[2011-12-01-1], [2011-12-02-1]εǵƤɽ never so (= ever so) ³롥
never so ever so ۤƱǤȤȤϰ츫nonassertion ̣ŪĶǤϡΩ¤뤳Ȥ nonassertion ˤĤƤ[2011-03-07-1][2011-03-08-1]εȡˡ㤨СQuirk et al. (Section 8.112 [p. 601]) ϼΤ褦˸ڤʸƤ롥
In nonassertive clauses ever (with some retention of temporal meaning) can replace never as minimizer; this is common, for instance, in rhetorical questions:
Will they (n)ever stop talking? Won't they ever learn? (*Won't they never learn?)
I wondered if the train would (n)ever arrive.
Ǹʸˤ褦ˡư wonder ³ if ǤϡΩ¤뤳Ȥ¿⤬Ū˹ǤʸΤδްդŪǤйδްդȤ⤵뤬̣κƱȤʤwonder ϡ֤褯狼ʤפްդΤǤ뤫顤ɤΤȤ³ if ᡤwhether nonassertion ӤӤȤȤ
He was beginning to wonder whether Gertrud was (not) there at all.
He's starting to wonder whether he did (not) the right thing in accepting this job.
I wonder if he is (not) over fifty.
I wonder if I'll (not) recognize him after all these years.
I wonder whether it was (not) wise to let her travel alone.
ǡbe it never so humble be it ever so humble ȤƤˡǤ뤫顤nonassertion ӤӤƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤŪˤϡ֤ɤʤˤߤܤ餷ȤפȤΰ̣бΤ be it ever so humble ȤɽܸǤ֤ɤʤˤߤܤ餷ʤפɽղä뤳ȤǤ褦ˡѸǤ or never εղä줿ȤƤԻĤϤʤѸǤϡor ˤŪ꤬ղäȤϡˤäƹִ꤬줿̤Ȥ be it never so humble ΤǤϤʤ
Сnever Ƭ n(e)- ϡ̣ (expletive) ȸƤФƤΤ˶ᤤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ε[2011-12-01-1]³ԡbe it never so humble Ȥɽǡʤ֤ɤʤˤߤܤ餷Ȥ (= "no matter how humble it may be") ΰ̣ΤˤĤơ褷
ͤäơؿ缭ŵ6ǡ٤ never so ƱˡˤĤ ever so ƱǤȤҤ뤳ȡOED б뵭Ҥ "(Cf. EVER 9b.)" Ȥ뤳Ȥܤͤ롥OED ever ιƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥
ever so: prefixed in hypothetical sentences to adjs. or advbs., with the sense 'in any conceivable degree'. Sometimes ellipt. = 'ever so much'; also dial. in phrases like were it ever so, = 'however great the need might be'. Similarly, ever such (a).
This expression has been substituted, from a notion of logical propriety, for never so, which in literary use appears to be much older, and still occurs arch., though app. not now known in dialects. See NEVER.
ĤޤꡤäȤ be it never so humble be it ever so humble ƱȤȤˤʤ롥ever Ѥɽν1690ǯǡnever ΤΤ5Ⱦʾ٤ƤνиѸˤϤ롥if I were ever so rich Home is home, be it ever so humble ʤɤꡤΤ never ever ϸزǽǤ롥ޤBNCWeb "be it never so" ȡ6ΤߤǤϤ뤬줿椫ʸ̮Ū狼䤹ä3褦
In a field that is patchy in space and time, be it ever so small, we may expect that the populations of a species such as white clover will, at any time, reflect selective forces from its past.
If the cause is a self-replicating entity, the effect, be it ever so distant and indirect, can be subject to natural selection.
. . . each had his or her part to play, be it ever so humble.
never so ever so زǽǤȤȤޤǤ餫ˤʤäǤϡʤʤΤ OED ΰʸ2ܤˡƤ褦˻פ롥Ūˤ ever so Τ褦˹ζǤʤ̯Ǥ롤ȺεǤ줿ƱФ OED ԼԤˤⶦͭƤȤ "substituted, from a notion of logical propriety" 狼롥never so ŪˤŬڤŤʤȤȤˤʤСǤϡʤɽޤΤ¤ȤƤϡŤޤ졤äѸǤѤ줿ΤǤ뤫顤ϤΤޤޤǤ롥
ever so never so Τۤˤ⡤ŪˤȿϤιǤǤۤƱȤʤŪʸ̮ȤΤ¸ߤ롥εǡƤ
ɸʸΤ褦ʡɽ魯üɽѸˤ롥Ⱦʬ "however humble" 뤤 "no matter how humble" ۤɤΰ̣롤ˡߤѤɽ֤ޤޤˡif though ѤꡤˡѤꤹ뤳Ȥ⤢롥OED ȤƤϡ"never" θ4ȤưʲΤ褦ˤ롥
never so, in conditional clauses, denoting an unlimited degree or amount.
ʲˡ䥳ѥʸƤߤ褦
She would not marry him, though he were never so rich.
Some vigorous effort, though it carried never so much danger, ought to be made.
Were the critic never so much in the wrong, the author will have contrived to put him in the right.
'I am at home, and that is everything.' Be it never so gloomy --- is there still a sofa covered with black velvet?
ǤϡԸšդȥ졼٥뤬ŽƤ뤷BNCWeb "be it never so" ȥҥåȤ7ΤߤǤ롥ˤ衤٤ι⤤ɽǤϤʤ
֤䲾ˡѤȤȤǤСŤѸǤϤ¿Ѥ줿˰㤤ʤºݤѸǤϤ褯Ȥ줿ɽǡMED, "never" 2 (b) ˤϴ¿㤬Ƥ롥ϰʲ̤ꡥ
(b) ~ so, with adj. or adv.: to whatever degree; extremely; ~ so muchel (mirie, hard, wel, etc.), no matter how much, however much, etc.; also with noun: if he be ~ so mi fo, however great an enemy he may be to me;
OED ˤȡɽν12 Peterborough Chronicle 1086ǯεȤȤʤΤǡ˸ŤɽǤϤ롥
Nan man ne dorste slean oðerne man, næfde he nævre swa mycel yfel ȝedon.
Ѹǽ鸽ѸޤĹȤƤŪǥʤ嵭ΰ̣ƤΤ褯ʬʤ never Ⱦ⤬蘆С֤Ȥ?ǤʤȤƤפȼºݤȤ֤ΰ̣ˤʤꤽʤȤǤ롥
Ȥ Chaucer "The Physician's Tale" ɤǤơll. 187--88 ǸѸˤ⸫ɽ˽вäʰѤ The Riverside Chaucer ˡ
She nys his doghter nat, what so he seye.
Wherfore to yow, my lord the juge, I preye,
Ƚ Apius ˾褻줿Įΰ Claudius Virginius 餽̼ Virginia å뤿ˡǤǤä夲ʤƤսǤ롥Virginius ȸȡVirginia ̼ۤǤϤʤפȤԤǤ롥what so he seye ϸѸǤ whatsoever he may say ɽ魯Ǥ롥ʸʤΤǡChaucer Ǥ seye ³ˡγѷ ( subjunctive form ) ѤƤ롥
ǸѸ what(so)ever ˤĤƤڤȤʸˡǤϤʤʣط̾ ( compound relative pronoun ) ȸƤ֤ΤȤ䤬äβɤط̾ʤΤȤǤ롥̤Τ褤ѸϤʤΤȤͤäƤϡޤʸˡΡִط ( relative ) ʬफϤʤФʤʤ켫Τ͡ʵ뤬ϡظʸˡŵ "relative" ˼ʬ˽ʣط̾פȤƾΤͤƤߤ
ǤŵŪʴطȤ۵Τ who, which, that; whose; when, where դط̾ ( relative pronoun ) ˹ʤСwho, which դ꤬ץȥפȤȤˤʤδط̾Ի ( antecedent ) ꡤԻޤΤ̾ȤƵǽ ( ex. a gentleman who speaks the truth, a grammatical problem which we cannot solve easily ) ĤޤꡤŵŪʴط̾ϡԻŪ¸ߡפȡΤ̾ȤƵǽפ2ȤƤȹͤ롥
ظʸˡŵ٤ʬȤ¤ꡤ2ϴط̾ɬǤϤʤ̤˴طˤϡԻŪ˼ΤȼʤΤȤ롥Ԥñط ( simple relative ) Ԥʣط ( compound relative ) ȸƤʬƤ롥ʣطԻŪ˼ʤǡطԻǤ٤Τǡwhat what(so)ever ɽȤʤ롥դ٤ϡǷŪʣȤʤäƤ what(so)ever ΤȤ what ʤɤФơʣ״طȸƤ֤櫓ǤϤʤΤ褦˷Ūʣؤơʣ״طȸƤ֥⤢ꡤΤȤȤʤäƤ롥
ط̾äʤȡʣط̾ΤʤǤԻ⤿ʤ what Υפϼͳط̾ ( free relative pronoun ) ؼоݤΤȤ˻Ѥ what(so)ever Υפط̾ ( indefinite relative pronoun ) Ȥʬव롥˸Ԥϡ̾ȤƵǽŵŪˡȡȤƵǽŪˡʬ롥ˤäƤ褦䤯 what(so)ever he may say ˤɤĤ what(so)ever ϡΤˤС֡ʣط̾ξƳˡפȤȤˤʤ
ˤҤ٤Ȥꡤˡ what(so)ever ϡԻŪ˼ʤΤ̾ȤƵǽƤʤŵŪʴط̾οϱ֤äƤ롥ΰ̣ʣط̾ȤƾΤŬڤǤʤȤոˤȾʬƱդ롥 what(so)ever ŵŪʴط̾ȴϢդμŪˡȤʬह뤳ȼΤϡʤʤΤǤϤʤŬڤѸƤˤϹطʬ˼ͤùޤʤФʤ餺ܵǤϰʤ礭ˤĤʤ붽̣
ͺ° ̭ ԡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
"mandative subjunctive" ˤĤƤܥ֥Ǥ[2010-03-19-1], [2010-03-18-1], [2009-08-17-1]ʤɤDz٤ä⤳뤫⤷ʤΤǡϡѸˤƸ³ that ưˡֲˡߡפᤷǤ¤¿ꥹȤŪˤϱʸ (126--27) ˤ롤Quirk et al. ν㤫줿ñꥹȤ١ˤʤäƤ뤬¾ʸǿƤΤɲäⲾˡɬ᤹ǤϤʤᤷΥꥹȤȤ줿
(1) verbs: advise, agree, allow, arrange, ask, beg, command, concede, decide, decree, demand, desire, determine, enjoin, entreat, insist, instruct, intend, move, ordain, order, pledge, pray, prefer, pronounce, propose, recommend, request, require, resolve, rule, stipulate, stress, suggest, urge, vote
(2) adjectives: advisable, appropriate, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, expedient, fitting, imperative, important, impossible, improper, insistent, keen, necessary, obligatory, preferable, proper, urgent, vital, willing
(3) nouns: advice, agreement, arrangement, command, decision, decree, demand, desire, determination, entreaty, insistence, instruction, intention, motion, order, pledge, preference, proposal, recommendation, regulation, request, requirement, resolution, resolve, rule, ruling, stipulation, suggestion, urging, vote, wish
(3) ˤϤ˵ƤΤΤۤˤ⡤̤(1)(2)θб̾äƤ褤⤷ʤ
¹ָ奤ꥹѸ˱ Mandative Subjunctive ˡסʸסѸʸء쳰ʸء18桤1987ǯ123--36ǡ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002. 999.
ʴ ۡʲˡ, ܳ, ⾾ʶˡŰʸˡ١ʸҡ2000ǯ458--59, 557--58ǡ
ε[2010-03-18-1]ǡmandative subjunctive ꥫѸΤߤʤ餺ꥹѸǤƤƤ뤳Ȥ˿줿Ѹˤ礭ή줫餹ȡޤμϸؿܤ³ƤͽۤȤmandative subjunctive 礷ƤΤȡ礭ήΤʤξʵήƤ뤫Τ褦Ǥ롥100ǯʾBradley ϱѸˤήռơΤ褦ͽ¬ΩƤƤ
The only formal trace of the old subjunctive still remaining, except the use of be and were, is the omission of the final s in the third person singular of verbs. And even this is rapidly dropping out of use, its only remaining function being to emphasize the uncertainty of a supposition. Perhaps in another generation the subjunctive forms will have ceased to exsit except in the single instance of were, which serves as a useful function, although we manage to dispense with a corresponding form in other verbs.
100ǯθߡBradly ͽ¬ߤȤ˳줿Ȥ狼롥ǤϤʤФ drift ȸƤФѸζηФơչԤ뤫Τ褦ʸѲäƤΤϺθǤ뤬ƺǤȤƤѤؤαƶǤȤʳˤ⡤ͤ٤ѥ¿Ǥ롥¹ʸɤפĤ¤Ǥ⡤ʲΥѥͿƤǽ롥
that ưθä insist, suggest ʤɤ factive ʸ suasive ʸ̤٤
that ư줬be ư줫ư줫ʰ̤ be ư٤⤤Ȥ
ʸʸɤ
ʸʸɤ
that be not ꤵƤΡξԤŪط
üԤǯ
Ѥ formality
that μưˤ volition
that ư줫̾ȤȤ˻Ȥ mandative subjunctive
Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. New York: Dover, 2006. 95. New York: Macmillan, 1904.
¹ָ奤ꥹѸ˱ Mandative Subjunctive ˡסʸסѸʸء쳰ʸء18桤1987ǯ123--36ǡ
ѸˤơưƻȴϢŤ줿 that ư줬³ˡ ( subjunctive mood ) ζ֤ȤȤʸˡ롥عʸˡǰ̤ˡ ( subjunctive present ) ȸƤФƤ븽ݤǤ롥äˡΤ褦 that ˸륱 mandative subjunctive ȸƤ֡
ˤĤƤ[2009-08-17-1]Ƿڤ줿ޤλ٤αƺˤĤƤ[2010-03-08-1], [2010-03-05-1]ǿ줿ĤޤǤСAmE ǤϤޤʤ³ˡŪBrE Ǥ should Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿AmE αƶ BrE Ǥ³ˡλѤƤƤ롥
عʸˡǤϡAmE mandative subjunctive BrE should ξάǤ뤳Ȥ롥
AmE: I advised that John read more books.
BrE: I advised that John should read more books.
ŪˤϾάǤȤ뵭ҤǽʤΤ⤷ʤŪˤϤεҤŬǤ롥Ūˤϡ AmE subjunctive ΤۤŤűѸ Shakespeare λǤ⡤mandative subjunctive ϹȤƤ Shakespeare ˡΤޤޥꥫϤꡤAmE ǤϸߤޤѤ餺˼ѤƤΤǤ롥BrE Ǥ Shakespeare λ mandative subjunctive ˡѤ졤ưȺƲᤵ줿ǡľˡư should 줿ΤǤ롥
äơŪˤߤСAmE mandative subjunctive λѤ should ξάʤɤǤϤޤäʤषȿФǡBrE should դʤΤǤ롥[2010-03-08-1]Ǥ줿 AmE ݼŪ BrE ŪǤȤ츫ȰճΰĤǤ롥
ŪаޤƧޤȡ BrE Ǥ mandative subjunctive 褷ĤĤȤ⤷Ƥ
إեѸˡ١ҤĤ˼1996ǯ60--65ǡ
եƥ줫μѸˤĤƤϡޤǤεǤⲿ٤ƤѸμѸΤեƥѸγϼ¤52%˵ڤ[2009-08-15-1]Ȥ櫓פʸǤ뤳Ȥޤʤˤäʬָפϡ̣δꤢ뤳Ȥ¿ȤˤĤƤϤޤܤƤʤ褦˻פϡեƥѸˡ³ˡ ( subjunctive mood ) δϢˤĤƹͤƤߤ롥
Ѹˤϡηƻ졦ư줬³ that ư˲ˡ߷᤹빽ʸ롥
It is important that he attend every day.
I suggested that she not do that.
Τ褦ʹʸǤϡthat ưϡˡߡŪˤȤ³ˡߡˤη֤Ȥ롥ѸˤƤϡ¾塤ˡ߷ϸƱǤꡤbe ưʤ be Ȥʤ롥̤ˤΤ褦³ˡʸϥꥫѸǤ褯Ȥ롥ꥹѸǤϡthat ưľˡư should 뤳Ȥ¿ǶϥꥫѸ켰³ˡλѤ¿ʤäƤƤ褦ޤꥹѸǤϡǤľˡλѤ¿ʤäƤƤȤ
ˤƤ⡤ħ빽ʸۤƤΤϡԤηƻưǤꡤμϤ褽ŪǤ롥
ƻäᡦ˾ʤɤΰտޤŪ˼Ρ
advisable, crucial, desirable, essential, expedient, imperative, important, necessary, urgent, vital
ƻŬڤΡ
appropriate, fitting, proper
ươ˾̿ᡦʤɤΡ
advise, agree, arrange, ask, command, demand, decide, desire, determine, insist, move, order, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge
ơĤΥꥹȤįƤߤȡ̣Ȥˡ֤ǵ fitting ʸ츻Ծܡˤ ask ʱѸ˰ʳϤեƥѸʤΤǤ롥ʤΤ褦˸郎ФäƤΤŪĤΤĴƤߤʤȤ狼ʤδطˤĤƤϤäդʧƤ٤
óȻ ( Lexical Diffusion ) ȤǤ⡤ѲޤᡤѲϡäΥ쥤䡼Ȥ˽缡ҤäƤ椯Ȥ狼äƤƤ롥ѸβˡߤιʸŪ˸椹뤳ȤϡѲȸδطͤǤյꤽǤ롥
Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2006. 106.
Bahtchevanova, Mariana. "Subjunctives in Middle English." SHEL 5 paper. 2005.
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