Map of the World Ȥ͡ϿޤɥȤĤõƤߤȡѸ䤽¾θ˴ؤϿޤ奢ˤ˭٤ǡܥ֥ȤƾҲ𤹤ͤȻפäΤǡʲ˥ĥäƤϿޤΰŪӤˤ˻Ȥ롥
English Language --- Facts & Infographic: ѸħѸˤ绨Ĥ˲⡥Τʤ English Speaking Countries Ͽޤͭѡ
Should English Be The Official Language Of The World --- Facts & Infographic: ȤƤθѸϰ̤ҴŪ˵ҡǡŵϤ狼ʤ The Web of Words Ǥϡ־ΥƥĤαѸΨ56%ʰŪ̡ˡ־Υߥ˥αѸΨ26.8%ˤĤ2̡ˤȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ줬ѸȤʤäƤ56ιƤ롥ե٥åȽ˵ȡAntigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Cameroon, Canada, Dominica, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Ireland, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Namibia, Nauru, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Zambia, ZimbabweϢơ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) #376. ˤѸιϿޤǤߤ ([2010-05-08-1]) ⻲ȡ
Top Ten English Speaking Countries: ϿޤDZѸüԡüԤȤϸ¤ʤ˿ȥå10ιƤ롥ǡ뤬ե٥åȽ˵ȡAustralia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy, Nigeria, Philippines, United Kingdom, United States
Top Ten Daily Newspapers in English: ϿޤǼ뤬ƤȥɤΤߡ1ʿȯˡThe Sun (UK), USA Today (USA), The Daily Mail (UK), The Mirror (UK), Times of India (India), Wall Street Journal (USA), New York Times (USA), The Daily Telegraph (UK), Daily Express (UK), Los Angeles Times (USA)
Language Map of the World: 25Ȥ¾ȤǿʬϿޤ롥
UK Map --- United Kingdom: ꥹϿޤäȼȤ˻Ȥ롥Physical Map *
USA Map: ꥫϿޤäȼȤ˻Ȥ롥Physical Map *
Europe Map: 衼åϿޤäȼȤ˻Ȥ롥Physical Map *
Map of the World: ϿޤäȼȤ˻Ȥ롥 * * *
ۤ˥饤θϿޤȤƤϡ#715. Britannica Online ǻȤǤϿޡ ([2011-04-12-1]) ĥä䡤Ethnologue Browse by Map Title ȡ
ѸǯɽΰĤȤơ (205) ˴ؤǯɽǤ롥ѸǤޤǤΤĤιܤˤĤơñդ
| 9c. | The Vespasian Psalter | |
| 10c. | The Paris Psalter | ƥ |
| 10c. | The Lindisfarne Gospels | Northumbria ˤԴ |
| 10c. | The Rushworth Gospels | Matt., Mark (1:2--15), John (18:1--3) Mercia ¾ Northumbria ˤԴ |
| 11c. | The West-Saxon Gospels | |
| 11c. | Ælfric's Heptateuch | ͳŪʵϻ |
| c1384 | The Wycliffite Bible (Early version) | ˾δƥˡαƶ |
| c1388 | The Wycliffite Bible (Late version) | ƥˡαƶޤäƤ |
| 1525/26 | Tyndale's New Testament | ƸŵСƳܤȤ |
| 1530 | Tyndale's Pentateuch | Exod., Lev., Deut. ϥޥΡ¾ϥåΤǰ |
| c1531 | Tyndale's Jonah | |
| 1535 | Coverdale's Bible | ˾γˤ봰2 (1537) ϱѹǽǤ줿ǽαǤꡤ˾ϤƹǧĤͿ줿 |
| 1537 | Matthew's Bible | ºݤˤԤ̤ꡨTyndale ˤ뿷ȥ⡼Tyndale ˤ̤ Josh. 2 Chron.Ĥ Coverdale's Bible ۤȤѹäԽ줿 |
| 1539 | The Great Bible | 緿Thomas Cromwell ˤꡤMiles Coverdale Matthew's Bible ꤷ |
| 1539 | Taverner's Bible | |
| 1557 | The Geneva New Testament | |
| 1560 | The Geneva Bible | The Great Bible ߤˤƸŵ顤 The Geneva New Testament βѥȥɤߤ䤹ޥΡֹ椬դ졤ʹ75ǯֿƤޤ롨Shakespeare Ѥ |
| 1568 | The Bishops' Bible | The Great Bible β1571ǯμ綵ĤˤƲƶǤλѤ줿 |
| 1582 | [NT] The Rheims-Douai Bible | ȥåϡ륬¤줿 |
| [OT] The Rheims-Douai Bible | ȥåϡ륬¤줿 | |
| 1611 | The Authorized Version | ǧνǡWestminster Abbey μǤʺפ U of Oxford, U of Cambridge ؼԤ碌47--50̾The Bishops' Bible 1βߤȤۤ Tyndale's Bible, Matthew's Bible, Coverdale's Bible, Whitchurch's (=The Great) Bible, The Geneva Bible ⻲Ȥŵɽ61%ޤǤɽѤǤ |
| 1762 | The Cambridge Standard Edition | |
| 1769 | The Oxford Standard Edition | |
| 1881 | [NT] The Revised Version | |
| 1885 | [OT] The Revised Version | |
| 1901 | The American Standard Version | |
| 1946 | [NT] The Revised Standard Version | |
| 1952 | [OT] The Revised Standard Version | |
| 1961 | [NT] The New English Bible | |
| 1970 | [OT] The New English Bible | |
| 1989 | The Revised English Bible | |
| 1989 | The New Revised Standard Version |
timeline γƵǽƤѸǯɽˡرѸ٤鶶Ǥάǯɽ (216) äѸˤκǽ˹ʤƤ뤬2ܻˤή줬碌ƼƤͭѡ
| 55--54 BC | ѹ | ||
| 43 AD | ǥѹ | ||
| 410 | ʼܹ˰Ȥ | ||
| c405 | ƥ (The Vulgate) | ||
| 432 | St. Patrick ɤ۶ | ||
| 449 | Angle, Saxon, Jute αѹ | 538 | ʩ |
| c563 | St. Columba åȥɤ۶ϡ̤륢å塦ꥹȶ | ||
| 597 | St. Augustine Ȥ۶ϡ̾夹ޡȥå | 604 | ηˡ |
| 645 | 粽β | ||
| 664 | Whitby ġʥꥹȶ2ɤΩ뤿νġ | 672 | ѿ |
| c680 | Beowulf ???? | ||
| c700 | ǸŤαѸʸ | 708 | Ʊߤ¤ |
| 710--94 | ī | ||
| 735 | Bede ह | 712 | ظŻ |
| 787 | Viking αѹ | 720 | ܽ |
| 871 | Alfred 粦 Wessex ˽Ǥ | 794--1192 | ʿī |
| 886 | ǡ (Danelaw) ΤȤʥͤȥεサζ | 797 | ³ܵ |
| c900 | ݼʪ | ||
| 1016--42 | β̡Ȥѹβ˽ǤʥθդѸˤʤ | c1000 | ҡ |
| c1010 | ظʪ | ||
| c1059 | ع | ||
| 1066 | Ρޥȡʥλ¹ǥեθߥΥޥǥѹβ˽ǤѹθѸ줬եˤʤ | c1120 | غʪ |
| 1171 | Henry II ɿ | 1192--1333 | һ |
| 1337--1453 | 100ǯ (Hundred Years' War) | c1219 | ʿʪ |
| 1348--50 | (Black Death) | c1330 | |
| 1336--1392 | ī | ||
| 1362 | IJDZѸ | 1336--1573 | Į |
| 1367 | Edward ҥڥ | c1371 | ʿ |
| 1343--1400 | Geoffrey Chaucer | 1397 | ջηΩ |
| 1381 | ̱ (Peasants' Revolt) | ||
| 1384 | Wycliffe ŵ | ||
| 1400-- | 첻 (the Great Vowel Shift) | c1402 | ز |
| 1476 | Caxton ѹƳ | 1489 | ջηΩ |
| 1534 | ѹ (Church of England) | 1543 | Ŵˤ |
| 1558 | 졼ӼElizabeth I ¨ | 1549 | ꥹȶ |
| 1565--1616 | William Shakespeare | 1590 | Ȥ |
| 1607 | ǽΥꥫΦ | 1603--1867 | ͻ |
| 1611 | ض | 1612 | ꥹȶػ |
| 1620 | ᥤե̥ץޥ | 1639 | |
| 1642--49 | Charles I IJ (Civil War) | ||
| 1649 | Charles I 跺¹Ω | 1682 | عˡ |
| 1755 | Samuel Johnson Ѹ켭 | 1782--87 | ŷ絲 |
| 1884--1928 | the Oxford English Dictionary ʵ̾the New English Dictionary˽ | 1868--1912 | |
| 1899--1861 | Ernest Hemingway | 1867--1916 |
ε#1377. Gelderen ǡѸάǯɽ ([2013-02-02-1]) ޤᡤǶᡤѸǯɽˤäƤ##777,1368,1369,1377 ۤtimeline γƵ⻲ȡˡ
夲ƤΤϡǯʸŪǻʸŪǯɽФǯɽΤ褦ʤΤȤ⤷־õƤߤȤInfographic Showing the History of the English Language ʤڡĤˤѸˤγϽĹ1.5MBȽŤΤǡʲΤ褦˥åˤ륺Ȱưǽˤʤ뤤Υڡءˡ
ΥեեåäƤϡβˤ褦˰ʲΥȤȤѤȤ־ˤϡ餳ǯɽΥڡžäƤ褦
BBC British History in Depth: The Ages of English: #18. Ѹˤ饤dzؽǤ륵ȡ ([2009-05-16-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ΤƱ
Key Events in the History of the English Language: 켫ȤѸάǯɽ˾ܤĤƤ
Chronology of Events in the History of English: դαѸάǯɽ
Language Timeline: ǯñ̤ǤĤαѸάǯɽ
[2011-06-13-1] Crystal ǡ[2013-01-24-1] Fennel ǡ[2013-01-25-1]Υե㥯Ǥ˰³ѸǯɽϡGelderen αѸ˳ (313--17) ȴˤƤ⤽ǯɽ⡤٤ƱΡ㤦ΤįƤȡȯΤǤ롥
| 8000 BC | Hunter-gatherers move across Europe also into what is now the British Isles | |
| 6500 BC | Formation of English Channel | |
| 6000 BC | Shift to farming | |
| 3000 BC | Stonehenge culture | |
| 2500 BC | Bronze Age in Britain | |
| 1000 BC | Migrations of Celtic people to Britain begins | |
| 600 BC | Iron Age | |
| 55 BC--54 BC | Expeditions by Caesar | |
| 43 | Invasion by Claudius | |
| 43--47 | South and East England brought under Roman control | |
| 50 | London founded | |
| 70--84 | Wales, Northern England, and Scotland under Roman control | |
| 100--200 | Uprisings in Scotland | |
| 122 | Hadrian Walls begun | |
| 150 | Small groups of settlers from the continent | |
| 410 | Romans withdraw | |
| 450 | Hengest and Horsa come to Kent ('invited' to hold back the Picts) | |
| 455 | Hengest rebels against Vortigern | |
| 477 | Saxons in Sussex | |
| 495 | Saxons in Wessex | |
| 527 | Saxon kingdoms in Essex and Middlesex | |
| 550 | Anglian kingdoms in Mercia, Northumbria, and East Anglia | |
| 560 | Æthelberht becomes King of Kent | |
| 597 | Augustine missionaries land in Kent and conversion to Christianity starts | |
| 794 | Scandinavian attacks on Lindisfarne, Jarrow, Iona and subsequent conquest of Northumbria | |
| 865 | Scandinavian conquest of East Anglia | |
| 871--899 | Rule of King Alfred and establishment of the Danelaw | |
| 1016--1042 | Rule of King Cnut and his heirs | |
| 1042--1066 | Rule of King Edward (January 1066) | |
| 1066 | Death of King Edward (January 1066) | |
| 1066 | King Harold's defeat at Hastings and William of Normandy takes over (December 1066) | |
| 1066 | William (of Normandy) becomes king (December 1066) | |
| 1095 | First Crusade | |
| 1162 | Becket is murdered | |
| 1169--1172 | Conquest of Ireland | |
| 1204 | King John loses Normandy to the French | |
| 1282--1283 | Conquest of Wales | |
| 1290 | Expulsion of Jews from England | |
| 1315--1316 | Great Famine | |
| 1337--1453 | The 100-year War | |
| 1349--1351 | The Black Death, i.e. plague, kills one-third of the population | |
| 1362 | Statute of Pleadings (legal proceedings in English) | |
| 1381 | The Peasants' revolt | |
| 1382 | Condemnation of Wycliff | |
| 1476 | Introduction of the printing press by Caxton | |
| 1492 | Columbus reaches the 'New World' | |
| 1497 | Cabot reaches Newfoundland, Canada | |
| 1504 | St John's, Newfoundland, established as the first British colony in North America | |
| 1509--1547 | Reign of Henry VIII | |
| 1534 | Act of Supremacy, English monarch becomes head of the Church of England | |
| 1536 | Monasteries dissembled | |
| 1539 | English bible in every church | |
| 1550 | Population of England reaches 3 million | |
| 1558--1603 | Queen Elizabeth I | |
| 1600 | The East India Company is granted a charter | |
| 1607 | Settlement at Jamestown | |
| 1611 | The King James Bible (KJV) | |
| 1612 | English presence in Bermuda and in India | |
| 1620 | Pilgrim fathers establish colony in Plymouth | |
| 1624--1630 | War between England and Spain | |
| 1626--1629 | War between England and France | |
| 1627--1647 | Settlements on Barbados and the Bahamas | |
| 1629 | Charles I dissolves parliament | |
| 1642--1648 | First and Second Civil War | |
| 1649 | Charles I beheaded | |
| 1649 | Charles II becomes king | |
| 1649 | Jews officially admitted | |
| 1649--1655 | Cromwell conquers Ireland | |
| 1655 | English presence in Jamaica | |
| 1653--1660 | Cromwell is 'Lord Protector' | |
| 1660 | Charles II 'restored'' | |
| 1660 | Royal Society founded, to promote science | |
| 1670 | Hudson Bay Company active | |
| 1670--1679 | Colonization of West Africa | |
| 1688 | The Glorious Revolution | |
| 1689--1702 | Rule of William and Mary | |
| 1700 | Population of England is 5 million | |
| 1707 | Act of Union, uniting England and Scotland as the UK | |
| 1746 | Battle of Culloden; subsequent repression of Scottish Gaelic | |
| 1755 | Johnson's Dictionary | |
| 1759 | Wolfe takes Quebec for England | |
| 1760--1850 | Highland Clearances in Scotland, with resulting emigration and loss of Celtic | |
| 1763 | Trading in Basra, Iraq | |
| 1765--1947 | British rule over India | |
| 1773 | Boston Tea Party | |
| 1775--1783 | American War of Independence | |
| 1776 | American Declaration of Independence | |
| 1780--1789 | Colonies (of convicts) in Australia | |
| 1789 | French Revolution | |
| 1789 | George Washington first American president | |
| 1791 | British colonies in Upper and Lower Canada | |
| 1803 | Louisiana Purchase | |
| 1806 | British take over the Cape Colony in South Africa | |
| 1806 | Webster's Dictionary | |
| 1819--1824 | Malacca and Singapore occupied by the British | |
| 1820--1829 | Railroads in the US | |
| 1821--1823 | Irish famine | |
| 1830--1839 | Settlement of New Zealand | |
| 1834 | Slavery abolished in the British Empire | |
| 1842 | China cedes Hong Kong | |
| 1844 | First telegraph | |
| 1837--1901 | Reign of Queen Victoria | |
| 1853 | Gadsden Purchase | |
| 1853 | Japan opened to Western trade | |
| 1858 | Decision to start the OED | |
| 1861--1865 | American Civil War | |
| 1861 | British colony in Nigeria | |
| 1862 | British colony in Honduras | |
| 1865 | Abolition of slavery in the United States of America | |
| 1869 | Suez Canal opened | |
| 1876 | Telephone invented | |
| 1884 | Berlin Conference determines colonial power in Africa | |
| 1886 | Annexation of Burma | |
| 1890--1899 | Rhodesia and Uganda colonized in an attempt to control the Cape-to-Cairo corridor | |
| 1880--1902 | Boer Wars and British conquest of South Africa | |
| 1898 | American control over Hawaii, Philippines, and Puerto Rico | |
| 1898 | Hong Kong and Territories leased to Britain for 99 years | |
| 1901 | Death of Queen Victoria | |
| 1907 | Hollywood becomes a filmmaking center | |
| 1914--1918 | First World War | |
| 1916 | Easter Uprising, leading to Irish independence in 1921 | |
| 1918 | Women (over 30) get the vote in Britain | |
| 1920 | Kenya as British colony | |
| 1922 | BBC starts | |
| 1928 | OED appears (with supplement in 1933) | |
| 1931 | Statute of Westminster (former British Dominions de fact independent); British Commonwealth | |
| 1939 | photocopying invented | |
| 1939--1945 | Second World war | |
| 1942 | First computers | |
| 1945 | United Nations founded | |
| 1946 | Philippines independent | |
| 1947 | The independence of India and Pakistan; and New Zealand | |
| 1948 | Burma and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) independent | |
| 1949 | NATO founded | |
| 1950--1953 | Korean War | |
| 1951 | First computers | |
| 1960 | Nigeria becomes independent | |
| 1960 | World population reaches 3 billion | |
| 1961--1975 | Vietnam War | |
| 1963 | Kenya becomes independent | |
| 1973 | Britain joins European Union (confirmed in a 1975 referendum) | |
| 1980 | CNN starts | |
| 1984 | Apple PC | |
| 1990 | Native American Languages Act | |
| 1990--1991 | Gulf War | |
| 1990--1999 | Internet becomes major communication tool | |
| 1999 | World population reaches 6 billion | |
| 2000 | OED online | |
| 2003 | Iraq War | |
| 2003 | In Wales, 20% speak Welsh, up 2.4% in 10 years |
ε#1368. Fennell ǡѸάǯɽ ([2013-01-24-1]) ˰³ϥե㥯ǤǯɽƸ롥ܸǤαѸǯɽ⤢Ȼפ˽ä (207--10) ƱѸˤǯɽȤäƤ⡤ԤˤäۤʤΤǤꡤ줾ħ롥ǯɽΤ1Ĥ˵ҤˡǤȤȤǧ롥
| 55, 54 BC | 桼ꥦ뤬Ψƥ֥ƥ˾Φ | |
| 43 BC | ˤȿŪʥ֥ƥϤޤ | |
| end of C3 | ޥͽ²ˤǽΥ֥ƥ繶 | |
| 367 | åȿ͡ʥɤˡԥȿ̤͡ˡ͡줫ˤ۲Υ֥ƥ | |
| 375 | ե²ʤƨ褦²ɥʥϤ˿ޥ̱²ưϤޤ롥Ƿ | |
| 383 | ޤ˾ | |
| 410 | ǸΥĤ֥ƥ礫ű | |
| 449 | ޥ²֥ƥ˿Ϥ | |
| c500 | ֥Хɥ˥֡פ襤ǿԥޥͤԤ졤֥ƥˤư | |
| 547? | ϥС̤˥²Ƥ | |
| 597 | ƥ̥Ȳ夷֥ƥ˽Ǥޥͤ˥ꥹȶ۶Ϥ | |
| 634 | ɤνƻΤΡ֥ꥢΥꥹȶ˾Ф | |
| 655 | ޡΥꥹȶΡ֥ꥢȥɤ붵դμˤ괰λ | |
| 664 | Ρ֥ꥢˤơۥåȥӡĤ롥֥ƥ䥢ɤΥꥹȶ줵Ȥʤ | |
| c725 | ˤإ١ա٤κ | |
| 787 | ǡͤοϤޤ | |
| 865 | ǡͿ2 | |
| 871--899 | եå粦μ | |
| 879 | եå粦ȡʥबΨ˥ǡͤȤδ֤ǥɥ⥢ζꡥǡϰγ | |
| 886 | եå粦ɥΡβɤǧ | |
| 964 | ƻβפϤޤꡤѸɸಽ˱ƶͿ | |
| 973 | ɥСˤơƥꥹȶεˤ״ʥǡϰޤɤκǽβȤʤ | |
| 991 | աȥ奰ꥹ˿ǡͿ3Ϥޤ | |
| 1066 | ꥢءƥ襤ǾᡤΥޥͤαѹϤޤ롥եȥƥ줬ѸäƸѸȤʤ | |
| 1154 | إԡХǯ嵭٤ȸƤФܤεϿϤǯǽ뤹롥ʰ̤ˡإǯ嵭٤ȸƤФ롥ܤ7ĤꡤοϤޤäƤ롥 | |
| 1204 | եեå2Ԥ졤ΥޥǥեμϤ롥ꥹ̱²ޤϤ | |
| 1250 | ѹ²뤷եŤɬפʤʤ | |
| 1258 | إ3Υޥͤαѹʹ߽ƱѸ۹Ф | |
| 1295 | ॺեɤκȽǡʸѸȥեξɤޤ | |
| 1337--1453 | ɴǯ补ˤꡤꥹͤϥեΤΤФŨ褦ˤʤ | |
| 1344 | ˡƱѸǽ | |
| 1348--1350 | ¤ΤᡤꥹҲ絬Ϥʽ̱ΰư | |
| 1362 | ƱѸdz롥IJϡ³ˡפꤷ1363ǯ1ʹߤϤ٤Ƥʾټ³ĤϱѸǹԤʤȤ˷ | |
| 1381 | ̱䤬ꡤҲŪưοʹԤ® | |
| c1385 | Ѹ줬γعѤ褦ˤʤ | |
| 1413 | إ4ѹȤƽƱѸǰĤ | |
| 1422 | Ѹˤǽζ̼ʸ | |
| 1423 | εĻϿѸǽϤ | |
| c1430 | ĮƱȹθʸ˱ѸѤϤ | |
| 1476 | ꥢࡦ㥯ȥɤꡤȥߥ˺ǽΰĤ | |
| 1499 | 㥯ȥθѼԥԥѸ졦ƥýػҶΤθդˡ٤Ǥʽ줿Τ1440ǯˡԻؤΰȤʤ | |
| 1534 | إ8ȤδطѹΩ | |
| 1564--1616 | ꥢࡦԥ | |
| 1586 | ꥢࡦ֥ʸˡΤξҡ١ƱԤˤ븽¸ʤʸˡδʰǡˤǤ롥ǽαʸˡ | |
| 1588 | ڥ̵Ũ˾Ѹ줬˹üȤʤ | |
| 1604 | Сȡɥإե٥åȽð٤νǡǽαѸΰ켭ŵʱѱѼŵ | |
| 1607 | ꥫ˱Ѹ줬⤿餵롥Υ˥ˡԤˤäƥॺߤ | |
| 1611 | ʥॺˤν | |
| 1639--1686 | ɡʥޥɥ饹륫åܥ٥ˤ˱ѹϤߤ | |
| 1642--1660 | ̱̿ | |
| 1664 | ΩֱѸɤ뤿ΡװѰ | |
| 1712 | J. եȤˤ륪åեؤμ椬رѸζɡΤơ٤ȤƽǤ졤ǥߡΩ¥ | |
| 1713 | Υե饤ꥹ˾Ϥ | |
| 1755 | ߥ奨롦رѸ켭ŵ٤Ǥ롥19ޤѸɤ뤮ʤŪ¸ߤȤʤ | |
| 1759 | վ٥å襤ǥե˾ | |
| 1761 | ɤꥹο̱ϤȤʤ | |
| 1769--1777 | ץƥåʿΤؤιҳӾǡȥꥢ˥塼ɡޥ˥ꥹΤ | |
| 1775--1783 | ꥫΩˤꡤꥫ罰 | |
| 1788 | ȥꥢΥ˥塼륺˺ǽήϿ̱Ϥߤ롥ץեꥫˤˤ륪̱ϤꥹͭȤʤ | |
| 1805 | ȥե륬γˤƥꥹե˾롥ꥹƸ̱ϳؤƻ | |
| 1816 | ꥹǺǽΰ²ʿʹȯԤ졤Ѹ˱ƶͿޥǥ夬Ϥޤ | |
| 1840 | ˥塼ɤˤơꥹ̱Ϥߤ롥ꥹΰ²٤ʸ̿ȯã¥˱Ѹ줬ڤ | |
| 1858 | ؿѸ켭ŵ١ʸˡإåեɱѸ켭ŵ٤ȾΤˤԽȤϤޤ | |
| 1890--1910 | ¿ȯʳؾȯѸΤʤ礭ʱƶͿ | |
| 1899--1901 | եꥫΥ֡ˤƽԤλ¹̡ꥹƸΩ | |
| 1914--1918 | 1Ѹΰҿޤ롥ե϶ȤơޤȤƤϰ̤Ϥʥ륵եȱѸǽ | |
| 1939--1945 | 2郎ˡѸڤʤᡤΰҿ |
#777. Ѹάǯɽ ([2011-06-13-1]) ǤϡCrystal ǤαѸάǯɽǺܤ Fennell ǤƸ롥Fennell ǤϳƾϤκǽоݤȤʤäƤ˴ؤǯɽܤƤꡤʲϤۤ¤ԽޤǤǡ٤ƤʤFennell ̾ͽۤȤꡤҲŪ¦̤ȿǤƤǯɽǤ롥
| 8000 BC | Hunter groups move into Lapland | |
| 7000 BC | Wheat, barley and pulses cultivated from Anatolia to Pakistan; goats and pigs domesticated | |
| 7000 BC | Farming developed on Indian subcontinent; barley main crop | |
| 6500 BC | Adoption of farming in Balkan region; beginning of the European Neolithic spread of domestic animals, probably from Anatolia | |
| 6200 BC | Farming villages established in the west and central Mediterranean | |
| 5200 BC | First farmers of central Europe spread northwest as far as the Netherlands | |
| 4500 BC | Cattle used as plough animals in lower Danube region | |
| 4500 BC | First megalithic tombs built in western Europe | |
| 4400 BC | Domestication of horse on Eurasian Steppes | |
| 4200 BC | Earliest copper mines in eastern Europe | |
| 4200 BC | Agriculture begins south of the Ganges | |
| 3800 BC | Ditched enclosures around settlements in western Europe, forming defended villages | |
| 3500 BC | New faming practices: animals increasingly used for traction, wool and milk; simple plough (ard) now used in northern and western Europe | |
| 3250 BC | Earliest writing from western Mesopotamia: pictographic clay used for commercial accounts | |
| 3200 BC | First wheeled vehicles in Europe (found in Hungary) | |
| 3100 BC | Cuneiform script developed in Mesopotamia | |
| 3000 BC | Construction of walled citadels in Mediterranean Europe and development of successful metal industry | |
| 2900 BC | Appearance of Corded Ware pottery in northern Europe | |
| 2500 BC | Bell beakers found in western Europe, often associated with individual burials | |
| 2500 BC | Development of urban civilization in the Indian Plain | |
| 2500 BC | Earliest syllabic script used in Sumerian literature | |
| 2300 BC | Beginning of full European Bronze Age | |
| 2000 BC | Fortified settlements in east and central Europe point to increasing social and economic pressures | |
| 1900 BC | Cretan hieroglyphic writing | |
| 1850 BC | Horses used for the first time to pull light carts in the western Steppes | |
| 1650 BC | Linear A script (Crete and the Cyclades) | |
| 1650 BC | City-states of central Anatolia unified to form the Hittite kingdom with a strongly fortified capital at Boğazköy | |
| 1400 BC | Linear B script (mainland and islands of Greece) | |
| 1400 BC | Development of pastoral nomadism on the Steppes: cattle herded from horseback | |
| 1300 BC | Westward spread of urnfield cemeteries | |
| 1200 BC | Collapse of Hittite empire | |
| 1000 BC | Hillforts in Western Europe | |
| 1000 BC | Full nomadic economy on the Steppes based on rearing horses, cattle and sheep | |
| 850 BC | First settlement at Rome; cluster of huts on Palatine Hill | |
| 800 BC | Establishment of culture north and east of Alps --- first stage of Celtic Iron Age (Hallstatt) | |
| 800 BC | Rise of Etruscan city-states in central Italy | |
| 800 BC | Rise of cities and states in Ganges Valley supported by rice farming | |
| 750 BC | First Greek alphabetic inscription | |
| 750 BC | Ironworking spreads to Britain | |
| 750 BC | Earliest Greek colonies set up from western Mediterranean to the eastern shores of the Black Sea | |
| 690 BC | Etruscan script developed from Greek | |
| 600 BC | Trade between Celts north west of Alps and Greek colonies of the west Mediterranean; rich wagon burials attest to wealth and power of Celtic elite | |
| 600 BC | Latin script | |
| 600 BC | Central lowlands of northern Europe first settled | |
| 600 BC | First Greek coins | |
| 480 BC | 2nd stage of European Bronze Age (La Tène) | |
| 480 BC | Emergence of classical period of Greek arts and architecture | |
| 480 BC | City-states reach height of importance | |
| 460 BC | Parchment replaces clay tablets for Aramaic administrative documents | |
| 450 BC | Athens, the greatest Greek city-state, reaches the peak of its power | |
| 400 BC | Carthage dominates the west Mediterranean | |
| 390 BC | Celts sack Rome | |
| 334 BC--329 BC | Alexander the Great invades Asia Minor, conquers Egypt and Persia and reaches India; Hellenism established in Asia | |
| 331 BC | Alexandria founded | |
| 250 BC | Brahmin alphabetic script in India | |
| 250 BC | All of peninsular Italy controlled by Rome | |
| 206 BC | Rome gains control of Spain | |
| 146 BC | Romans destroy the Greek states but Greek culture still important and Greek artists brought to Rome | |
| 146 BC | Roman destruction of Carthage | |
| 55 BC | Julius Caesar attempts to invade Britain | |
| 27 BC | Augustus sole ruler of Roman empire | |
| 43--50 | Emperor Claudius invades Britain | |
| 50 | Rome largest city in the world --- population 1 million | |
| 117 | Roman empire reaches its greatest extent | |
| 125 | Hadrian's Wall built | |
| 285 | Administrative separation of eastern and western halves of Roman empire | |
| 313 | Edict of Milan: toleration of Christianity in Roman empire | |
| 330 | Constantine founds Constantinople as new eastern capital of the Roman empire | |
| 410 | Sack of Rome by Visigoths leading to collapse of western Roman empire | |
| 410 | Romans withdraw from Britain | |
| 429 | German (Vandal) kingdom in north Africa | |
| 449 | Angles, Saxons and Jutes invade Britain | |
| 597 | St Augustine introduces Christianity to the English | |
| 787 | Scandinavian invasions begin | |
| 793 | Sacking of Lindisfarne | |
| 878 | King Alfred defeats the Danes at Eddington | |
| 878 | Treaty of Wedmore | |
| 899 | King Alfred dies | |
| 1016 | Danish King Cnut rules England | |
| 1042 | Accession of Edward the Confessor to the English throne | |
| 1066 | Battle of Hastings; Norman Conquest | |
| 1095 | First Crusade | |
| 1170 | Assassination of Thomas à Becket | |
| 1204 | King John loses lands in Normandy | |
| 1259--1265 | The Barons' War | |
| 1337--1453 | The Hundred Years War | |
| 1340--1400 | Geoffrey Chaucer | |
| 1346 | Battle of Crecy | |
| 1346 | Battle of Poitiers | |
| 1348--1351 | The Black Death | |
| 1362 | Parliament opened in English | |
| 1362 | The Statute of Pleading (English becomes the official language of legal proceedings) | |
| 1381 | The Peasants' Revolt | |
| 1415 | Battle of Agincourt | |
| 1476 | Caxton introduces the printing press | |
| 1489 | French no longer used as the language of Parliament | |
| 1509 | Henry VIII ascends the throne | |
| 1534 | Act of Supremacy | |
| 1536 | Small monasteries dissolved | |
| 1536 | Statute incorporates all of Wales with England | |
| 1539 | English translation of Bible in every church | |
| 1547 | Edward VI | |
| 1553 | Mary Tudor | |
| 1554 | Mary marries Philip of Spain | |
| 1558 | Elizabeth I | |
| 1559 | Act of Supremacy restores laws of Henry VIII | |
| 1574 | First company of actors; theatre building begins | |
| 1577 | Sir Francis Drake plunders west coast of South America | |
| 1584 | Colonists at Roanoke | |
| 1600 | British East India Company founded | |
| 1600 | Population of England c.2.5 million | |
| 1603 | James I | |
| 1605 | Barbados, West Indies, claimed as English colony | |
| 1606 | Virginia Company of London sends 120 colonists to Virginia | |
| 1607 | Jamestown, Virginia, is established by London Co. as the first permanent English settlement in America | |
| 1611 | King James Bible | |
| 1616 | Death of Shakespeare | |
| 1620 | The Pilgrims arrive at Plymouth Rock on the Mayflower | |
| 1621 | English attempt to colonize Newfoundland and Nova Scotia | |
| 1625 | Charles I | |
| 1627 | Charles I grants charter to the Guiana Company | |
| 1633 | English trading post established in Bengal | |
| 1637 | English traders established in Canton | |
| 1639 | English established at Madras | |
| 1642--1646 | Civil War | |
| 1646 | English occupy the Bahamas | |
| 1648 | Second Civil War | |
| 1649 | Cromwell invades Ireland | |
| 1649 | Charles I beheaded | |
| 1649 | Charles II | |
| 1649 | Commonwealth established | |
| 1653 | Cromwell becomes Lord Protector | |
| 1655 | English capture Jamaica | |
| 1660 | Charles II restored to throne | |
| 1663 | Charles II grants charter to Royal African Company | |
| 1668 | British East India Company gains control of Bombay | |
| 1670 | English settlement in Charles Town, later Charleston, South Carolina | |
| 1680--1689 | Welsh Quakers settle in large numbers in Pennsylvania | |
| 1680--1689 | First German immigrants in America | |
| 1684 | Bermudas become Crown Colony | |
| 1689 | William and Mary proclaimed king and queen in England and Ireland | |
| 1690 | Calcutta founded | |
| 1690 | Population of England c.5 million | |
| 1700 | Population of England and Scotland 7.5 million | |
| 1707 | Union of England and Scotland as Great Britain | |
| 1707 | British land in Acadia, Canada | |
| 1710 | English South Sea Company founded | |
| 1727 | George II | |
| 1729 | North and South Carolina become Crown Colonies | |
| 1729 | Benjamin and James Franklin publish 'The Pennsylvania Gazette' | |
| 1744 | Robert Clive arrives at Madras | |
| 1756--1763 | The French and Indian War in North America | |
| 1759 | British take Quebec from the French | |
| 1760 | George III | |
| 1762 | British capture Martinique, Grenada, Havana and Manila | |
| 1765--1947 | British Raj in India | |
| 1770 | James Cook discovers Botany Bay, Australia | |
| 1774 | Parliament passes the Stamp Act, unifying the colonies against the British | |
| 1775 | The East India, or Tea, Act prompts the Boston Teat Party | |
| 1775--1783 | American War of Independence | |
| 1776 | American Declaration of Independence | |
| 1776 | The Revolutionary War begins | |
| 1778 | Cook discovers Hawaii | |
| 1783 | The Treaty of Paris successfully ends the Revolution | |
| 1783 | British recognize US independence | |
| 1784 | Pitt's India Act: East India Company under government control | |
| 1786 | Penang ceded to Great Britain | |
| 1789 | George Washington inaugurated as first US President | |
| 1790 | The first penal colony established in Sydney, Australia | |
| 1795, 1806 | British forces occupy Cape of Good Hope | |
| 1800 | British capture Malta | |
| 1803 | The Louisiana Purchase doubles the size of US territory | |
| 1810 | British seize Guadeloupe | |
| 1811 | British occupy Java | |
| 1812--1814 | War of 1812 between the USA and Britain | |
| 1819 | Florida purchased by the USA from Spain | |
| 1819 | British settlement established in Singapore by East India Company | |
| 1822 | English becomes the official language of the Eastern Cape of South Africa | |
| 1822 | Liberia founded --- Africa's oldest republic | |
| 1824 | Erie Canal opens, strengthening east-west trade, but increasing the isolation of the south | |
| 1824 | British take Rangoon, Burma | |
| 1828 | The Baltimore and Ohio Railway opens | |
| 1832 | Britain occupies the Falkland Islands | |
| 1837 | Queen Victoria | |
| 1837 | The electric telegraph demonstrated by Samuel Morse | |
| 1840 | New Zealand becomes an official colony | |
| 1840 | Penny post introduced in Britain | |
| 1842 | Hong Kong ceded to Great Britain | |
| 1848 | Gold discovered in California | |
| 1849 | Gold Rush | |
| 1851 | Victoria, Australia, proclaimed separate colony | |
| 1852 | New constitution for New Zealand | |
| 1858 | Powers of East India Company transferred to British Crown | |
| 1860 | Kowloon added to British territories in South-East Asia | |
| 1861 | Civil War begins with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter | |
| 1861 | British Colony founded in Lagos, Nigeria | |
| 1863 | Emancipation of the slaves is proclaimed, as of 1 January | |
| 1865 | General Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox | |
| 1865 | President Lincoln is assassinated, five days later | |
| 1867 | Alaska is purchased from Russia, becoming the 49th state in 1959 | |
| 1867 | Federal Malay States become a Crown Colony | |
| 1869 | The first transcontinental railroad is completed | |
| 1876 | Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone | |
| 1877 | Edison invents the phonograph | |
| 1878 | David Hughes invents the microphone | |
| 1879 | London opens its first telephone exchange | |
| 1884 | Papua New Guinea becomes British protectorate | |
| 1885 | Britain established protectorate over Northern Bechuanaland, Niger River Region and southern New Guinea, and occupies Port Hamilton, Korea | |
| 1886 | First Indian National Congress meets | |
| 1887 | First Colonial Conference opens in London | |
| 1888 | Cecil Rhodes granted mining rights by King of Matabele | |
| 1890 | Rhodes becomes Premier of Cape Colony | |
| 1893 | Uganda united as British protectorate | |
| 1893 | USA annexes Hawaii | |
| 1895 | Marconi invents radiotelegraphy | |
| 1895 | Auguste and Louis Lumière invent the motion-picture camera | |
| 1895 | British South Africa Company territory south of the Zambezi River becomes Rhodesia | |
| 1898 | America receives Guam and sovereignty over the Philippines | |
| 1898 | New Territories leased by Britain from China for 99 years | |
| 1899 | First magnetic sound recordings | |
| 1899--1902 | Boer War | |
| 1900 | R. A. Fessenden transmits the human voice via radio waves | |
| 1900 | British capture Bloemfontein, relieve Mafeking, annex Orange Free State and Transvaal and take Pretoria and Johannesburg Commonwealth of Australia created | |
| 1901 | Marconi transmits radiotelegraph messages from Cornwall to New Zealand | |
| 1901 | End of Queen Victoria's reign | |
| 1903 | Ford Motor Company founded | |
| 1903 | Orville and Wilbur Wright make the first successful manned flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina | |
| 1903 | British conquer northern Nigeria | |
| 1907 | New Zealand becomes a dominion within the British Empire | |
| 1908 | Union of South Africa established | |
| 1908 | Henry Ford introduces the mass-produced Model T | |
| 1914 | Panama Canal opened | |
| 1914--1918 | World War I | |
| 1916 | USA purchases Danish West Indies (Virgin Islands) | |
| 1917 | USA purchases Dutch West Indies | |
| 1919 | League of Nations founded | |
| 1920 | Gandhi emerges as leader of India | |
| 1920 | Kenya becomes British colony | |
| 1921 | British Broadcasting Corporation founded | |
| 1921 | First Indian Parliament meets | |
| 1924 | The National Origins Act marks the official end of large-scale immigration to America; from this point on numbers are restricted and quotas are introduced | |
| 1924 | British Imperial Airways founded | |
| 1925 | John Logie Baird transmits a picture of a human face via television | |
| 1928 | John Logie Baird demonstrates first colour television | |
| 1929 | Teleprinters and teletypewriters first used | |
| 1929 | First scheduled TV broadcasts in Schernectedy, New York | |
| 1929 | First talking pictures made | |
| 1936 | BBC London television service begins | |
| 1938 | Lajos Biró invents the ball-point pen | |
| 1939--1945 | World War II | |
| 1942 | First computer developed in the United States | |
| 1942 | Magnetic recording tape invented | |
| 1944 | First telegraph line used between Washington and Baltimore | |
| 1945 | United Nations founded | |
| 1946 | Chester Carlson invents Xerography | |
| 1946 | Philippines become independent from the United States | |
| 1947 | Transistor invented at Bell Laboratories | |
| 1947 | India proclaimed independent | |
| 1948 | Peter Goldmark invents the long-playing record | |
| 1951 | Colour TV introduced into USA (15 million TV sets in USA) | |
| 1952 | Accession of Queen Elizabeth II | |
| 1957 | Common Market established by Treaty of Rome | |
| 1957 | Malaysian independence | |
| 1958 | First stereophonic recordings | |
| 1962--1975 | Uganda, Kenya, Zambia (Northern Rhodesia), Malawi, Malta, Gambia, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Guyana, Mauritius, Nigeria, Bahamas, Papua New Guinea all become independent of Great Britain | |
| 1965 | Atlantic cable completed | |
| 1968 | Intelsar communication satellite launched | |
| 1989 | South Africa desegregated | |
| 1997 | Hong Kong rule returns to China |
ѸưΤѤ줿ֻˤϡby, from, mid, of, with ä٤ƤƱ褦٤ѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤˤ꤬줿
űѸǤϡȤ from ޤФ of ưɽ魯ΤѤƤΤ from 14ޤǻѤ줿ѤƤäof ϸűѸν꤫Ѹˤĥ1600ǯդޤǤϺǤѤ줿˸ѸϢʤ by ߤƤߤȡưˡϡűѸǤ⤽餷㤬äȻŦƤϤ뤬Ϥäꤷʤʲ Mustanoja 3ܤΰѤȡˡư by Ѹڤ褦ˤʤΤ14꤫Ǥꡤ15--16ˤƳ礷of ȸ¤٤ۤɤˤʤ롥ΤۤưֻȤƤϤۤΩʤ13ʸڤ with Ѹǻ mid ⤢롥
줾줬Ѥˤʤäƻ٤ʤɤξܺ٤̤Ĵ绨Ĥ˻¤٤ƤߤȼΤ褦ˤʤ
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
from :************************************** - - -
of :*************************************************************** - - -
bi : - - - *******************************
with : - - *** - -
mid : - - *** - -
From its function to indicate a person as a source of an action, first as a giver or sender, from develops into a preposition of agency in OE. In this function it occurs down to the 14th century: --- he wæs gehalgod to biscop fram þone ærcebiscop Willelm of Cantwarabyri (OE Chron. an. 1129); --- I . . . am sett king from hym upon Sion (Wyclif Ps. ii 6; am maad of hym a kyng, Purvey). (385--86)
To express agency of is used less frequently than from in OE, but it begins to gain ground towards the end of this period and becomes the most popular preposition expressing agency in connection with a passive verb down to c 1600. It is possible that this use of of has been promoted by the influence of OF de. Examples: --- ich wolde þet heo weren of alle alse heo beoþ of ou iholden (Ancr. 21); --- is alle biset of helle muchares (Ancr. 67); --- if he wolde be slayn of Symkyn (Ch. CT A Rv. 3959); --- enformed whan the kyng was of that knyght (Ch. CT F Sq. 335). (397)
Wülfing II, p. 338, quotes a doubtful OE instance of be denoting agency with a passive verb, and R. Gottweiss (Anglia XXVIII, 1905, 353--4) calls attention to what he calls 'signs of the use of be with the passive' in Ælfric's homilies. BTS, be 20, quotes an example from the OE Gospel of St Luke (þa þing þe be him wærun gewordene 'quae febant ab eo,' ix 7). Cf. active cases like þat was agan þære bi þan kaisere (Lawman A 27982). Unambiguous ME instances where by indicates the agent of a passive verb occur from the end of the 14th century on (I praye Jhesu shorte hir lyves That wol nat be governed by hir wyves, Ch. CT D WB 1262; --- ne hadde he ben holpen by the steede of brass, Ch. CT F Sq. 666). This use becomes increasingly common in the 15th and 16th centuries. In the Cloud (MSS of the early 15th---early 16th century) of is a little more frequently used to denote agency than by. It may be assumed that the use of by to indicate the agent of a passive expression is promoted by the influence of French par. (374--75)
With begins to occur as a preposition of agency in the 13th century: --- heder was þat mayde brouȝt With marchaundes þat hur had bouȝt (Flor. & Bl. 408); --- he was with þe prestes shrive (Havelok 2489); --- and with twenty knyghtes take, O persone allone, withouten mo (Ch. CT A Kn. 2724). (420)
. . . instrumental mid is occasionally used to express agency in early ME: --- a lefdi was þet was mid hire voan biset at abuten (Ancr. 177). (394)
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ޥؤȯ롤Ҷ饳ƥĤѰդƤΥΤʤˡTimeline of English Language ʤFLASHƥĤȯƤѸǯɽǡޤƳŪŪǤλѤǰƬ֤ΤäμˤϻȤ뤫⤷ʤΤǾҲ𤷤Ƥ
˴ؤ¾ΥƥĤؤΥϡˤ롥ΤΤʤɤϡ빽⤷
World Language Map
Borrowing Game
ʰǯɽȤȤǤСA brief chronology of English ʤΤĤܥ֥Ǥϡtimeline ȡ
Ѹǯɽϡɤγˤܤ뤷饤Ǥ⸫Ĥ㤨ѸǯɽˡűѸˤܥ֥ȤƤǤƤ椳ȹͤƤ롥ȤơCrystal (298--300) άǯɽƸΤǤƤ¾ľܴܤ˱Ѹˤ˴Ϣǯɽ timeline ȡ
| 449 | Invasion by Angles, Saxons, and Jutes | |
| 450--480 | Earliest runic inscriptions in Old English | |
| 597 | Augustine brings Christianity to Kent | |
| 680 | Approximate earliest date for the composition of Beowulf | |
| 700 | Approximate dating of earliest Old English manuscripts | |
| 735 | Death of the Venerable Bede | |
| 787 | Viking raids begin | |
| 871 | Alfred becomes King of Wessex | |
| 886 | Danelaw boundaries settled | |
| 950--1000 | Approximate dates of the main Old English poetry collections | |
| 1016--1042 | Cnut and his sons reign | |
| 1066 | Norman Conquest | |
| 1150--1200 | Earliest texts in Middle English | |
| 1171 | Henry II's invasion of Ireland | |
| 1204 | France reconquers Normandy | |
| 1250--1300 | Edward I's campaigns against the Welsh and Scots | |
| 1362 | English first used at the opening of Parliament | |
| 1375--1400 | Chaucer's main works written | |
| 1384 | Wyclif's translation of the Bible | |
| 1400--1450 | The Great Vowel Shift | |
| 1400--1600 | Main period of older Scots literature | |
| 1476 | Introduction of printing | |
| 1475--1650 | Renaissance loan words into English | |
| 1549 | Book of Common Prayer written | |
| 1560--1620 | English plantation settlements in Ireland | |
| 1584 | Roanoke settlement in America | |
| 1590--1616 | Shakespeare's main works written | |
| 1600 | East India Company established trading posts in India | |
| 1603 | Act of Union of the crowns of England and Scotland | |
| 1604 | Publication of Robert Cawdrey's A Table Alphabeticall | |
| 1607 | First permanent English settlement in America | |
| 1609 | First English settlement in the Caribbean | |
| 1611 | Authorized Version of the Bible | |
| 1619 | Arrival of first African slaves in North America | |
| 1620 | Arrival of the Pilgrim Fathers in America | |
| 1623 | First Folio of Shakespeare's plays published | |
| 1627 | British established in Barbados | |
| 1655 | British acquire Jamaica from Spain | |
| 1707 | Union of the Parliaments of England and Scotland | |
| 1712 | Jonathan Swift's proposal for an English Academy | |
| 1713 | British control in eastern Canada recognized | |
| 1721 | Publication of Nathaniel Bailey's Universal Etymological English Dictionary | |
| 1755 | Publication of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language | |
| 1762 | Publication of Robert Lowth's Short Introduction to English Grammar | |
| 1765--1947 | British Raj in India | |
| 1776 | American independence declared | |
| 1780--1800 | First wave of emigration to Canada from the USA | |
| 1783 | Loss of American colonies of Britain | |
| 1788 | Establishment of first penal colony in Australia | |
| 1791 | Establishment of Upper and Lower Canada | |
| 1794 | Publication of Lindley Murray's English Grammar | |
| 1800--1910 | Main period of European emigration to the USA | |
| 1802 | Ceylon and Trinidad ceded to Britain | |
| 1803 | Act of Union between Britain and Ireland | |
| 1806 | British control established in South Africa | |
| 1808 | Sierra Leone made colony | |
| 1814 | Tobago, Mauritius, St Lucia and Malta ceded to Britain | |
| 1816 | Colony of Bathurst (Gambia) established | |
| 1819 | British established Singapore | |
| 1828 | Publication of Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language | |
| 1840 | Official colony established in New Zealand | |
| 1842 | Hong Kong ceded to Britain | |
| 1861 | Lagos (Nigeria) established as colony | |
| 1865--1900 | Movement of blacks to northern parts of the USA after the American Civil War | |
| 1867 | Independence of Canada | |
| 1874 | Gold Coast (Ghana) established as colony | |
| 1884--1928 | Publication of the Oxford English Dictionary | |
| 1888--1894 | British protectorates established in Kenya, Zanzibar, Uganda | |
| 1901 | Independence of Australia | |
| 1907 | Independence of New Zealand | |
| 1910 | Union of South Africa established | |
| 1919 | Tanganyika ceded to Britain | |
| 1922 | Partition of Northern Ireland and Eire | |
| 1922 | Establishment of the BBC | |
| 1925 | Afrikaans given official status in South Africa | |
| 1931 | British Commonwealth recognized | |
| 1947 | Independence of India | |
| 1948 | Independence of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) | |
| 1957 | Independence of Ghana | |
| 1957--63 | Independence of Malaysia | |
| 1960 | Independence of Nigeria | |
| 1940--1975 | Main period of immigration to Britain from Europe, Caribbean and Asia | |
| 1961 | Independence of Sierra Leone and Cyprus | |
| 1962 | Independence of Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda | |
| 1963 | Independence of Kenya | |
| 1964 | Independence of Tanzania, Malawi, Malta, Zambia | |
| 1965 | Independence of The Gambia, Singapore | |
| 1966 | Independence of Guyana, Botswana, Lesotho, Barbados | |
| 1968 | Independence of Mauritius, Swaziland, Nauru | |
| 1970--1984 | Independence of possessions in Caribbean and Pacific | |
| 1972 | Independence of Bangladesh | |
| 1972 | First network e-mail sent | |
| 1975 | Independence of Papua New Guinea | |
| 1977 | Voyager spacecraft leaves with English message | |
| 1984 | Independence of Brunei | |
| 1986 | Independence of Marshall Islands | |
| 1988 | CD-ROM of the Oxford English Dictionary | |
| 1990 | Independence of Namibia | |
| 1991 | Independence of the Federated States of Micronesia | |
| 1991 | Implementation of the World Wide Web | |
| 1994 | Independence of Palau | |
| 2000 | Oxford English Dictionary goes online |
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| 11/14 | ǥʪо |
| 11/19 | ̵ĤưʪμबȯŪ |
| 11/25 -- 11/27 | ʪξΦ |
| 11/30 | о |
| 12/11 | ڥ |
| 12/15 -- 12/26 | ε˱ |
| 12/26 | |
| 12/31 12:34:26 | |
| 12/31 23:37:08 | ۥ⥵ԥ |
| 12/31 23:48:34 | ȯ |
| 12/31 23:58:03 | 饹ɲ |
| 12/31 23:59:18 | ĸλ |
| 12/31 23:59:22 | ʸε |
| 12/31 23:59:23 | ץʸε |
| 12/31 23:59:25 | ݥߥʸε |
| 12/31 23:59:36 | ҥåʸε |
| 12/31 23:59:42 | ޥʸڥ륷ʸε |
| 12/31 23:59:44 | 奤ʸε |
| 12/31 23:59:48 | Ѹε |
| 12/31 23:59:56 | ѸλϤޤ |
Υޥͤ ( Norman Conquest ) ʹߡѸȾϡɤϥեλۤ˶Ƥ̱θǤѸϤϲäƤ13դ꤫˱ѸबϤޤ롥եۤλߤ줿¿ΰ仺٤ƤҤä֤ˤϡʻ֤ȥͥ륮ɬפä㤨СˡŪʸαѸ̳18ˤʤäƤ褦䤯ܹԤ줿Ѹϡ¤ĹƻΤä櫓Ǥ롥
ʲǯɽϡѸ˴Ϣ˹ʤäƤޤȤǯɽǤ롥
| 1066ǯ | Υޥͤ |
| 12--13 | ѸʸغʤʤɤϤ Layamon's Brut, The Owl and the Nightingale, Ancrene Wisse, etc. |
| 1258ǯ | Simon de Monfort ȿܵؤؤΥեͤѤФ빳ġѸβᤵ롥η̡Henry III ۹פƥ졤եǤʤѸǤФȤȤʤä |
| 1272ǯ | Edward I ɲȤƽƱѸѤ |
| 1337ǯ | Edward IIIեβ̷Ѿĥɴǯ褬Ϥޤ ? 1453ǯ |
| 1348--50ǯ | ǽΥڥȤήԡ 1361--62, 1369, 1375ǯˤήԡ¤ˤĤƤ[2009-08-24-1]ȡ |
| 1350ǯ | Higden's Polychronicon ǡή²λˤȤäƤ⤹Ǥ˱Ѹ줬ȤʤäƤȤ |
| 1356ǯ | ȽεϿѸˤʤ |
| 1362ǯ | IJγѸ |
| 1363ǯ | ˡǤλѸ줬ѸȤʤ (Ͽϥƥ) |
| 1380ǯ | ɥΥɤϿ˱ѸȤϤ |
| 1381ǯ | Peasants' Revolt |
| 1384ǯ | ɥΥƥѸ۹Ф |
| 1399ǯ | ѸȤǽβ Henry IV ¨ |
| 1414ǯ | Henry V ɲȤƽƱѸǼǤѸλѤ夵 |
| 1422ǯ | ɥξ¤ȼԤ³ƥ줫Ѹˤ |
| 1453ǯ | ɴǯν |
| 1488ǯ | Ѹ줬ˡŪʸνդȤǧ |
| 1539ǯ | Great Bible ˤƸǧݼŪʽǤѸλѤǧ褦ˤʤ |
| 1628ǯ | Ѹǽ줿ǽˡŵԻ |
| 1731ǯ | ˡŪʸѸǤʤФʤʤʤ |
ɴǯ˵ڤֿˤǤϡȯϤʤǶΤȤǤ뤷ʸȯϤ˺ǶǤ롥
50ǯ Homo erectus Homo sapiens ʬ줿Ƭη顤ϸäʤä褦10ǯ顤Ƭηβ桹ΤΤƤ褦ǡ餯ȯ⤳Τ餤ȹͤ롥ʸȯϡ߳ǧƤǤŤΤǡ褦䤯5500ǯۤɤ̤뤯餤Ǥ롥
嵭οˤδ顤äʸǯƤߤ褦
| ?ǯ | |
|---|---|
| ȯ | 5,000,000? |
| Homo erectus ȯ | 2,000,000 |
| Homo sapiens ȯ | 500,000 |
| ȯ | 100,000 |
| ʸε | 5,500 |
| ץʸε | 5,300 |
| ݥߥʸε | 5,100 |
| ε | 3,500 |
| ҥåʸε | 3,500 |
| ޥʸε | 2,500 |
| ڥ륷ʸε | 2,500 |
| 奤ʸε | 2,250 |

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