ε#3515. Ѹεʸ2 ([2018-12-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸε깽ʸˤϡˡѤΤ may ѤΤ2郎¸ߤ롥ŪˤԤΤۤŤʸŪ귿ŪȤħͭƤꡤƱʸ̮ǤȤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ȤСMay they get home safely, Heaven help us! Τ褦ʻ㤬롥ۤξ깽ʸƱ路Ƥ㤬ٹ (159fn) ˵Ƥ롥
God help her; May God help her!---Trollope;
Long life to them both! May Edward the Atheling reign, but Harold the Earl rule!--Lord Lytton.
2ĤǡٹϡȾ Harold the Earl rule! ˡȲᤷƤ褦may η֤ȤŪǽ⤷ǤƱλȤƵΤϤդ路ʤȤˤʤ뤬 "May SV, but SV!" Ȥ¤̤γ٤ߤС³줿2ĤβˡƬ may ΩäƤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤmay ϡŪ˿षƤˡεǽ䶯뤿Ƭդ줿ɸ (optative marker) Ǥª뤳ȤǤϡʸ1Ȥߤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
ٹ (158--59) ˤСѸˤϡߤޤ̤Ρ֤Ҥʴꤤפɽ魯ˡ (optative) ηȤơ2郎ǧ롥1ĤϲˡŪ³ˡ (subjunctive)ˤѤˡʰʲ (a)ˡ⤦1ĤϸƬ may ΩƤơּưפ³ˡǤʰʲ (b)ˡ줾
(a) ̾ʸƬΩơˡߤưҸȤ롥κݶΤƻ졦ʤɤΩƼȽҸȤž֤뤳Ȥ¿ȤС
Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done.---Matthew, vi. 10.
God bless and reward you for all your kindness.---Stowe.
God forgive me!---Miss Mulock.
Long live the Duke!---Charles Reade.
Mine be a cot beside the hill!---Rogers.
So be it, O Queen!---H. Hoggard.
So help me God!---Hardy.
Τ褦ʤΤΤϾѤ줿ǤϤ뤬ǤϻӾθꤷΤۤϤޤ¿Ѥʤ˰äդ٤ϡΤ褦ʼͤθǤϺʤ̤ѤȤȤǤ롥
Murrain take thee!---Scott.
Devil take me!---Lamb.
Generosity be hanged!---Thackeray.
Dauphin be damned!---Shaw.
(b) ξ硤ˡѤȤ mayѤ롥ξ may ϤĤΩĤΤǤ롥ȤС
May no evil dream disturb my rest!---Evening Hymn.
May he rest in peace!---Irving.
So may it be for ages!---William Morris.
ˡѤˤˡư may Ѥˤ衤ˡ (mood) ؤäƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ФСˡ (optative mood) ȸƤФʤǤ롥ޤ(a) ξϿդ(b) ξɬ֤ȤħŪϡ̾νҤǤϤʤȤͭɸȯù٤Ǥ뤳ȤޡȤƵǽƤΤǤϤʤȻפ롥դǤϡ̾ﴶò (exclamation mark) ȼȤħ⤢롥
ʤmay бɥĸ mögen ³ˡ1⡤may ƱͤŪȤСMöge das neue Jahr viel Glück bringen! ʿǯ¿Ǥޤ褦ˡסMöge er glücklich werden! ˹졪ˤʤɡ
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Ⱥε ([2018-08-31-1], [2018-09-01-1]) 롥Biber et al (11.2.3.4, p. 918) ˤȡּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤĶˤϡεǵΤ˲äơ⤦2ʰʲ A Cˤ롥 may ιʸ (B) ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ˽Ф路ΤʤΤǡȹ碌3Ѥ롥A B ϸŤˡλ¸ȤȤʤΤǡŪʴäƤʸ
11.2.3.4 Special cases of inversion in independent clauses
Some uses of inversion are highly restricted and usually confined to more or less fixed collocations. Types A and B described below are remnants of earlier uses and carry archaic literary overtones.
A Formulaic clauses with subjunctive verb forms
The combination of the inflectionless subjunctive and inversion gives the highlighted expressions below an archaic and solemn ring:
Be it proclaimed in all the schools Plato was right! (FICT)
If you want to throw your life away, so be it, it is your life, not mine. (FICT)
"I, Charles Seymour, do swear that I will be faithful, and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, her heirs and successors according to law, so help me God." (FICT)
Long Live King Edmund! (FICT)
Suffice it to say that the DTI was the supervising authority for such fringe banks. (NEWS)
B Clauses opening with the auxiliary may
The auxiliary may is used in a similar manner to express a strong wish. This represents a more productive pattern:
May it be pointed out that the teacher should always try to extend the girls helping them to achieve more and more. (FICT)
May God forgive you your blasphemy, Pilot. Yes. May he forgive you and open your eyes. (FICT)
The XJS may be an ageing leviathan but it is still a unique car. Long may it be so! (NEWS)
Long May She Reign! (NEWS)
C Imperative clauses
Imperative clauses may contain an expressed subject following don't . . . .
A B ΰ̣ŪŪܤ٤Ǥ롥Ȥ̿ᡤ𡤵ʤɤΡֶ˾פ롥Ūˤϡmay ʤɤˡư϶ޤˤ³ˡѤȤȯãƤ¦̤ꡤξԤ̣Ū˶ᤤطˤ뤳ȤȤǤ롥ƸѸˤɽȤƤǤϤ춦¸ƤꡤŪˤ֤ȤǿƤΤϡ˶̣
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
"mandative subjunctive" 뤤ϲˡߤȸƤФˡˤĤơ#325. mandative subjunctive should ([2010-03-18-1])#326. The subjunctive forms die hard. ([2010-03-19-1])#345. "mandative subjunctive" Υꥹȡ ([2010-04-07-1])#3042. Ѹ³ˡλѤäͳ ([2017-08-25-1]) ʤɤǰäƤ
ޤοࡤˤϡ礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) ȤѸˤ礭ĬήǰƬˤȡΥꥫѸʤ٤ƥꥹѸǤˤˤ벾ˡߤοĥϡʵήȤƤȤ館롥ä͡ʸ椬ԤʤƤŪʲͿƤʤޤŪ˥ꥫѸǤλѤϡꥫѸݼŪʷʤ colonial_lag 1ĤȤФвᤵƤβˤ⵿褦ˤʤäƤʤŸˡλ¸ȤϡѸ˰٤ѤȤʤ꤫ŸˡθѸˤη̤ǤϤʤȡ
ԸȤʤ顤Mondorf (853) Τ褦Ƥ롥
[R]ecent empirical studies concur that the subjunctive had virtually become extinct in both varieties; rather than witnessing its delayed demise in AmE, we are observing its revival in AmE and --- though at a slower pace --- also in BrE . . . .
The trajectory of change takes the form of a successive decline from Old English to Early Modern English, ranging from a relatively wide distribution in Old English, with competition between indicatives and modal periphrases (e.g. scolde + infinitive), via a reduction of formal marking in Middle English (when the indicative preterit plural -on and subjunctive preterit plural and past participle of strong verbs -en were fused and final unstressed -e was lost), to rare instances in Early Modern English. It is only at the end of the LModE period that the subjunctive re-established itself and "nothing less than a revolution took place" . . . .
ʤѸΥꥫ³ˡѤ褷ƤΤȤ䤤ˤĤƤϡĤε롥ޤ#3042. Ѹ³ˡλѤäͳ ([2017-08-25-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡʸˡαƶϤҲŪװŻ뤹븫롥ǽŪʴ顤 (irrealis) ɽȤˡΤΤѤäƤ餺ηˡư줫³ˡ߶ޤإեȤˤʤȤ븫⤢롥ԤθǤϡꥫѸˤƤĤˡưλѤȤȤδϢͤ (Mondorf 853--54)
ꥹѸǤ⥢ꥫѸ٤Фʤ顤³ˡߤλѤƤƤ褦ϰ̤ˤϥꥫѸαƶ (americanisation) ȹͤƤ롥⤷ȾʤȤʬŪˤϡĤƤΥꥫѸǵäΤƱͤˡꥹѸǤΩŪȯãȤǽΤƤʤȤ (Mondorf 854) ޤ;Ϥʬ˻ĤäƤΰǤ롥
ĤǶδϢ븦νƤ
Crawford, William J. "The Mandative Subjunctive." One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 257--276.
Hundt, Marianne. "Colonial Lag, Colonial Innovation or Simply Language Change?" One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 13--37.
Kjellmer, Göran. "The Revived Subjunctive." One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 246--256.
Övergaard, Gerd. The Mandative Subjunctive in American and British English in the 20th Century. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1995.
Schlüuter, Julia. "The Conditional Subjunctive." One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 277--305.
Mondorf, Britta. "Late Modern English: Morphology." Chapter 53 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 843--69.
ŵŪʥꥫˡ I advised that John eat more. ȥꥹˡ I advised that John should eat more. κۤ䤽ŪطʤˤĤơ#325. mandative subjunctive should ([2010-03-18-1])#326. The subjunctive forms die hard. ([2010-03-19-1])#345. "mandative subjunctive" Υꥹȡ ([2010-04-07-1])#3042. Ѹ³ˡλѤäͳ ([2017-08-25-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
Ū¤ǧС³ˡߤѤ륿פˡư should Ѥ륿פϡξȤűѸѤߤ롥θѸ졤Ѹξפʻ¸Ƥꡤʬۤαƺ褦ˤʤäΤϡޤǶḽˤĤƤʬۤ˴ؤƤΤߤǤ롥ޤϤλ¤ǧƤ
Visser (III, 1546) ˤϡ'He commaunded, that the ouen shulde be made seuen tymes hoter' should ѤΥפɽȤƥȥ˵Ƥꡤ¾űѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤ¿㤬Ƥ롥ʲƻ夫˼Ф롥
Genesis 800, he unc self bebead þæt wit unc wite warian sceolden.
Menelogium 48, fæder onsende . . . heahengel his, se hælo abead Marian mycle, þæt heo meotod sceolde cennan, kyninga betst.
Ælfric, Hom. i, 310, God bebead Moyse . . . þæt he and eall Israhela folc sceoldon offrian . . . an lamb anes ȝeares.
c1200 St. Katherine 1439, Hat eft þe keiser þat me schulde Katherine bringen biforen him.
c1352 Minot, Poems (ed. Hall) iii, 53, He cumand þan þat men suld fare Till Ingland.
1440 Visitations Relig. Houses Diocese Lincoln (ed. Thompson) 176, Laghe and your constytucyons forbeden that any nunne shulde were any vayles of sylke.
1593 Shakesp., Rich. II, IV, i, 129, forfend it, God, That in a christian climate souls refin'd Should show so heinous, black, obscene a deed.
1749 Fielding, Tom Jones (Everym.) Vol. II p. 130, the ostler took great care that his corn should not be consumed.
1888 Henry James, The Aspern Papers (Everym.) 268, Heaven forbid I should ask you.
1928 Virginia Woolf, Orlando (1928) 64, prescribing . . . that he should lie in bed all day.
1961 Angus Wilson, The Old Men at the Zoo (Penguin) 195, he suggested that I should go down with him for a day or two.
1963 Iris Murdoch, The Unicorn (Avon Bks.) 67, Who decided I should come and why?
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
ʸˡǤ be ưβˡȤơ1;ñ3;ñ was ʤ were Ѥ롥If I were you . . . as it were ǡǤ롥Τ褦ʷʸŪʸΤǤλѤΥСǤľˡ˰ĥ was Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤƤȸ㤨СI wouldn't do that, if I was you. I wish I was dead! ʤɡˡ
ŪʲʹѤԤǤСΤ褦 was ˡָѡפȴλѼԤüԤȤߤʤ⤷ʤѲȤߤԤϡwas λѤäˤäơ̯ʿ벾ˡʲˤƤȤ֤⤷ʤۤˤϡʪήžסֹԤϤή䤨ơפãѤƸѲįͤ⤢ȤơѲκˤʤȤܤ˿Ѱ۷ϡߤ˰ۤʤỤ̄ (connotation) ˥奢͡ʼҲŪʸŪʲͤӤӤ뤳Ȥ¿
ΰ⤦ǫ褦A B ȤѲƤˤϡʤ A B Ѥ֤롥ξǤСˡ If I were . . . (= A) If I was . . . (= B) ξѤ֤롥ζѴ֤ˤϤʤĹꡤʤɤζ̤̤뤬̤˱ A B ΤˤϼҲŪʸŪͤѰˤƳƼκۤ뤳Ȥ¿̤ǤϡA ˤμB ˤϿʪȤƤηʶ뤫⤷ʤ̤ζ̤ǤϡA ϶ܤB ̵ܤɸ뤫⤷ʤޤ̤ζ̤ǤϡA ϵʷϵޤȤäſ뤪भB Ͽͽ㡹뤫⤷ʤǽŪ A äB ΤߤǽȤʤäȤޤǤγƶ̤ǤξԤΥ饤ХطϡʻפФв˲ΥɥޤȤʤäƤꡤǤϴλƤΤǤ롥
If I were/was . . . ˤ餺ѲȤϤΤ褦ʤΤѲΤʤǶŪƤüԤˤȤäƤϡξΩϸ߿ʹΥꥢʥɥޤʤΤǤꡤݼ顤¾Ω줬ΤޤʤΤǤϤʤ
űѸ˴ؤ˸ȤơǶ2Ĥεǿ줿cf. #3208. ݥ饤ȥͥäűѸ ([2018-02-07-1])#3211. ù¤ ([2018-02-10-1])ˡ褽 speech_act, politeness, discourse_analysis, information_structure ˴ؤä Traugott γˤäơѸ˴ؤ˸ȤơɤΤ褦ʤΤ뤫Ƥߤ
Traugott ϡϥɥ֥åƬ3ĤŦƤ (466)
(1) "the shift from information-structure-oriented word order in Old English to 'syntacticized' order in Middle English; this in tern led, at the end of the period, to new strategies for marking topic and focus in special ways."
(2) "the development of auxiliary verbs in contexts where implied abstract temporal, modal, or aspectual meanings of certain concrete verbs became salient"
(3) "the appearance of a large set of new discourse types, from romances to drama, scientific writings, and letters"
(1) ϸΥե˴ؤ̤ȤäƤ褤űѸ줫Ѹˤƶޤष礬경ƤäȤˤꡤŪͳʸѤƾ¤ȤάäƤΤ뤳ȤǤʤʤäˡ̤μʤʤʤФʤʤʤäȤȤǤ롥㤨СѸˡټԤɸ by ȼư֤ιʸȯãƤȤϡΤ褦ʾ¤˵ʬ뤫⤷ʤ⤷β⤬ΤǤСŪװѲΰȤʤäȸ뤳Ȥˤʤ
(2) Ūʴޤߤ(1) ȴŪ˴ϢȻפ뤬ư줫ưؤȯãʤŵŪʸˡ (grammaticalisation) λˤΤˡʸ̮˽줿ް (implicature) ͶƳ (invited_inference) ʤɤƻΩƤäƤ븦ؤѸˤ϶ޤοˤ³ˡˡοˤꡤŪؼʤȤˡư줬ȯã뤬ȯãˤŪʥᥫ˥बͿƤǽ롥
(3) ϿäνиǤ롥夬ˤĤ졤λˤϤʤäƥȡפƤ뤳ȤѸ˸¤äݤǤϤʤѸǤΤ˿郎߽Ф줿Traugott ϥޥࡤʳŪʸϡȤäŦƤ뤬¾ˤեʤӥƥˤαƶ뤤Ϻ礷¿Ѥλʸ䱤ʸʤɤ
ۤѸˤϱѸνդɸಽ (standardisation) ⵯϤƤꡤïĤɤɸѼѤΤѤʤäΤȤäҲŪоݤȤʤ
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "Middle English: Pragmatics and Discourse" Chapter 30 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 466--80.
Ѹˤˤ³ˡϡͿˤɤäƤȤäƤ褤Τ˸Ǥⴰ˾ä櫓ǤϤʤ#326. The subjunctive forms die hard. ([2010-03-19-1]) #325. mandative subjunctive should ([2010-03-18-1]) Ǥ줿̤ꡤǴ궯Ѥ³ƤꡤषѤƤȤܤΰ褹餢롥³ˡοϡ礫ʬϤظѸˤΰŪʸѲĬή (synthesis_to_analysis) ˾äƤꡤ˾塤硹ŪʵήȤϤʤ
硹ŪʵήϤʤäΤΡäȤήǤиѸˤä16˿ष³ˡϿΰӤéäƤ18Ⱦ19ˤơȤڵ롥Tieken-Boon van Ostade (84--85) ϤͳμҲư (social mobility) ȵʸˡαƶϤˤȤߤƤ롥
The subjunctive underwent a curious development during the LModE period. While its use had rapidly decreased since the end of the sixteenth century, it began to rise slightly during the second half of the eighteenth century and into the nineteenth, when there was a sharp decrease from around 1870 onwards . . . . The temporary rise of the subjunctive has been associated with the influence of normative grammar, and though, this may explain the increased use during the nineteenth century, when linguistic prescriptivism was at its height and its effects must have been felt, in the second half of the eighteenth-century it must have been because of the strong linguistic sensitivity among social climbers rather than the actual effect of the grammars themselves. This is evident in the language of Robert Lowth and his correspondents: in Lowth's own usage, there is an increase of the subjunctive around the time when his grammar was newly published, and with his correspondents we found a similar linguistic awareness that they were writing to a celebrated grammarian . . . .
Tieken-Boon van Ostade ϡʸˡαƶϤäȤƤ⤪餯ŪǤꡤȤ櫓18Ⱦ³ˡäΤäȶ "social climbers" ԡˤξ徺ָȿǤռˤȤߤƤ롥
³οѸˤΡּʡήȤߤʤΤǤСѸΤäȤήϡʹּҲΤֿŪˡ߽ФήȤȤˤʤ#2631. Curzan ۩ָǤꡤϼɤǤס ([2016-07-10-1]) Ȥפʤ
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.
ѸǤϡֿˤơס֥ꥹȤˤơפƼɽȤƾѤ롥1ѼȤơGod (hit) wot Ȥɽ롥ѸǤ (as) God knows (it) ۤɤwot Ȥ֤ϡŪˤϲưǤѸ witen (to know) ľˡ3;ñ˶ޤ֤Ǥʡ#66. ư ([2009-07-03-1]) ȡˡ
ȻʤΤGodd hit wite ȤɽǤ롥ѤƤ wite Ȥ֤ϡƱ witen Ρ³ˡ3;ñǤ롥ĤޤꡤǽȤƤϵȤʤꡤlet God know it ۤɤΰ̣ˤʤ롥Ƕ Bennett and Smithers Ǥ Ancrene Wisse ΰɤǤȤˡɽ˽вäA. ll. 151--52 ˡΤ褦ˤ롥
Godd hit wite and he hit wat, me were leouere þet ȝe weren alle o þe spitel-uuel þen ȝe weren ontfule . . . .
(God be my witness to it---and he knows it---I had rather you were all lepers than that you should be envious)
Ǥ Godd hit wite he hit wat ξɽ¤ǤΤǡζ̤˵Ť䤹³ˡˡεǤ롥
Onions ³ˡѤɽˤĤơ⤷ͤƤ (334--35)
Their equation with certain Continental Germanic formulæ has been overlooked, and in general their force has been misapprehended. Their meaning is: "Let God (or Christ) know (it)," "God be my witness (to it)," "I call God to witness." They are strong asseverations, and are virtually equivalent to "I declare to God." They are therefore more forcible than God wot, Goddot . . . .
ޥǤ楪졤ϥɥĸ졤ϥɥĸ³ˡѤбɽ롥Ѹ줫Ϥۤ¿ʸڤƤ櫓ǤʤΤOnions (335) ѤƤ褦ˡ12 Anglo-Norman Mestre Thomas ˤ Horn ȤʤˡΤ褦ʲս꤬롥
Seignurs bachelers, bien semlez gent bevant,
Ki as noeces alez demener bobant;
Ben iurez wite God, kant auerez beu tant. (Horn, l. 4011, ed. Brede and Stengel.)
(Young gentlemen, you have all the appearance of drinking fellows, who go to weddings to behave uproariously; you swear "wite God" when you are in liquor.)
ɽºݤˤȤƾѤƤȤŪ˼ڵȤʤΤǤϤʤ
Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Onions, C. T. "Middle English (i) WITE GOD, WITE CRIST, (ii) GOD IT WITE." The Review of English Studies 4.15 (1928: 334--37).
ʸˡǡ֤Ӥä shouldס֤ä shouldס shouldפȤƤ̾ˡ롥It is surprising that she should love you. ʤɤˤ뽾° should ˡΤȤΤȤˡؤФ롥
ѸˤΩ줫餳θݤᤷ褦ȤԤˤȤäƤϡΤ褦ʸƾΤϤޤ˶ŪصŪʹ롥Τ̻ŪΩٹˤȤäơshould ΤˡФ͡ʸƾΤϵ˾褦Ǥ (309)
should ˮΡֲ褦ȤΤϤĤ褦ȤΤϤ䤵פʤɤΡ֤褦פ˴ޤޤƤŪյĤΤǤ롥椨ְճȤ̣ shouldס̣ shouldפʤɤ褦ʤΤƻǤǤ롥
ŪʥΩĻ伫Ȥ⡤ٹμĥˤϻƱ롥ΰѤüŪ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ뤬ݥȤϡĤƤ϶ɽ蘆Ƥˡʲˡ³ˡˤ˽ưѤ뱪ˡ֤줿ȤȿǤ should ѤƤ롤ȤȤ should ˡְճפˡʤɤȸƤ֤Ȥ϶Ūʥ硼ȥåȤˤŪʴϡֱŪ³ˡפ뤤ϡ³ˡαŪפȸƤ֤٤ΤǤ롥οϡСٹ (310) ۩֤ should ΰյϤȽǤʤ;ȤΤˤΤǡä¾ΰդϤʤפǤ롥
should ѤŵŪʹʸ It is strange that . . . should . . . . ʤɤѰۥѥ¿ٹ (310--13) ȤơѸ줫ΤĤʸ褦
It is right that a false Latin quantity should excite a smile in the House of Commons; but it is wrong that a false English meaning should not excite a frown.---Ruskin.
How almost impossible is it that good should come unmixed with evil!---Watts-Dunton.
That there should have been such a likeness is not strange.---Macaulay.
How very strange that you should have said so!---Hardy.
It is natural enough, Mr. Holgrave, that you should have ideas like these.---Hawthorne.
It is strange I should not have heard of you.---Wilkie Collins.
Is it not extraordinary that a burglar should deliberately break into a house at a time when he could see from the lights that two of the family were still afoot?---Doyle.
Is it possible, on such a sudden, you should fall into so strong a liking with old Sir Rowland's youngest son?---Shakespeare
It is impossible you should need any assistance.---Cowper.
I wonder you should ever have troubled yourself with Christ at all.---Borrow.
Now, I wonder a girl of your sense should waste a thought upon such a trumpery.---Goldsmith.
I am sorry that Murray should groan on my account.---Byron.
I lament that your father should be deceived.---Ainsworth.
I am content it should be in your keeping.---Scott.
O that men should take an enemy into their mouths to steal away their brains!---Shakespeare.
Oh, Henry, to think that you should have such a grief as this; your dear father's tomb violated!---Watts-Dunton.
ʸǤ should ѤƤ뤬ҤΤȤꡤŤ³ˡζޤѤƤѸǤޤޤϤĤäƤΤǡϵ롥
'Tis better that the enemy seek us.---Shakespeare
It is not proper that I be beholden to you for meat and drink.---George Borrow.
I am often ashamed lest this be selfish.--Miss Mulock.
ʬ̤ꡤˡ should ϡ֤Ӥäס֤äפʤɤ̤ʥ٥ŽդΤդ路ˡȤϡñ˸Ťζޤˤ³ˡѤȤƤαŪ³ˡˡˤʤºݾ塤Ūˡ֤Ӥäס֤äפʤɤδްդȼȤ¿ΤϳΤshould ȡ֤Ӥäס֤äפȤľܤˤϷӤĤʤŪ˷ӤĤ븰ϡ³ˡεǽǤǰפȤ¾ʤǰפȤϰϤʤΤǤ뤫顤ʸ̮ˤäƤϡֶäפǤϤʤ¡סֵסִӡסƴȤǤʤΤǤ롥Τ褦ȡ should ˡŪˡ֤Ӥä shouldפȤȤ館⡤˺ݤƱϰϤʤϡ츽ݤ̻Ū˸뽬ΤĤƤѸˤ⤿餷Ƥηä1ĤǤ롥
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
ʸˡΡֲˡפˤƤϡ if ΤʤưβѤΤ§Ǥ롥βȤϡŪˤľˡβƱΤΤѤФ褤1Ĥ㳰롥ɸΤ褦˼줬1;ñξ硤뤤3;ñξˤϡľˡ was ѤȤˡˡǤ were ѤʤФʤʤʸѸθˤƤ was Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ʸˡǤ were §ǤˡϤʤ
äȤñΤǤС줬űѸˤ³ˡ13;ñζäǤʸΡֲˡפΤűѸǤϡ³ˡ (subjunctive) ȸƤ֡ˡ
ε#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1]) ǷǤűѸ bēon ζɽǡSubjunctive Preterite ƤߤȡñǤϿ;Τˤ餺 wǣre ѤƤ롥ĤޤꡤűѸ ġif ic wǣre . . . ʤɤȸäƤ餳ѸǤ if I were . . . ʤΤǤ롥
ѸǤϡۤȤɤξ硤ˡη֤ȤơҤΤ褦ľˡη֤ΤޤѤФ褤ˡä˰ռƲˡζɽľˡȶ̤ƳФɬפʤŪˤľˡʲˤȲˡʲˤϵǽŪˤŪˤΤ˶̤٤ۤʤηϤǤꡤơư˴ؤˡ˱ۤʤȶɽѰդƤȤˤΤʤǶοʿŪ䤬Ѥbe ưʳΤ٤Ƥư˴ؤ³ˡľˡƱȤʤäͣ줫ĤƤηŪʶ̤ݻӤƤΤ be äȤȤǤ롥¸μ礿ͳϡbe ޤ˹٤Ǥ뤳Ȥ
ɸΡ֤ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤפȤ䤤ϡѸζŪʴϼѤʵȤ롥Ѹˤδ䤤ΩľΤǤС֤ʤˤ be ưʳΤ٤Ƥưˤ³ˡľˡƱȤʤäΤפ٤Ǥ롥
may ˤĤơ#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1])#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1])#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1]) ǰäƤˤĤơǶᡤʸ줿Ѹ may ʸγΩϡűѸμ˸ŪװѤ߽Ťʤä̤ǤꡤīͼäΤǤϤʤȤݤŪʻƱäǤ롥
ξܺ٤ˤϿʤ (82) may ʸǤޤǡפꤹǿŪʬѤ롥
a. STAGE 1: OE ?
I wish that NP-Nom[inative]. + V-S[u]BJ[unctive]. ̽°
... (so) that NP-Nom. + V-SBJ. ̽°
b. STAGE 2: OE ?
NP-Nom. + V-SBJ. ̼͡ex) God bless you!
X + V-SBJ. + NP-Nom. ̼͡ex) Long live the Queen!
c. STAGE 3: Late OE ?
I wish that NP-Nom. + MAY + Inf[initive]. ̽°
... (so) that NP-Nom. + MAY + Inf. ̽°
d. STAGE 4: ME ? *EModE/ME ?
NP-Nom. + MAY/MIGHT + Inf. ̼͡ex) Thy voyce may sounde in mine eres.
*X + NP-Nom. + MAY/MIGHT + Inf. ̼ ex) from dyssese he may us saue.
X + MAY/MIGHT + NP-Nom. + Inf. ̼͡ex) ai mighte he liven.
Cf. (X) + MOTE + NP-Nom. + Inf. ̼ ex) mote þu wel færen
Cf. LET + NP-Nom. + Inf. ̼͡ex) late we hine welden his folc ...
e. STAGE 5: EModE ?
MAY + NP-Nom. + Inf. ̼͡ex) May the force be with you!
Ϣή˴ؤäƤװϡưν°ˡȸ硤³ˡѤˡ³ˡѤȤƤνư may ȯãνư motan εˡαƶlet ʸȤ䡤"pragmatic particle" ȤƤ may Ȥθȯãʤ¿ˤ錄롥餬ʣ߹礤1Ĥħˡޤ줿ȤʥꥪˡѸˤ˱Ѹؤ̣롥
ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ
#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1]) κǸǿ줿褦ˡmay ʸ let ʸˤ롥Ūˤκǽ˸Ȥ˳Ūľ3;μ뤳ȤǤŪˤϵꡦȤ̣ǻ̤äȯù٤ôȤǤ롥Ǹλ̤äƤ˴ؤƤСȯù٤⡤űѸ줫ѸˤŵŪư³ˡˤäɽ路Ȥ롥̻Ūˤϡmay ˤ let ˤ衤³ˡưѤ̳뱪ˡΩŪʤȤơꥢϤ櫓Τ˻Ѥ경гơȴȤȯù٤ɸޡʤ "pragmatic particle" ȤƵǽ˻ämay let ŪȤƱ˰ȤȯۤϡεǸڤ Quirk et al. Τߤʤ餺Ѹ椷Ƥ Rissanen (229) ˤäƤ⼨Ƥʾp. 82 ⻲ȡˡ
The optative subjunctive is often replaced by a periphrasis with may and the hortative subjunctive with let:
(229) 'A god rewarde you,' quoth this roge; 'and in heauen may you finde it.' ([HC] Harman 39)
(230) Let him love his wife even as himself: That's his Duty. ([HC] Jeremy Taylor 24)
Note the variation between the subjunctive rewarde and the periphrastic may . . . finde in (229).
Of these two periphrases, the one replacing hortative subjunctive seems to develop more rapidly: in Marlow, at the end of the sixteenth century, the hortative periphrasis clearly outnumbers the subjunctive, particularly in the 1 st pers. pl. . ., while the optative periphrasis is less common than the subjunctive.
Rissanen ϡmay let ѤŪꡦˡȯãƱ˰äƤ뤬ξԤߤ˱ƶäɤˤƧ߹ǤʤȯãκˤĤƸڤƤ뤳Ȥ顤ԤȯãԤȯãˤ¥ʤ줿ȤߤƤǽϤ뤷ʤȤ Rissanen ȤƤ뾾 (82) ϤΤ褦˲ᤷƤ褦ΰ̴طִطˤĤƤϤܺ٤Ĵɬפ츫Ȥޤǰۤʤˤߤ may let ѡʾ˲η뾽ȤƸƶ٤ࡥ
ϢƵ may ˤĤƤϡ#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1]) let's δּѲˤĤƤϡ#1981. ּѲ ([2014-09-29-1]) ⻲ȡ
Rissanen, Matti. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 187--331.
ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ
ε#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ ([2016-02-05-1]) Ƥ̩ܤ˴ؤΤȤơɸ꤬롥ѸˤǤϡưñ̿³ˡ߷Ūͻ礷Ƥаޤ롥¹ԤơξԤεǽʤ̿ȤȤ櫓ȯù (speech_act) ⤬ͻ礷ƤȤаޤꡤѸˤƤϡϤ֤ˤƤⵡǽˤƤ⡤ĤƤä̤ƤȤʤ˻äƤ롥ξԤͻؤƻڤϡ1ĤˤϴŪʴ鵭Ҥ뤳ȤǤ롥̿ϡεǽҤ٤褦ˡ캬̵ˤظ䤹ä³ˡߤϷ֡ǽŪ˿ष̤Ȥľˡߤݤ߹ޤ줿
̿³ˡ߷ͻϡľŪξԤεǽŪˤä¥ʤ줿Ȥ뤫⤷ʤȤ櫓𡦾ɽ魯ΤѤ³ˡˤĤƤϡ줬ǽ̿Ȥȯù٤˶Ƥ뤳ȤưפǤ
εǰѤ Fischer (249) ϡ嵭ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
In Middle English the forms of the imperative singular and the subjunctive present singular coalesced . . . . In function, the hortatory subjunctive and the imperative were practically similar already in Old English, where one finds them used side by side . . . . In the plural there was still a morphological distinction . . . when the subject pronoun did not immediately follow the verb. This situation was not to last, as the hortatory subjunctive was on its way out. . . . By the middle of the fifteenth century the plural imperative ending disappears.
Fischer ȯϡ2;Τñʣξˤ̿ˡ³ˡͻ礬֥١ǤȤȤ˵ǽ١Ǥ⤢äȤƤ褦ɤ롥
ʣ̿ˤĤƤ⡤ñƱͤˡ15ȾФޤǤˤ̵ȤʤäƤȤ뤬Τˤʳ Chaucer դǤϡŪñʣηṲ̄Ǥ˻¾μͳѰۤȲƤ롥㤨СChaucer (CT III.186--7 [2:186--7]) Ǥ "Telle forth youre tale, spareth for no man,/ And teche us yonge men of youre praktike." ʤɤȸ̵ͭܤޤ뤷ڤؤäƤ롥
˻̤äƸűѸͻҤߤƤߤȡTraugott (185) ϡ̿ˡ³ˡεǽṲ̄ϡ9ޤǤˤϤ褽ĤĤäȤƤ롥
Because the imperative and subjunctive contrast morphologically, we assume that there was a difference in meaning, at least in early OE times, between more and less directive, more and less wishful utterances. By the time of Alfredian OE this difference was losing ground in many registers; charms, medical prescriptions and similar generalised instructions are normally in the subjunctive.
θ礹ȡͻϡϤ֥١ǤƱͤ˵ǽ١Ǥ⤢äȹͤΤ⤷ʤ
Fischer, O. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. N. Blake. Cambridge, CUP, 1992. 207--398.
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 168--289.
ɽ魯ư may ȯãˤĤơ#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1]) ǹͻǿ줿褦ˡOED ˤȽ16ƬΤΤVisser (1785--86) ˤСʤ⡤ѸˤϸĤ롥κǽǤϡ may ʸƬƤʤȤդ줿
c1250 Gen. & Ex. 3283, wel hem mai ben ðe god beð hold!
c1425 Chester Whitsun Plays; Antichrist (in: Manly, Spec. I) p. 176, 140, Nowe goo we forthe all at a brayde! from dyssese he may us saue.
1450 Miroure of Oure Ladye (EETS) p. 34, 34, Sonet vox tua in auribus meis, that ys, Thy voyce may sounde in mine eres.
κǽΤ褦ˡ;ŪѤϸλǤʤ"Wo may you be that laughe now!", "Much good may do you with your note, madam!", Ƹ "Much good may it do you!" ʤɤ³
εǤϡɽ魯 may ȯŸطʤˤϡ˾ɽ魯ư³ˡˡȡhope ʤɤư³°ΤʤǤ may λѤΤǤϤʤȻŦ⤦1ĤήȤơVisser (1785, 1795) νҤ٤̤ꡤѸνư mote εˡ롥ϽѸ줫롤Visser ϸűѸ̤ꤦȹͤƤ롥
c1275 Passion Our Lord, in O. E. Misc. 39 Iblessed mote he beo þe comeþ on godes nome
c1380 Pearl 397, Blysse mote þe bytyde!
mote ˡϡMED mōten (v.(2)) 7c(b) ˤ㤬Ƥ뤬ѸǤ̤˸ΤǤ롥줬 may ˼ä줿ȤȤ
ʤ might ˤƱˡѸ긫졤mote ¤ might ⤦1Ĥιθ٤װʤȻפ롥MED mouen (v.(3)) 4(c) ai mighte he liven crist him mighte blessen ʤɤ㤬Ƥ롥
Ѹ may εˡȯãĴäƤϡޤѸʰˤ mote ƱˡȯãɤʤФʤʤ
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
εʸˡˤϡǤ̤ΤȤǤäƤ will ѤʤȤब롥㤨СIf it rains tomorrow, we will stay home. Τ褦ʸ˸褦ˡif ξǤϡפΤȤˤ⤫餺ư˸߷ rains ѤƤ롥̤ɽ魯 will ٸΤ顤°Ǥ will ޤΤ;Ǥ롤ʤɤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬Τ褦Ūˤʤ
ѸˤϡǤϡޤ¾Ǥưľˡ (indicative) ǤϤʤ³ˡsubjunctive; ߤβˡˤη֤äʸǤСѸޤǤ if Ǥľˡ߷3ñ -s դ rains ǤϤʤ³ˡ߷ʸѸѸǤϲˡ߷ˤ rain Τ̤ä֤⤷ʤСפǤСif it be fine tomorrow Τ褦ľˡ is ǤϤʤ³ˡ be ѤΤǤ롥
Ť̤ΤȤؼΤ̤ will Ѥ٤ȤȯۤϤʤषɽ魯Τ³ˡưѤ٤Ȥռä衤Ѹλ (tense) Υƥˤ̤ȤΤʹϤʤʸߤ̤ޤˤ2ζ̤ʤäȤط롥̤ϸ߷ѤƤΤǤꡤ³ˡָߡȤСϼưṲ̄ؼ뤳ȤǤˤƶռ줿Τϡ̤Ȥ֤Ȥ⡤ƬΤʤǤΡߤײǽˤĤƤäζŪʴϡ̤νȤ will Ѥ٤Ǥˤ⤫餺 will ʤΤϤʤפȤռ̻Ūʴϡ will ȤηӤĤϺǽ餫ԺߤäΤǤ롥
ɸפϡѸޤǤ if it rain tomorrow if it be fine tomorrow Τ褦³ˡ߷ѤΤ̤äˤ⤫餺ѸǤϤʤľˡ߷Ѥ if it rains tomorrow if it is fine tomorrow Ȥ褦ˤʤäǤ롥ϱѸˤˤ³ˡ뤤ϲˡοࡤľˡˤִȤ礭ʥơޤΤʤ٤ǤꡤǷڡ˰ȤϤǤʤĴȤϡɸѤʵظˤ䤦٤Ѹ˾礭꤬ǤȤȤǤ롥³ˡߤʤɤΤ褦˶Ѹʹߤ˿षľˡߤ˵ۼƤäȤ礭ʲ꤬Ƥ롥
Ѹˤϡư may Ѥιʸ롥ֽСפɽ魯ɸʸΤ褦ˡmay + + ưפȤˤΤ§Ǥ롥ߤǤϤƷĥäʸǤꡤ㤨 May you succeed! ФơǤ I hope you'll succeed. ۤɤǺѤޤ뤳Ȥ¿ŪʸȤơthat Τʤ may Ѥ I hope you may succeed. I wish it may not prove true. Let us pray that peace may soon return to our troubled land. Τ褦ʸ⸫롥may εʵڤӼˤˡ褦
May you be very happy! ʤ¿ޤ
May the new year bring you happiness! (褤ǯޤ
May it please your honor! ʶʤ鿽夲ޤ
May he rest in peace! ΰ¤餫̲Ȥ
May you have a long and fruitful marriage. ʤ¤ꤢ뺧ޤ褦ˡ
May all your Christmases be white! ʥۥ磻ȥꥹޥǤޤ褦ˡ
May I never see the like again! ʤʤ٤ȸʤ
May his evil designs perish! μٰʷײ褬ޤ褦ˡ
May you live to repent it! ʺ˸Ф褤
May you rot in hell! Ϲ
嵭θθ§æ롤Much good may it do you! ʤ줬ˤʤޤ褦ˡˡLong may he reign. बĹȤˡA merry Play. Which this may prove. ʷࡤ줬ȤˤΤ褦ʤ櫓ǤϤʤ
Ūʴߤȡˡư may εˡϡΩĻˤŪѤƤ³ˡưȤȯŸƤаޤ롥ޤҤ I hope you may succeed. Τ褦ˡư˸³ that ˤˡȯãȤή⤢롥ή1500ǯդ˹ήḽΡֵ mayפ줿OED Ǥ may, v. 1 θ12ˡ˳뤬16ΤΤǤ롥ǽοƤߤ褦
[1501 in A. W. Reed Early Tudor Drama (1926) 240 Wherfore that it may please your good lordship, the premisses tenderly considered to graunt a Writ of subpena to be directed [etc.].]
1521 Petition in Hereford Munic. MSS (transcript) (O.E.D. Archive) I. ii. 5 Wherefore it may please you to ennacte [etc.; cf. 1582--3 Hereford Munic. MSS (transcript) II. 265 Maye [it] pleas yo(ur)r worshipes to caule].
1570 M. Coulweber in J. W. Burgon Life Gresham II. 360 For so much as I was spoyled by the waye in cominge towards England by the Duke of Alva his frebetters, maye it please the Queenes Majestie [etc.].
it may please . . . may it please . . . 귿ʸФmay + ư + פθɬ⸶§ȤϤʤäƤʤ褦
θ塤ֹ¤ŪˤʤäƤ椯ηаޤͳˤĤƤϾܤ餫ˤʤḽѸˤ³ˡλ褬Suffice it to say . . ., Be that as it may, Come what may ʤɤθ˸뤳ȤȲط뤫⤷ʤ
Quirk et al. (3.51) ˤСˡ֤ may "pragmatic particle" ȤƵǽƤȤ3;ΤФ̿Ȥ Let them come here Let the world take notice. ˤʸƬ let ƱͤθŪʵǽ̤Ƥ롥̻ŪʸȤȤ館Ȥ⤷꤫⤷ʤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ɸϡ֤Сפΰ̣Ѥ롤褯Τ줿Ǥ롥ʤΤǶŪˤʬϤΤ̵̣Ūʴؿ餤̵̣ǤϤʤwere ˡɽ路ƤȤȤĤ⤷ʤas Ȥ³ƳDzˡȤȤΤ̯ʤΤǤϤʤ
˽Ҥ٤С as as if ѤȹͤƤ褤ʲ OED as, adv. and conj. P2 θˤȤꡤ"as if it were so" ۤɤɽȤʤäƤȹͤ롥
P2. a. as it were: (as a parenthetic phrase used to indicate that a word or statement is perhaps not formally exact though practically right) as if it were so, if one might so put it, in some sort.
ȤƤνФϡ1200ǯդ Ormulum (l. 16996) ǡ"Þatt lede þatt primmseȝȝnedd iss..iss all alls itt wære ȝet I nahhtess þessterrnesse." Ȥ롥
as = as if ȤƤˡϡOED θ6ˤƤ뤷ḽѸǤ?褦ˡפ褦ʥˤưճȤ褯Ƥ롥³ΤδʷǤϤʤά줿ФֻʤɤȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ٹ (446--47) εƤʸ
It lifted up it head and did address / Itself to motion, like as it would speak.---Shakespeare.
And all at once their breath drew in, / As they were drinking all.---Coleridge.
Our vast flotillas / Have been embodied as by sorcery.---Hardy.
Boadicea stands with eyes fixed as on a vision.---Binyon.
She is lost as in a trance.---ibid.
I have associated, ever since, with the sunny street of Canterbury, dozing as it were in the hot light.---Dickens.
He fixes it, as it were in a vice in some cleft of a tree, or in some crevice.---Gilbert White.
Every man can see himself, or his neighbour, in Pepy's Diary, as it were through the back-door.---George Gordon.
㤨 "She is lost as in a trance." ̩ŸС"She is lost as (she would be if she were) in a trance." ȤʤΤɤˡȤơas = as if ˡȯãƤΤȻפ롥
ʤ"as (it would be as if) it were (so)" ˤƤϡit Ȥ it ȹͤ롥бľˡ as it is (= as it happens) ⻲ȡ
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
##948,949,950,951 εǡ̩ŪˤΤĤʤɽ Be it never so humble (= "no matter how humble it is") ˤĤƿ줿ѸǤϤ̤˸ɽǡĤǶ The Owl and the Nightingale ˤ˽Ф路ǤϡǤκʾɽʣŪʸ̮ΤʤǸƤꡤΤȤƶˤɤߤȤʤäƤ롥
Atkins Ǥ顤C J ƥȤ ll. 341--48 Ƹ褦
(C text)
341: Eurich murȝþe mai so longe ileste
342: þat ho shal liki wel unwreste:
343: vor harpe, 7 pipe, 7 fuȝeles [song]
344: mislikeþ, ȝif hit is to long.
345: Ne bo þe song neuer so murie,
346: þat he ne shal þinche wel unmurie
347: ȝef he ilesteþ ouer unwille:
348: so þu miȝt þine song aspille.
(J text)
341: Eurych mureþe may so longe leste,
342: Þat heo schal liki wel vnwreste:
343: For harpe, 7 pipe, 7 foweles song
344: Mislikeþ, if hit is to long.
345: Ne beo þe song ne so murie,
346: Þat he ne sal þinche vnmurie
347: If he ilesteþ ouer vnwille:
348: So þu myht þi song aspille.
ϡll. 345--48 ιʸǤ롥Atkins ϡp. 32fn ˤƤξɽˤĤƼΤ褦ͿƤ롥
345. neuer so murie. Instance of an irrational negative in a concessive clause---a construction found in O.E. and other Teutonic languages (see W. E. Collinson, M.L.R. x. 3, pp. 349--65) as well as occasionally in A.-Norman, where it is apparently due to English influence (see J. Vising, M.L.R. XI. 2, pp. 219--21): cf. A.S. Chron. (1087), nan man ne dorste slean oðerne man, næfde he næfre swa mycel yfel gedon.
βս Atkins βˤĤƤϡl. 346 ne redundant ȲȽҤ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤"No matter how merry the song may be, it shall seem very unmerry if it lasts . . ." ɤǤ뤳Ȥ롥ξ l. 346 ιƬ þat ̵뤷Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ礱Ƥ롥
Cartlidge ⡤ne unmurie ǹ碌 "unmerry" ȤƲᤷƤꡤþat ˤĤƤ̵Ǥ뤫顤Atkins ɤߤ˶ᤤȹͤ롥Cartlidge ͿƤ븽Ѹϡ"No matter how merry the song might be, it won't seem at all amusing if it lasts too long, undesirably, . . ." (10) Ǥ롥
þat 褷褦ȤƤɤߤˡStanley (114) 롥
345ff. The construction is difficult. Perhaps translate (assuming ellipsis), 'However joyous the song may be, it is never so joyous that it will not seem very miserable if it. . . .' he in lines 346f refers to song, a masc. n.
ɤߤǤϡne redundant ǤϤʤþat ϼξά줿 so . . . that ʸ þat Ƥ롥Burrow and Turville-Petre (94) ⤳ɤߤ˽äƤ롥
345--6 The logic of these lines requires their expansion: 'However delightful the song may be, (it will never be so delightful) that it will not seem very tiresome.'
ɮԤȤƤϡþat 褷Ƥ Stanley ɤɤߤ˻Ǥ롥ɽ so ³Ϥä so . . . that ʸ so ȽŤʤ礤̯ʹʸȤƸ줿ȤȤǤϤʤ֤꼭ˤäۤܲǽΰãƤ뤬so . . . that ʸμξά뤤ϤŬڤˤ syntactic contamination ([2011-05-04-1]ε#737. ʸ contaminationפȡˤȤƤǤСǽˤʤ롥
Atkins, J. W. H., ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. New York: Russel & Russel, 1971. 1922.
Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
Stanley, Eric Gerald, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1972.
Burrow, J. A. and Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. A Book of Middle English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005.
##948,949,950 εǡ츫̤ʤʸˤĤƼ夲Ƥͤ뤭äȤʤäΤϡChaucer The Parson's Tale (l. 90) ˡιʸѤʸ줿ȤǤRiversideǤѡˡ
But nathelees, men shal hope that every tyme that man falleth, be it never so ofte, that he may arise thurgh Penitence, if he have grace; but certeinly it is greet doute.
ʣܸͤȤʤ餳βսɤǤΤǤΤȤǡ֤ۤ١ǤϤʤȤƤפȤ̤ꤷƤޤȤäϡष֤Ȥ١ǤäȤƤפŬڤǤ롥δ֤Ǥ㤬줿ΤǡιʸܤĴ٤Ƥߤ褦ȻפäǤ롥
ƤϰȤʤä̤Ĵ٤ǡѸˤɽλѤˤĤ Mustanoja Ȥ˺ƤȤ˵Ť®Ƥߤȡpp. 321--22 ˰ʲεҤä
Never so, indicating an unlimited degree or amount, has been used in concessive clauses since the end of the OE period. It is not uncommon in ME texts: --- were he never knight so strong (Havelok 80); --- be he never so vicious withinne (Ch. CT D WB 943). Parallel expressions have been recorded in some other Germanic languages, particularly in High and Low German, where nie sô is used in the same way as never so from the earliest times down to the close of the Middle Ages. . . . The corresponding affirmative forms ever so is modern English.
ޥΤۤե䥢ΥޥˤɽäȤ (expletive) Ȥ꼭ä봶ФϡѸΤΤǤϤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
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