰĤȸƤΤȤȡȤϰۤʤ롤ʤʲȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹ˾δϢȤƤϡ#2490. λʸhave + ʬפεȯã ([2016-02-20-1]) ȡ#1653. be λˡ ([2013-11-05-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ޤεǤϡƥ줬ˡ򥮥ꥷ줫ּѡפȤǤϤʤ"model" Ȥפ˶ᤤѸ줬ѤƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2010. Ѥϸʣ狼 ([2014-10-28-1]) ε⻲ͤˤ줿

Drinka, Bridget. "Areal Factors in the Development of the European Periphrastic Perfect." Word 54 (2003): 1--38.

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2016-05-16 Mon

#2576. æʸˡȸò [grammaticalisation][unidirectionality][lexicalisation]

ε#2575. Ѳΰ ([2016-05-15-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡʸˡΰβФȿȤơæʸˡ (degrammaticalisation) λ㤬Ȥ롥ʸˡŪǤŪǤѲȤǤϡæʸˡϸò (lexicalisation) ΥץȤᤤ#1974. ʸˡȯŸȳ (1) ([2014-09-22-1]) Ǥϡ2ĤѸµ
æʸˡȹͤȤ ifs, down, -'s ʤɤ󤲤¾ԡԡ (101, 223) 󤲤褦ܸγʽ֤פ֤礭פΤ褦Ӥ򶯤ȯã㤬𤵤Ƥ롥³֤פŪ˼Ωơ³ȤʸƬѤ⤢롥֤ǡפ֤ȡפ褦ȯã򼨤֤ƤˤϡפΤޤ̾ž줿äƤ褤⤷ʤŸνư֤פ顤֤ĤסʽˤˤȤɽޤ줿Τ⡤֤פ̾ؤžǤ롥
ѸǤϡomnibus θ bus Ω䡤 ism θȤƤΩȤƵ󤲤롥#133. ƻĤ -ish γηϩ ([2009-09-07-1]) ǤߤñȤѤ Ish. Ǥ롥⡤æʸˡȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤷òȤȤ館롥
εǸ褦ˡϰؤοȿȤϤʤʤȤΩ⤢롥ޤȤȿǧˤ衤ϤȤƤŪˤޤǤȤ¤ưʤȤȡʤΤ褦ʬۤ٤ФäƤΤ䤦٤ȤʤʸˡæʸˡòȤơΥץˤĤơưŤʤɤõɬפ롥

סԡˡؿԡǧθإɻŵ١ҡ2013ǯ

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2016-05-15 Sun

#2575. Ѳΰ [unidirectionality][language_change][grammaticalisation][bleaching][semantic_change][cognitive_linguistics][conversion][clitic]

ɸˤĤƤϡȤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ή (drift) Ȥδطˤ unidirectionality γƵǰäƤϡԡԡ (227) 򻲾ȤơʸˡȴϢƵƤѲñˤĤơŪ򤪤餤ԤˤСΤ褦ˤ롥

ʸˡ ȤϡŪǤδĶǷ֤Ȥ졤ʸˡŪʵǽ̤ǤؤѲʸˡŪʵǽŪʤΡ㡧ֻˤ餵˷ŪʤΡ㡧ܼˤؿʤळȤؤʸˡΥץʤʤŪ > Ū > ŪǡˤդؤϿʤޤʤȤñפβȸ


㤨Сmeans Ȥ̾ޤ by means of ʤɽ魯ʸˡŪǤˤʤ뤳ȤϤäƤ⡤ǤʸˡŪǤǤ with 㤨 "tool" ΰդ̾ȯŸ뤳ȤϤʤȤˤʤ롥ifs, ands, buts ʤɤ³줬̾첽Ƥ뤷ְߴפΰ̣ư down ֻͳǤꡤȿ餷ΡĤޤæʸˡ (degrammaticalisation) ⸫롥
ʸΩ줫ΡΤ褦ʡֵפФȿȤơʸˡȤιʸǹͤ٤ΤǤȤĥ롥㤨С̤ɽ魯 be going to ϡgo ñȤʸˡ櫓ǤϤʤbe to ȼäιʸΤʤʸˡΤȹͤ롥ifs, down ʤɤϡñȯʻž (conversion) ˤΤ褦äưؤȿȤߤʤȤϤǤʤ롥ޤѲΥץŪǤ뤫ݤȤǤ be going to ifs ϰۤʤäƤꡤƱɶǤʤΤȤ⡥
Ǥ⡤ȿȸƤ٤ϵ¸ߤ롥°ʤɽ魯޸ä -es -'s Ȥܸ (clitic) ѲϡŪǤŪǤؤѲǤꡤؤȿȤʤ (cf. #819. his °ʡ ([2011-07-25-1])#1417. °ȯã ([2013-03-14-1])#1479. his °ʤο ([2013-05-15-1]))
βϡѲΤߤʤ餺ŤκƷܻؤӸؤ䡤θλѤ餫ˤ褦Ȥ쵯θˤƤʴߤġΤᡤȿ㤿æʸˡθݤȹ碌ơǮ깭Ƥ롥

סԡˡؿԡǧθإɻŵ١ҡ2013ǯ

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2016-05-10 Tue

#2570. Ѹˤˤ礿Ѳ [syntax][grammaticalisation][language_change]

ѸˤǤ͡ѲƤ塤äܤƤѲFischer and Wurff (111--13) "The main syntactic changes" ꤹɽˤޤȤƤ롥ѲĤ٤ƸõλѤˡɽƸƤ

Changes in:Old EnglishMiddle English Modern English
case form and function:   
   genitivegenitive case only, various functionsgenitive case for subjective/poss. of-phrase elsewheresame
determiners:   
   systemarticles present in embryo-form, system developingarticles used for presentational and referential functionsalso in use in predicative and generic contexts
   double det.presentrareabsent
quantifiers:   
   position ofrelatively freemore restrictedfairly fixed
adjectives:   
   positionboth pre- and postnominalmainly prenominalprenominal with some lexical exceptions
   form/functionstrong/weak forms, functionally distinctremnants of strong/weak forms; not functionalone form only
   as headfully operativereduced; introduction of onerestricted to generic reference/idiomatic
   ?stacking' of adjectival or relative clauserelative: se, se þe, þe, zero subject rel.introd.: þæt, wh-relative (exc. who), zero obj. rel.who relative introduced
   adj. + to-inf.only active infinitivesactive and passive inf.mainly active inf.
aspect-system:   
   use of perfectembryonicmore frequent; in competition with 'past'perfect and 'past' grammaticalised in different functions
   form of perfectbe/have (past part. sometimes declined)be/have; have becomes more frequentmainly have
   use and form of progressivebe + -ende; no clear functionbe + -ing, infrequent, more aspectualfrequent, grammaticalising
tense system:   
   'present'used for present tense, progressive, futureused for present tense and progr.; (future tense develops)becomes restricted to 'timeless' and 'reporting' uses
   'past'used for past tense, (plu)perfect, past progr.still used also for past progr. and perfect; new: modal pastrestricted in function by grammaticalisation of perfect and progr.
mood system:   
   expressed bysubjunctive, modal verbs (epistemic advbs)mainly modal verbs (+ develop. quasi-modals); modal past tensesame + development of new modal expressions
   category of core modalsverbs (with exception features)verbs (with exception features)auxiliaries (with verbal features)
voice system:   
   passive formbeon/weorðan + (infl.) past part.be + uninfl. past partsame; new GET passive
   indirect pass.absentdeveloping(fully) present
   prep. pass.absentdeveloping(fully) present
   pass. infin.only after modal verbsafter full verbs, with some nouns and adject.same
negative system:ne + verb (other negator)(ne) + verb + not; not + verbAux + not + verb; (verb + not)
interrog. system:inversion: VSinversion: VSAux SV
DO as operatorabsentinfrequent, not grammaticalisedbecoming fully grammaticalised
subject:   
   position filledsome pro-drop possible; dummy subjects not compulsorypro-drop rare; dummy subjects become the normpro-drop highly marked stylistically; dummy subj. obligat.
   clausesabsentthat-clauses and infinitival clausesnew: for NP to V clauses
   subjectless/impersonal constructionscommonsubject position becomes obligatorily filledextinct (some lexicalised expressions)
   position with respect to Vboth S(. . .)V and VSS(. . .)V; VS becomes restricted to yes/no quest.only S(adv)V; VS > Aux SV
object:   
   clausesmainly finite þæt-cl., also zero/to-infinitivestark increase in infinitival cl.introduction of a.c.i. and for NP to V cl.
   position with respect to VVO and OVVO; OV becomes restrictedVO everywhere
   position IO-DOboth orders; pronominal IO-DO preferrednominal IO-DO the norm, introduction of DO for, to IOIO/DO with full NPs; pronominal DO/IO predominates
clitic pronouns:syntactic cliticsclitics disappearingclitics absent
adverbs:   
   positionfairly freemore restrictedfurther restricted
   clausesuse of correlatives + different word ordersdistinct conjunctions; word order mainly SVOall word order SVO (exc. some conditional clauses)
phrasal verbs:position of particle: both pre- and postverbalgreat increase; position: postverbalsame
preposition strandingonly with pronouns (incl R-pronouns: þær etc.) and relative þeno longer with pronouns, but new with prep. passives, interrog. and other relative clausesno longer after R-pronouns (there etc.) except in fixed expressions


Fischer, Olga and Wim van der Wurff. "Syntax." Chapter 3 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 109--98.

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2016-04-07 Thu

#2537. Jesus ??????????? [historical_pragmatics][pragmatics][taboo][interjection][swearword][invited_inference][subjectification][grammaticalisation]

äϵɽ֤礦áʤäƤäפۤɤȤƤ JesusGod goddamn ʤɤƱͤͤդǤꡤ餫˽Ū̾˵Ĥ줬ȤȤ˸ɸ (pragmatic marker) ؤȯŸΤǤ롥ޤǤʤ Jesus ϿλҥꥹȤؤ"Jesus, please help me." Τ褦󽡶Ūòʸ̮Ǥ⤷ФѤ줿Ȥ顤ꡤͤξ̤̩ܤ˴طŤ褦ˤʤäη̡ñȤǴȤѤ˻ꡤˡȤƤϡϤ䥤ꥹȤؼ뵡ǽϤƴǤ롥ʸ̮Ƿ֤Ѥ뤳ȤˤꡤθθŪʴްդߤĤѲ (pragmaticalisation) Ǥ롥ʲJucker and Taavitsainen (134--38) ˵äơθݤƤߤ褦
λؼòˤƤӤƴȤƤ Jesus ˡΥǡϡʲʸˤ궦Ūˤⴶ뤳ȤǤ (qtd. in Jucker and Taavitsainen 134)

I went through the motions, but I still prayed to Jesus at night, still went to church. (COCA, ABC_20/20, 2010)
Oh, Jesus please bless her. Here goes another one, little lady. (COCA, CNN_King, 1997)
He flicks on the TV. Nothing. Goddamn box. Not even plugged in. Jesus. He can't be prowling around looking for a socket. Shit. (COCA, Gologorsky, Beverly. The things we do to make it home, 1999)


űѸǤ⥤ؼꡤòꤹΤ Iesus θ줬ѤƤŪʸ̮˸¤ƤѸǤϤǤ󽡶Ūʸ̮ѤƤ롥㤨С1377ǯˤ "Bi iesus, with here ieweles, howre iustices she shendeth." ȤꡤѲƻؤƻ򤹤ǤǤ뤳Ȥ롥ѲǶ̤ƤΤüԤα̿򺸱벿ԤؤʤǤꡤμԤȤϿäꡤ̤μԤäꡤ̿äꤹ櫓
ѸǤϡͤդȤƤ Jesus ˡΤˤʤäƤ뤬Ǥ⸵ˡȤζܤۣϿ¿Jucker and Taavitsainen (136) ϡۣΰޤθѲƻڤͶƳ (invited_inference) δƤ롥

The expression is regularly used with both the original meaning of religious invocation and the invited inference that the speaker also wants to communicate a certain amount of surprise and annoyance, and, therefore, the invited inference becomes part of the coded meaning of the expression, while the original meaning is increasingly backgrounded.


Ѳβϡʸˡ (grammaticalisation) Ѳ (subjectification) Ȥ̩ܤ˴ؤäƤꡤº Jesus ηФѲϡüԤδ褦ˤʤäǼѲȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ޤòθƤӤȤʸƬ˸䤹Ȥʸ¾ǤΩ¥첽䤷ʤ᤿ȤȤ館뤳ȤǤǤ롥

Jucker, Andreas H. and Irma Taavitsainen. English Historical Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

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2016-02-20 Sat

#2490. λʸhave + ʬפεȯã [auxiliary_verb][syntax][reanalysis][word_order][tense][aspect][perfect][grammaticalisation][agreement][participle][generative_grammar]

ɸϡѸǤϤ褯Τ줿ʬ (reanalysis) Ȥơޤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ȤƼ夲Ƥʲ (110--17) ˽äơʽŪʵҤܤ
űѸǤϡѸ They had their enclosure closed. have + Ū + ʬפιʸ¸ߤ (þā hīe tō Ðǣm ġemǣre cōmon . . ., þā hæfdon hīe hiera clūsan belocene [Or, ed. Sweet 112/34]) ιʸΰ̣ϸȰۤʤ餺֡Ūˤʲʬˤɽ魯֤ȤƤġפۤɤǤꡤŪȲʬŪỤ̄Ū̩ܤʴطˤäξڵˡʬŪʤ˰פƶ޸ȼäƤʾǤϡñгʡˡʳǤϡä˿δްդϤäƤʤä
8ޤǤˡŪѰۤƤŪȲʬΰ֤žhave + ʬ + Ū׹ʸоǤ롥θϤФ餯¸ƤΤΡϸѸΤ褦 They had closed their enclosure. They had their enclosure closed. ΰ̣Ωɽ魯ΤǤɬʤä˿have + ʬ + Ūפ¿Ѥ褦ˤʤꡤޤ¾ưβʬ˸¤ƤΤưʤѰưʳˤβʬˤޤdzȤʤɤơֲʬŪפΤĤʤhave + ʬפΤĤʤ꤬ռ褦ˤʤä
ѸȡʬŪδطŪʰפɸʤʤꡤhave + ʬפβʣŪʽҸưȤª˻äʳǡhave + ʬפϸѸˤĤʤ칽ʸȤƳΩȤäƤ褤̣ŪˤСޤ߻Τ˶̤뿷꤬줿櫓ǤϤʤäºݡwhilom long ago ʤɲɽ魯ȸߴλʸ뤳Ȥϡʹ Shakespeare դޤ³ƤꡤѸθߴλˤߤָߤȤδͿפȤħΩƤȤΤ16ʹߤǤ롥
ιʸεȯãʸˡȤ޼Ū˵ҤȼΤ褦ˤʤݺ, p. 14 οޤ򻲹ͤˤˡ

         OE                        ME                    ModE

  have   + NP + pp ----->  have  +   pp   + NP -----> have + pp + NP ===> λ
ͭư                  ư   ư

ĥ꡼ƱȯãɽСʲ̤ݺ䡤p. 149 ι¤򻲹ͤˤSC "Small Clause" ɽ魯ˡ

Grammaticalisation of Have Perfect

λ¤ˤ have λǤʤ be λ⤢롥ԤˤĤƤϡ#1653. be λˡ ([2013-11-05-1])#1814. 18--19 be λο CLMET dzǧ ([2014-04-15-1]) 򻲾ȡChaucer ѤλˤĤơ#534. The General Prologue Ƭθ߷ȴλ ([2010-10-13-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

ס ˡŪˤ븽αʸˡ١罤ۡ1990ǯ.
ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ

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2016-01-05 Tue

#2444. something good θ [word_order][adjective][syntax][grammaticalisation][stress][eurhythmy][sobokunagimon]

some-, any-, every-, no- ʤɤ -thing, -one, -body ΤĤʣ̾줬ƻ˽Ȥθ *good something ǤϤʤɸΤ褦 something good Ȥʤ롥Ƿƻ줬֤ΤϤʤѤʵǤϤ뤬ŪŬڤ뤳ȤϰƳ񤷤
Ѹˤ̤ơƻθ֤ϡ#1667. ե󥹸αƶˤƻθֽ (1) ([2013-11-19-1])#1668. ե󥹸αƶˤƻθֽ (2) ([2013-11-20-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡɬݤǤϤʤäºݡűѸ줫ѸФƶḽѸ˻ޤǡˤϻ礫ʤȤ櫓ѸʹߤɽˤĤƤϡե󥹸ƥθαƶ˵뤳ȤΤǤ¿OED something, n. (and adj.) and adv. θ 3a ˤСƻ֤νȤƼʸͿƤ롥

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Acts xxiii. 20 Thei ben to sekinge sum thing certeynere [L. aliquid certius].


sum thing certeynere 򡤥ƥ aliquid certius θޤƤľǤɾ뤳ȤԲǽǤϤʤˤŪǤʤ something good nothing wrong ʤɤФưŪ˸ܿˤŬѤ뤳Ȥ񤷤褦˻פ롥
ˡMED som-thing (phr. & n.) įƤߤ褦űѸꡤ -es °ʤȼΤ褦㤬ǧ롥

a1150 (OE) Vsp.D.Hom. (Vsp D.14) 68/35: Synd eac sume steorren leohtbeamede, færlice arisende, & rædlice gewitende, & heo symle sum þing neowes mid heora upspringe gebecnigeð.
c1175 (?OE) Bod.Hom. (Bod 343) 62/31: Cristes wundræ þe he wrohte on þisse life..ȝetacnoden þeah sum þing diȝelices.


neowes diȝelices ϵǽȤƤ̾°ʤ̾ȤϤäƤƻ줫Ū̾Ǥ롥Ǥϡե󥹸 quelque chose de nouveau Τ褦ʶˤƻθ֤۵롥 sum þing neowes Τ褦ʹ¤ something new ηȯŸ췿ǤäȤϹͤʤ
ҤȤĹθ٤ϡѥԹ (eurhythmy) Ǥ롥 sòme thíng Ȥˤ2Ǥ̾εǽŪˤʤäƤ椯ˤĤ졤ʤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) Ƥ椯ˤĤ졤ǽȤƤʣ̾ sómething ˤꡤsome thing δ֤̤θ줬ä䤬ʤʤꡤƷƻʤɤǽ褦ȻפСʣΤ֤ۤʤʤäǶѥθȡƻ֤ˤ *góod sómething ζȤʤꡤ֤ˤ sòmething góod ζ嶯Ȥʤ롥ѸαΧηϤ˾Ȥ餻Сȼ夬ؤƻ֤θΤۤ
̤ΤȤ(1) ե󥹸ƥ줫αƶ(2) sum þing neowes 췿ȤȯŸ(3) ѥ3ĤλθƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-22-1]

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2015-09-16 Wed

#2333. a lot of [semantic_change][grammaticalisation][etymology][agreement][determiner][reanalysis][syntax]

914դǡa lot of ɤơ¿Ρפ̣褦ˤʤäΤȤ򤤤ϡѸˤ˸ؤδϡ̣ѲʸˡȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥ʲˤȤʤ̾ lot θŪ񤤤̻ŪѲάҤ褦
OED 츻ŵˤȡѸ lot Ρ֤פθϡűѸ hlot (allotment, choice, share) ˤΤܤ롥켫Τϥޥĸ *χlutam ˤΤܤꡤŪˤϰĸθ촴 *kleu- (hook) ˵ġ¾ΥޥˤƱ줬ߤ졤ޥ󥹽ؤѤƤ롥֡ʤΤΡ˾ޡפ̣ȹͤ졤ƥ clāvis (key), clāvus (nail) ȤδϢŦƤ롥
ơűѸΡ֤פθ˻ϤޤꡤˤäƷʤ⻺ΡʬۡסơֳơפθѸ parking lot ־ˤϡϤγƤȤȤǤ롥Ǥ뤫ֱ̿פθѸΤΤǤ롥
Ѹä16ȾФˤϡΡַʡפθȯãʤˤθѤȤʤˡʤȤСߡƥåڡѡ1ǯʬܥɥȾǯʬʤɡʤΰ컳뤳Ȥ¬Ǥ褦ˡƱΤΡְ컳ȡפȤ17ȾФߤǤ⡤˽Фʪؤ Lot 46: six chairs ʤɤɽѤ롥ƱʪͤΡֽġ췲 (group, set) ۤɤθȯŸ The first lot of visitors has/have arrived. / I have several lots of essays to mark this weekend. / What do you lot want? (informal) ʤɤ㤬ǧ롥
Ťֳơפθˤ衤ֽġ췲פθˤ衤a lot of [noun] ηѤ뤳Ȥ¿äȤϼǤ롥ޤlot ˡä˷Τΰ̣򤳤᤿͡ʷƻ줬ź졤an interesting lot of people a lazy lot (of people) Τ褦ɽƤ1800ǯˤϡa great lot of a large lot of ʤɿ̤礭ɽ魯ƻ줬Ĥ졤餯줬Ȥʤäơ19ˤϷƻʤ a lot oflots of ñΤǡ¿Ρ¿̤Ρפɽ魯ˡȯãߡ¿Ρפΰ̣Ƕˤܶ a lot of ϡ̤ꡤʤ꿷ɽǤ롥
a lot of [noun] lots of [noun] μϡ衤Ūˤ lot(s) ΤϤˤΰפȽǤˡ᤯ [noun] ȤȤ館Ƥ褦ߤǤϡa lot of lots of many much Ʊͤ˸ (determiner) 뤤Ͽ̻ (quantifier) ȲᤵƤ (Quirk et al. 264) ΤȤϡȤ alot of ֤줿ꡤa ά lot of ʤɤɽ뤳ȤǧǤ롥
Ʊ褦ˡʬɽ魯 of ޤ礬ȤƺʬϤ졤ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ƤȤơa number of a majority of ʤɤ롥a [noun_1] of [noun_2] η򼨤ɽˤơ [noun_1] [noun_2] ؤȰܹԤѲ̤ƤƤ뤳Ȥ狼 (Denison 121)
lot ΰ̣ѲˤĤƤϡRoom (169) ⻲Ȥ줿

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Denison, David. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 4. Ed. Suzanne Romaine. Cambridge: CUP, 1998.
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.

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2015-08-31 Mon

#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã [tense][future][auxiliary_verb][category][grammaticalisation][bleaching]

Ѹˤ̤ȯãˤĤơ#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1]) εڤӴŪˡ#2209. ĸˤư̤ޡ ([2015-05-15-1]) εǼ夲will, shall ѤṲ̄ɽޤ졤ijΩȤϡѸˤνװƷ1ĤǤ뤬Ȥδ֤͡ʵ롥ϢơѸ̤¸ߤΤȤʸˡ (category) ˴ؤ礭⤢ꡤɴĤǤ롥
̻ŪķŪʴϡ̤ȤưζޤΤ⺣¸ߤ丽߷ΤˤȤ٤ˤȤ٤٤ʤȤ롥ȤʸˡƤߤ˷ŪӤ뿶񤤤򼨤ʤФʤʤȤޤ꤬櫓ǤʤŪĵǽŪʴ餹СѸ will, shall Ǽ̤ϡʤƤ߻Ӥ1ĤǤȤǧƤ褤褦˹ͤƤ롥°桦 (171) ⼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤ƤꡤѸˤ̤ꤷƤ롥

Ѹˤϸ̤λɽϤʤOE ˤƤϸ߻äɽƤPE Ǥϡshall (should) or will (would) + פη̤ɽȤѤ졤 future tense ȸƤǤ롥shall, will ϸߤǤϤθ򼺤ޤäñ̤ɽΤѤ⤢ΤǡñʤǧᡤȤη future tense ȸƤ֤ȤϺ٤ʤ褬üԤοŪ٤򼨤ΤѤ줿ưǤꡤߤǤ⤷Ф̤ʳΰ̣Ѥ롥


Ǥϡ will, shall ѤṲ̄ȳΩλϤĤʤΤ̤ˤϤ˨ϸűѸˤߤȸ롥will, shall ʸ̮ˤơˡŪʰ̣ᡤñ̤ɽ魯˻äȽǤǤűѸ㤬ʤʤŦƤ (Mustanoja 489) ̣ɺ (bleaching) ιǤꡤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ŵǤ⤢롥κǽϡθԤˤʸ̮̯ȽǤ˰ѤͤƤꡤλҴŪ˷ꤹ뤳ȤưפǤϤʤѸ줫Ǥ顤¿ξ硤ˡŪʰ̣ɤ߼Ȥɤ߼뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥
ѸȡʤȤñ̤θȤ will, shall 㤬Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤褽̻ŪŸϿ䤷̤뤳ȤǤ롥Mustanoja (490) ˤСѸǤ shall Τ̤ۤνưǤꡤwill ϤޤˡŪʰ̣魯¿äʤ will, shall ο;ΤˤȤʬϤȤƸФΤϡ#451. shall will λȤʬ˴ؤ The Wallis Rules ([2010-07-22-1]) ǿ줿褦17ΤȤºݤˤλȤʬٳΩȤ19ʹߤΤȤǤʰ°桦ġp. 171ˡ

° ̭ ͡ΤäƤѸˡ١ҡ2014ǯ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2015-07-14 Tue

#2269. ư֤ưѤ줿 by of ζ [preposition][passive][grammaticalisation][hc]

ɸˤĤľܡܤˡ#1333. ѸǼư֤ưѤ줿ֻ ([2012-12-20-1])#1350. ư֤ưѤ of ([2013-01-06-1])#1351. ư֤ưѤ줿 through at ([2013-01-07-1]) Ǽ夲ƤѸ줫ѸˤƤλ by of ζˤĤơPeitsara ʸɤΤǡη (398) ѤƤ

   I hope to have shown, firstly, that the by-agent prevailed in English in the 15th century, i.e. two centuries earlier than suggested so far. . . . The necessary consequence of the first conclusion is that agentive by can hardly have been rare before 1400.
   Secondly, it appears that there has not been a development from a general agentive of into a general agentive by in Middle English, but the two variants have existed side by side (possibly together with some others excluded from this study) fro some time. They were, however, not in free variation in the 15th and 16th centuries but had become specialized, partly according to the type of text and partly according to the semantic fields of the participles in the passive clause. This specialization was more complicated than, and partly different from, that described by some scholars, and it apparently involved foreign influence.
   Thirdly, the Middle English period was particularly favourable for the gradual grammaticalization of by in agentive function because of the heavier functional load of the preposition of and the lack of special grammaticalization for by.


ʸ1992ǯΤΤǤꡤ2015ǯθߤ餹ȺǿȤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΥϥƥġȤäƤ褤 Helsinki Corpus Ѥ㸦Ȥơܤ٤ΤǤϤ롥ԸȽŪɾġ˰͵򤷤ʤ顤by 15ޤǤ˼ư֤ưɽ魯ֻȤư̲ĤĤäʤƴްդȤƤϸʸˡˤȡ of ƱƱͤˡͭʤʣװˤäƻȤʬޥʡʪȤƵǽƤȤ餫ˤ
Ѥ2κǸʸˤ褦ˡPeitsara ϱѸǤֻ򤬥ƥե󥹸θˡ˱ƶǽˤڤǤ롥ƥ de of ˡե󥹸 par by 줾δͿͤ줽ºݤˤ Peitsara ϤǤͤùĴϤƤʤ̤ʰոҤ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤθ椬ԤȤƱͤˡֻ򤬡ưʲʬˤΰ̣ˤ¸Ƥ餷ȽҤ٤Ƥ뤬ˤĤƤ⺣ĴԤ롥

Peitsara, Kirsti. "On the Development of the by-Agent in English." History of Englishes: New Methods and Interpretations in Historical Linguistics. Ed. Matti Rissanen, Ossi Ihalainen, Terttu Nevalainen, and Irma Taavitsainen. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992. 379--99.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-08-09-1] [2020-08-04-1]

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2015-05-14 Thu

#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ [verb][conjugation][tense][auxiliary_verb][indo-european][grammaticalisation][category][language_change][causation][future][sobokunagimon]

ɸμݤμ䤬󤻤줿ΤǡˤĤŪʴͤƤߤѸưˤϡνɽ魯ΤŵŪѤ롥Ʊͤˡߡʤ뤤סˤνŪɽ魯ˤϡưŵŪ˸߷dzѤ롥̤ν˴ؤƤϡư̤Ȥƶޤ褦ˡ¸ߤʤ will, shall, be going to ʤɤΡʽ˽ưѤȤŪˡȤƤ롥ĤޤꡤѸˤṲ̄Ϥˤ衤Ṳ̄ϤʤȤäƤ褤ñˡ̤פȤѸǤϡ졤֤ΤΥ٥ˤַפˤĤƸ򾷤ǽ뤳Ȥ顤ѸʸˡǤϤѸ줬򤱤뷹ΤǤϤʤ
ʽ˽ưѤŪ뤤ϱṲ̄ɽϡ餯űѸʹߤ will shall ʤɤŪˡŪʵǽĽư줬ջ֤̳ΰ̣ᡤñ˻֤ȤƤ̤ɽ魯ˡؤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) Ȥˤλˤϡñ̤ɽ魯ΤòɽϡŪˤŪˤʤˡŪʰ̣ȼ鷺̤ɽʤϷ礱ƤȤäƤ褤űѸǤϡŪˤϸ߷ʤ뤤ΤˤˤѤ뤳ȤǸߤΤߤʤ餺̤ΤȤɽ魯ȤǤΤǤꡤƥ꡼ˤơ丽ߤȶ̤٤ʬȤƤ̤Ȥȯۤϴäθ will ʤɤѤ̤ɽиǤ⡤夫λƥ꡼ΤȤ館礭Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤѸǤ̤Ȥʬ⤤Ƥ봶롥Ѹ̤Ȥǰ¸ߤʤȸڤΤϡŪˤϸ᤮Τ餤褦˻פ
嵭Τ褦ˡűѸλƥ꡼ϡŪˤСʤФСָߡפȸƾΤˤ2ʬʤäƤǸѸδ뵿ʤƼºݤ˴󤻤줿ˤϡʤűѸǤ̤ʤäΤʤư̤ζޤȯãʤäΤȤ䤤Ǥ롥μľΤϤ䤹ʤŪʳ٤4ŦƤ
ޤμˡߡ̤3ʬˡȤḽŪʻ֤δǰȻפ뤬֤ΤȤ館뤤ϤθؤȿǤǤƥ꡼ǡɬ⤳ȤƤ褤Ϥʤܿͤޤ᤿¿θͤˤȤäơ3ʬˡλִФ϶ˤƼ˻פ뤬줬ˤȤäƤ̵ͣλִѤǤȤߤʤȤϤǤʤޤ˷3ʬˡλִѤѤ줿ȤƤ⡤3ʬˡ줤ˤΤޤ޸ξˡƥ꡼ȤȿǤΤʤΤɤǤ롥ϥԥᥦդβ (sapir-whorf_hypothesis) ˴ؤǤꡤ̤ǤȽҤ٤ˤȤɤƤ
2ܤˡ¾ΰˤ⡤ܸˤߤ褦ˡ̤ɽϡƤջ֤̳ʤɤˡŪʵǽķʸˡ뤳Ȥˤȯ뤳Ȥ¿Ҥ̤ꡤϱѸˤˤƤѻ줿Ǥꡤɤ̸ŪˤߤΤΤ褦Ǥ롥ߡ̤3ʬˡǤϡ̤Ťߤäξˤ֤Ƥ뤫Τ褦ˤߤ뤬⤷ȸ첽ǤξԤνŤߤϡФаۤʤΤ⤷ʤʤȤ⤤Ĥμ׸ˤ򻲾Ȥ¤ꡤ̤ϲ椷ƸȯŪǤꡤŪǤ뤳Ȥ¿
3ܤˡ#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡȤ2ʬˡϡʸš˱Ѹ˸¤餺ޥ˶̤פħ1ĤǤ롥ޤƱ²ϸŤҥåȸƱ2ʬˡäƤꡤĸˤƥ꡼Ʒä褷Ƥ롥̤ưĸ̤ȸƤӤΤäΤʤäΤ뤤ϡäȤơŪʤΤʤΤŪΤʤΤĤޤꡤ嵭μϡűѸФ٤ˤȤɤޤ餺ĸФƤ٤Ǥ⤢롥ĸ餫餭줤ʲߡ̤3ʬˡλäƤΤɤȤδ֤褬롥
Ǹˡ׿ʤȤ뤳Ȥ餬󥸥󥰤ʲǤȤǡ׿ʤȤʤä뤳Ȥ϶ˤ񤷤ΰ̣ǡűѸˤƤʤ̤ȯãʤäΤ򼨤Ȥϡ˾ŪʺȼѲŪΩ줫ϡϤפǤϤ롥#2115. ݻȸѲؤ񹳡 ([2015-02-10-1]) Milroy θѲ˸ڤʤ󵯤褦ˡʤѲΤƱͤˤʤѲʤäΤȤ⡤ä٤

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2015-04-12 Sun

#2176. ʸˡ̣Ѳ [frequency][grammaticalisation][semantic_change][schedule_of_language_change][language_change]

Ѳ٤δطˤĤƤϡ#1239. Frequency Actuation Hypothesis ([2012-09-17-1])#1243. ٤θ̻ŪΤˡ ([2012-09-21-1])#1265. ٤ȲѲνδط˵ŤƤ Schuchardt ([2012-10-13-1])#1864. ȴդٸ̡ ([2014-06-04-1]) ʤɤǵƤεǤϡٸٸǤϤɤ餬˸Ѳ˴ޤ뤫ʤɤνꡤ뤤ϥ塼 (schedule_of_language_change) ˼㤬äȤ̤ˡٸ줢뤤ٸˤʤѲǤȤष䤹ѲǤȤΤ褦ʤȤϤΤ
Ѥ Fortson (659) ϡʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ٤δطˤĤƤ뤬ȤƤξԤδ֤شطϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ĥޤꡤʸˡ̣ѲϹٸˤѤ뤷ٸˤƱ褦˺Ѥ롥ˡ٤ȤװƳɬפϤʤȤ

We have seen, then, that both frequent and infrequent forms can be reanalyzed; both frequent and infrequent forms can be grammaticalized. If all these things happen, then frequency loses much or all of its force as an explanatory tool or condition of semantic change and grammaticalization. The reasons are not surprising, and underscore the sources of semantic change again. Frequent exposure to an irregular morpheme, for example (such as English is, are), can insure the acquisition of that morpheme because it is a discrete physical entity whose form is not in doubt to a child. By contrast, no matter how frequent a word is, its semantic representation always has to be inferred. Classical Chinese shì was a demonstrative pronoun that was subsequently reanalyzed as a copula; exposure to shì must have been very frequent to language learners, but so must have been the chances for reanalysis.


Fortson Τ褦˼ĥΤϡε#2175. Ūʰ̣Ѳ෿ؤȽ ([2015-04-11-1]) Ǥ⿨줿褦ˡ̣ѲˤϡФпƤ褦Ϣ³ϤʤषϢ³ŪʤΤǤȹͤƤ뤫Ǥϡʸˡ̣Ѳ¾θѲۤʤ櫓ǤϤʤٸ줢뤤ٸɤȤǤϤʤȤ٤ͿƤ뤫Τ褦˸ȤС diffusion (or transition) μˤƤǤäơimplementation μˤ٤δͿϤʤȡϡ#1872. Constant Rate Hypothesis ([2014-06-12-1]) ۵ѲѤǤ롥

Fortson IV, Benjamin W. "An Approach to Semantic Change." Chapter 21 of The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Blackwell, 2003. 648--66.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-03-25-1]

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2015-03-19 Thu

#2152. Lass ˤ볰Ŭ [exaptation][tense][aspect][language_change][grammaticalisation]

#2146. ѸˤѲϡ͹¤εǽ͹¤ؤγŬǤ ([2015-03-13-1]) ǸѲˤ볰Ŭ (exaptation) γǰƳˤĤܳŪʸΤ Lass Ǥ롥ʪʲʬ Gould and Vrba ѤǰLass ϤѲ˱Ѥ
ʪʲˤ볰ŬϡGould (171 qtd. in Lass 80) ΤȤФڤȰʲ̤Ǥ롥

We wish to restrict the term adaptation only to those structures that evolved for their current utility; those useful structures that arose for other reasons, or for no conventional reasons at all, and were then fortuitously available for other changes, we call exaptations. New and important genes that evolved from a repeated copy of an ancestral gene are partial exaptations, for their new usage cannot be the reason for the original duplication.


Ŭ (adaptation) ϤǤȯãƤ뵡ǽΤʤȯãؤФƳŬ (exaptation) ̤ͳˤ뿷ȯãؤLass (80) ΤȤФ󤹤ȡ"Exaptation then is the opportunistic co-optation of a feature whose origin is unrelated or only marginally related to its later use. In other words (loosely) a 'conceptual novelty' or 'invention'" ȤȤˤʤ롥
ơŬѲƤϤƹͤƤߤ褦εǽ졤ƥߤȤʤäƻĤä֤éƻ3Ĥ롥Ѵ뤫ߤΤޤް̣ʤĤ³뤫̤Ӥդƿ̿뤫Ǥ롥κǸƻŬȤȤˤʤ롥Lass (81--82) Ѥ롥

Say a language has a grammatical distinction of some sort, coded by means of morphology. Then say this distinction is jettisoned, PRIOR TO the loss of the morphological material that codes it. This morphology is now, functionally speaking, junk; and there are three things that can in principle be done with it: (i) it can be dumped entirely; (ii) it can be kept as marginal garbage or nonfunctional/nonexpressive residue (suppletion, 'irregularity'); (iii) it can be kept, but instead of being relegated as in (ii), it can be used for something else, perhaps just as systematic. . . . . Option (iii) is linguistic exaptation.


Lass ϡŬζ1ĤȤơĸΥƥ꡼ޥĸˤƻȿΥƥ꡼Ȥؤ줿Ȥ夲Ƥ롥ĸϡΥƥ꡼ˤ Present, Perfect, Aorist 3첻ˤäƶ̤ƤȤޥȯãǡ첻ˤֲŪʶ̤ݻʤ顤ζ̤Ȥ̤ӤդȤ׿ŪˤϡΩϾü˻ˤΩȲˤΩΩƤĤޤꡤĤƤ Present, Perfect, Aorist ζ̤ϡޤ Present, Preterite 1, Preterite 2 ؤȡֳŬפΤǤ롥
Lass (99) ʸκǸdzŬγǰҲŪ˱ѤǽˤޤǸڤƤꡤμι򼨺Ƥ롥

Gould, Stephen Jay and Elizabeth S. Vrba. "Exaptation --- A Missing Term in the Science of Form." Paleobiology 8.1 (1982): 4--15.
Gould, Stephen Jay. Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes: Further Reflections in Natural History. New York: Norton, 1983.
Lass, Roger. "How to Do Things with Junk: Exaptation in Language Evolution." Journal of Linguistics 26 (1990): 79--102.

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2015-03-13 Fri

#2146. ѸˤѲϡ͹¤εǽ͹¤ؤγŬǤ [exaptation][grammaticalisation][syntax][generative_grammar][unidirectionality][drift][reanalysis][evolution][systemic_regulation][teleology][language_change][invisible_hand][functionalism]

#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸˤƤפѲϤֵǽƤȯפȤª뤳ȤǤ뤬ϡֵǽ͹¤γŬפȴ뤳ȤǤ롥űѸ衤޸οȼäƸ͹¤ (Lexical Projection) ǽ͹¤ (Functional Projection) ؤȺʬϤˤƤ濴Ȥ빽¤ǽƤ濴Ȥ빽¤ؤȳŬƤäȤΤ
ʸˡεǤϡʪʲʬŪѤ볰Ŭ (exaptation) ȤǰѤ褦ˤʤäƤݺ (151) Τ狼䤹

ŬȤϡȤСʪʲ¦̤ǤϡȤβݻΤ¸ߤƤӤΩ줬¸Ŭ夲̤ȤʤꡤĻؤοʲĤʤäȤͤǤά͡Lass (1990) ϤγǰѲ˱Ѥư DO ȯãγŬʤȤȻưäΤ̵̣¸ߤȤʤꡤ̤Ӥ˳Ѥ줿ˤƤޤܽǤϡιͤʤᡤ¤ޤŬȼĥȻפޤά͵ǽƤϤȤȰĤ FP (Functional Projection) ȹͤ졤Ŭη̡ޤޤʹ¤Ȥƶ񸽲Ȥ櫓ǤѸϤ̻ŪѲβǡ̾ưζ޷֤ξüȶˡ濴ι¤鵡ǽ濴ι¤ؤȰܹԤƤȹͤ졤η̡졤ư졤ư֡λʹԷ¿ͤʬۤȸ櫓Ǥ


Τ褦ʸѲѤϡɭοʲȤͤˤĤʤ롥ҥȤͭθȯȿʲָʲפȸƤ֤ȤС嵭Τ褦ʸѲϡָξʲפȤߤ뤳ȤǤȤĴ碌ʤֿʲפȤߤǸ椬ʤƤ롥
ݺ (158) ϡμȿκѤ˿ʤ顤κǸ򼡤Τ褦᤯äƤ롥

켫ΤĤƻõѤϡ뼫ȿʼȯŪȤޤˤȸʤȤǽǤȿȤη뾽䥷ޥޤΥ֥ͭ̾ǤʪŪʪŪ¦̤ФǤʤȤСϤĻФԷ֡ʰδֳֻ֤ѡˡݸݡкѥƥҲΩʤɤˤڤӤޤξʲޤˤΰȤƹͤ졤ưŪŬѲᥫ˥ߤ¸ߤȤǤ줳ȤФοʲƳָפȸΤǤϤʤǤ礦ѸˤʸˡθݤϤޤˤιǤꡤѲθ椬ʣηϤʳؤĤμʤˤʤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ƤƤΤǤ


Ѳ礭1ĤβǤ롥

ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ

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2015-03-11 Wed

#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ [article][determiner][syntax][generative_grammar][language_change][grammaticalisation][reanalysis][definiteness]

Ѹ괧 a(n) ȴ the ϡŪˤϤ줾űѸο (OE ān) ȷ (OE se) ȯãΤǤ롥ߤǤϲĻ̾ñǤϤ줫ղäɬܤȤʤäƤꡤʳ̾ʣǤꡦʸˡƥ꡼ɸΤȤƾ¤פôäƤ뤬űѸѸǤϤޤǤդǤˤʤäѸʹߡ줬ɬܤʸˡܤȤʤäƤäʤʤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ƤäˤʸˡΩ줫ߤȡʸˡϿ DP (Determiner Phrase) ȤǽƤȯȤª뤳ȤǤ롥ݺ (16) 򻲾Ȥơ괧괧ι¤Ѳĥ꡼ɽȼ̤Ȥʤ롥

Functional Category of DP for Articles by Hosaka

an ˤƤ þe ˤƤ⡤űѸǤϡ̾ˤзƻȤǤդźơ礭 NP (Noun Phrase) äѸˤʤäΤ NP ǤϤʤ DP ȤǽƤι¤ȤƺƲᤵ褦ˤʤäDP ȯȸƤ֤ȤǤ롥ι¤ DP ȲᤵȤȤϡޤ a the μȤʤꡤ̾ʤΤȤꡦξ򼨤ʸˡǽȯãȤ̣롥NP Τ褦˸Ūʰ̣ͭƤ顤DP Τ褦ʸˡǽôǽƤغƲᤵ줿Ȥǡι¤Ѳʸˡΰȸ뤳ȤǤ롥
ѸˤˤƵǽƤȯȤǤѲ¿ꡤݺǤϼΤ褦ʹܤǽ DP, CP, IP ؤκʬϤη̤ȤƼ갷äƤ롥

ι¤Ѳ
괧졤괧
there ι¤Ѳ
ͭɸ -'s ι¤Ѳ
³ι¤Ѳ
now, when, while, after, that
ط̾ι¤Ѳ
that, who
Ƶ̾ι¤Ѳ
ư DO ι¤Ѳ
ˡưι¤Ѳ
may, can ,will
to ι¤Ѳ
ɸ to, be going to, have to
ʹԹʸι¤Ѳ
λʸι¤Ѳ
ưʸΤι¤Ѳ
it ʸι¤Ѳ
Ϣ BE ʸit դ;ιʸ

ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ

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2015-02-01 Sun

#2106.ֶʸˡȡֹʸˡ [grammaticalisation][bleaching][pragmatics][subjectification][intersubjectification]

#417. ʸˡȤϡ ([2010-06-18-1])#1972. Meillet ʸˡ([2014-09-20-1])#1974. ʸˡȯŸȳ (1) ([2014-09-22-1])#1975. ʸˡȯŸȳ (2) ([2014-09-23-1]) εǤߤ褦ˡʸˡθ椬ʤˤĤơʸˡΤΤΤȤ館ѲƤŪʡֶ׸ȡŪֹ׸Ȥ̤롥ʲTraugott (59--61) ˽äƾҲ𤹤롥
ֶ׸ˤСʸˡȤϽ̾ (reduction) Ǥ롥θϼȤƷŪʴΤΤǤꡤʸˡȤϹ¤ȷν̾Ѱ (scope) ν̾ư¸طääƤħŤȤ롥θ Meillet ̤ꡤƥʬŪ dare habes ޥ󥹸Ṳ̄ؤѲʤɤŵȤ롥§ʸˡΤǤС֤빽ʸޤΰ궯Ū¸طĤ褦ˤʤŪѲפȤȤˤʤTraugott 60)
ǽŪʴȤ櫓ŪʴʸˡߤäƤˤäơʸˡȤϤषĥ (extension) ǤȤͤޤäƤ3Υƥȳĥ󵯤Ƥ롥1ĤϥŪĥǤꡤ㤨 be going to ?뤿˹Ԥˤ̤ɽưˤʤäˤƤϡʸˡˤĤƸ³ưμबäȤΤƤ롥ֹԤפȤɺ (bleaching) 뤳Ȥˤꡤlike think ʤɤưȤ⼫ͳ˶뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤä2ܤϷŪĥǤ롥ؼ줬괧ʸˡ硤ǽϼŪΰ֤ΤŪǤꡤ֤֡ɽˤޤdzĥΤʸˡβʤǤΤȤ¿3ܤϰ̣ŪĥǤ롥ʸˡФϡ֤ȤȤ¿¿ǽˤʤ뤳Ȥ¿㤨Сư can ϡΤäƤפȤưΰ̣ȯǤǽϡġǽʤɤ¿¿ǽȯã˻ä
嵭Ρֶʸˡȡֹʸˡϡ줾ȿФƤ褦Ǥʤ顤¤Ʊɽ΢Ǥ롥ԤϷŪʴԤϵǽŪʴܤƤȤ㤤ˤʤ̣ɺ (bleaching) 뤤æ̣ (desemanticization) ˤĤƤ⡤濴˹ͤн̾ (reduction) ȤȤ館뤬ǿ˳ŪǥŪʰ̣ʻꡤʡϢʤɡˤ濴˹ͤгĥ (extension) ȤȤ館롥Ūʰ̣γȤϡСּ³ (procedural) ˡγǤꡤˤȯäϤΤɬפȤʤο任󤹤뤳ȤǽȤʤȤǡŪʵǽȯã뤳ȤˤۤʤʤˤơʸˡȸӤĤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ǯʸˡѲּѲʤɤѸ䳵ǰΩƤ줾줬ߤˤɤΤ褦ʴطˤΤϤޤ餫ˤƤʤʬŪ˽Ťʤ礦ȤϤ狼äƤƤꡤ碌򤷤ƤȤˤꡤŪʰ̣Ѳʤ뤤ϸѲˤβˤĤʤΤǤϤʤȤԤ롥

Traugott, Elizabeth Closs ˡʡˡʸˡȡʴ֡˼Ѳס˸硡Υߥ˥١ʹ ԡ̾ ҡ ŵҡˡˡ罤ۡ2011ǯ59--70ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-04-12-1]

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2015-01-21 Wed

#2095. ѲȴּѲ [subjectification][intersubjectification][unidirectionality][grammaticalisation][face]

εǼ夲#1980. Ѳ ([2014-09-28-1]) ȡ#1981. ּѲ ([2014-09-29-1]) ˤĤơ­롥ȥ饦åȤˤѲ򡤹Ĥۤ (32) ˤ꼨

ΰ̣εҴŪʡϻǤϤʤäȤߥ˥ˤäʽ񤭼ˤΡμŪʡϻ٤򡤻֤ηвΤʤǡ沽褦ˤʤᥫ˥ (Traugott 2003: 126)


ȥ饦åȤˤּѲϡƱĤۤ (32--33) ˤȡ

äʽ񤭼ˤʹɤ߼ˤΡּʡפظդΤɽ뤳ȡ (Traugott 2003: 128) Ǥ롥ǤաפȤϡȯäǸƤƤФ롤ʹɤ߼ˤ٤˸աפȡʹɤ߼ˤ̻Ҥȡʹɤ߼ˤݻ褦Ȥ륤᡼ФաפΤȤǤ롥ּѲϡְ̣ʹ˾֤Τˤʤᥫ˥פǤꡤäʽ񤭼ˤʹɤ߼ˤΡؼʡ٤ظդްդ֤Фơ沽ץʤǤäդϡǧŪҲŪξδؿؤˤ뤳ȤǤ롥äơּѲȤϡŪˡѲꤢȤ˵סּѲפȤפΤؤȤˤʤΤǤ (Traugott 2003: 129--130)


üŪɽСä١ʼˤɲΤѲäʹؤθʴּˤɲΤּѲȤ롥
ѲȴּѲΥץˤĤ˸ؤδŪ˺Ǥפϡ"non-subjective > subjective > intersubjective" Ȥβ⤬󵯤Ƥ뤳Ȥβ̸Ū¿λˤٻƤꡤƱ褦˰Ƥʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ȤߴطˤĤƤ蘆Ƥ롥ΰβˤϰ⤢뤬ˤ̣Ѳؤθι׸϶ǯ뤷
ܸ줫μѲȴּѲȤơǫ?ޤפȯã󤲤롥ȤȼĮˤƵҴŪˡֵͤκ¤פ̣Ƥָ¡̾ˡܤưˡפȤɽ16˲Ūˡ֤פȤĤŤޤȤȤ˰̣ǺɸȤƤʪɸˤѤ褦ˤʤäɸλѤüԤμŪȽǤ˴ؤΤ顤ɸ첽ȤϼѲˤۤʤʤˡ֤פϡ?ޤפȷѤߤǤмԷɸʹɸˤȤƴּŪ˵ǽƤ롥

ԡ̾ ҡ ŵҡˡ˸硡Υߥ˥١罤ۡ2011ǯ
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "From Subjectification to Intersubjectification." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 124--39.

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