ʼȤ YouTube 9ƤޤI wish I were a bird. were Ϥ were Ȥ̤Ρ--СڰʼδѸظإͥ #9 ǤϢươ hellog heldio Ǥ⡤ƤޤΤǡ뤵⤷ޤʾСˡ
YouTube ʤθȾˤǤϡƱ were Ǥ2ĤϤäȰ㤦Ȥ夲ޤI wish I were a bird. If I were you . . . ȤΡֲˡפ were ȡ̤ we were young Τ褦ʾΡľˡפξ were Ȥΰ㤤ˤĤƤǤˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤεåǼ夲ƤޤǥǤʲ2ǰäƤޤ
was were --- 2Ĥͣưheldio: 2021ǯ77
֤ʤˡǤ If I WERE a bird Τ褦 WERE ȤΤǤhellog-radio: 2020ǯ104
褽ϿԤƤȤпԤƤΤǤ YouTube Ƥ˹碌ơ Voicy ȤƤwas were δطˤĤƤޤ礦ꤷäޤ
ˡ were ˤĤƤΤ褦˱ѸŪƤȡषθʹ I wish I was a bird. was ⤷ʤäƤޤѸؽԤ99% was Τ֥ۤ쥮顼פǤϤʤȻפ⤷ޤѸ˸ԤȤƤϡĤ were ǤϤʤ was ˤʤäƤΤȤ˸ޤˡǯʾƿषƤΤǤοβ褤Ǥ were/was ˤڤǤȸ櫓Ǥǯ٥äȤƶʳޤ͡
NHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in Englishפ8ΥƥȤȯޤֱѸΥܥʵפϢܤƤޤ5Ȥʤޤϡ֤ʤ̤ˤ will ȤΡפǤĤΤ褦ɽˡʤ٤פ⤷ޤ

ǤפʥݥȤϡѸϤȤ륲ޥˤϡȤ̤Ȥ (tense) ϤʤäȤȤǤ2ĤʤԤߤ̤˰ƤޤŤ˾ջ̳֡ʤɤްդ will shall Τ褦ˡư (auxiliary_verb) ¸ߤƤޤˡưϡѤƤ뤦δްդޤꡤñʤ̤ɽ魯ˡؤȯŸƤޤ줬Ѹʹߤ˰Ṳ̄ɽΤѤ褦ˤʤꡤߤ˻ޤ츫Ȥβ̤ơ2ʬäѸλߡ̤3ʬ˰ܹԤ褦ˤߤޤ̤ will/shall ŪˤϿԤˤޤΤǡޤ˱ѸληϤΤʤ˴˥եåȤƤ櫓ǤϤʤˤΰΤǤ
̤ will Ū˽и夷ƤطʤϡѸˤǤ͡˸椵ƤƤޤܥ֥ǤϢ뵭ƤޤΤǡܤŪΤꤿϡʲεɤߤ
#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1])
#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])
#2189. ˤ will Իѡ ([2015-04-25-1])
#3692. Ѹˤϲ2Ĥʤ ([2019-06-06-1])
#4408. ̤ΤȤʤΤ˸߷ɽ魯 ([2021-05-22-1])
#2209. ĸˤư̤ޡ ([2015-05-15-1])
ޤ74դֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸ˤơϢֻǤ̤Ǥ⸽߷Ѥ롩ޤΤǡβ⤪İ
ꥢåפ줿ֱѸƳ202120ܤΥƥĤϡgoodbye θ츻ägoodbye ΰ̣Ǥ
God be with ye ʿʤȤȤˤޤ褦ˡˤȤ³ˡ (subjunctive) Ѥ (optative) ɽͳ褹Ȥޤ̤ݤˤ褯Ѥ밧Ȥʤꡤûʤä goodbye ȤʤäȤǤ̣Ǥϡ֤ˤϤǤפ֤פˤʤ褦ʤΤǤ
ޤǤΤȤǤ⡤ȵ䤬ͯƤޤ͡㤨С
ʤ God good ˤʤäƤޤäΤ
ʤ be bye ˤʤäƤޤäΤ
ʤ with ye ʬæƤޤäΤ
⤽ you ǤϤʤ ye ȤΤϲʤΤ
ʤʡäơ֤褦ʤפ̤ΰˤʤΤ
ѸŪˤϤ⤷ơޤȤʤޤ嵭ƥǤϡΤ褦ʵΤ٤ƤƤ櫓ǤϤޤGod be with ye goodbye ؤѲƻڤˤĤƶ̣⤬ܤƤޤΤǡɤ
Ȥ櫓⤷Τϡ̤ΰȤܸ֤褦ʤʤСˤƼˡפ˴֤ߤʤޤǸʡʸȡѸ goodbye (< God be with ye) ˤߤֽʡʸκۤŦƤȤǤ
Τ˱ѸǤ (I wish you) good morning/afternoon/evening/night bless you ޤǡʡɽ¾θȤʤäƤ㤬¿褦˻פޤ٤ɽȤƷ־ν䤹ȤϤΤΡظˤȯۡפξ֤ǰۤʤäƤǤ
ܱѸʸز30ǯǰȤơܤǤƤޤܤޤơطˤϴտ夲ޤˡ
ë Ϻ¼ ڵ ԡԡˡغʹʤѸءѸ춵ءʸء١DTPǡ2020ǯ
嵭ܼǤޤѸءѸ춵ءʸؤγʬ顤פʥɡȥԥåơޤƤޤڡ줤˶·äƤ뤳ȤǤ̤ꡤ٤Ƥ꤬ڡǴʷ˵ҤƤȤΤܽκħȻפޤꤽǤʤäߤȤơιפˤϴƤޤޤơεҤϴʷǤϤΤΡ¾ʸؤλȤ¿ܤƤꡤ´ʸݡȤʤɤθơõˤ⤿ؤΩĤΤǤϤʤȻפޤʻ伫Ȥ⤵äʤɤ˾Ҳ𤷤ޤˡ
ѸʬǼ夲ƤȡԤʬ˱ŪʤΤʸŪΤޤСƤޤǤϱѸˤδ2ĤۤɥԥååפƤߤޤ
¼ˤסʡ52ˤϡư (finite form) (non-finite form) ȤѸ졦ǰ˴ؤƳȤʤäƤޤѸˤˤưθ߷³ˡʤ뤤ϲˡˡ̿Ϸ֤褽ָפ˼̤Ƥаޤޤ֤ƱȤäƵǽƱ櫓ǤϤʤȤŪʿפ˲⤵Ƥޤޤ˰ѤʤΤˡפȤƤϤΤǤϤʤȤï⤬ˤפƤޤ
ȤȤͤ줽˾Ρ³ˡߡפˤĤơ¼ޤɤֲˡסʡ64ˤǼ夲ƤΤǡҲ𤷤ޤI demand that the student go to school regularly. Τ褦ʸˤ go η֤ϢǤˤĤƤĤλʸʤ⤷ˡˤƤ that άˤʤɤζ̣¤ŦƤޤѸ˾νǤ
嵭2ĤȴϢ hellog εåȤˤޤȤޤΤǡؿΤϤɤ
ܽǻȤƤ뻲ʸѤƻƤС褤ơޤˤɤ夯ǽޤŪθιԤϤȤƤᤷޤ
ë Ϻ¼ ڵ ԡԡˡغʹʤѸءѸ춵ءʸء١DTPǡ2020ǯ
ˡߤˡ "mandative subjunctive" 奢ꥫѸǰŪѤƤ¤ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ̻ŪʴʲεǼ夲Ƥ#325. mandative subjunctive should ([2010-03-18-1])#326. The subjunctive forms die hard. ([2010-03-19-1])#345. "mandative subjunctive" Υꥹȡ ([2010-04-07-1])#3042. Ѹ³ˡλѤäͳ ([2017-08-25-1])#3351. ꥫѸǤ "mandative subjunctive" λѤ "colonial lag" ǤϤʤפ ([2018-06-30-1])
ˤĤ Hundt (595--97) Brown ϥѥѤƹԤʤäĴγפɤൡä (cf. #428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿա ([2010-06-29-1])) 1930ǯ夫1991ǯޤǤαξѼʽաˤ̻ĴǤ롥should Ѥ٤Ƥ mandative subjunctive ѤγϡꥫѸǤϤǤ1930ǯ8˶Ť⤤ͤƤꡤ1991ǯˤϤۤ9ãƤ롥ꥹѸǤϡ1930ǯ2Ķ٤ͤǤꡤθäȤϤ1991ǯλ4ˤȤɤޤäƤ롥mandative subjunctive λѤˤĤƤϡŪˤ̻Ūˤ⥢ꥫѸΤۤȤäƤ褤
Övergaard ԸˤȡꥫѸǤ mandative subjunctive ä1900ǯ1920ǯˤƵäƤꡤطʤȤƥɥĸ졤ե졤ڥ졤ꥢʤɲˡݻƤȤΰ̱¸ߤŦƤ (Hundt 597)
⤷Τϡ嵭ΡֲˡߡפΤߤʤ餺If I were you Τ褦ʡֲˡפ were λ¸ˤĤƤ⡤Ѽ֤ǻ褦ʷߤ뤳ȤꥹѸǤϡ1930ǯˤ were Ѥ8ۤɤä1990ǯˤ5䶯ؤ礭餷Ƥ롥ꥫѸǤ1930ǯ83.4%1990ǯ74%ƤȤϤϾ
λ㤫⡤20ΥꥫѸʽաˤ "a relatively 'subjunctive-friendly' variety" (Hundt 597) Ǥ뤳Ȥ狼롥
Hundt, Marianne. "Change in Grammar." Chapter 27 of The Oxford Handbook of English Grammar. Ed. Bas Aarts, Jill Bowie and Gergana Popova. Oxford: OUP, 2020. 581--603.
Övergaard, Gerd. The Mandative Subjunctive in American and British English in the 20th Century. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1995.
褯ѤʵǤ̾θľˡˤǤ I was a bird. ʻĻäˤǤŪʲȤơ֤⤷䤬Ļäġפɽˤ̯ʲѤ If I WERE a bird . . . Ȥ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤǶθǤ If I WAS a bird . . . Τ褦ʡ̾Ρǧ褦ˤʤäƤƤϤ褦ǤŪˤ If I WERE a bird . . . 侩Ƥޤ were ȤϡäʤΤǤ礦ʲβİ
ǤפϡŪˤưγѤ˴ؤľˡ³ˡʡŪˡֲˡפȤΤƤΡˤϡ2ĤΤ˰ۤʤΤȤƶ̤ƤȤȤǤŪʷ֤СľˡǤ I was, you were, he was, we were ʤɤȳѤƤޤ³ˡǤ I were, you were, he were, we were ʤɤȳѡʤष̵ѡˤƤΤǤʥåȤƱ褦ʷ֤ȤƤȤСΤˤΤ褦˸ΤǤ⤽ľˡ³ˡηϰۤʤäƤȤפǤ
be ưϡ¾ư٤˳ʤ˹٤ǤȤͳǡΡְۤʤפߤޤݻƤȤȤˤޤդˤС⤷ be ưʳưǤ⤽Τ褦ʡְۤʤפݻƤΤǤСIf I won a lottery . . . ʤ⤷СġˤʤɤȤɽˤơ won ⸽ԤȤϰۤʤ֤äƤǽ⤤ΤǤ
be ưϤüưȤơ̤˸ŷݻƤȤ櫓Ǥ If I WAS a bird . . . Ȥʤ褿Ƥޤä顤ʬ䤹ϤʤޤǸĤ꤬ǤӤƤΤ褦ǡäȼ䤷ʤȤ뤫⤷ޤϤɤͤǤ礦
Ϣ##2601,3812,3990,3991εåˤޤȤޤΤǡɤ
ε ([2020-03-30-1]) ˰³ɸˤĤƤˤΤܤäƤߤޤ礦ƤޤȤСѸβˡ˿;ѲʤΤϡεȤʤűѸ³ˡǤľˡ٤п;ѲǤꡤεʿ;ѲѸˤ -n ξüˤ꼺Ƥޤä顤ȤȤˤʤޤǤ⤦Ƨ߹䤦Ƥߤޤ礦űѸȤʳˤƤľˡ٤³ˡο;ѲäȤΤϡäɤͳˤΤǤ礦
űѸƱ²ΥޥɤθŤߤƤߤޤȡ³ˡˤľˡƱͤʣʿ;ѲäȤ狼ޤѸ to bear Ϣʤư³ˡߤο;ѲɽʥޥˤLass (173) ȤȤ˰Ѥޤ礦Go ϥȸ졤OE ϸűѸ졤OIc ϸťɸؤޤ
(iii) Present subjunctive. The Germanic subjunctive descends mainly from the old IE optative; typical paradigms:
(7.24)
Go OE OIc sg 1 baír-a-i ber-e ber-a 2 baír-ai-s " ber-er 3 baír-ai " ber-e pl 1 baír-ai-ma ber-en ber-em 2 baírai-þ " ber-eþ 3 baír-ai-na " ber-e
The basic IE thematic optative marker was */-oi-/, which > Gmc */-ɑi-/ as usual; this is still clearly visible in Gothic. The other dialects show the expected developments of this diphthong and following consonants in weak syllables . . . , except for the OE plural, where the -n is extended from the third person, as in the indicative. . . .
. . . .
(iv) Preterite subjunctive. Here the PRET2 grade is extended to all numbers and persons; thus a form like OE bǣr-e is ambiguous between pret ind 2 sg and all persons subj sg. The thematic element is an IE optative marker */-i:-/, which was reduced to /e/ in OE and OIc before it could cause i-umlaut (but remains as short /i/ in OS, OHG).
鼨ΤϡŤޥǤ³ˡǤľˡƱ褦˴ʿ;Ѳꡤɽ6åȤΤˤȼθäƤȤȤǤŪ˸Ť褯ĤƤȤ뺸Υȸ줬ŵȤʤޤȤűѸǤϤȤȤʣʿ;Ѳ餫λñ㲽ޤ
Ǥϡ餫λȤϲǤ礦ΰѤǤƤޤ1ĤˤϤϤ겻ѲͿƤޤűѸˤˤơȸθ˼तθ첻Ҳ˼岽üȤȤޤη̡³ˡߤñ bere ؤȼ̤ޤ³ˡߤʣϡ3;Τθ˴ޤޤƤ n ʥȸθ baír-ai-na ȡˤ (analogy) ˤä12;Τؤ礷 beren ȤѤʣޤޤ嵭ϡʶѲưΡ³ˡߤˤĤƤǤ³ˡǤ褦ѤޤѲư⤪褽Ʊ褦ʲɤޤ (Lass 177) ̤ȤơűѸǤΤȤƿ;Ѳ³ˡηϤǤäΤǤ
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
ѸβˡǤϡƻʸߤȲˤľˡˤߤ褦ʿ;ѲߤޤˡߤǤϿ;Ρʤӿˤˤ餺ưϸΤΤǤˡǤ;Ρʤӿˤˤ餺ŵŪ -ed ǽľˡƱ֤Ѥޤ
äȤ⡤ͤƤߤľˡǤ3;ñߤ -(e)s ٤ǤΤǡѸǤϿ;ѲŪ˵Ȥޤbe ưϿ;ѲʣǤľˡˤƤϿ;Ρʤӿˤ˱ƸǤ is, am, are ̤졤Ǥ were, were ̤뤫ǤˡˤƤϸǤѤ be Ѥ졤ȤʤѤ were ѤޤʸǤϲˡ If I were you . . . ʤ If I was you . . . Τ褦ǽǤʸˡǤ were Ѥ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤˡbe ưᤰüˤĤƤϡ#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1])#2601. ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤ ([2016-06-10-1])#3284. be ưü ([2018-04-24-1])#3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1])ˤȤ
ѸˤδҤȤƤΤϡʤˡˤϾ嵭̤;ѲڤߤʤΤȤǤˡŪˤ³ˡ (subjunctive) ȸƤФΤǡϸԤѸȤäƤޤѸ to love ʱɽˤϢʤűѸư lufian ο;ѲɽʺɽˤįƤߤޤ礦
| űѸ lufian | ľˡ | ³ˡ | Ѹ love | ľˡ | ³ˡ | |||||||
| ?????? | ???? | ?????? | ???? | ?????? | ???? | ?????? | ???? | |||||
| | 1; | lufie | lufiaþ | lufie | lufien | | 1; | love | love | love | ||
| 2人称 | lufast | 2人称 | ||||||||||
| 3人称 | lufaþ | 3人称 | loves | |||||||||
| 1; | lufode | lufoden | lufode | lufoden | 1; | loved | loved | |||||
| 2人称 | lufodest | 2人称 | ||||||||||
| 3人称 | lufode | 3人称 | ||||||||||
ѸǤϡߤλ¤ȿФβɽ魯Τˡʤ뤤ǫɽȤơˡΤʤưβˡѤΤ§ǤǤ would, should, could, might ʤɤβˡưѤΤŵǤʲʸȡ
(1) If he tried harder, he would succeed.
(2) If we caught the 10 o'clock train, we could get there by lunchtime.
(3) If I were you, I'd wait a bit.
ޤλ¤ȿФβɽˤϡΤʤǤưβˡλѤǤ would/should/could/might have + PP ηΤŪǤ
(4) If she had been awake, she would have heard the noise.
(5) If I had had enough money, I could have bought a car.
(6) If I had known you were ill, I could have visited you.
ŪˤߤȡΤ褦ȿŪʸϸűѸ줫餢ޤѸȰۤʤΤϡűѸǤȿ¤ɽ魯ˤ餺Ĥޤ嵭 (1)--(3) Τߤʤ餺 (4)--(6) Υˤ⡤ӤƲˡʸűѸѸǤ³ˡˤѤƤȤǤĤޤꡤѸǤȤβˡⲾˡλ⡤űѸȻפ³ˡѤۤʤȤȤǤ⡤ˤƤƱͤ˲ˡwould ʤɤˡưǤϤʤˤѤȤȤդɬפǤ
űѸ⤷ Traugott (257) ꡤ2ĤȿŪʸȡˤĤƤβѤƤޤ
The past subjunctive is . . . used to express imaginary and unreal (including counterfactual) conditionality. In this case both clauses are subjunctive. Since no infexional distinction is made in OE between unreality in past, present or future, adverbs may be used to distinguish specific time-relations, but usually the time-relations are determined from the context. Example (219) illustrates a counterfactual in the past, (220) a counterfactual in the present:
(219) ... & ðær frecenlice gewundod wearð, & eac ofslagen wære (PAST SUBJ), gif his sunu his ne gehulpe (PAST SUBJ)
... and there dangerously wounded was, and even slain would-have-been, if his son him not had-helped
(Or 4 8.186.22)
... and was dangerously wounded there, and would even have been killed, had his son not helped him
(220) Hwæt, ge witon þæt ge giet todæge wæron (PAST SUBJ) Somnitum þeowe, gif ge him ne alugen (PAST SUBJ) iowra wedd
What, you know that you still today were to-Samnites slaves, if you them not had-belied your vows
(Or 3 8.122.11)
Listen, you know that you would still today be the Samnites' slaves, if you had not betrayed your vows to them
ʾꡤűѸǤ⸽ѸƱͤȿŪˤϲˡ³ˡ˲ѤƤȤǧǤޤѸޤǤˡȿ¤λؤƤߤʤΤʤΤˤäƲˡȲˡλȤʬʸˡȯãꡤˡư줬Ѥ褦ˤʤʤɤѲϤޤȿŪɽ魯Τ˾Dzˡ³ˡ߷ѤȤϱѸˤ̤ѤäƤޤѸϸűѸӤơȿ¡¡̤¸ˤɽΤˡǤϤʤλäƤΤǤ
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 168--289.
2֤ε ([2020-03-23-1], [2020-03-24-1]) ˰³ɸεˤĤƵޤƥʸˡѸ modus ˤĤĴ٤ƤߤȡȻפȤޤOED mode, n. θ츻˼Τ褦ʸڤޤ
In grammar (see sense 2), classical Latin modus is used (by Quintilian, 1st cent. a.d.) for grammatical 'voice' (active or passive; Hellenistic Greek ĦάȦŦҦς ), post-classical Latin modus (by 4th-5th-cent. grammarians) for 'mood' (Hellenistic Greek ἔæʦ˦ɦҦς ). Compare Middle French, French mode grammatical 'mood' (feminine 1550, masculine 1611).
Ĥޤꡤmodus ϸŵΥƥǤŪʡˡפΰ̣ѤƤΤΡŵƥǤϤष̤ưʸˡƥǤ֡ (voice) ΰ̣ѤƤȤȤˤʤޤʸˡƥɽ魯Ѹ췲ƱƤ뤫Τ褦˸ޤϤɤФ褤Ǥ礦
¤ voice ȤѸ켫Τˤ褦ʻ𤬤ޤ#1520. ʤư֤Ρ֡פ voice ʤΤ ([2013-06-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤơvoice ϸŪʡ֡פΰ̣Ѥˡ̤ưʸˡƥǤֿ;Ρ (person) ɽ魯Ȥ⤢ޤ̾ʸˡƥǤֳʡ (case) ɽ魯Ȥ⤢ޤ˥ƥѸƤߤޤȡ֡פɽ路Ѹ1Ĥ genus ޤθϸ gender ȯŸ̾ʸˡƥǤ (gender) ̣ȤʤäƤޤ
ʾ夫鸫ƤΤϡդѸ췲κƱŪˤϤäȤȤǤͤƤߤСߤǤư̾ʸˡƥɽ魯ѸƤߤȡˡ (mood) (aspect) (voice) (gender) (case) ʤɡ鸫Ǥϰ̣ȽȤޤʤΤ褦ѸܸǤѸǤˤƤƤΤʤΤ¿Ȥ˵դޤŪʬ䤹Τϻ (tense)(number); (person) 餤ǤϤʤǤ礦
Ѹ mood/mode, aspect, voice, gender, case ܸΡˡסס֡ססֳʡפʤɤϡաʤȯݡˤΡˡס¦̡סּ٤̣롤̣ŪˤϤʤ¤ʷ̾ȤäƤ褯kind, type, classּסַספʤɤȸƤ褤ʪǤȤȤϡϤޤصŪʬ̾ˤ˲餫ѶŪʰ̣ǽ餫ɤ߹ޤƤ櫓ǤϤʤäȤǽޤ
ޤȤޤ礦2֤εǡˡפֵʬפ뤤ϡ֥⡼ɡפȤߤƤޤβϡѸεȤ餤ɬƤޤmode ϸ츻ȤƤϡˡ٤̣̾ˤϤѶŪʰ̣ϤۤɴޤޤƤʤäȹͤ뤫ǤҤ٤ȤϤޤѸεȤεǤäơդǤˤ衤䤿ˡֵʬפ֥⡼ɡפȤѶŪʰ̣ɤ߹Dzᤷ褦Ȥ뤳ȼΤ꤬櫓ǤϤޤºݤΤȤŪˤСˡסֵʬס֥⡼ɡפȤϤʤոƤΤǤϤʤȡ伫ȤפäƤޤ
ε ([2020-03-23-1]) ˰³ˡ (mood) ˤĤƤǤεϡmood mode Ϥˡפΰ̣Ѥ졤ˡȤϡֵʬפǤ֥⡼ɡפǤ⤢뤫餽Ԥȹͤ줽˻פޤºݤˤϡξñϸ츻ۤʤޤmood mode ˤ̤פȤϽҤ٤ޤ츻ƱȤϸޤǤˤϾ𤬤ޤ
mode ͤޤ礦ñϥƥ modus ̤ޤƥǤ "manner, mode, way, method; rule, rhythm, beat, measure, size; bound, limit" ʤ͡ʰ̣ɽ路ޤ̤аĸ *med- (to take appropriate measures) ˤɤĤϡּʡˡʤ֤ˡפۤɤä褦ǤΥƥñϤθե mode Ȥʤꡤ줬Ѹ mode ȤƼѤƤޤѸǤ1400ǯ˲ѸȤơ֥ǥʤΰפΰ̣ǽФޤ1450ǯˤϸؤΡˡפΰ̣ǤѤ졤ѸȤ夷ޤν OED ˤȰʲ̤Ǥmoode ȤֻѤƤ뤳ȤդƤ
mode, n.
. . . .
2.
a. Grammar. = mood n.2 1.
Now chiefly with reference to languages in which mood is not marked by the use of inflectional forms.
c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 38 A verbe..is declined wyth moode and tyme wtoute case, as 'I love the for I am loued of the' ... How many thyngys falleth to a verbe? Seuene, videlicet moode, coniugacion, gendyr, noumbre, figure, tyme, and person. How many moodes bu ther? V... Indicatyf, imperatyf, optatyf, coniunctyf, and infinityf.
mood θ츻ҤȤƤߤޤ礦ߡֵʬࡼɡפ̣뤳αñϼѸǤϤʤűѸǤűѸ mōd ʿʬࡼɡˤѽиȤäƤ褯#1148. űѸ˭ʸϡ ([2012-06-18-1]) Ǥߤ褦˿ʣιǤȤѤƤޤ̤аĸ *mē- (certain qualities of mind) ˤɤĤ mode ȤϵۤˤƤ뤳ȤʬȻפޤ
ơ mood Ѹǡˡפΰ̣Ѥ줿ΤϡOED ˤ1450ǯΤȤǡʲ̤Ǥ
mood, n.2
. . . .
1. Grammar.
a. A form or set of forms of a verb in an inflected language, serving to indicate whether the verb expresses fact, command, wish, conditionality, etc.; the quality of a verb as represented or distinguished by a particular mood. Cf. aspect n. 9b, tense n. 2a.
The principal moods are known as indicative (expressing fact), imperative (command), interrogative (question), optative (wish), and subjunctive (conditionality).
c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 38 A verbe..is declined wyth moode and tyme wtoute case.
ŤǤ礦c1450νФʸ˵ mode ΤΤƱǤĤޤꡤƥͳ mode ȱѸ mood ־ʰֻ moode ħŪˤˤäơʸˡѸȤƱѸǻȤФΥߥǡ㺮ˤʤäƤޤä褦ʤΤǤOED ϼ¤ΤȤֿפ mood, n.1 ȡˡפ mood, n.2 ̸ФȤΩƤƤΤǤԤθ츻 "Originally a variant of mode n., perhaps reinforced by association with mood n.1." Ȥ褦ˡɤϤ㺮ȲᤷƤޤ̣Ūˤϡֵʬס֥⡼ɡդȤơξñ줬ӤĤȹͤޤäơˡפֵʬס֥⡼ɡפȲ᤹븫ϡθ츻ŪƱͿƤΤΡΤȤ1450ǯˤ櫓Ǥͳ郎Ȥ⤤뤷ʤȤ⤤̯ʻǤ͡εǡˡפֵʬפ뤤ϡ֥⡼ɡפȤߤ֤ʤʤޤǤƤϤΤΡ¤ϼäդ褦ʲפȽҤ٤ΤϡΤ褦طʤäǤ
ǤϡɸεФϲʤΤǤ礦ܤäơƥʸˡѸȤƤ modus ɤΤ褦ʰ̣礤ǻȤƤΤʬСˡ (mood, mode) οˤĤʤꤽǤεǡ
ؤǤϡˡ (mood) ȸƤФưʸˡƥ (category) פȤʤޤ¾ưʸˡƥȤƤϻ (tense) (aspect) (voice) ޤŪ˴طȤǤ̾ʸˡƥǤ (number) ; (person) ⤢ޤΥƥƯơưη֤ޤȤΤħǤκѤϡưγ (conjugation)뤤ϤŪˤưζ (inflection) ȸƤФƤޤ
ĸˡȤƤϡ#3331. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤưʸˡƤκ ([2018-06-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ľˡ (indicative mood)³ˡ (subjunctive mood)̿ˡ (imperative mood)ˡ (optative mood) 4郎̤ƤޤäȸޥɤǤϺǽ3˽̸˸űѸޤǤˤϺǽ2ؤȽƤޤʸˤ̿ˡΰˤĤƤϡ#3620. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (1) ([2019-03-26-1])#3621. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (2) ([2019-03-27-1]) ȡˡˡűѸʹߡ³ˡϿΰӤéꡤޤǤŪʲɽ魯ɽƤϤޤѤʤʤäƤޤΤ褦ʻ𤫤顤αʸˡǤŪʡ³ˡפȤƤ³⡤ֲˡפȾΤΤŪȤʤäƤޤʤ뤤ϡֽˡפȤƤ̾ʸˡȤ⤤ޤˡ
ơѸˡȤƤϡľˡ (indicative mood) Ȳˡ (subjunctive mood) 2ζ̤ߤ뤳ȤˤʤޤΩܼϲǤ礦̤ˤϡǽŪ˥ǥեȤľˡФơˡüԤ̿Ф벿餫οŪ٤ɲ줿ΤȤޤ餫οŪ٤ȤΤۣʸǤ˿줿ǤʤСŪʲפŵǤIf I were a bird, I would fly to you. ˤ벾ˡ were ϡüԤֻĻǤפȤŪʲοŪ٤äƤ뤳ȤޤäƤߤСۥɤäƤ뤳ȤɸǤ
Ʊͤˡˡ߷ go Ѥ I suggest that she go alone. ȤʸˤƤ⡤üԤƬΤʤǴ˾ȤƤˤʤͤǤפȤ̿ꡤޤäƤʤ줫μ¤˵뤫ɤ狼ʤ̿Ǥ뤳Ȥư֤ˤäƼƤޤۤɥѥȤ϶ʤΤΡۥɤɸǤ
ˡפȤѸֿŪ١פȤⲿȤפ碌֤ɽǤѸȤƤ mood Ǥ顤üԤΡֵʬפǤȤȤ館Τ⤢٤ͭʲǤĤޤꡤˡȤüԤ̿ɤΤ褦ʡֵʬפǽҤ٤ƤΤʤƤϡŪʵʬסˤɸΤǤ롤ȤǤ뤤 mood mode ֥⡼ɡ֡פˤ̤ºݤξñȤѸȤƤˡΰ̣ѤޤΤǡüԤΡ֥⡼ɡפȸƤ褵Ǥˡϡۥ⡼ɤɸΤȤȤǤ
ˡˤĤƤϾ嵭Τ褦ʡֵʬפ뤤ϡ֥⡼ɡפȤ礭ְ㤤ϤʤȻפޤβϡѸˤ֤äƤߤȡʤʤޤǤƤϤΤΡ¤ϼäդ褦ʲȤȤʬäƤޤˤĤƤεǡ
Ѹˤ be ư줬ŪˤüưǤ뤳ȤˤĤơŪʴ#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1]) Dz⤷üŪˤС4Ĥΰۤʤ캬ʤӤȤȤ
be ưζΤʤǤܤȡw- ǻϤޤ֤Ƥ롥ľˡˤƤϿ;Ρˤä was were ̤졤³ˡʸߤβˡˤˤƤѤ were Ȥʤ롥űѸǤϡΤߤʤ餺߷ wes, wesað wesanʬ wesende ʤɤѤ줿ϸ˿षƤޤä̿βФȤƤϡ#3275. ա wassail ([2018-04-15-1]) ȡˡ
ơwas were 2ĤζϡűѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǡ;ΡˡˤäƻȤʬʤƤȤˤʤ뤬ʤ s r ǻҲۤʤäƤΤ¤ϡϱѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤ Verner's Law (verners_law) rhotacism ΤޤΤǤ롥/s/ ϡͭ˰Ϥޤ줿ĶǤͭ /z/ Ȥʤꡤľ˶ʤĶǤ /r/ ؤѲΤǤʳפϡ#36. rhotacism ([2009-06-03-1]) ȡˡ
was, were ǤȤʤ wesan (to live, remain) ȤưϡŪ˶Ѳ5ưȤʬव뤬ϡָפ̣űѸιٸ cweðan Ʊ롥Ԥ4 cweðan -- cwæþ 1-- cwǣdon 2 -- cweden ʲʬˤȤʤ褦ˡԤ wesan -- wæs 1-- wǣron 2ˤȤʤʲʬϷ»Hogg and Fulk 246)
ݥȤϡűѸľˡޤˤƤϿ;Ρˤä wæs, wǣre, wǣron Ȥʬ졤s r ¸Ƥ³ˡޤˤƤϿ;ΤǤꡤñʤ wæreʣʤ wæren Ȥ褦 r ʤäǤ롥ľˡ³ˡ̯ʺۤߤˤޤǶƤꡤʤ *If I WAS a bird ǤϤʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤȤȤˤʤʡ#2601. ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤ ([2016-06-10-1]) ȡˡ
ߤСۤܤ٤ƤưǤϷŪʶ̤Ƥޤäľˡ³ˡޤˡָˡ̤ƤΤϡbe ưˤΤĤƤ was were λҲΰ㤤椨ʤΤǤ롥űѸ Verner's Law rhotacism ȤäȤѲΤΤʤ뵻Ȥ櫓
ʤ嵭狼Ȥꡤbe ưϤĤƤ12ζ̤ĤͣưǤ롥䡤sing βȤơեޥˤ sang ȸʤ饤եޥˤ sung ȸѸüԤΤäƤ뤬Ϥ̣Ǥ12ʸűѸȤ̤ΤǤϤ뤬˶̤ƤȤʤʤʡ#2084. drink--drank--drunk win--won--won ([2015-01-10-1]) ȡˡ
Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Ѹˤ be ư줬ŪˤüưǤ뤳ȤˤĤơŪʴ#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1]) Dz⤷üŪˤС4Ĥΰۤʤ캬ʤӤȤȤ
be ưζΤʤǤܤȡw- ǻϤޤ֤Ƥ롥ľˡˤƤϿ;Ρˤä was were ̤졤³ˡʸߤβˡˤˤƤѤ were Ȥʤ롥űѸǤϡΤߤʤ餺߷ wes, wesað wesanʬ wesende ʤɤѤ줿ϸ˿षƤޤä̿βФȤƤϡ#3275. ա wassail ([2018-04-15-1]) ȡˡ
ơwas were 2ĤζϡűѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǡ;ΡˡˤäƻȤʬʤƤȤˤʤ뤬ʤ s r ǻҲۤʤäƤΤ¤ϡϱѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤ Verner's Law (verners_law) rhotacism ΤޤΤǤ롥/s/ ϡͭ˰Ϥޤ줿ĶǤͭ /z/ Ȥʤꡤľ˶ʤĶǤ /r/ ؤѲΤǤʳפϡ#36. rhotacism ([2009-06-03-1]) ȡˡ
was, were ǤȤʤ wesan (to live, remain) ȤưϡŪ˶Ѳ5ưȤʬव뤬ϡָפ̣űѸιٸ cweðan Ʊ롥Ԥ4 cweðan -- cwæþ 1-- cwǣdon 2 -- cweden ʲʬˤȤʤ褦ˡԤ wesan -- wæs 1-- wǣron 2ˤȤʤʲʬϷ»Hogg and Fulk 246)
ݥȤϡűѸľˡޤˤƤϿ;Ρˤä wæs, wǣre, wǣron Ȥʬ졤s r ¸Ƥ³ˡޤˤƤϿ;ΤǤꡤñʤ wæreʣʤ wæren Ȥ褦 r ʤäǤ롥ľˡ³ˡ̯ʺۤߤˤޤǶƤꡤʤ *If I WAS a bird ǤϤʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤȤȤˤʤʡ#2601. ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤ ([2016-06-10-1]) ȡˡ
ߤСۤܤ٤ƤưǤϷŪʶ̤Ƥޤäľˡ³ˡޤˡָˡ̤ƤΤϡbe ưˤΤĤƤ was were λҲΰ㤤椨ʤΤǤ롥űѸ Verner's Law rhotacism ȤäȤѲΤΤʤ뵻Ȥ櫓
ʤ嵭狼Ȥꡤbe ưϤĤƤ12ζ̤ĤͣưǤ롥䡤sing βȤơեޥˤ sang ȸʤ饤եޥˤ sung ȸѸüԤΤäƤ뤬Ϥ̣Ǥ12ʸűѸȤ̤ΤǤϤ뤬˶̤ƤȤʤʤʡ#2084. drink--drank--drunk win--won--won ([2015-01-10-1]) ȡˡ
Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
ε˰³ָ̿ˡפ˴ؤꡥϺѤʸȤ̤δϢʸΤʤǡͤùѸ춵δ餳ڤǤ롥ָ̿ˡפФȤǡϢݤȤȤ˰ӤʸˡǤΤǤϤʤȤΡ֤ޤȤפѤ (78)
ɡѸ̿ưǤϡʤȤŪ¤ϡ̿ˡθưǤäȤƤ⡤ȼư֤ʤʾˡָˡפªưˡפδϷ褷ƤȸƤ֤櫓ˤϤʤʸˡפȤƤȤ⸫ʤΤǡΰ̣ǡ̿ʸפȸƤ֤ȤǽǤȷŤ롥⡤°³ˡ߷Ǥ⡤ˡư줬ʤȤˤϡ̿Ʊͤ˸ΤߤȤ븫ϡε̳䴫ɽ̣ǽȤοȤؤäơ촶ΤªȸäƤ̿ˡ³ˡ߷ɽŪˡǰª뤳ȤǤȤȤǤ롥ΤˡˡפγǰΤϱѸ춵θǤ뤵ƤܤǤָפȤˤ褯ȤƤ븽ͤȤष̤˲ФƳˡˤ礤˥åȤȻפ롥
عǤϡ뻰ñ -s ˤĤƤϡʤ˽פǡԲķʡľˡȤǰ̵뤷ơ䤫ޤƳ뤬˿øȿ롤°³ˡ߷ he do ȤϢ뤿ˤϡˡ˴ؤƤμɤƤɬܤǤ롥ǤȤˡפȤդϻȤʤˤƤ⡤ξԴ֤ˤȤΩȤŦʤФʤʤκݡưΡָפŪˡʤΰˤôȤͤͤ뤳Ȥϡˡΰ̣ŪǤ⽽ʬͭǤ
̻Ūʻ¤ʬ˲ǡƤȯ̤ۤŪηϲޤȤԤλϡ˿ȤޤѸȾˤ褦ˡä3ñ -sפȤⴹǤǡ٤ࡥ
ʡ---Ѹ̿ʸפˤĤ---סطضס632014ǯ73--79ǡ
ѸˤĤ̿ˡ (imperative mood) ǧ뤫ݤȤϡѸؤǤ⤿ӤӵʤƤˡ (mood) ˷ŪʥƥȲʤСʸˡǤưΡ̿פϸˤƱǤ뤫顤ȼˡꤹɬפϤʤȤȤˤʤ롥षˤܤ˿ơˡ1ĤȤ̿ˡȹͤۤäꤹ롥̿ˡȸ¾νˡˤϡ̣Ūʡפ̣ŪʡפȤ̹⸫Ф졤ǤŪԹ礬褤ˤС³ˡߡפȸƤФƤΤŪˤϸȰۤʤʤΤ顤ϤƱ롼פ뤳Ȥˤʤºݡ³ˡߡפϤޤˡפ碌Ƥ롥
ǽҤ٤ƤȤϡ̿³ˡ߷ȤˡϡפˡȤ1Ĥˤ뤳ȤǤȤƤ̣ǡפŵȤ⤤̤פؤθڤƱʡḶˤˤäôʤΤϤʤȤϻĤ롥ֲפֻ͡פɽˤƤƱͤǤ롥Τ褦ˡʤɤνƥʣ˸ΤϷ褷ưפǤϤʤ̿ˡפΰ褦Ȱ첡ȡ̤פΰԹ礬롤Ȥäͤ뤫
εϡ褽εǤ롥ʸǤϡ̻ŪŪʴ餳äƤ뤬Ρ֤ޤȤפϼ̤ (98)
٤˶ޤŵǤϡˡ̤ΩƤϽʬۤɤꡤ¸߰յޤʬˤäȤޤǤϸƱư֤ʣˡɽȤä餯Τ褦ʷ־νʣȤ̤ȡľˡߤ̤λݤޤǤ뤳ȤǽäȤ̣Ū¦̤Ȥޤäơͭɸ³ˡǤϤʤ̵ɸľˡΤʤ̤ꤹ뤳ȤֲƤΤǤϤʤȹͤ롥
ФơưθѲűѸ٤ƶˤƴDz줿ѸǤϡϤư֤ȤƤˡ뤳ȤǤʤˤ뤬ǤŪˡϡά'stance' marker ȤƵǽ롥will ʤɤˡư if ʤɤüʥޡӡ°Ǥ⡤suggest require ȤäưλỊ̇ˤäƲ̵뤳ȤǤ롥Τ褦˹ͤС̤λؼϡŵŪˤˡư will Ȥ stance marker ˤꡤŪˡɽͭɸʹ¤ª뤳ȤǤˤľˡ³ˡȤäˡǰä˻ɬפϤʤȤˤʤ롥դäСŪˡɽͭɸ¤ˤϡȤƽ°ˡʤưǤ븶ˤ롥̤θСάŪ̿ˡưưǤϤʤˤȸʤ硤ޤˤ̿ˡ°ޤƤȤͤ櫓ǡȤȵդˡŪˡɽˤΰˡȤƽ̿ˡª뤳ȤǤ̿ˡΤˡΰȤΩƤˤɬפƱˤʤʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ѸŪˡ̿פɤ٤ȤϡʤѸ춵ˤؤäƤ
ʡ̤ˡֻפϤΤ---Ѹľˡ³ˡ---סطضס622013ǯ91--100ǡ
ܲ may ʸȴϢ optative (mood) ̤ˤĤĴ˺Τ˹ڡ°ԡˡظʸˡŵ (963--64) ꡤƱѸβѤƤ
optative (mood) ʴ˾ˡˡˡɥ衼åѸˤǧˡ (MOOD) 1ġꥷˤȼζĴ˾ˡ뤬ƥ䥲ޥϤǤϴ˾ˡϲˡ (SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD) ȹή1ĤȤʤäޥɤ°ѸˤƤϡOEŪΩ˾ˡϤʤ
˾ˡɽꡦ˾ΰ̣ϱѸǤ㤤벾ˡޤˡư (MODAL AUXILIARY) ˤ뱪ˤäɽ롧 God bless you! ʤʤ˿Τ߷äߤޤ褦ˡ/ May she rest in peace! ̽ʡ/ O were he only here. बˤƤ줵褤Τˡˡ¿ʬΤᡤTrnka (1930, pp. 64, 67--74) 'subjunctive' ȤѸ 'optative' Ѥ롥Kruisinga (Handbook, II. 1531) ưθ촴 (STEM) ˡ1Ĥ˴˾ˡ뤳Ȥǧᡤˡθ촴˾촴 (optative stem) ȸƤ֡ Suffice it to say .... ...ȸнʬǤˡˡQuirk et al. (1985, 11.39) ϲˡΰȤƴ˾ˡ (optative subjunctive) ǧᡤ˾ˡϴ˾ɽ魯Τʤꤷɽ˻ȤȽҤ٤Ƥ롧 Far be it from me to spoil the fun. ʳڤߤ̵ˤ褦ʤɤȤϻˤϤޤäʤ/ God save the Queen! ʽŲС
첽줿˾Ŭڤ˰֤Ť褦ȤȡɬȵǽʣʴطȤʤˡ̻֤ȶ֤δΰ㤤ؤäơȤʤ롥ҤȤĤδϡŪΩ줫˾ȯù (speech_act) Ȥߤʤơθ츽ݤФƲ餫ΰ֤ŤԤʤȤŪʴ٤ȤƤδ˾뤤ϵȤϲʤΤ䤤Ϥȡưפ˿ŪҲŪůŪŪؤȯŸƤޤ궯ơޤ
Ϣơ#3538. Ѹ subjunctive ֤ϰĸ optative ֤ ([2019-01-03-1])#3541. Ѹˡμ --- Jespersen ˤŪʶʬ ([2019-01-06-1])#3540. ˾ʸȴʸ̯ʴط ([2019-01-05-1]) ⻲ȡ
ͺ° ̭ ԡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
#3514. ˤֵפν ([2018-12-10-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡ (optative) ȴ (hortative) ζܤۣǤ롥
߷ (540) ˤȡPoutsma ʬ˴Ťȡʸˤ (1) ʿʸ (declarative sentence)(2) ʸ (interrogative sentence)(3) ̿ʸ (imperative sentence) 3ĤꡤΤ (1) ʿʸ̤ʤΤȤ (a) òʸ (exclamative sentence)(b) ˾ʸ (optative sentence)(c) ʸ (hortative sentence) Ƥ롥(1c) δʸŵȤƼΤ褦ʤΤ롥
Part we (= Let us part) in friendship from your land!---W. Scott ʤʤι褯̤ޤ礦
So be it! ʤϤǤ褤
Suffice it to say . . . ʡ. . . ȤС˽ʬ
Be it known! ʤΤȤΤäƤޤ礦
Be it understood! ʤΤȤƤޤ礦
ơ#948. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (1) ([2011-12-01-1]) ʤɤǼ夲 be it ever so humble ʤ˼ǤǤȡˤⵯŪˤϡδʸͳ褹ȤߤǤϡ嵭Τ褦˲ˡߤѤΤ귿ʸ˸¤졤let ˤ뱪ˡΤۤŪǤ롥
ͽۤȤ˾ʸȤζ̤ϸŪˤ̯Ǥ롥̤Ĥ䤹ΤϡLet's . . . . ŵŪ˴ʸǤꡤLet us . . . . ̿ʸ뤤ϴ˾ʸǤȤ餤
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ298--99ǡ
ŤѸˤ³ˡ (subjunctive) εˡ (optative) ˤĤưӸؤ̮ǹͤ褦Ȥݤ˵ĤʤФʤʤΤϡĸȥޥɤδ֤ˤäȤѸξʤȺˤ뤳Ȥ
ĸǤϡ̿εǽô "imperative", 餯̤εǽô "subjunctive", εǽô "optative" δ֤Ƿ֤̤Ƥθ塤ޥɤػʬ줷Ƥʤǡĸ "optative" η֤̼ˤ³ˡ (subjunctive) ȤƼѤ줿Ĥޤꡤ֤˴ؤ¤ꡤĸ "subjunctive" ȱѸޤॲޥ "subjunctive" ȤϡƱ̾ͿƤˤ⤫餺̵طǤȤȤޥĸʤȤʲνˤ "subjunctive" ȸƤФ륫ƥϡŪˤаĸ "optative" ѤΤʤΤǤʤ䤳ˡäơŤѸ³ˡηεǽͭΤϡĸ줫ȤԻĤǤⲿǤʤȤȤˤʤ롥
̤θɤǤϻϰۤʤ롥㤨ХХȡɤˤƤϡĸ "optative" ϡ̿ˡפֵˡפȤƷѾƤ褦ǡޤޤ𤹤롥
ǤϡĸΤȤȤ "subjunctive" ϤɤʤäƤޤäȤȡޥˤϷѾƤʤ褦ɡɡꥷ졤ʬŪ˥ȸɤǤϡ̤פȤƷѾƤȤȵǽʬƳѸƤʤȺɬǤ롥
ʤΤϡӸؤΤȡHittite ʤɤξڵ˴Ť⤽ĸˤ "optative" "subjunctive" ¸ߤʤäΤǤϤʤȤ⾧Ƥ (Szemerényi 337) Ϥ䡥
Fortson IV, Benjamin W. "An Approach to Semantic Change." Chapter 21 of The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Blackwell, 2003. 648--66.
Szemerényi, Oswald J. L. Introduction to Indo-European Linguistics. Trans. from Einführung in die vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft. 4th ed. 1990. Oxford: OUP, 1996.
Ѹˤϡɽ魯Τ if Ѥˡư֤Ѥ빽ʸ롥ʸ褦
Were I to take over my father's business, I would make a drastic reform.
Had World War II ended two years earlier, how many lives would have been saved!
Should anything happen to him, call me at once.
ѸǤϡwere, should, had ǻϤޤΤ˸ꤵƤꡤ̣ŪˤȿŪ˶Ƥ뤬ĤƤϵʸηƱͤ˰̤ư줬֤뤳Ȥ⤢äΩŪˤѤ줿Leuschner and Nest (2) ꡤűѸѸ줫褦
Fulga nu se mete ðære wambe willan, & sio wamb ðæs metes, ðonne towyrpð God ægðer. (YCOE: Cura Pastoralis, late 9th cent.)
"If the food now follow.SUBJ the will of the belly and the belly that of the food, God annihilates both."
Do þu hit eanes awei; ne schalt tu neauer nan oðer swuch acourin. (PPCME2: Hali Meidhad, c. 1225)
"If you get rid of it once, you will never (re)gain anything like it."
Deceyueth me the foxe / so haue I ylle lerned my casus (PPCME2: Caxton's History of Reynard the Fox, 1481)
"If the fox deceives me, I have learned my lesson badly."
ǽ2Ĥʸˤơ֤Ƥư³ˡηǤ롥
ʤɽ魯Τ֤ΤȤˤĤƤϡJespersen (373--74) ֵʸҲ𤷤Ƥ롥
A condition is very often denoted by a clause without any conjunction, but containing a verb placed before its subject. This construction, which is found in all the Gothonic language, is often explained from a question with implied positive answer: Will you come? [Yes, then] we can start at once.---A clear instance of this is AV 1. Cor. 7.27 Art thou bound vnto a wife? seeke not to bee loosed. Art thou loosed from a wife? seeke not a wife.
Jespersen (374) ϡֵʸǤʤȤͤƤꡤ³ơ³ˡȤƤˡβǽˤڤƤ롥
But interrogative sentences, though undoubtedly explaining much, are not the only sources of our construction. Pretty frequently we find a subjunctive used in such a way that it cannot have arisen from a question, but must be due to a main sentence expressing a desire, permission, or the like: AR 164 uor beo hit enes tobroken, ibet ne bið hit neuer | Towneley 171 Gett I those land lepars, I breke ilka bone | Sh Merch III. 2.61 Liue thou, I liue with much more dismay | Cymb IV. 3.30 come more, for more you're ready | John III. 3.31 and creep the time nere so slow, Yet it shall come, for me to doe these good.
ֵס³ˡסִ˾ס־פȤɤ餫ηǸߤ˷ӤĤƤȤФ롥VS ȯãϡǶ夲Ƥ may ȯãˤꤲƤ뤫⤷ʤ (cf. #3515. Ѹεʸ2 [2018-12-11-1]#3516. ˡ may Ʊ ([2018-12-12-1]))
Leuschner, Torsten and Daan Van den Nest. "Asynchronous Grammaticalization: V1-Conditionals in Present-Day English and German." Languages in Contrast 15 (2015): 34--63.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.
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