γȤŪŸϡѸȱѸ̤̤뤳ȤΤǤʤȥԥåǤαѸ˾ΰյˤĤơ饤 (HTML) ˤޤȤƤߤޤɤȤƤϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ޤ
ȯŸ
(1) Ѹɸಽϲ岡ơѸˡֵῴϡפ⤿餷ǡ
(2) Ѹ¿ͲѸˡֱϡפ⤿餷
ߤ̤αѸΤδäۤ
ܺ٤ϳơΥڡܥ֥εƼؤΥ˭٤ĥäƤޤ
1. γȱѸ
2.
3. (1) ȯŸ
4. Ϣǯɽ (#777, #1377, #2562)
5. (2) Ѹεῴ --- ɸಽϲ
6. ɸಽȵϲ
7. 18εϼ
8. ʸˡȯ
9. ʸˡ
10. (3) Ѹα --- ͡ʱѸ
11. ͡ʱѸѼ
12. ѸѼνʬˡ
13. 21ῴϤȱϤΤ礤
14. ޤȤ
15. ʸ
¾Ρ֤ޤȤ饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1])#3068. ֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-09-20-1])#3089. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-10-11-1])#3102. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-10-24-1])#3107. ֥ΥޥȱѸפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-10-29-1])#3121. ְѤȯȱѸפΤޤȤ ([2017-11-12-1]) ɤ
ǯϽ500ǯ롥1517ǯ1031륿åƥ٥륯ξ붵ˡ95վפŽפϤޤäȤ롥ʲˡ (122--25) ˤֽάǯɽפƸ衼åΤ˴ؤǯɽɤ䥹åȥɤμפʻޤޤƤʲǼˡפȱѸʻˡˤδطθݤΤȤˤɤ
| 1483 | 11.10 | ޥƥ륿?1546.2.18. |
| 1484 | 1.1 | ҡĥ?1531.10.11. |
| 1488 | 4.21 | ҡեեåƥ?1523.8.29? |
| 1509 | 7.10 | ?1564.5.27 |
| 1516 | 2. | 饹ॹع |
| 1516 | 4.16 | ĥꡤǥƻλһʺפȤʤ |
| 1517 | 10.31 | 륿95վפȯɽ |
| 1519 | 1.1 | ĥꡤ塼ҤλһʺפȤʤ |
| 1519 | 饹ॹإѥ饯졼ꥹȶůظδñܤȤƽ | |
| 1519 | 6.27--7.17 | 饤ץĥƤ |
| 1520 | 6.15 | 륿Фҳļּ衤ΩơפФ |
| 1520 | 8. | 륿֥ꥹȶβˤĤơɥḺ́Υꥹȶ²Ϳ |
| 1520 | 9.28 | եåƥإɥḺ́νʬͿʾ |
| 1520 | 10. | 륿ֶΥХӥˤĤơ |
| 1520 | 11. | 륿֥ꥹȼԤμͳ |
| 1520 | 11. | ɥijϤǥ륿νʪƤ |
| 1520 | 12.10 | 륿綼ļˡʤɤνҤƵ |
| 1521 | 1.3 | ļ֥Ĥˤդ路פˤ륿礵 |
| 1521 | ֿο֡סʥѥեåȡ | |
| 1521 | ե롦ǥ֥롤⡼Dzױư | |
| 1521 | 4.17 | 륿ॹIJ˾ |
| 1521 | 5.26 | 륿ॹļˤ |
| 1521 | 顼ʥϡإꥹȤμȥꥹȤμ | |
| 1522 | 9. | եåƥåΤȤȤˡȥʶ⤷Ԥʵ |
| 1523 | 1.29 | 塼ҤƤ |
| 1523 | 6. | ĥ67վιֲڡ |
| 1523 | 10.26 | 塼ҤƤ |
| 1523/24 | 륷奿åȡߥǤˤƵŪפ» | |
| 1524/25 | ɥ̱ | |
| 1525 | 1. | 塼ҹٳΥĥꥳ¼ǡɱư |
| 1526 | 1. | ޥɥɾ |
| 1526 | 5.21--6.8 | СǥƤʥǥॹIJ |
| 1526 | 5.22 | եĤȥ˥åƱ̾ |
| 1526 | 8. | ϡ襤 |
| 1526 | 8. | ѥIJפ˼ͳͿ |
| 1527 | 1. | եꥯޥġޥˤŮ |
| 1527 | 衼ϥֽ仡ԤΤηפȯ | |
| 1527 | 5. | 뷳Ϋå |
| 1527 | 12. | 塼ҡĤȡ֥ꥹȶԻƱ |
| 1528 | 1. | ٥Ƥ٥פƳơ֥ꥹȶԻƱפز |
| 1528 | 2. | ֥ѥåפ |
| 1529 | 4.22 | ѥIJॹļκƻܹ |
| 1529 | 4. | ȥꥢΥȥåˮȡ֥ꥹȶϢסʥĥաƱ |
| 1529 | 롼顼ʥϡΧˡʡ | |
| 1529 | 5. | 켡ڥ |
| 1529 | 8.3 | ֥ |
| 1529 | 9.26--10.15 | 켡 |
| 1529 | 10.1--3 | ޡ֥륯̡륿ɤȥĥɡǰפ |
| 1529 | 11.4--1536.4 | ɤǡֽIJ |
| 1530 | 1. | ֥ꥹȶԻƱפ˥ȥ顼֥륯 |
| 1530 | 6. | ֥륯IJ֥֥륯Ĺפϯ |
| 1530 | 8. | å֥ȥå |
| 1530 | 11. | 른պƵᤵ졤ɥظ» |
| 1531 | 2.27 | ޥ륫ǥƱ |
| 1531 | 10. | ڥ衤ĥ |
| 1534 | 8. | ʥƥǡ顤Ω |
| 1534 | 10.17--18 | ʸ |
| 1534 | 11. | ɵIJֹˡ |
| 1535 | إǥٴ | |
| 1535 | 7.6 | ȥޥ⥢跺 |
| 1536 | 2.7 | ͡٥Ʊ |
| 1536 | 2.26 | 쥹Ĺ |
| 1536 | 3 | إꥹȶס |
| 1536 | 5.21 | ͡Ƴ |
| 1536 | 5 | ɥĤʡɤȥ륿ɤΤˡ֥åƥ٥륯Ω |
| 1536 | 7 | ͡ǽױư˻ |
| 1537 | 1. | ֶȿ˴ؤ |
| 1538 | 4.23 | ̱ηˤԻԳ |
| 1539 | 6. | ϻվˡꡤʥ졼ȡХ֥ˡٴ |
| 1539 | 9. | ֥ɥ졼ȿؤ |
| 1541 | 9.13 | ͡ص |
| 1541 | 11. | ֥͡§פ |
| 1545 | ƥ硤͡ | |
| 1546/47 | ޥ륫ǥ | |
| 1547 | 1.28 | Ѳإ8 |
| 1547 | 4.24 | ߥ塼٥륯襤衼ϥեɥκˤʤ |
| 1547 | 3.31 | ʩե |
| 1548 | 6. | ֤夿ץ֥륯IJֲ |
| 1551 | ࡦܥ륻åͽ | |
| 1552 | 衡륫5 | |
| 1553 | 10.27 | ߥ롦ȥʲ |
| 1558 | ΥåؽδȿФåѤκǽιĤ | |
| 1555 | 9. | ֥륯ʿ |
| 1559 | ͡ǥߡ | |
| 1559 | 4. | ꥢν롤ȡ֥쥸µ |
| 1559 | 5. | ֥եĹ |
| 1560 | 3.15--16 | ܥα |
| 1560 | 8. | ֥åȥɿĹ |
| 1562 | 3. | 楰ΡϤޤ |
| 1566 | ֵǯ | |
| 1571 | 1. | ɡֻվˡ |
| 1572 | 8.23 | ХƥߤεԻ |
| 1573 | 7. | ֥֡˥βײɤϥ顦ʤɤԻԤҼǧ |
| 1578 | 7. | ֵΧˤν |
| 1579 | 1.23 | ȥҥƱ |
| 1588 | 5. | ֥Хꥱɤץѥ̱˪ |
| 1588 | 8. | ڥ̵Ũ⥤ɤ |
| 1589 | 8. | 3Ż졤ꡦɡ֥ܥ4Ȥ¨ |
| 1593 | ֹԽȳס֥ԥ塼ȳˡ | |
| 1598 | 4.13 | ʥȤβ |
| 1609 | 4.9 | Ω衤ȥڥȥڥǡǯ |
| 1618 | 11. | ɥȥҥȲġۥޥ륹ɤŪ |
| 1648 | 10. | ȥեꥢ |
路ػˡ٤ϡ̺ȤƤλˤɤʤ顤̤ȤʸʸʸˤƱ˵ҤƤ롥̺ˤĤƤϡ#2465. ̺ȤƤλˤ ([2016-01-26-1])#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1])#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1]) ʤɤǰäƤϥδǯɽ (466--74) ǤȥƥΥҲưƤȤ褯ʬ뤬θդڤСּҲƥΥ߽ФƤפȤ٤ʤΤ
| 38000ǯ | ̥ڥΥ롦ƥƶ˻Ĥ֤ʹ֤ˤǸŤȤƤ |
| 3500ǯ | ݥߥг˺ǸŤʸޤ |
| 3300ǯ | Хӥ˥ʸ饯ˤΥ륯ǴĤʸޤ롥ܸʸλϤޤ |
| 3000ǯ | ǯ夬ꤵƤǸŤΥѥԥ륹ʸפΤʤʪ٥åʯ褫ȯ |
| 3000ǯ | ץȤΥҥվݷʸʿʸˤλϤޤ |
| 2500ǯ | ήǤϤʸ |
| 2400ǯ | ¸ǸŤΥץȸʸ |
| 2200ǯ | ήƼҤƫҤʸĦ |
| 2100ǯ | ǯ夬ꤵƤǸŤΥѡҤڥ롼ǽ |
| 1850ǯ | ǯ夬ꤵƤǸŤʸ˽줿ץȸδʪ |
| 18 | 쥿ǽηϤޤ |
| 1400ǯ | ǽùʸ |
| 1300ǯ | Ƽǿ顤äʸ |
| 1200ǯ | ȯã |
| 1100ǯ | ץȿͤե˥ͤ˥ѥԥ륹͢ФϤ |
| 1000ǯ | ե˥Υե٥åȤޤ |
| 600ǯ | ᥭǥݥƥߥƥʸޤ |
| 600ǯ | ȥꥷĤĢ |
| 5 | ̤ͤ˻Ȥ |
| 400ǯ | ˥ե٥åȤꥷǤɸȤʤ |
| 400ǯ | 줫Ϥȯ |
| 3 | 쥯ɥꥢ˿ۤ¤ |
| 255ǯ | ˴ؤϤƤεҤʤ롥ϤѤǴڤ˲줿 |
| 252ǯ | ϰȯ줿ǯΤ餫ʺǸŤλ |
| 250ǯ | ޥʸѤ |
| 220ǯ | ȯ̤ɮƻ˻Ȥ |
| 206ǯ | βī볫Ǥϴ˻椬ȯ |
| 63ǯ | ꥷؼԥȥܥߤݥȥΥߥȥƥ6βܤ˿뤳Ȥؤζä |
| 31ǯ | ¸ǽΥᥫʸ |
| 30ǯ | ץȤѥԥ륹泤˹ޤ |
| 1 | ޤǰŪʽ̤ϹĤѤ |
| 75ǯ | ܸʸǺǸʸ |
| 105ǯ | Ǥϸ촶ε˻ȤᴱѤȯȤƤ |
| 2 | ǥʥӥǥ롼ʸΥե٥åȤޤ |
| 250ǯ--300ǯ | ǯ夬ۤꤵƤ椬ȥ륭ǽ |
| 256ǯ | Ǻǽλ˽줿ܡȷС٤ |
| 297ǯ | ǽΥޥФĦ |
| 394ǯ | ץȤΥҥվݷʸǺǸʸ |
| 5 | ܸȼʸηϤȯ |
| 450ǯ | ǯ夬ꤵƤܣݭդ˽줿ǽμơռܤҤȯ줿 |
| 476ǯ | Ǹι륹ȥ륹Ѱ̤ˤĤ |
| 500ǯ | ޥͤޥƤʸϤ |
| 500ǯ--600ǯ | ޥͤȯã |
| 538ǯ | īȾɴѤβǺ줿ŵʩܤ |
| 610ǯ | Τħˡܤ |
| 630ǯ | ϥޥɤå |
| 673ǯ | ηʩŵ̤ϤᡤۤɤʤܤǼ̷Фȯˤʤ |
| 8 | ǰϤޤ |
| 706ǯ | ֿͤå˻ |
| 711ǯ | ֿΨ٥٥ͷå饸֥륿볤ۤƥڥ |
| 712ǯ | ʸؤκǸŤκʡظŻ٤ʸǽ |
| 720ǯ | ʩοƩȤȤܤǤλλѤ硹Ū˹ޤ |
| 751ǯ | ޥ륫ɤ椬Ϥޤ |
| 762ǯ--66ǯ | Хɤη |
| 770ǯ | ܤξ뤬Ȥäΰʪµʿꤦɴκ |
| 794ǯ | ۤȤ줬Хɤߤ |
| 800ǯ | ץȤǻ椬ϤƻȤ |
| 832ǯ | ඵ̤ꥢ |
| 848ǯ | ӥǻ˽줿ʷܤ롥ǯ夬ꤵ줿ҤǤϺǸŤȤƤ |
| 850ǯ | ʪ٤Ϥƽ줿ȿꤵ |
| 868ǯ | ¸ǸŤνҡض̼С٤줿 |
| 889ǯ | ޥͤ٤ƤεϿФǤϤʤѤϤ |
| 9Ⱦ | ХɤȤνȤʤ |
| 900ǯ | ץȤ椬 |
| 969ǯ | ͷѥɡʻסˤϤƻȤ줿 |
| 1041ǯ--48ǯ | ŴǤȤޤƫǺ롥ǯ夬ꤵǸŤβư |
| 900ǯ--1100ǯ | ޥͤإɥ쥹ǥǥå٤ |
| 1140ǯ | ඵ̻۲ΥڥΥϥƥФ椬Ϥޤ |
| 1143ǯ | إ٤ƥ |
| 1164ǯ | ꥢΥե֥ꥢΤǽεϿ |
| 1308ǯ | Ƥؿʡ٤μɮ |
| 1309ǯ | ɤǻ椬ϤƻѤ |
| 1332ǯ | ǻ椬ϤƻѤ |
| 1353ǯ | ܥåإǥ٤ɮ |
| 1387ǯ | 硼إ٥ʪ٤μɮ |
| 1390ǯ | ɥĤ椬˥٥륯ǻϤޤ |
| 1403ǯ | īƼ¤ |
| 1411ǯ | 椬Ϥޤ |
| 1423ǯ | 衼åѤǰϤޤäȤ |
| 1440ǯ--50ǯ | 衼åѤǺǽܡʥ֥å֥åˤ |
| 1456ǯ | ƥ٥륯ưǽΡ٤ΰ |
| 1462ǯ | ޥĤ˲졤ԤΥ |
| 1463ǯ | åҡĥ뤬ǰ |
| 1464ǯ | ٤ΥӥƻꥢǺǽΰȤʤ |
| 1469ǯ | Ρز²ؤνʽ٤ͥĥǰ줿ǽνҤȤʤ |
| 1473ǯ | 롼֥ǥ塼٥åǰ |
| 1475ǯޤ1476ǯ | ʹϿ٤եǰ줿ǽνҤȤʤ |
| 1476ǯ | ꥢࡦ㥯ȥꥹǺǽΰ |
| 1494ǯ | ɥޥ̥ƥͥĥ˥ɰ˼ |
| 1495ǯ | ƥȤϡȥեɥ㡼˥ɤǺǽ¤ |
| 1502ǯ--20ǯ | ƥͤιפʪεϿ˻ͽǺܤƤ롥ǯָλäƤ¼⤢ |
| 1515ǯ | ֥ҥȡǥ塼顼åϤ |
| 1519ǯ | ʥƥ٥饯륹ն˾Φƥʸ˲Ϥ |
| 1520ǯ | ޥƥ륿Ρإꥹȶβ˴ؤƥɥĤΥꥹȽ²˰Ƥơ٤졤ǯ֤Ǹۤ |
| 1528ǯ | եǡޥ饬㤬轻̱߸ԤȤƥᥭ夷ܤdz䤹 |
| 1539ǯ | ڥͤ轻̱ܤ뤿˥ᥭΰ |
| 1549ǯ | ޥͤοۤڥͤ˾Ƥ |
| 1575ǯ | ڥͤᥭ˺ǽƤ |
| 1576ǯ | ͤ |
| 1586ǯ | ĤɥȥҥȤȯۤ롥˾ǸŤεϿ |
| 1605ǯ | ХƥΡإɥۡơ٤Ǥ |
| 1609ǯ | νʹȥ饹֥륯ϴ |
| 1627ǯ | եΥ顦뤬ȥåϤϤ졤楰ΡȼԤϥɤƨ |
| 1635ǯ | ǥޡ椬 |
| 1638ǯ | ѻϤƥꥫؤ⤿餵 |
| 1672ǯ | áȯˤꥪɼ͢͢йž |
| 1690ǯ | ꥢࡦåƥϥꥫǺǽΩ |
| 1690ǯ | ꥫǺǽοʹإѥ֥åܡեɡɥƥå٤ܥȥϴ |
| 1690ǯ | ꥫΦο̱ϤǺǽλʾޥ塼åĤȯԤ |
| 1698ǯ | ȥޥ꤬ۻӿŪǺǽξؤ߷פ |
| 1702ǯ | ɥإǥȡ٤ϴ |
| 1719ǯ | ͡ȥ̡ե륷硼ɡ쥪ߥ塼뤬ںफ륹Хμˡ |
| 1728ǯ | ޥ塼åĤ椬Ϥޤ |
| 1744ǯ | ϤƤλƸܡؾʤ襤ݥåȥ֥å٤ɤǽǤ |
| 1744ǯ | ˥椬Ϥޤ |
| 1767ǯ | ͥåȤ椬Ϥޤ |
| 1768ǯ | ٥롦ӥ奨뤬ꥫΦ̱ϤǤϤƳ¤ |
| 1769ǯ | ˥塼إΥåɥȥ뤬ꥹΥꥫΦ̱ϤǤϤư¤ |
| 1773ǯ | ˥塼衼椬Ϥޤ |
| 1774ǯ | ǥե롦ˤǤȯɺؤƻ |
| 1785ǯ | ɥΩϿʹإǥ˥롦쥸٤ϴǯ塤إॺ٤˻̾ѹ |
| 1790ǯ | ȥޥӥ奤åꥹǤäȤ͵ȤȤʤ |
| 1798ǯ | ˥-륤١뤬Ϣ³浡õ |
| 1798ǯ | JMWʡ̲Ǽ¸Ϥ |
| 1799ǯ | ͥեȥդͰ |
| 1800ǯ | ۡŴΰȯ |
| 1801ǯ | 祻-ޥ㥫뤬ѥɤˤ뼫ưȯ |
| 1804ǯ | ֥饤ɥĹ־浡¤ |
| 1809ǯ | ǥ־浡õ |
| 1811ǯ | եɥҡ˥ҤưϤΰȯ |
| 1814ǯ | ɥΡإॺ٤˥Ҥξ |
| 1818ǯ | 祷奢ԥꥫǤϤϢ³浡¤ |
| 1820ǯ | ǯꥹɴʾοʹ |
| 1825ǯ | 祻ա˥ե롦˥ץϤƼ̿Ƥ |
| 1830ǯ | ɺˡˤ꿧ĤΤܤۤǽȤʤ |
| 1833ǯ | ںȤõꥹϿ |
| 1840ǯ | ꥢࡦإեåܥåȤ夹̿Ϥƺ |
| 1841ǯ | ӥˡǥ륺ɥɻإѥ٤ϴ |
| 1843ǯ | ꥫΥ㡼ɡMۡưϤžȯ |
| 1863ǯ | ꥫȼԤںѥפλѤϤ |
| 1867ǯ | ꥹκڵѥŸ |
| 1867ǯ | ޥ塼åĽΥȥå֥åǹ罰Ѥںѥפ |
| 1867ǯ | ץ饤ȯ |
| 1872ǯ | ꥫ罰ꥹȥɥĤȴλˤʤ |
| 1874ǯ | ͭҤ¤ϡ塤ԡͤϻҤȤ³ |
| 1890ǯ | 罰ιĴ˥ѥɼνѤ |
| 1899ǯ | ǥõȥإǥԻԡϰΰȯ桤252ǯλȯˤɤѤ |
| 1931ǯ | ֥ͥå夬ʥԥ塼ȯ |
| 1945ǯ | եΥޥŻҥץߥ뤿ʿκѤʸȯɽ |
| 1947ǯ | ȥ٥븦ȯ |
| 1951ǯ | ߥȥɤ֤Ƚ֤˼ơפкܤUNIVAC1ͽ¤ |
| 1959ǯ | ޥåפõд |
ε ([2017-03-23-1]) ǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ3ε֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤҲ𤷤εɤˤäơʸˤ䥢ե٥åȻˤˤե˥ʸνƤȡꤪ⤷ʤȻפΤǡƤ
ե˥ʸϡ켫Ȥ2ǯȾ̤륷ʥʸ丶ʥʸʤɤȯŸʸηϤǤꡤ1000ǯ˻ȤƤҲʸηϤǤ롥Υե˥ʸ顤ߤޤǹѤƤ¿¿ͤʥե٥åʸηϤȤǡޤ˥ե٥åȤȤˤդ路ʰʲʸʪ (8--9) Υ饤ΰǺܡˡ
* *
ե˥ʸαƶƼʸηϤϡŪˤϥ桼饷Φ˵ڤǤꡤ쥢δʸηϤ̤ȤСʤȤ⤳2ǯ֡ϵǺǤƶϤΤʸ롼פƤȤ롥
䤿ѸΤѤƤ륢ե٥åȤϡ֥ޥե٥åȡפ뤤ϡ֥ƥʸסΤˤϡѼȤ٤ˤ줬ʸηϤȤƤäƤܼŪħ¿ϡե˥ʸΤäƤħͳ褹ȤäƤ褤äơѸʸֻˤĤƿͻƤȡݱʤ˥ե˥ʸ䤽ˤޤ̤륢ե٥åȤˤȤʤ
ե˥ͤȤʸ˴ؤƤϡΤۤʲε⻲Ȥ줿
#2105. Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤ ([2015-01-31-1])
#2417. ʸݼƿ ([2015-12-09-1])
#2482. (3) ([2016-02-12-1])
奪ꥨʪۡԡˡʸʪ졡桼饷ʸΤٸ奪ꥨʪۡ2016ǯ
#2358. 饤ɤǤѸǯɽ ([2015-10-11-1]) ˤʤ餤Mitchell (361--64) θűѸǯɽ饤ɲƤߤޤʲβåƤ饤ǯɽǤϡΥ̤ Lay = СReligious = ֡Literary = ĤǿʬƤޤ

ʲϡ饤ǯɽΥ١Ȥ̾ɽǯɽǤͤޤǤˡ
| Date | Lay | Religious | Literary |
| 449 | Traditional date of coming of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. | The legend of Arthur may rest on a British leader who resisted the invaders. | |
| c. 547 | Gildas writes De excidio Britanniæ. | ||
| 560--616 | Æthelbert King of Kent. | ||
| c. 563 | St Columba brings Celtic Christianity to Iona. | ||
| 597 | St Augustine brings Roman Christianity to Kent. | ||
| 616--632 | Edwin King of Northumbria. | ||
| c. 625 | Earliest possible date for Sutton Hoo ship-burial. | ||
| 627 | Edwin converted to Christianity. | ||
| 632 | Edwin killed by heathen King Penda of Mercia. | ||
| 635 | Aidan settles in Lindisfarne, bringing Celtic Christianity. | ||
| 635 | King Cynegils of Wessex converted. | ||
| 641 | Oswald King of Northumbria killed by Penda. | ||
| 654 | Penda killed by Oswy King of Northumbria. | ||
| 664 | Synod of Whitby establishes supremacy of Roman Christianity. | ||
| 664 | St Chad becomes bishop. | ||
| 657--680 | Hild Abbess of Whitby. | Cædmon uses Germanic alliterative verse for religious subjects during this period. | |
| c. 678 | English missions to the continent begin. | ||
| 680 | Approximate earliest date for composition of Beowulf. | ||
| c. 700 | Date of first linguistic records. | ||
| 709 | Death of Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherborne. | ||
| 731 | Bede completes Historia gentis Anglorum ecclesiastica. | ||
| 735 | Death of Bede. | ||
| c. 735 | Birth of Alcuin. | ||
| 757--796 | Offa King of Mercia. | ||
| 782 | Alcuin settles at Charlemagne's court. | ||
| 793 | Viking raids begin. | Sacking of Lindisfarne. | |
| fl. 796 | Nennius, author or reviser of Historia Britonum. | ||
| 800 | Four great kingdoms remain --- Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Wessex. | ||
| 780--850 | Cynewulf probably flourishes some time in this period. | ||
| 804 | Death of Alcuin. | ||
| 851 | Danes' first winter in England. | ||
| 865 | Great Danish Army lands in East Anglia. | ||
| 867 | Battle of York. End of Northumbria as a political power. | ||
| 870 | King Edmund of East Anglia killed by Danes. East Anglia overrun. | ||
| 871 | Alfred becomes King of Wessex. | ||
| 874 | Danes settle in Yorkshire. | ||
| 877 | Danes settle in East Mercia. | ||
| 880 | Guthrum and his men settle in East Anglia. Only Wessex remains of the four Kingdoms. | ||
| ?886 | Boundaries of Danelaw agreed with Guthrum. Alfred occupies London. | The period of the Alfredian translations and the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. | |
| 892 | Further Danish invasion. | ||
| 896 | Alfred builds a fleet. | ||
| 899 | Death of King Alfred. | ||
| 899--954 | The creation of the English Kingdom. | ||
| c. 909 | Birth of Dunstan. | ||
| 937 | Battle of Brunanburh. | Poem commemorates the battle. | |
| 954 | The extinction of the Scandinavian kingdom of York. | ||
| 959--975 | Edgar reigns. | ||
| 960 | Dunstan Archbishop of Canterbury. The period of the Monastic Revival. | ||
| c. 971 | The Blickling Homilies. | ||
| 978 or 979 | Murder of King Edward. | ||
| 950--1000 | Approximate dates of the poetry codices --- Junius MS, Vercelli Book, Exeter Book, and Beowulf MS. | ||
| 978--1016 | Ethelred reigns. | ||
| 988 | Death of Dunstan. | ||
| 991 | Battle of Maldon. | Poem commemorates the battle. | |
| 990--992 | Ælfric's Catholic Homilies. | ||
| 993--998 | Ælfric's Lives of the Saints. | ||
| 1003--1023 | Wulfstan Archbishop of York. | ||
| c. 1014 | Sermo Lupi ad Anglos. | ||
| 1005--c. 1012 | Ælfric Abbot of Eynsham. | ||
| 1013 | Sweyn acknowledged as King of England. | ||
| 1014 | Sweyn dies. | ||
| 1016 | Edmund Ironside dies. | ||
| 1016--1042 | Canute and his sons reign. | ||
| 1042--1066 | Edward the Confessor. | ||
| 1066 | Harold King. Battle of Stamford Bridge. Battle of Hastings. William I king. |
ϢСʡɡåɤΡؿοʲ٤Ȥ¾ΰ褫ҥȤƸοʲˤĤƹͻƤ³ƥåɤȤʬܤƤȺ٤ˤĤƤƶƤߤ
ˤοˤĤƤϡԤˤäƿΰ㤤ꡤ롥ΰ㤤ˤä뤫Ȥϡ#270. θοϤʤΤİǤʤ ([2010-01-22-1]) #1060. θοȤȡ ([2012-03-22-1]) ʤɤΤǷ֤ʤ1Ĥˡָפȡפζ̤ҴŪˤĤʤȤ𤬤롥ߤ˶ᤤطˤ뤤ĤθѼ1ΤȤˤª뤫뤤ϳơΩª뤫ϡФиŪʴΤߤǷꤹ뤳ȤǤʤԤªϡŻ결 (lumper) θԤΩǡԤϡʬ결 (splitter) θԤΩǤ롥
"lumper" "splitter" ȤƾΤϡſؤʬǾѤƤΤΤ褦̤ˤϿˤϡֱ͡סָ͡סֵ͡סֿ͡פ4ʳǿʤǤƤ뤬ϿؼԤˤȤäƤƤʬΤ褦ǡŪˤϤäȺ٤ʬवƤȤ֤äȺ٤פˤ٥뤬ꡤȤδ֤Ǥ⡤礭ޤȤᤢ lumper ȡȤȤʬ splitter Ȥǡפʬ餷ŪˤϿؼԤ10ͤ10̤ʬबȤ⤤ξϸˤƤƱȤȤ⤷
ͤޤǤˡŻ결ʬ결ˤ롤ſμ̾оɽå (99) Ƹ褦
| ̾ | Ż결μ̾ | ǯǯ | ʬ결ʬ˴ޤޤ̾ |
| ǥԥƥߥʹ | 700--450 | ǥԥƥåѡǥԥƥߥإȥץǥȥͥ | |
| ͤȥۥ⡦ϥӥꥹ | ȥԥƥեʹ | 420--300 | ȥԥƥեȥԥƥʥȥԥƥС륨륬ꡤ˥ȥץץƥץ |
| ȥԥƥեꥫ̥ | 300--240 | ȥԥƥեꥫ̥ | |
| ѥȥץܥʹ | 250--130 | ѥȥץܥѥȥץԥȥԥƥ | |
| ѥȥץ֥ȥ | 200--150 | ѥȥץ֥ȥ | |
| ͤȵ | ۥ⡦ϥӥꥹʹ | 240--160 | ۥ⡦ϥӥꥹۥ⡦ɥե |
| ۥ⡦쥯ȥʹ | 198--1.8 | ۥ⡦쥯ȥۥ⡦륬ۥ⡦ե | |
| ۥ⡦ԥʹ | 70-- | ۥ⡦ƥå롤ۥ⡦ϥǥ٥륲ۥ⡦ͥǥ륿ۥ⡦ԥ |
衤礭ˤưƤȤΤϡϤλεѤο뽸ΤǤꡤʸɤξͤǤ⤢뤫ʸ塤襤μȤʤϡͭϩ볤ۤǤ뤳ȤϤ٤뤿ξäسΤҤߤġ (89) ꡤˤ̾λĤ볤ĤǯɽǼ
| 480ǯ | ߥγ | 380Υꥷ⤬1200Υڥ륷äƾޤ |
| 31ǯ | ƥγ | 碌550ʾΥץȤȥޤδ˥襤ޤޤηޤޤޤ |
| 1279ǯ | 襤 | եӥ饤ϥҤ븵1000ʾפδϤ쥢ۤ餻ޤ |
| 1571ǯ | ѥȤγ | ȥåƱޥǤ֤ޤ |
| 1588ǯ | ޥγ | 130ʤ륹ڥ⤬ɴȤ襤»ä̤ƨǶˤ꤫Ĥ礦Ȥʤޤ |
| 1776ǯ | ɤ襤 | ꥫΩǺǽ絬ϤʳϡиΥꥫꥹ̤ޤ |
| 1805ǯ | ȥե륬γ | ۥ졼硦ͥ륽ĤˤҤ줿ꥹ⤬ʥݥ쥪˥ڥΥȥե륬̨βǥեȥڥϢ֤ޤ |
| 1916ǯ | ȥɲ | 켡ˡꥹȥɥijǥޡäȥɲϡ礭ȿȤǻ˾γǤ |
| 1942ǯ | ߥåɥ | ʿΤ襤ǺǤפȤ볤ǡꥫܤγ襤ޤ |
| 1944ǯ | 쥤Ʋ | ˤǸ絬Ϥʳǡեԥǥꥫܷ襤ޤοϻ˾¿Ǥ |
| 1950ǯ | Φ | īǤγǡ襤ˤƹϢȤˤꡤ̱ϼԥդӼɤȤǤޤ |
#2547. 奤ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1])#2649. 奤ꥹäǤΰ ([2016-07-28-1]) ˰³ΤΰȤ櫓ǽΤϡΩμͤˤФи줿褦ˡAmerican English British English ȤΩ䡤Ϣפ˴ؿƤäơѸˤˤƤˤΤܤ̾Ĥ롥
奢ꥫΤˤĤơܤ TheUSAonline.com --- All Presidents of the United States, whitehouse.gov --- The Presidents Presidents of the United States (POTUS) ȡ
| ̾ǯ--ǯ | пȽ | °̾ | Ǥ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | George Washington (1732--99) | Virginia | Federalist | 1789--97 |
| 2 | John Adams (1735--1826) | Massachusetts | Federalist | 1797--1801 |
| 3 | Thomas Jefferson (1743--1826) | Virginia | Republican | 1801--09 |
| 4 | James Madison (1751--1836) | Virginia | Republican | 1809--17 |
| 5 | James Monroe (1758--1831) | Virginia | Republican | 1817--25 |
| 6 | John Quincy Adams (1767--1848) | Massachusetts | Republican | 1825--29 |
| 7 | Andrew Jackson (1767--1845) | South Carolina | Democrat | 1829--37 |
| 8 | Martin Van Buren (1782--1862) | New York | Democrat | 1837--41 |
| 9 | William Henry Harrison (1773--1841) ʺǤ˻˴ | Virginia | Whig | 1841 |
| 10 | John Tyler (1790--1862) Τ龺ʡ | Virginia | Whig | 1841--45 |
| 11 | James Knox Polk (1795--1849) | North Carolina | Democrat | 1845--49 |
| 12 | Zachary Taylor (1784--1850) ʺǤ˻˴ | Virginia | Whig | 1849--50 |
| 13 | Millard Fillmore (1800--74) Τ龺ʡ | New York | Whig | 1850--53 |
| 14 | Franklin Pierce (1804--69) | New Hampshire | Democrat | 1853--57 |
| 15 | James Buchanan (1791--1868) | Pennsylvania | Democrat | 1857--61 |
| 16 | Abraham Lincoln (1809--65) ʺǤ˻˴ | Kentucky | Republican | 1861--65 |
| 17 | Andrew Johnson (1808--75) Τ龺ʡ Democrat Ǥä Republican ̾ Lincoln θȤʤä | North Carolina | Republican | 1865--69 |
| 18 | Ulysses Simpson Grant (1822--85) | Ohio | Republican | 1869--77 |
| 19 | Rutherford Birchard Hayes (1822--93) | Ohio | Republican | 1877--81 |
| 20 | James Abram Garfield (1831--81) ʺǤ˰Ż | Ohio | Republican | 1881 |
| 21 | Chester Alan Arthur (1830--86) Τ龺ʡ | Vermont | Republican | 1881--85 |
| 22 | Grover Cleveland (1837--1908) | New Jersey | Democrat | 1885--89 |
| 23 | Benjamin Harrison (1833--1901) | Ohio | Republican | 1889--93 |
| 24 | Grover Cleveland (1837--1908) | New Jersey | Democrat | 1893--97 |
| 25 | William McKinley (1843--1901) ʺǤ˰Ż | Ohio | Republican | 1897--1901 |
| 26 | Theodore Roosevelt (1858--1919) Τ龺ʡ | New York | Republican | 1901--09 |
| 27 | William Howard Taft (18S7-1930) | Ohio | Republican | 1909--13 |
| 28 | (Thomas) Woodrow Wilson (1856--1924) ʺǤ˻˴ | Virginia | Democrat | 1913--21 |
| 29 | Warren Gamaliel Harding (1865--1923) Τ龺ʡ | Ohio | Republican | 1921--23 |
| 30 | Calvin Coolidge (1872--1933) | Vermont | Republican | 1923--29 |
| 31 | Herbert Clark Hoover (1874--1964) | Iowa | Republican | 1929--33 |
| 32 | Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882--1945) 1940ǯ1151944ǯ117˺Ǥ˻˴ | New York | Democrat | 1933--45 |
| 33 | Harry S. Truman (1884--1972) Τ龺ʡ | Missouri | Democrat | 1945--53 |
| 34 | Dwight David Eisenhower (1890--1969) | Texas | Republican | 1953--61 |
| 35 | John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917--63) ʺǤ˰Ż | Massachusetts | Democrat | 1961--63 |
| 36 | Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908--73) Τ龺ʡ | Texas | Democrat | 1963--69 |
| 37 | Richard Milhous Nixon (1913--94) ʺǤ˼Ǥ | California | Republican | 1969--74 |
| 38 | Gerald Rudolph Ford (1913--2006) ʷˡ25ˤΤ龺ʡ | Nebraska | Republican | 1974--77 |
| 39 | James Earl Carter ("Jimmy") (1924--) | Georgia | Democrat | 1977--81 |
| 40 | Ronald Wilson Reagan (1911--2004) | Illinois | Republican | 1981--89 |
| 41 | George Herbert Walker Bush (1924--) | Massachusetts | Republican | 1989--93 |
| 42 | William Jefferson Clinton (1946--) | Arkansas | Democrat | 1993--2001 |
| 43 | George Walker Bush (1946--) | Connecticut | Republican | 2001--09 |
| 44 | Barack Hussein Obama (1961--) | Hawaii | Democrat | 2009--16 |
| 45 | Donald John Trump (1946--) | New York | Republican | 2016-- |
ε#2648. 17ȾθŪҤΥ֥른ﲽ ([2016-07-27-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡꥹ (Prime Minister) ϡѸäȤΤǤʤ George I ʺ߰1714--27ǯˤ̵ؿǡäβĤ˽ʤΤƤޤäˡκǹǤȤ֤줿ݥȤǤ롥ä Sir Robert Walpole ǤȤ롥
ʥꥹäȤ Theresa May ǤȤ⤢Τǡ奤ꥹäƤϢHPȤơPast Prime Ministers - GOV.UK List of Prime Ministers of Great Britain and the United Kingdom ⻲ȡ巯ˤĤƤϡ#2547. 奤ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1]) ɤ
| ̾ǯ--ǯ | °̾ | Ǥ |
|---|---|---|
| Sir Robert Walpole (1676--1745) | Whig | 1721--42 |
| Earl of Wilmington (1673?--1743) | 1742--43 | |
| Henry Pelham (1696--1754) | 1743--54 | |
| Duke of Newcastle (1693--1768) | 1754--56 1 | |
| Duke of Devonshire (1720--64) | 1756--57 | |
| Duke of Newcastle (1693--1768) | 1757--62 2 | |
| Earl of Bute (1713--92) | 1762--63 | |
| George Grenville (1712--70) | 1763--65 | |
| Marquess of Rockingham (1730--82) | 1765--66 1 | |
| Earl of Chatham (1708--1778) | 1766--68 | |
| Duke of Grafton (1735--1811) | 1768--70 | |
| Lord North (1732--92) | Tory | 1770--82 |
| Marquess of Rockingham (1730--82) | Whig | 1782 2 |
| Earl of Shelburne (1737--1805) | Whig | 1782--83 |
| Duke of Portland (1738--1809) | Coalition | 1783 1 |
| William Pitt (1759--1806) | Tory | 1783--1801 1 |
| Henry Addington (1757--1844) | Tory | 1801--04 |
| William Pitt (1759--1806) | Tory | 1804--06 2 |
| Lord William Grenville (1759--1834) | Whig | 1806--07 |
| Duke of Portland (1738--1809) | Tory | 1807--09 2 |
| Spencer Perceval (1762--1812) | Tory | 1809--12 |
| Earl of Liverpool (1770--1828) | Tory | 1812--27 |
| George Canning (1770--1827) | Tory | 1827 |
| Viscount Goderich (1782--1859) | Tory | 1827--28 |
| Duke of Wellington (1769--1852) | Tory | 1828--30 1 |
| Earl Grey (1764--1845) | Whig | 1830--34 |
| Viscount Melbourne (1779--1848) | Whig | 1834 1 |
| Duke of Wellington (1769--1852) | 1834 2 | |
| Sir Robert Peel (1788--1850) | Tory | 1834--35 1 |
| Viscount Melbourne (1779--1848) | Whig | 1835--41 2 |
| Sir Robert Peel (1788--1850) | Tory | 1841--46 2 |
| Lord John Russell (1792--1878) | Whig | 1846--52 1 |
| Earl of Derby (1799--1869) | Tory | 1852 1 |
| Earl of Aberdeen (1784--1860) | Coalition | 1852--55 |
| Viscount Palmerston (1784--1865) | Liberal | 1855--58 1 |
| Earl of Derby (1799--1869) | Conservative | 1858--59 2 |
| Viscount Palmerston (1784--1865) | Liberal | 1859--65 2 |
| Earl Russell (1792--1878) | Liberal | 1865--66 2 |
| Earl of Derby (1799--1869) | Conservative | 1866--68 3 |
| Benjamin Disraeli (1804--81) | Conservative | 1868 1 |
| William Ewart Gladstone (1809--98) | Liberal | 1868--74 1 |
| Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield (1804--81) | Conservative | 1874--80 2 |
| William Ewart Gladstone (1809--98) | Liberal | 1880--85 2 |
| Marquess of Salisbury (1830--1903) | Conservative | 1885--86 1 |
| William Ewart Gladstone (1809--98) | Liberal | 1886 3 |
| Marquess of Salisbury (1830--1903) | Conservative | 1886--92 2 |
| William Ewart Gladstone (1809--98) | Liberal | 1892--94 4 |
| Earl of Rosebery (1847--1929) | Liberal | 1894--95 |
| Marquess of Salisbury (1830--1903) | Conservative | 1895--1902 3 |
| Arthur James Balfour (1848--1930) | 1902--05 | |
| Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (1836--1908) | Liberal | 1905--08 |
| Herbert Henry Asquith (1852--1928) | Liberal+Coalition | 1908--16 |
| David Lloyd George (1863--1945) | Coalition | 1916--22 |
| Andrew Bonar Law (1858--1923) | Conservative | 1922--23 |
| Stanley Baldwin (1867--1947) | Conservative | 1923--24 1 |
| James Ramsay MacDonald (1866--1937) | Labour | 1924 1 |
| Stanley Baldwin (1867--1947) | Conservative | 1924--29 2 |
| James Ramsay MacDonald (1866--1937) | Labour+Coalition | 1929--35 2 |
| Stanley Baldwin (1867--1947) | Coalition | 1935--37 3 |
| Neville Chamberlain (1869--1940) | Coalition | 1937--40 |
| Winston Spencer Churchill (1874--1965) | Coalition | 1940--45 1 |
| Clement Richard Attlee (1883--1967) | Labour | 1945--51 |
| Sir Winston Spencer Churchill (1874--1965) | Conservative | 1951--55 2 |
| Sir Anthony Eden (1897--1977) | Conservative | 1955--57 |
| Harold Macmillan (1894--1986) | Conservative | 1957--63 |
| Sir Alec Frederick Douglas-Home (1903--95) | Conservative | 1963--64 |
| Harold Wilson (1916--95) | Labour | 1964--70 1 |
| Edward Heath (1916--2005) | Conservative | 1970--74 |
| Harold Wilson (1916--95) | Labour | 1974--76 2 |
| James Callaghan (1912--2005) | Labour | 1976--79 |
| Margaret Thatcher (1925--2013) | Conservative | 1979--90 |
| John Major (1943--) | Conservative | 1990--97 |
| Tony Blair (1953--) | Labour | 1997--2007 |
| Gordon Brown (1951--) | Labour | 2007--10 |
| David Cameron (1966--) | Conservative | 2010--16 |
| Theresa May (1956--) | Conservative | 2016--19 |
| Boris Johnson (1964--) | Conservative | 2019-- |
ǶΡ#2562. Mugglestone ԡˤαѸǯɽ ([2016-05-02-1]) ˰³ѸǯɽMomma and Matto αѸ˥ѥ˥ pp. xxix--xxxiii ˷ǤƤǯɽƸ롥ѸˤĤơ춵顤츢 (linguistic_right)ײ (linguistic_planning) ʤɤαѼҲŪʹܤ¿ΩƤƤˡǯɽħ롥
1000 BCE Indo-European languages spread throughout Europe and southern Asia, some already attested in writing for hundreds of years. ca. 1000--1 BCE Gradual sound shifts (Grimm's Law) take place in Germanic languages. 55--54 BCE Julius Caesar invades Britain. 43 CE Romans under Claudius conquer Britain; the "Roman Britain" period begins. ca. 50--100 Scandinavian Runic inscriptions are produced, which remain the oldest attestations of a Germanic language. ca. 98 Roman historian Cornelius Tacitus writes ''Germania''. ca. 350 Bishop Wulfila translates the Bible into Gothic, an East Germanic language. 410 roman troops withdraw from Britain as Visigoths sack Rome; the "Roman Britain" period ends. 449 According to tradition,Anglo-Saxons (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) begin invasion and settlement of Britain, bringing their West Germanic dialects to the islands. 597 Pope Gregory sends Augustine to Kent where he converts King Æthelberht and 10,000 other Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. 793--ca. 900 Vikings (Danes, Norwegians, Swedes) raid England periodically and establish settlements. 878 King Alfred's victory over Guthrum's Danish army at Edington paves the way for the creation of the Kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons. 886 King Alfred and Guthrum sign a treaty establishing the "Dane law" north and east of London, heavily settled by the Norse-speaking vikings. 890s King Alfred translates Pope Gregory's ''Regula pastoralis'' into English. ca. 900 Bede's ''Ecclesiastical History'' is translated from Latin into Old English. ca. 975--1025 The four great manuscripts containing Old English poetry (Exeter Book, Junius Manuscript, Vercelli Book, and ''Beowulf'' Manuscript) are compiled, though many of the texts they contain were likely composed over the previous 300 years. 993--5 Aelfric composes his Latin-Old English ''Glossary''. 1066 William the Conqueror leads the Norman conquest of England, solidifying French as the language of the nobility. 1171 Henry II leads the Cambro-Norman invasion of Ireland, bringing French and English speakers to the island. 1204 King John of England loses Normandy to France. ca. 1245 Walter of Bibbesworth compiles his ''Tretiz de Langage'' to improve the French of English-speaking Landowners. 1282 Wales is conquered by King Edward I of England. 1348--50 The Black Plague kills about one-third of the English population. 1362 Statute of Pleading requires English be spoken in law courts. 1366 Statutes of Kilkenny outlaw (among other Irish customs) speaking Irish by Englishmen in Ireland. 1370--1400 Chaucer writes his major works. 1380s John Wycliffe and his followers illegally translate the Latin Vulgate Bible into English. 1380--1450 Chancery standard written English is developed. ca. 1450 Johannes Gutenberg establishes the printing press in Germany. 1476 William Caxton sets up the first printing press in England. 1492 Christopher Columbus explores the Caribbean and Central America. 1497 Italian navigator John Cabot explores Newfoundland. 1500--1650 Great Vowel Shift takes place. 1525 William Tyndale prints an English translation of the New Testament. 1534 The first complete English translation of the Bible from the original Greek and Hebrew is produced. 1536 and 1543 Acts of Union (Laws in Wales Acts) annex Wales to England. 1542 Crown of Ireland Act makes the English king also the Irish king. 1558--1603 Queen Elizabeth I reigns. ca. 1575--1600 English becomes an important trade language in West Africa. 1580s--1612 Shakespeare composes his plays. 1583--1607 British attempt unsuccessfully to establish colonies in America. 1588 The Bible is translated into Welsh. 1589 George Puttenham publishes his ''Art of English Poesy''. 1600 British East India Company receives its charter, facilitating economic expansion into India. 1600s Atlantic slave trade begins, bringing Africans to America. 1603 Union of the Crowns: James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England and Scotland, accelerating the Anglicization of Scots-English. 1604 Robert Cawdrey compiles ''A Table Alphabeticall'', the first monolingual English dictionary. 1607 The Virginia Company of London successfully establishes a colony in America at Jamestown, Virginia. 1610 British establish fishing outposts in Newfoundland. 1611 The King James Bible is published. 1620 Pilgrims establish a colony at Plymouth Rock. 1623--ca. 1660 British establish colonies throughout Caribbean. 1642--51 English Civil Wars are ongoing. 1660 The Restoration: Charles II returns to the throne. 1663 The Royal Society is founded. 1689 British establish the three administrative districts of Bengal, Bombay (now Mumbai), Madras (now Chennai) on the Indian subcontinent. 1694 French publish a national dictionary. 1695 The Licensing Act expires, giving anyone the freedom to publish without government permission. 1707 Acts of Union unite governments of England and Scotland, creating the Kingdom of Great Britain. 1712 Jonathan Swift writes his "Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue.". 1755 Samuel Johnson's ''Dictionary of the English Language'' is published. French-speaking Acadians are expelled from Canada by British, settle in Louisiana and are called Cajuns. 1773 British establish a Governor Generalship in India. 1776 Thomas Jefferson drafts American Declaration of Independence. 1780s British begin to settle in Australia. 1783 Treaty of Paris recognizes an independent United States of America; Noah Webster's "blue-back" spelling book is published. 1786 William Jones suggests a common root for Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, promoting comparative linguistics and Indo-European studies. 1787 English speakers of African origin are repatriated to Africa in Freetown, Sierra Leone. 1789--99 The French Revolution takes place. 1795 Lindley Murray's ''English Grammar'' is published. 1800 Act of Union unites governments of Ireland and Great Britain, creating the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and requiring that Irish politicians speak English in British government. 1803 The Louisiana Purchase allows US to expand westward. 1811--18 Jane Austen's novels and published. 1819 The British government passes the Six Acts, aimed to suppress the publication of radical newspapers. 1820 Freed English-speaking slaves repatriated from America to the newly created West African nation of Liberia. 1828 Noah Webster's ''Dictionary of American English'' is published. 1831 A system of Primary School Education is introduced in Ireland, with English as the medium of instruction. 1835 Lord Macaulay's Minute initiates the introduction of English language education into South Asia. 1836 The phrase "standard English" first appears in a philological sketch on the history of the language in the ''Quarterly Review''. 1837--1901 Queen Victoria reigns. 1840s British begin to settle in New Zealand. 1845--9 Many monoglot Irish speakers die as a result of the Great Famine in Ireland. 1852 ''Roget's Thesaurus'' is first published. 1858 Act for the Better Government of India results in the British governing India directly. 1859 ''Proposal for the Publication of a New English Dictionary'' initiates work on what will be the ''Oxford English Dictionary''. 1873 Harvard University introduces the first American college program in English composition for native speakers. 1898 Americans take over control of the Philippines from Spain, beginning America's colonial period. 1914--39 James Joyce's major works are published. 1922 Ratification of the Anglo-Irish Treaty recognizes an independent Irish Free State, which will become the Republic of Ireland. 1925 The Phelps-Stokes Commission recommends teaching both English and native languages in Africa. 1926--62 William Faulkner's major works are published. 1928 ''Oxford English Dictionary'' is completed. 1946 The Philippines achieve independence from the United States. 1947 India achieves independence from Britain; Pakistan splits from India. 1953 English made a compulsory subject in national examinations in elementary schools throughout Anglophone Africa. 1957--68 Most of Britain's African colonies achieve independence. 1967 The Official languages Act makes English and Hindi India's two official languages. Tanzania launches a "Swahilization" program. 1970- Toni Morrison's major works are published. 1875-- Salman Rushdie's major works are published. 1979 Lawsuit (''Martin Luther King Jr Elementary School Children vs. Ann Arbor School District Board'') sets precedent for requiring teachers to study AAVE. Urdu replaces English as the language of instruction in schools in Pakistan. 1991 Helsinki corpus of English words from the Old English period through 1720 is completed. 1993 Welsh Language Act makes Welsh an official language in Wales alongside English. 1996--7 The "Ebonics" debates begin in Oakland, California. 1998 The Good Friday Agreement grants "parity of esteem" to the Irish language and to Ulster Scots (Ullans) in Northern Ireland.
Momma, Haruko and Michael Matto, eds. A Companion to the History of the English Language. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.
ѸǯɽMugglestone ԤαѸ˽ pp. 415--28 ˡ"A CHRONOLOGY OF ENGLISH" ꤹܺ٤ǯɽǤƤ롥ޤܥ֥ǵƤǯɽΤʤǤǤĹΤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ḽγ̻ˤܤ20ȾʤɤϤҤ쿢̱ϤΩλʤȤ餿Ƽ´
| c1500 BC | First evidence for some languages of the Indo-European group. |
| c1000-500 BC | Emergence of Proto-Germanic. |
| c300--200 BC | Break-up of Proto-Germanic. |
| c45--c410 | Britain becomes part of the Roman Empire, forming the Roman colony 'Britannia'. |
| c410 | Collapse of Roman Empire; Romans leave Britain. |
| 449 | Traditional date for the invasion of Britain by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. |
| 597 | Arrival of Roman mission in England and introduction of Christianity. |
| 601 | Augustine becomes the first Archbishop of Canterbury. |
| 664 | Synod of Whitby. |
| 670s | Presumed date of composition of Cædmon's Hymn. |
| c700 | First surviving written evidence of Old English. |
| c700--20 | Lindisfarne Gospels written (in Latin). |
| 731 | Bede completes his Ecclesiastical History of the English People (in Latin). |
| 735 | Death of Bede. |
| 757(--96) | Reign of Offa as King of Mercia. |
| 780s | Period of Scandinavian invasion begins. |
| 793 | Sacking of the monastery at Lindisfarne by Scandinavian invaders. |
| 849 | Alfred born in Wantage, Oxfordshire. |
| 870s | Scandinavian settlement in England. |
| 871(--99) | 1 Reign of Alfred as King of Wessex. |
| 2 Production of translations of, for example, Bede's Ecclesiastical History, Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy, Gregory's Pastoral Care. | |
| 878 | Battle of Edington, in which Alfred triumphs over Vikings and agrees on areas of Scandinavian settlement (later to be known as the 'Danelaw'). |
| from c890 | Production of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. |
| 899 | Death of Alfred. |
| 937 | Battle of Brunanburh. |
| from c950 | Benedictine Reform. |
| c950(--970) | Glosses to Lindisfarne Gospel added (in Old English) by Aldred, Provost of Chester-le-Street in Northumbria. |
| c955 | Birth of Ælfric. |
| c970s | Exeter Book and Vercelli Book copied. |
| 990s | Ælfric writes his Catholic Homilies. |
| 991 | Battle of Maldon. |
| c1000 | Copying of Junius (or Cædmon) manuscript and Beowulf manuscript. |
| 1005 | Ælfric becomes Abbot of Eynsham in Oxfordshire. |
| c1010 | Death of Ælfric. |
| 1016(--35) | Reign of the Danish king Cnut over England. |
| 1066 | Battle of Hastings; William I (the conqueror) reigns over England (until 1087). |
| 1086--7 | Compilation of the Domesday Book, the first survey of the nation's land resources. |
| c1122 | The Peterborough Chronicle is copied, and the First Continuation begins. |
| 1154 | Peterborough Chronicle ends. |
| c1170s | The Ormulum. |
| 1172 | Henry II becomes King of Ireland. |
| 1204 | Loss of Normandy; England becomes the sole remaining home of Norman English. |
| 1215 | Magna Carta. |
| c1225 | Ancrene Wisse. |
| 1258 | Proclamation of Henry III: first Royal Proclamation issued in English since the Norman Conquest. |
| 1284 | Annexation of Wales. |
| c1300 | Cursor Mundi. |
| 1330--80 | Evidence of East Midland influence on language of London; evidence of limited standardization in manuscripts written in London. |
| 1337(--1454) | Hundred Years' War with France. |
| 1340 | Dan Michel's Ayenbite of Inwyt completed. |
| c1343 | Birth of Geoffrey Chaucer. |
| 1348 | First outbreak of the Black Death. |
| 1362 | Statute of Pleading; English becomes the official language of the law courts. |
| 1380s | Wycliffite Bible (first complete Bible in English). |
| 1381 | The Peasants' Revolt. |
| 1387 | John Trevisa completes English translation of Ranulph Higden's Polychronicon (1327). |
| c1395 | Second version of the Wycliffite Bible in English. |
| 1400 | Death of Geoffrey Chaucer |
| 1417 | Signet Office begins issuing the king's letters in English. |
| 1422 | Brewers' Guild of London decides to switch to English as language of proceedings and accounts. |
| 1425 | First surviving Paston letter. |
| 1430 | Chancery adopts East Midland koiné as its written form. |
| c1450 | Death of John Lydgate. |
| c1470 | Death of Thomas Malory. |
| 1475 | Printing of The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye by William Caxton in Bruges---the first book to be printed in English. |
| 1476 | William Caxton sets up his printing press in Westminster and publishes the first printed books in English. |
| 1485 | Henry VII becomes the first Tudor King after Richard III is killed at the Battle of Bosworth. |
| 1489 | French no longer used as the language of Parliament. |
| 1490 | Caxton's Eneydos published (with prologue remarking on variability of English). |
| 1491 | Death of Caxton; succeeded by Wynkyn de Worde, who moves his printing press to Fleet Street. |
| 1492 | Christopher Columbus arrives in West Indies. |
| 1497 | John Cabot reaches Newfoundland, providing the first English contact with Canada. |
| 1525--6 | Publication of William Tyndale's New Testament in English. |
| 1534 | English Reformation (Henry VIII breaks with the Catholic Church). |
| 1535 | Publication of Miles Coverdale's Bible (the first complete Bible to be printed in English). |
| 1536 | First act of union between England and Wales. |
| 1542 | Andrew Boorde, Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge, illustrates regional dialects. |
| 1549 | Book of Common Prayer. |
| 1562 | John Hawkins starts British slave trade. |
| 1564 | Birth of Shakespeare. |
| 1565 | Lawrence Nowell, Vocabularium Saxiconum, first Old English glossary; included northern English words. |
| 1567 | Thomas Harman, A Caveat or Warening for Common Cursetors, first glossary of the 'canting language' or dialect of the underworld. |
| 1577(--80) | Francis Drake circumnavigates the world. |
| 1585 | Thomas Herriot, a scientist, visits Roanoke in America to gather information on the flora, fauna, resources, people, and languages. |
| 1586 | Publication of William Bullokar's Pamphlet for Grammar, the first grammar of English. |
| 1600 | Founding of the East India Company. |
| 1600(--) | English begins to be used in records of legal proceedings. |
| 1603 | Union of the Crowns; James VI of Scotland succeeds to the English throne, as James I, after death of Elizabeth I. |
| 1604 | Robert Cawdrey, A Table Alphabeticall, the first English-English dictionary, translates 'hard words' and inkhorn terms into 'common' English. |
| 1607 | Jamestown in Chesapeake Bay founded in North America---the first successful British colony. |
| 1611 | The Authorized Version of the English Bible (the 'King James' Bible), attempts to resolve questions about Englishing the Word of God. |
| 1616 | Death of Shakespeare. |
| 1619 | Alexander Gil, Logonomia Anglica, first vernacular grammar to treat English dialects systematically. |
| 1623 | Publication of the First Folio edition of Shakespeare's plays. |
| 1653 | Publication of John Wallis's Grammatica linguae Anglicanae. |
| 1655 | Britain ousts the Spanish from Jamaica and extends its influence and language into the Caribbean and to West Africa. |
| 1660 | 1 Restoration of the monarchy. |
| 2 Royal Society of London founded, in part, as the first English language academy. | |
| 1670 | Hudson's Bay Company formed. |
| 1710 | Copyright Act. |
| 1711 | Publication of Greenwood's Essay towards a practical English Grammar. |
| 1712 | Publication (anonymously) of A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue; in a Letter by Jonathan Swift, which proposes the foundation of an Academy to regulate English usage. |
| 1713 | Having defeated the French, the British exile French-speakers from Atlantic Canada. A later attempt by France to maintain colonies in present-day Illinois failed, and their defeat at Battle of Quebec in 1759 ensures dominance by English speakers in the west. |
| 1714 | Death of Queen Anne: all chances of setting up an English Academy lost. |
| 1715 | Elisabeth Elstob published the first grammar of Old English. |
| c1745 | Publication of Ann Fisher's New Grammar (Newcastle upon Tyne), the first grammar to be published by a woman. |
| 1747 | Samuel Johnson published the Plan for his Dictionary. |
| 1752 | Britain (and its colonies) move from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, losing 11 days between 2 and 14 September. |
| 1755 | Publication of Samuel Johnson's two-volume Dictionary of the English Language. |
| 1757 | In India, the British military victory at Plassy institutes English dominance in South Asia that will last until 1947. In the hands of expatriate and native soldiers and bureaucrats, English becomes the language of government. |
| 1762 | Publication of Robert Lowth's Short Introduction to English Grammar. |
| 1770 | Botany Bay, Australia, discovered by James Cook. |
| 1775 | War of American Independence begins. |
| 1776 | Declaration of American Independence. |
| 1780 | Publication of Thomas Sheridan's General Dictionary of the English Language. One main object of which, is, to establish a plain and permanent standard of pronunciation. |
| 1783 | US Declaration of Independence formally recognized by the British. |
| 1783 | Noah Webster's American Spelling Book (the 'Blue-backed Speller') published. |
| 1787 | Abolitionists in Britain establish Sierra Leone in West Africa and settle 2000 freed slaves there. They employ English in governing themselves and the indigenous peoples. |
| 1788 | Establishment of a penal colony near present-day Sydney begins to form the distinctive English of Australia. |
| 1789 | Publication of Noah Webster's Dissertations on the English Language, which advocated the institution of a national American standard of usage. |
| 1791 | Publication of John Walker's Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language. |
| 1793 | A delegation from Britain arrives in China to open trade relations. 'Pidgin English' begins to emerge as a trade language. |
| 1795 | Publication of Lindley Murray's English Grammar, adapted to the different classes of learners. Over 1.5 million copies would be sold by 1850. |
| 1800 | Act of Union with Ireland. |
| 1801 | Union with Ireland begins. |
| 1803 | Purchasing the huge central portion of what is now the USA, the US government ensured the extension of English throughout much of the American west. |
| 1806 | British establish control of South Africa (English becomes the official language in 1822). |
| 1810 | William Hazlitt publishes A New and Improved Grammar of the English Tongue. |
| 1821 | Liberia is supported by the USA as a place of re-settlement for freed slaves. All who arrive in Monrovia as part of this 'colonization' effort are English speakers. |
| 1825 | Opening of the Stockton to Darlington Railway. |
| 1828 | Publication of Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. |
| 1830 | Opening of the Liverpool to Manchester Railway. |
| 1832 | Passing of the First Reform Bill. |
| 1837 | Death of William IV; accession of Queen Victoria. |
| 1840 | 1 In England, introduction of the Penny Post on 10 January; by the end of the year 168 million letters have been posted (compared to 76 million in 1839) |
| 2 The Treaty of Waitangi was the foundation document in the establishment of exclusive British sovereignty in New Zealand. | |
| 1842 | Foundation of the London Philological Society. |
| 1844 | First telegraph line established between Baltimore and Washington. |
| 1845--48 | The annexation of Texas and the defeat of the Mexican army extends the USA westward to California. Vast numbers of migrants to the west, especially after the gold rush of 1848, overwhelm the institutions of Spanish culture. |
| 1850 | Public Libraries Act. |
| 1854--6 | Crimean War. |
| 1858 | Proposal for A New English Dictionary (later known as The Oxford English Dictionary) made by the London Philological Society. |
| 1866 | Atlantic Cable completed, linking Valencia, Ireland and Trinity Bay, Newfoundland by submarine cable. |
| 1867 | 1 Second Reform Bill (extending franchise to all those who could demonstrate ownership of property worth ?7). |
| 2 Canada given self-government. | |
| 1869 | Alexander Ellis publishes the first volume of his On Early English Pronunciation in which he defined 'received pronunciation' for the first time. |
| 1870 | In England and Wales, Elementary Education Act passed, providing compulsory elementary education for all children. |
| 1872 | Education in Scotland made compulsory until the age of 14. |
| 1873 | Founding of the English Dialect Society. |
| 1876 | Introduction of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell. |
| 1877 | Invention of the phonograph by Thomas Edison. |
| 1881 | Education in England and Wales becomes compulsory until the age of 19. |
| 1884 | First fascicle of A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (later OED) published, covering the words A-Ant. |
| 1888 | The British East Africa Company is established to oversee the development of British interests in Kenya, Zanzibar, and Uganda. |
| 1889 | Publication of fifth volume of A. J. Ellis's On Early English Pronunciation: The Existing Phonology of English Dialects. |
| 1892 | Publication of Joseph Wright's Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill. |
| 1896 | The English Dialect Society disbanded. |
| 1897 | Founding of the first regional dialect organization, The Yorkshire Dialect Society. |
| 1898(--1905) | 1 The Spanish-American War extends US dominance from the continent of North America and into Puerto Rico and the Philippines. |
| 2 In England, publication of The English Dialect Dictionary and English Dialect Grammar, edited by Joseph Wright. | |
| 1899(--1902) | 1 The South African War (Boer War) concludes with the British in control of present-day South Africa. |
| 2 First magnetic sound recordings. | |
| 1901 | 1 Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic radio signals, sent between Poldhu, Cornwall and Signal Hill in Newfoundland. |
| 2 Australia is transformed from a colony to a commonwealth. Among the first laws passed was the Immigration Restriction Act which required all prospective immigrants 'to write out at dictation and sign in the presence of the [custom's] officer a passage of fifty words in length in a European language directed by the officer.' This language incorporated the 'dictation test' used in Natal in 1897 to exclude most Indians from South Africa. | |
| 3 Death of Queen Victoria. | |
| 1906 | First public radio broadcast. |
| 1907 | New Zealand becomes a dominion of the British Empire. |
| 1910 | The Union of South Africa becomes a dominion of the British Empire. |
| 1914(--18) | The First World War (UK), World War I (US) |
| 1918 | The Englishman Sir Evelyn Wrench and the American Alexander Smith Cochran found the English-Speaking Union, to encourage partnership between the UK, its dominions, and the USA. [There is currently an English-Speaking Union of the Commonwealth (HQ: London) and of the United States (HQ: New York).] |
| 1919 | The German colony of Tanganyika in East Africa is ceded to Britain, and Kamerun in West Central Africa is divided between France (Cameroun) and Britain (Cameroon). |
| 1920 | Kenya becomes a British colony. |
| 1921 | Ireland achieves Home Rule and is separated from Great Britain. Gaelic is made an 'official' language in addition to English. |
| 1922 | Foundation of British Broadcasting Company (BBC). |
| 1925 | The Afrikaans language gains official status alongside English in South Africa. |
| 1928 | Completion of the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. |
| 1931 | The British Commonwealth is formed, and South Africa becomes a dominion of the British Empire. |
| 1934 | The British Council is founded, with its headquarters in London, as a vehicle for British cultural diplomacy and teaching English as a foreign or second language. |
| 1935 | The Philippines becomes a self-governing Commonwealth in association with the USA. |
| 1936 | The Republic of Ireland severs all constitutional links with Great Britain. |
| 1937 | In Wales, a new constitution for the festival the national Eisteddfod makes Welsh its official language. |
| 1939--45 | The Second World War (UK), World War II (US). |
| 1945 | Signing of the United Nations Charter and the decision to make the headquarters of the UN in the USA gives English an unprecedented importance as a language of diplomacy. |
| 1946 | 1 The Philippines gains its independence from the USA. |
| 2 Transjordan gains its independence from the UK as Jordan. | |
| 1947 | 1 India is partitioned into Pakistan and India and is freed from British control. The constitution provides that English remain the language of national government for only fifteen years. The approach of that date results in riots led by those fearing the dominance of Hindi and the loss of power for their own language communities. English remains as the most important of India's 'national languages' even though few learn it as a mother tongue. |
| 2 New Zealand gains its independence from the UK, and joins the Commonwealth. | |
| 1948 | 1 In England, the Survey of English Dialects is founded. |
| 2 Burma gains its independence from the UK, and declines membership of the Commonwealth. | |
| 3 Ceylon gains its independence from the UK as Sri Lanka, and joins the Commonwealth. | |
| 1949 | 1 The Linguistic Survey of Scotland founded. |
| 2 Newfoundland becomes a province of Canada. | |
| 3 Two new Guinea territories are combined by the United Nations as an Australian mandate, the UN Trust Territory of Papua and New Guinea. | |
| 1952 | Puerto Rico (see 1898) becomes a Commonwealth in association with the US, with Spanish as its first and English its second language. |
| 1953 | The creation of the United States Information Agency (USIA) and its overseas arm, the United States Information Service (USIS). |
| 1955 | About this time, the number of speakers using English as an additional language surpassed the number who had learned it as a first language. |
| 1957 | 1 The New Zealand-born lexicographer Robert W. Burchfield becomes the editor of a Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary (eventually published in four volumes 1972--86). |
| 2 The Gold Coast (as Ghana) and Malaya gain their independence from the UK. | |
| 1960 | Nigeria becomes independent from the British and Somalia from the British and Italians. |
| 1961 | 1 South Africa becomes a republic, leaves the Commonwealth, and adopts Afrikaans and English as its official languages. |
| 2 The British colony of Cameroon divides, part joining Nigeria, part joining the ex-French colony of Cameroun, to become the Republic of Cameroon, with French and English as its official languages. | |
| 3 Sierra Leone, Kuwait, and Cyprus gain their independence from the UK | |
| 4 In England, 1961--72, publication of the Basic Material of the Survey of English Dialects. | |
| 1962 | 1 Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uganda gain their independence from the UK. |
| 2 Caribbean English becomes the vehicle for popular culture, especially calypso, Rastafarianism, and raggae. | |
| 1963 | 1 Nigeria becomes independent as part of the wave of 'decolonizing' that took place throughout the former British colonies. West African Pidgin English emerges as a major and widely spoken regional language. |
| 2 Kenya gains its independence from the UK. | |
| 3 Malaya unites with the newly independent colony of Borneo to become Malaysia. | |
| 4 In Wales, the first public protests by the Cyndeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (the Welsh Language Society) take place, seeking a fuller use of Welsh in the Principality. | |
| 1964 | 1 Malta gains its independence from the UK. |
| 2 Tanganyika and Zanzibar (as Tanzania), Nyasaland (as Malawi), and Northern Rhodesia (as Zambia) gain their independence from the UK. | |
| 1965 | Gambia, the Maldives, and Singapore gain their independence from the UK. |
| 1966 | Barbados, Basutoland (as Lesotho), Bechuanaland (as Botswana), and British Guiana (as Guyana) gain their independence from the UK. |
| 1967 | 1 In the UK, the Welsh language Act gives the Welsh language equal validity with English in Wales, and the Principality is no longer deemed to be part of England. |
| 2 Aden gains its independence from the UK as South Yemen. | |
| 1968 | 1 The Survey of Anglo-Welsh Dialects is founded. |
| 2 Swaziland, Mauritius, and Nauru gain their independence from the UK. | |
| 1969 | English and French become the official languages of Canada. |
| 1970 | Fiji and Tonga gain their independence from the UK. |
| 1971 | Bahrain, Qatar, and the Trucial States (as the United Arab Emirates) gain their independence from the UK. |
| 1972 | 1 Martin Cooper makes the first public call on a personal, portable cell phone. |
| 2 East Pakistan secedes and becomes Bangladesh. | |
| 1973 | The Bahamas gain their independence from the UK. |
| 1974 | 1 The Cyngor Yr Iaith Gymraeg/Council for the Welsh Language is set up to advise the Secretary of State for Wales on matters concerning the Welsh language. |
| 2 Grenada gains its independence from the UK. | |
| 1975 | Papua New Guinea gains its independence from Australia. |
| 1976 | The Seychelles gains its independence from the UK. |
| 1977 | In Quebec, Loi/Bill 101 is passed, making French the sole official language of the province and banning public signs in other languages. |
| 1978 | 1 In England, Publication of The Linguistic Atlas of England. |
| 2 Dominica, the Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu gain their independence from the UK. | |
| 1979 | St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, and the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (as Kiribati) gain their independence from the UK. |
| 1980 | The UK government averts a fast to the death by Gwynfor Evans, leader of Plaid Cymru (the Welsh National Party), by honouring election pledges to provide a fourth television channel broadcasting in both Welsh and English. |
| 1981 | Antigua (as Antigua and Barbuda) and British Honduras (as Belize) gain their independence from the UK. |
| 1982 | Canada's constitution, until then kept in London, is 'patriated' to Ottawa. |
| 1983 | St Kitts and Nevis gains its independence from the UK. |
| 1984 | 1 Brunei gains its independence from the UK. |
| 2 David Rosewarne identifies 'Estuary English'. | |
| 1990 | South West Africa gains its independence from South Africa as Namibia. |
| 1991 | 1 Tim Berners-Lee launches the World Wide Web. |
| 2 The Marshall Islands and Micronesia gain their independence from the USA. | |
| 1994 | Text messaging introduced. |
| 1996 | South Africa ratifies a constitution in which English becomes one of the eleven 'official' languages. |
| 1997 | Hong Kong is returned to China and becomes the last of the colonies in Asia to be freed from British sovereignty. |
| 1999 | A Survey of Regional English proposed. |
| 2000 | The European Union fosters bilingualism as a goal. In 2000, the largest of the then fifteen member states were estimated to have the following mother tongues: German (24%), French (16%), English (16%), Italian (16%), Spanish (11%). Once the population speaking these languages in addition to the mother tongue were added in, the figures show: English (47%), German (32%), French (28%), Italian (18%), and Spanish (15%). |
| 2003 | Text messages sent in the UK pass 20 billion. |
| 2004 | The British Library 'Collect Britain: English Accents and Dialects' website launched. |
| 2005 | The British Broadcasting Corporation 'Voices' project launched on 17 January. |
Ѹˤγ̻ˤˤƷ礫ʤȤơ奤ɡʽ˲Ȥǯ褦2010 Compton's by Britannica ΡVol. 26 Fact-Index p. 378 äΤǤ롥
Saxon 802--839 Egbert 839--858 Ethelwulf 858--860 Ethelbald 860--865 Ethelbert 865--871 Ethelred 871--899 Alfred the Great 901--924 Edward the Elder 924--939 Athelstan 939--946 Edmund I 946--955 Edred 955--959 Edwy 959--975 Edgar 975--978 Edward the Martyr 978--1016 Ethelred "the Unready" 1016 Edmund II, Ironside Danish 1016--35 Canute (Cnut) 1035--40 Harold I 1040--42 Harthacanute Saxon 1042--66 Edward the Confessor 1066 Harold II Norman 1066--87 William I, the Conqueror 1087--1100 William II 1100--35 Henry I 1135--54 Stephen Plantagenet 1154--89 Henry II 1189--99 Richard I 1199--1216 John 1216--72 Henry III 1272--1307 Edward I 1307--27 Edward II 1327--77 Edward III 1377--99 Richard II Lancaster 1399--1413 Henry IV 1413--22 Henry V 1422--61 Henry VI York 1461--83 Edward IV 1483 Edward V 1483--85 Richard III Tudor 1485--1509 Henry VII 1509--47 Henry VIII 1547--53 Edward VI 1553--58 Mary I 1558--1603 Elizabeth I Stuart 1603--25 James I 1625--49 Charles I [1649--60 Commonwealth] 1660--85 Charles II 1685--88 James II 1689--1702 William III and Mary II (until her death in 1694) 1702--14* Anne *The United Kingdom was formed in 1707. Hanover 1714--27 George I 1727--60 George II 1760--1820 George III 1820--30 George IV 1830--37 William IV 1837--1901 Victoria Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Windsor) 1901--10 Edward VII 1910--36 George V 1936 Edward VIII 1936--52 George VI 1952-- Elizabeth II
ʸؤμʤǯɽˤĤơ#1433. 10θűѸƥȤʬۡ ([2013-03-30-1])#1044. ѸʡChaucerShakespeareά ([2012-03-06-1])#2323 ѸȤμʡ ([2015-09-06-1])#2503. Ѹʸء ([2016-03-04-1]) ǸƤ⤦ι⤤ΤߤȻפTreharne ʸغʽ pp. xvi--xvii ˷ǤƤǯɽƸ뤳ȤˤˤϢưʸػˤǯɽȤʤäƤ롥
| Historical events | Literary landmarks |
|---|---|
| From c. 449: Anglo-Saxon settlements | |
| 597: St Augustine arrives to convert Anglo-Saxons | |
| 664: Synod of Whitby | |
| c. 670? Cædmon's Hymn | |
| 731: Bede finishes Ecclesiastical History | |
| 735: Death of Bede | |
| 793: Vikings raid Lindisfarne | |
| 869: Vikings kill King Edmund of East Anglia | |
| 879--99: Alfred reigns as king of Wessex | from c. 890: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle |
| Alfredian translations of Bede's Ecclesiastical History; Gregory's Pastoral Care; Orosius; Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy; Augustine's Soliloquies | |
| 937: Battle of Brunanburh | |
| from c. 950: Benedictine reform | |
| c. 970: Exeter Book copied | |
| 959--75: King Edgar reigns | c. 975: Vercelli Book copied |
| 978--1016: Æthelred 'the Unready' reigns | 990s: Ælfric's Catholic Homilies and Lives of Saints |
| c. 1010: death of Ælfric | c. 1010?: Junius manuscript copied |
| c. 1014: Wulfstan's sermo Lupi ad Anglos | |
| 1016--35: Cnut, king of England | |
| 1023: death of Wulfstan | |
| 1042--66: Edward the confessor reigns | Apollonius of Tyre |
| 1066: Battle of Hastings | |
| 1066--87: William the Conqueror reigns | |
| 1135: Stephen becomes king | Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae |
| 1135--54: civil war between King Stephen and Empress Matilda | Peterborough Chronicle continuations |
| 1154--89: Henry II reigns | 1155: Wace's Roman de Brut |
| 1170--90: Chrétien de Troyes's Romances | |
| c. 1170s: The Orrmulum | |
| Poema Morale | |
| 1180s: Marie de France's Lais | |
| 1189--99: Richard I reigns | c. 1190--1200? Trinity Homilies |
| 1199--1216: John reigns | c. 1200? Hali Meiðhad |
| 1204: loss of Normandy | |
| 1215: Magna Carta | |
| 1215: fourth Lateran Council | |
| 1216--72: Henry III reigns | c. 1220 Laȝamon's Brut |
| 1224: Franciscan friars arrive in England | c. 1225: Ancrene Wisse |
| c. 1225: King Horn | |
| 1272--1307: Edward I reigns | Manuscript Digby 86 copied |
| Manuscript Jesus 29 copied | |
| Manuscript Cotton Caligula A. ix copied | |
| Manuscript Arundel 292 copied | |
| Manuscript Trinity 323 copied | |
| South English Legendary composed | |
| c. 1300: Cursor Mundi | |
| 1303: Robert Mannyng of Brunne begins Handlyng Synne | |
| 1307--27: Edward II reigns | |
| 1327--77: Edward III reigns | Auchinleck Manuscript copied |
| Manuscript Harley 2253 copied | |
| 1337(--1454): Hundred Years' War with France | |
| 1338: Robert Mannyng of Brunne's Chronicle | |
| 1340: Ayenbite of Inwit | |
| c. 1343: Geoffrey Chaucer born | |
| Ywain and Gawain translated | |
| 1349: Black Death comes to England | |
| 1349: Richard Rolle dies | |
| 1355--80: Athelston | |
| Wynnere and Wastoure written | |
| 1360s--1390s: Piers Plowman | |
| 1362: English displaces French as language of lawcourts and Parliament | |
| 1370s--1400: Canterbury Tales | |
| 1377: Richard II accedes to throne | 1370s: Julian of Norwich's Vision |
| 1381: Peasants' Revolt breaks out | |
| 1399: Richard II deposed | |
| 1399: Henry IV accedes to the throne | |
| c. 1400: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight | |
| c. 1400: Chaucer dies | |
| c. 1410--30: Book of Margery Kempe |
#2469. αѸ([2016-01-30-1]) ˰³ϥեꥫαѸοפˤĤơGramley (307, 309, 311) "Anglophone Southern African countries", "Anglophone West African countries", "Anglophone East African countries" ɽǺܤ褦 * *
| country | significant UK contact | colonial status | independence | total population | English speakers | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| percentage | total number | |||||
| Botswana | 19th century | 1885 | 1966 | 1,640,000 | --38% | 630,000 |
| Lesotho | protectorate | 1966 | 1,800,000 | --28% | 500,000 | |
| Malawi | 1878 | 1891 | 1964 | 13,000,000 | --4% | 540,000 |
| Namibia | 1878 | 1920 (S. Afr.) | 1990 | 1,800,000 | --17% | > 300,000 |
| South Africa | 1795 | 1795 | 1910 | 47,850,000 | > 28% | 13,700,000 |
| Swaziland | 1894 | 1902 (UK) | 1968 | 1,140,000 | --4.4% | 50,000 |
| Zambia | 1888 | 1924 | 1953, 1964 | 13,000,000 | --15% | --2,000,000 |
| Zimbabwe | 1890 | 1923 | 1953, 1980 | 13,300,000 | --42% | 5,550,000 |
| Cameroon | 1914 | 1916 | 1960 | 18,500,000 | --42% | 7,700,000 |
| Gambia | 1661, 1816 | 1894 | 1965 | 1,700,000 | --2.3% | 40,000 |
| Ghana (formerly gold coast) | 1824, 1850 | 1874, 1902 | 1957 | 23,480,000 | --6% | 1,400,000 |
| Liberia | USA 1822 | none | 1847 | 3,750,000 | --83% | 3,100,000 |
| Nigeria | 1851 | 1884, 1900 | 1960 | 148,000,000 | --53% | 79,000,000 |
| Sierra Leone | 1787 | 1808 | 1961 | 5,800,000 | --83% | 4,900,000 |
| Kenya | 1886 | 1895, 1920 | 1963 | 39,000,000 | --9% | 2,700,000 |
| Tanzania | 1880s | 1890, 1920 | 1961 | 42,000,000 | --11% | 4,000,000 |
| Uganda | 1860s | 1888, 1890 | 1962 | 31,000,000 | --10% | 2,500,000 |
In most of these countries a kind of indigenization or nativization is currently taking place, a process in which the domains of the language are expanding and in which increasingly endonormative standards are becoming established for usages which were once stigmatized as mistakes. This is opening the way to wider use of English in creative writing and to the institutionalization of local forms in schools, the media, and government . . . . English may well still be far from being a language of the emotions among the vast majority of its users; indeed, the institutionalization of English may be making it ever more difficult for those without English to close the social gap between "the classes and the masses." All the same, English is more and more firmly a part of everyday linguistic experience.
"New Englishes" λѤ˴ؤ˼ҲŪʻˤĤƤϡ#1255. "New Englishes" Υ饤ե ([2012-10-03-1]) Ȥ줿ޤեꥫαѸΤĤϰˤĤƤϡ#343. եꥫ¹αѸѡ ([2010-04-05-1])#412. 롼αѸ ([2010-06-13-1])#413. 롼ˤѸؤ language shift ([2010-06-14-1])#514. Nigeria ˤѸΰ֤Ť ([2010-09-23-1]) Ǽ夲ƤΤǡGramley αѸ˳ѥ˥ꡤβPDFեΤʤ "colonial expansion into West Africa" εͭѡ
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
αѸˤĤƤϡʲε¾Ǽ夲Ƥ
#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1])
#215. ENL, ESL ϰαѸ첽ǯ ([2009-11-28-1])
#273. αѸ ([2010-01-25-1])
#375. ENLESL οΨ ([2010-05-07-1])
#759. 21ιϢͽ¬ ([2011-05-26-1])
#1589. եԥαѸ ([2013-09-02-1])
#1590. ѸνѼ ([2013-09-03-1])
#1593. եԥαѸ (2) ([2013-09-06-1])
Ѹ̤ꤦǡѸüԤ˴ؤפϽפʰ̣ġ͡ʸ뤳ȤǤ뤬Ǥ Gramley (313, 314) "Anglophone South Asian countries" "Anglophone Southeast Asian countries" ɽɥåΤ *
| country | significant UK contact | beginning of colonial status | independence | total population | English speakers | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| percentage | total number | |||||
| Bangladesh | 1690 | 1858 | 1947 | 162,000,000 | --2% | 3,500,000 |
| India | 1600 | 1858 | 1947 | --1.2 billion | > 20% | > 230,000,000 |
| Nepal | none | 25,000,000 | > 25% | 7,000,000 | ||
| Pakistan | 1857 | 1858 | 1947 | 164,000,000 | --11% | 18,000,000 |
| Sri Lanka | 1796 | 1802 | 1948 | 20,000,000 | --10% | 2,000,000 |
| Singapore | 1819 | 1867 | 1965 | 5,000,000 | --80% | --4,000,000 |
| Hong Kong | 1841 | 1842 | 1997 | 6,900,000 | --36% | 2,500,000 |
| Philippines | USA: 1898 | 1898 | 1946 | 97,000,000 | > 50% | 50,000,000 |
| Malaysia | 1786 | 1795 | 1957, 1963 | 27,000,000 | --27% | 7,400,000 |
̺ˤĤơ#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1]) ȡ#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1]) Ǽ夲ϡ̺ȤƤλܤ
椬ʸ˿ʱƶڤܤȯǤ뤳ȤϡܤΰפȤǤ롥ȯϡεҤ˴ŤθˤСǯ105ǯˤˡѤΥܥʤɤѤƻꡤιΤǽȸƤǯȯȸˤСε170ǯˤϤǤ˻椬ƤǤ⡤Ѥϡ浻ѤԤȤƤޤˤ̾Ĥˤͤ *
θ塤1ܤˤ⤿餵줿ȹͤ뤬ܤˤǽϡħˤ굻Ѥ⤿餵줿610ǯʿ18ǯˤΤȤȸ롥浻Ѥ륯ɤͳƥ衼åäΤϡѤǯʾ12ʹߤΤȤǤ롥Ūˤϡ1144ǯˡࡼͤλۤƤڥΥϥФǽƻ椬졤եɥĤؤ̾夷ۤ1274ǯˤ泤ͳǥꥢΥե֥ꥢΤˡ줿 *
(113) ϡ滺ȤˤȯפȤơ(1) 105ǯѤˤȯΤˤϾ嵭̤浻Ѥˡ(2) 1798ǯեͥ륤١ˤ뾶浡ȯ(3) 1844ǯɥĿͥ顼ˤںѥפȯ(4) 1807ǯɥĿͥåҤˤźȯƤ롥
λȤɤ顤̺ȤƤǤϤʤʥܡ롤ʤɡˤۼʥȥåȥڡѡʤɡˤȤƤӤ⤢ꡤμ夫鸽ߤޤ³Ƥ
ˡΤäƤ˰ܤ (3) ϰʲ8Ƥ롥
ʿ顤ڤơŬʶޤäꡤʤꡤ夷ꡤڤʤɤβù䤹
ΤۼΤǡꡤ䤹
̵Ǥꡤdz䤹Ȥ롥
ڤưפʬƤޤ
Ǯˤ롥
¾κʤ¤
ǽʿʪݤǤ롥
ѤϺȤƺѤ䤹
(3) ϡֿʹ֤ȯǺǤۤ¿äΤϻ¾ˤʤפ³ΤƤ뤳ȤŦƤ롥衤̺ϡǴġѥԥ륹СʸۡˡڴʡݴʡХ顼ʳ¿աɡߥޡΥѥߥܿҤաˡ桤Ѥȥޥơ̵ֲ̤ܺμˡѤæڤοˤʤ͡ʤΤѤƤ٤ơ椬͡ʤ줿褯äƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤϡ2ǯ̺֡βԤǤȸäƤ褤 *
ѽӡػʸ١1992ǯ
̤ʸβɤؤ̴ϡ͡ΥޥͶ鷺ˤʤJean-François Champollion (1790--1832) ˤå (Rosetta stone) ˵줿ץʸʥҥաˤβɡSir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson (1810--95) ˤܸʸβɡMichael George Francis Ventris ˤ륯쥿ʸBβɡζͺˤʸβɤβʤɤɤȡΥߥƥʤ說說롥߲ɺȤʤǤꡤܳŪʲɤ֤ܤƤΤˡޥʸ롥ηвˤܤΥʤ
ΰפʤɤȯʪ˵Ƥʸηϡˤϡ줬ΤʸǤʤ¤ꡤȯϤ٤̤ʸȤư롥ˡŷͤνиαˤ褯ɤʤǤ椯Τ⤢СޤäνФʤΤ⤢롥ץʸʸBΤ褦ˡֲɤʸȸƤФƤϤƤ⡤٤ƤɤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ̤ɤʬĤäƤȤΤ̤Ǥ롥̤ɤȴɤϡޤ٤ȤȤ館ɬפ
嵭âäǤ⡤ˡ뤤Ϥ̤ۤɤȤäƤ褤ʸηϤʤ¿¸ߤ롥ӥ (175) ˤޤȤƤ̤ʸƸ褦ɽΡ*פΰϡؼԤδ֤ǰոפƤʤȤ
| ʸθƤ̾ | ȯ줿 | ǸŤȤΤǯ | ʸΡ̤ | 졧Ρ̤ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ʸ | 饯 | 3000ǯ | ̤ | ̤ |
| ʸ | ѥ | 2500ǯ | ̤ | * |
| ֵҥա | ӥ֥ʥХΥ | 2ǯ | ̤ | ̤ |
| ʸA | 쥿 | 18 | ϴ | ̤ |
| եȥα | եȥʥ쥿 | 18 | ̤ | ̤ |
| ȥꥢʸ | ̥ꥢ | 8 | ϴ | |
| ʸ | ʥ | 200ǯ | ϴ | |
| ϡʸ | ꥫ | 150ǯ | * | * |
| | 19 | ̤ | ̤ |
#1834. ʸǯɽ ([2014-05-05-1]) Ȥεĥäǡʸǯɽϲ٤ϥӥ (12) ǯɽʤ˾ܤơͭѡ
| ɹϻʵ25,000ǯʹߡ | ֻϸʸפλ塥ʸŪߥ˥ |
| 8000ǯʹ | ǴڤΡ֥ȡפ˻Ȥ롥 |
| 3300ǯ | 饯Υ륯ǡͤǴĤ˵ߤϤ롥 |
| 3100ǯ | ݥߥܸʸλѤϤޤ롥 |
| 3100ǯ?3000ǯ | ץȤǥҥդλѤϤޤ롥 |
| 2500ǯ | ѥɤ˥ʸȯ |
| 18 | 쥿ʸAи |
| 1792ǯ?1750ǯ | ХӥϥӤμϥˡŵǤ˹ޤ롥 |
| 17?16 | ѥ쥹ʤǡǸŤΤΤȤ륢ե٥åȤ롥 |
| 1450ǯ | 쥿ʸBи |
| 14 | ꥢΥåȤǥե٥åŪܸʸȤ롥 |
| 1361ǯ?1352ǯ | ץȡĥμ |
| 1285ǯ | ǥ襤ॻ2ȥҥåȷ |
| 1200 | ιιùʸǤϤޤ롥 |
| 1000ǯ | 泤ǥե˥ե٥åȤλѤϤޤ롥 |
| 8 | ̥ꥢ˥ȥꥢե٥åȤи |
| 650ǯ | ץȤǥҥդǥƥåǤ롥 |
| 600ǯ | ꥫǥޥʸʳʸˤλѤϤޤ롥 |
| 521ǯ?486ǯ | ڥ륷쥤μ٥ҥȥʸܸʸɤΥȤʤäˤޤ롥 |
| 400ǯ | ˥ե٥åȤɸΥꥷե٥åȤˤʤ롥 |
| 270ǯ?232ǯ | ̥ɤǥ֥顼եʸȥƥʸˤꡤ硼ļ˹ޤ롥 |
| 221ǯ | īδס |
| 2 | ǻ椬ȯ롥 |
| 1 | ܤࡿإ֥饤ʸǵ롥 |
| 75ǯ | ܸʸκǸʸ롥 |
| 2 | ̥衼åѤ˥롼ʸи |
| 394ǯ | ץȤΥҥդˤǸʸ롥 |
| 615ǯ?683ǯ | ᥭǥѥ벦ŵޥԻԥѥۡ |
| 712ǯ | ܺǸŤʸءظŻٴʴǽƤˡ |
| 800ǯ | ǰѤȯ롥 |
| 9 | ǥ롦ե٥åȤͰƤ롥 |
| 1418ǯ?1450ǯ | ĩβμϥ롦ե٥åȤͰƤ롥 |
| 15 | 衼åѤ1ʸĤβưγͰƤ롥 |
| 1560ǯ | 楫ȾǥǥǡޥΡ֥ե٥åȡפϿ |
| 1799ǯ | ץȤǥåȡȯ롥 |
| 1821ǯ | ꥫ轻̱ˤ²Ρ֥ե٥åȡפͰƤ롥 |
| 1823ǯ | ץȤΥҥդݥꥪˤɤ롥 |
| 1840ǯʹ | ҥˤݥߥܸʸβɡ |
| 1867ǯ | ץ饤ȯ |
| 1899ǯ | ǹùʸιޤ줿ιȯ롥 |
| 1900ǯ | ˤ륯ΥåȯʸA, BƱꡥ |
| 1905ǯ | ʥȾΥ顼ӥȡ롦ϡǥǥԡȥʥʸȯ |
| 1908ǯ | 쥿ǡ֥եȥαספȯ롥 |
| 1920ǯ | ʸȯ |
| 1940ǯ | Żҷʥԥ塼ˤȯ |
| 1948ǯ | إ֥饤줬饨θѸȤʤ롥 |
| 1953ǯ | ȥꥹˤʸBβɡ |
| 1950ǯʹ | ޥʸβɡ |
| 1958ǯ | ΥԥƳ |
| 1980ǯ | ɥץåȯʸŻҲ롥 |
| 2012ǯ1223 | ޥǸߤ祵뤬 |
ݷʸ (hieroglyph) ϡʳγʸ (pictogram) ȯãȹͤ롤ʸ̾ͤ븶ʸǤ롥ʸθñ̤бƤ餺̩ˤпʸȤϤʤäơֳʸפȤƾΤΤΤμ̷ޤǤ롥ݷʸθñ̡ʺǽʸˤƤŵŪ˸ˤбƤ롤βΡɤߡפäƤ롤ȤߤΤǤ롥ݷʸ⡤¿ʤȤάƤȤϤ˻ʪɤäǤȤǡɤʸȶ̤뤬εεǽϳʸȷŪ˰ۤʤ뤳Ȥդ
ŵŪʾݷʸȤơҥ (hieroglyph) ȾΤ륨ץʸ褯ΤƤ롥ξܺ٤٤ʻϤޤ˳Ȥˤդ路η֤3000ǯĹˤ錄äƤۤȤѲƤʤȤ顤̤ˡֳʸפȾΤ뤬嵭餹ȳʸǤϤʤäʸݷʸȾΤ٤Ǥ롥ʸϤΤ褦ŵŪʾݷʸǤ뤳Ȥ顤Ѹ hieroglyph ϥץʸ˸¤餺ܸʸùʸʤɤޤơ˾ݷʸ̣ȤʤäƤ롥
ʲƣ (250--51) ǯɽȤˡݷʸ (hieroglyph)
| ץȡ | ɡ쥢 | Φ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ԻԹȤΩ3300 | ||||
| ץ첦īλϤޤꡤҥդλϤޤ3100 | ݷʸλϤޤ3100 | |||
| 3000 | ||||
| ץȸŲ2700--2200 | ||||
| ܸʸλϤޤ2600 | ||||
| ʸʸλѡ2500--1500 | ||||
| åɲ2350--2150 | ||||
| 2000 | ץ沦2000--1800ˡ쥿ʸ2000--1450 | |||
| ֲī18--1050 | ||||
| ʸA1700--1450ˡեȥס17 | Хӥ˥1830--1530 | |||
| ץȿ1570--1090 | ʥʸ16 | |||
| ҥåȾݷʸ1500--700ˡҥå1460--1200 | ||||
| ƥνס1370ˡʸB14--12 | ùʸ14--11 | |||
| ҥದʸ13 | ||||
| ī塤1120--256ˤΤȤ˶ʸλ | ||||
| 1000 | åꥢ1000--612 | |||
| ǥƥåλϤޤ700ˡץȡī663--525 | ||||
| ڥ륷6溢--330 | ||||
| ץȡץȥޥī323--30 | ||||
| 221--206ˤ˾信ʤդĤˤ俽ˤλϤޤ | ||||
| 1 | ܸʸν1 | |||
| ץʸλϤޤ200 | ܴʺδˤλϤޤʸ200ˡʸܤˤĤ200 | |||
| ҥդκǸ394 | ||||
| ǥƥåκǸ452 | ||||
| ޥʸޥʸλѡ6--10 | ||||
| 1000 | ||||
| ƥʸƥʸλѡ1220--1521 | ||||
| 1400--1533 | ||||
| ݥꥪҥդɡ1822 | ƥեȤܸʸɡ1802ˡܸʸɡ1835 | ùʸȯ1899 | ||
| ʥʸȯ1904--05ˡȥꥹʸB | ||||
| 2000 |
ε#2370. ݥȥ줫θüѡ ([2015-10-23-1]) ǡݥȥ줫ŪʼѸߤμѸäϡ15--16˥ݥȥ뤬ιȤŸˤäƤ롥طʤ٤ϿޤźĤġݥȥǯɽإʥʥ른եåιݥȥ٤δ (p. 60--61) Ƹ褦

| 4200 | ȿŪʼҲˤäơݥȥΥݥǡ䥴른ͥ˵褬Ƥ롥 |
| 500 | ŴΥȿͤݥȥۤ롥 |
| 201 | ݥȥߤ۲ˤ |
| 140 | ޤȿͤƻۤ礹 |
| 27 | 륫롦ȥݥȥդ°륷˥Ĥ롥 |
| 567 | ޥϤȿͤ٥ꥢȾ˻ۤ礹롥 |
| 711 | ඵ̤η⤬٥ꥢȾ˿롥θ7ǯΤ˥٥ꥢȾΤۤΤࡼͤΥޥīλ۲ˤ롥 |
| 1096 | ֥르˥ȤΥꥱݥȥȤʤ롥 |
| 1143 | եꥱȤʤꥤ٥ꥢȾ¾ʬʬΥΩݥȥ벦롥 |
| 1249 | ե3٥ꥢȾ礫ǸΥࡼͤɤФݥȥΩ롥 |
| 1416 | ꥱҳҤ쥹˳ϤȹҳعĤꡤҳ夬Ϥޤ롥 |
| 1488 | ݥȥҳΤΥХȥᥦǥ˾ޤҳΤ˥ؤιϩΩ롥 |
| 1494 | ڥȥݥȥ뤬ȥǥ㥹हӡ̥ꥫΦȯϤξʬ䤹롥 |
| 1497 | ޤɤؤ2ǯ֤ιҳ˾Фθ塤ݥȥͤΥؤɤȤǰפϤޤ롥 |
| 1500 | ڥɥ쥹֥뤬֥饸ãݥȥȥꥫΦȤǰϩ |
| 1572 | 륤ǡݥȥͤαʱξħȤʤإ른٤ |
| 1580 | ڥե2ݥȥ벦ե1Ȥ¨̤ݥȥϥڥʻ礵롥 |
| 1609 | ݥȥ벦ե2٤ƤΥꥹʥꥹȶ̤˲ࡼ͡ˤ̿롥ηˤꡤݥȥкѤ礭˼롥 |
| 1650 | 졼ˤμȤʤ롥 |
| 1755 | Ͽ̤ꥹܥ6ͤ˴¿ηʪݲ롥ꥹܥϥݥХߤλشΤȺƷ롥 |
| 1807 | ʥݥ쥪ܥʥѥȤݥȥ˿祢6ϥ֥饸ƨ졤1821ǯޤǥ֥饸ˤ롥 |
| 1822 | 祢6©ҤΥڥɥ֥饸Ω֥饸Ȥʤ롥 |
| 1846 | ̱˪ˤꡤ⤬ͳݼΤդĤϤʬ롥 |
| 1890 | ꥹκǸĭơեꥫˤ뿢̱ϳײ롥 |
| 1908 | ĹˤꥹܥǰŻ롥ˤޥ̥2Ȥ¨̡ |
| 1910 | ̿Ϥޥ̥2̤1Ω |
| 1911 | ˡǧ롥 |
| 1916 | ꥹܥǥɥٽᤵ졤ɥĤ۹𡥥ݥȥϢ¦Ȥ1ェޤ2ǯ臘 |
| 1926 | ǥå48ǯ֤ˤ錄뷳Ϥޤ롥 |
| 1928 | ȥ˥ǡ顦饶뤬̳ä˽Ǥ롥 |
| 1932 | 饶뤬Ȥʤꡤ䤬ȺۼԤȤʤ롥 |
| 1933 | ֥ɡΥʿȡˡˡμͳ¤ȥ饤ȿܱưػߤ롥 |
| 1936 | 饶뤬ڥǥեեΨ뱦Ϥٻ |
| 1939 | 2Ω롥Τꥹ쥹ζϤѤ뤳Ȥǧ롥 |
| 1947 | ȺȿФꥹܥιϫƯԤȷˤܤð |
| 1949 | ξ (NATO) ߥСȤʤ롥 |
| 1955 | ϢʹϢˤ˲ |
| 1961 | ɤݥȥο̱ϥʻ礹롥顤˥⥶ӡȿ𤬤롥 |
| 1968 | 饶뤬ȯݤ줿塤ޥ륻Τ˽ǤȷˡˤȤŤʤ |
| 1974 | ̿͡ǡ衼åѺĹȺݤ̱ˤꡤܤ̱ѡ |
| 1975 | ̱Ϥä˥ӥ⥶ӡܥ٥ǡȥᡦץڡΩǧμ³λ롥 |
| 1982 | ʸ̱褹롥 |
| 1986 | ޥꥪ쥹60ǯ֤ʸ̱ΤȤʤ롥˥Х롦ХФ˽Ǥ衼åϢ (EU) ʤǤ衼åѷкѶƱΤ˲ |
| 1999 | Ǹ˻ĤäƤڤǤޥڿ̱¹ִԤ롥 |
| 2002 | ̲ߥɤλѤᡤ桼˰ܹԤ롥 |
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