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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2015-10-14 Wed

#2361. ǯɽ [timeline][history][ireland][irish_english][map]

ɱѸˤˤĤơ#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1])#762. ꥶ٥Ūʥˬ ([2011-05-29-1]) ε̤άҤƤطʤˤ륢ɤγ̻ˤƤȻפʡޥå󡤥ࡦޥå (60--61) 濴ˡ¿⻲ȤĤġάǯɽѰդɤϿޤ⻲ͤޤǤˡ

Map of Ireland

7000åȥɤǽο͡ΦϤĤäƥɤƽࡥ
3200ܥήƻʯĤ롥
2000ɤǶ°ٹϤޤ롥
700ȿͤɤˤäƤ롥
432ѥȥåɤơιȾ򥭥ꥹȶ˲롥
795ǽΥХ󥰤֥᤯٥˾ΦϤ롥
800餯Υɿͤνƻǡ̩ۤɤɤɽŪܡإ륺ν٤Ĥ롥
1014ɤβ֥饤󡦥ܥ롼ڤ줷󥿡դ襤ǥХ󥰤ˤ롥襤ľ塤ϻ˴
1170֥ȥ󥰥ܥפȥڥ֥񤬥ɤ˿ΥޥͤΥɿάϤޤ롥1ǯ塤ȥ󥰥ܥ󥹥βˤʤ롥
1171󥰥ɹ񲦥إ꡼2ɤʬ۲ˤ롥
1366ɤΥޥͤϤ򤪤뤿ᡤ󥰥ɤ֥륱ˡˡפꤹ롥
1494󥰥ɹ񲦥إ꡼7ɵIJ򥤥󥰥ɿ̩λ۲ˤɻۤ򶯤롥
1601󥰥ɽꥶ٥1ɤ˷ꡤƥҥ塼ˡ뤪Ʊ򥭥󥻡襤ˤ롥
1603󥰥ɤڤ
1641ȥåΥɿͤץƥȤΥ󥰥ɿԤå줿ϤɤΩ夬ꡤɴͤΥץƥȤ򻦳
1649󥰥ɤθ񶪥С०Ψ뷳ɤΥɥȥեɤǿͤԻȥåΥɿͤϤץƥȤԤˤ롥
1690󥸸ꥢबܥ襤ǥॺ2ηˤꡤɤΥץƥȵサϤ롥
1782ɵIJȼˡΧꤹ븢롥
1798ɤΩᡤ쥢ɿͶʤɤϤȿ򤪤Ԥ˽ꡤͤ˴
1801Ϣˡˤꡤ졼ȥ֥ƥ󤪤ӥϢ粦Ω
1845㥬˱¤ȯ4ǯˤֵȤʤ롥ʿΥɿ̱ͤȤʤäƥꥫʤɤϤ롥
1870ꥢࡦåɥȡ꤬ɿͤξˡŪ򶯤ᡤǽŪˤϽͭǧ뿷ˡΩ롥
1913ɼˡƤꥹ屡3ܤݷˤ
19141ȯˤꡤɵIJȡɤθ˴ؤˡ꤬٤롥
1916˪ǥɤ̱²Ϥפʷʪ򤷡ɶ¹Ωϥꥹˤäð롥
1916ॺ祤ؼ㤭ݽѲȤξ٤ǤƱμפʺȤȤƳϤ롥
1919ǯ˾ä󡦥եޤɹ̱IJʥɥˤĤꡤդӥꥹΩʥ󡦥եȤϡ֤켫ȤǡפȤ̣˥ꥹȹ̱IJٻϤȤΤƮ롥
1920ꥹIJǥˡΩ̥ɤ6ˤҤȤĤεIJ񡤤ʳΥɤˤҤȤĤεIJ񤬡줾Ĥ롥
1921ꥹΤȤƤΥɼͳΩ롥ꥹɾ󤬷Ф롥̥6ϥꥹˤȤɤޤ롥
1922ꥹδΩȤ̱²ϤȿФ򲡤ڤꡤ̱IJ񤬥ꥹɾǧٻɤȿɤȤ1ǯˤ郎ȯ
1937ɼͳѻߤΩ̱ȥμΩ뿷ˡ̱ɼˤ꾵ǧ롥
1949˪1916ǯˤǰơ4뤬ȥɤȤʤꡤꥹϢˮæह롥
1955Ϣ˲
1959󡦥ǡ餬Τ˽Ǥ
1973衼åѷкѶƱ (EEC) ˲ɶ· (IRA) ̥ɤǤιƳ
1985ꥹȤΤˡꥹɶ꤬हФ롥ˤꥢɤϡ̥˴ؤ򤢤롥
1991衼åϢ (EU) ˲
1993ꥹξ꤬ƥ԰٤뤹̥ʿĤƤȤƱʥ˥󥰳ˤ˽̾
1998ɤ̥ɤǤɼˤꡤ٥եȹաˤΤ̥᤹Ū褬ǧ롥
2004EUεĹȤʤ롥
2004衼åѺηкĹã롥
2005IRAƮν롥
2007Сƥϡ3ܤμФ롥


ʡޥå󡤥ࡦޥå󡡡إʥʥ른եåι񡡥ɡ١ۤ׽ǡ2011ǯ
¿ ͵¤ʪ쥢ɤˡ١ҡӡ1994ǯ

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2015-10-11 Sun

#2358. 饤ɤǤѸǯɽ [timeline][web_service]

SIMILE 󶡤 Timeline API ȤΤѤơ֥饦ǥࡼưǯɽǤȤȤΤäΤǡ饤ɤǤѸǯɽäƤߤǯɽǡϡ#777. Ѹάǯɽ ([2011-06-13-1]) ǷǤ Crystal ǤѤ뤳Ȥˤ
饤ǯɽΤΤϡ饢Ƥʤ뤤ϰʲβ򥯥åˡ塤ܤˤƲäɤȤΤ褤ǯɽ˻ž夲ƤȤ

HEL Timeline

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.

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2015-01-08 Thu

#2082. 夷ʤä° *the knight of his [genitive][article][syntax][do-periphrasis][timeline][synthesis_to_analysis][double_genitive]

ѸˤˤϡѲABBAȤѲˤäƤޤ븽ݤ뤳ȤꡤϤФФݤޥΰˤʤ館ơ֥衼͡ (Duke of York) ȸƤФ줿衼ͤʼٻξ˾夲ơ줫鲼̤򸫤лϲѤäƤʤ츫̵̣˸뤽ιưˤⲿͳäϤǡֱѸˤˤΤ褦ѲȤˤϤظˤɤʰ̣Τͤʤ礭ʿ¤Ƥ뤳Ȥ롥פȤΤζǤä


괧ȼ°ʹ¤˴ؤʸνФǡ (179) ʾΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥ѸˤΤʤ "Duke of York" ŵϡ#486. Ū do ȯã ([2010-08-26-1]) #491. Stuart ī˿षʿʸˤ뱪Ū do ([2010-08-31-1]) ǤߤʿʸǤ do ˡȯãȿǤ롥16˰٤ȯã17ˤϿषɡ夹˻ʤäۤˤϡ#819. his °ʡ ([2011-07-25-1]) #1479. his °ʤο ([2013-05-15-1]) 󤲤롥
äƤ°ʤȤ a knight of his this hat of mine Τ褦ʹ¤Ǥ롥ѸǤ *a his knight *this my hat Τ褦˴졦ؼȽͭ̾ܤ뤳ȤǤŪ°ʹ¤ѤȤƵǽ롥ι¤εΩˤĤƤϽ⤢뤬a his knight Ȥ饹ȤѸ°̾ his ֤ of ȤȤ˸褦ˤʤäȤ⤬ͭϤǤʵp. 183ˡ̾űѸ줫ѸˤƤ°ʹ¤ȯãǤϡ°̾줬֤뤫 of ִ뤫Τ줫ä°ʤξˤϡξäƤޤäȤȤ
°ʤȯãϡ14ȾФ a man of þair (a man of theirs) ΥפϤޤꡤ̾νͭԤ򼨤 an officer Of the prefectes ؤ⹭ä100ǯˤϡؼȼ this stede of myne Υפ괧ȼ the fellys of Thomas Bettsons Υפ줿4ԤΤǸ괧ȼΤΤߤष17˾äƤä
ϡκǸΥפ˴ؤ "Duke of York" θݤDȤǽƤȯȳΩˤäưŪ˲ǽȤʤäΤΡǽŪˤϡְ̣Ū괧 the ɬʤ (192) ԲǽȤʤäΤȤʬϤ롥DȤǽƤȯȳΩϡ#1406. «ȤʤäƵ®ʸˡѲ ([2013-03-03-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ°ʤȤع¤ȯãΤͭŪ˴ؤ븽ݤȹͤ졤°ʤȯã⤽礭ȤߤΤʤª٤ȤĥˤĤʤcf. #1417. °ȯã ([2013-03-14-1])ˡ  *
괧쥿פοˤĤơϰ̣ŪɬƤ뤬Ϲʸ;ȸƤ褤⤷ʤyour car üŪɽǤȤ虜虜Ū the car of yours ɽɬפϤʤȤʵp. 193ˡ
"Duke of York" ظˤ礭ʿ¤õȤΤϡΤ˱Ѹˤ礭̥Ϥ1ĤǤ롥

塡ֱѸˤΤʤ "Duke of York"ס츦θߡ١ϩˡˡҤĤ˼2013ǯ179--96ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-12-1]

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2014-12-09 Tue

#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ [phonetics][vowel][meosl][homorganic_lengthening][gvs][diphthong][timeline][drift][compensatory_lengthening][shocc]

ޥλ夫űѸ졤ѸФƶѸ˻ޤǤαѸ첻ˤ򤶤äȤޤȤ᤿ߤȻפäΤǡפʼŪŪѲޤȤƤߤʲɽϡGörlach (48--49) 첻μ̤˴ؤѲάǯɽɥå󥰤ΤǤ롥

PeriodQuantityQuality
RuleExamplesRuleExamples
WGmc--OE  ai > ā, au > ēa, ā > ǣ/ē, a > æstān, ēage, dǣd, dæg cf. Ge Stein, Auge, Tat, Tag
7--9th c.compensatory lengthening*sehan > sēon "see", mearh, gen. mēares "mare"  
9--10th c.lengthening of before esp. [-ld, -mb, -nd]fēld, gōld, wāmb, fīnd, but ealdrum  
shortening before double (long) consonantswĭsdom, clæ̆nsian, cĭdde, mĕtton  
shortening in the first syllable of trisyllabic wordshăligdæg, hæ̆ringas, wĭtega  
OE--MEshortening in unstressed syllableswisdŏm, stigrăpmonophthongization of all OE diphthongsOE dēad, heard, frēond, heorte, giefan > ME [dɛːd, hard, frœːnd, hœrtə, jivən]
12th c.  [ɣ > w] and vocalization of [w] and [j]; emergence of new diphthongsOE dagas, boga, dæg, weg > ME [dauəs, bouə, dai, wei]
  southern rounding of [aː > ɔː]OE hāl(ig) > ME hool(y) [ɔː]
12--14th c.  unrounding of œ(ː), y(ː) progressing from east to westME [frɛːnd, hertə, miːs, fillen]
13th c.lengthening in open syllables of bisyllabic wordsnāme, nōse, mēte (week, door)  
15th c. GVS and 16--17th century consequences    
esp. 15--16th c.shortening in monosyllabic wordsdead, death, deaf, hot, cloth, flood, good  
18th c.lengthening before voiceless fricatives and [r]glass, bath, car, servant, before  


ΤȤƼѲ̤ѲʤûĹηäƤꡤѸ첻˿̤򷫤֤Ƥʬ롥ġѲϤδطˤΤ⤢뤬̤ȤƤʤäΤǤꡤŪˤϳơΩȤϤޤǤʤǤ⡤βѲΤȤƤȤ館褦Ȥߤ⤢뤳ȤŦƤ㤨С#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.

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2014-12-06 Sat

#2049. <sh> Ȥΰֻ [grapheme][alphabet][consonant][spelling][orthography][timeline][ormulum][digraph]

Ѹˤˤ̵ԹŸ໤ /ʃ/ ϰŪʲǤäȤ뤬ɽ魯ֻϥꥨ˭٤äḽѸǤŻ (digraph) <sh> §Ȥ櫓ѸǤ͡ʰֻԤƤˤγάϡ#1893. إܥ󼰥޻ <sh>, <ch>, <j> ϤɤΤ餤Ѹ ([2014-07-03-1]) Ǽۤˤ#479. bushel ([2010-08-19-1]) #1238. 󥰥Υޥ̻οá ([2012-09-16-1]) εǴϢ˷ڤƤ
OED sh, n.1 ˰͵򤷤ơѸ˾塤λҲɤΤ褦֤ƤΤ⤦٤ҤޤϡOED εҤ˴ŤƤ餢ǯɽ򼨤ΤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡͤޤǤˡ

How to Spell

ʲä롥űѸɸֻä <sc> ѸȿΰӤ򤿤ɤꡤ¾μΰֻ֤뤳ȤˤʤäλҲΥե󥹸βǤȤƤ¸ߤʤäᡤե󥹸ǽ񤯤Ȥ˴ƤѸμ̻ϡ餫ιפ򶯤뤳ȤˤʤäǤñʻߤñȤ <s> ѤˡǡѸǤϸƬȸ /ʃ/ ɽ魯ΤѤ줿ŪˤϤʤʤäŻҲ <ss> ϴĶФѤ줿Ȥ⤢ꡤ깭Ѥ줿ȸǤ <ssh> ᡤĹ16ޤѤ줿16ѤȤƤϡCoverdale (1535) ǤФѤ줿 <szsh> <szh> 󤲤뤬ޤѤǿԤϽФʤä<ss> <sch> ΤۤѸȾФͥäֻȤƤϡɥĸֻפ碌 <sch> 󤲤ʤ櫓ˤϤʤȤ櫓ƬǤϹԤ졤Ǥ16ޤ³
θǤ˸ /ʃ/ ɽ魯ΤˡֻѤ줿롥㤨 she ɽ魯Τˡ13ˤ <sge>, , <sze> Τ褦ֻȤѤ줿East Anglia Ǥϡ褯ΤƤ褦 shall should θƬҲ <x> ֤졤̯ <xal> <xulde> ߤ줿ޤ -ship ѸǤϤȤ -<chipe> ֤줿
Ǹˡ1200ǯ Ormulum Ǥ⤹Ǥ˵§ŪѤƤ<sh> ͥŻȤ¾򰵤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥14Υɥʸ Chaucer ǤŪǤꡤCaxton ǤɸȤʤä
ḽѸǤϡĤθˤƤλҲɽ魯Τ¾λѤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬츻Ū뤤ȯ٤ŪǤ롥㤨Сmachine, schedule, Asia, -tion (cf. #2018. <nacio(u)n> <nation> ֻѲ ([2014-11-05-1])) ʤɤǤ롥

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2014-09-04 Thu

#1956. Hughes αѸάǯɽ [timeline][lexicology][lexicography][register][slang][hel][historiography]

Hughes (xvii--viii) ϡ A History of English Words ǡûˤȼˤǰƬ֤̻ˤŻ뤷ѸǯɽͿƤ롥άǯɽǤϤ뤬Ȥ櫓ûˡȤδϢ̤˲ФƤǡԤƩƸǯɽǤ롥

410Departure of the Roman legions
c.449The Invasion of the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians
597The Coming of Christianity
731Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People
787The first recorded Scandinavian raids
871--99Alfred King of Wessex
900--1000Approximate date of Anglo-Saxon poetry collections
1016--42Canute King of England, Scotland and Denmark
1066The Norman Conquest
c.1150Earliest Middle English texts
1204Loss of Calais
1362English restored as language of Parliament and the law
1370--1400The works of Chaucer, Langland and the Gawain poet
1384Wycliffite translation of the Bible
1476Caxton sets up his press at Westminster
1525Tyndale's translation of the Bible
1549The Book of Common Prayer
1552Early canting dictionaries
1584Roanoke settlement of America (abortive)
1590--16610Shakespeare's main creative period
1603Act of Union between England and Scotland
1604Robert Cawdrey's Table Alphabeticall
1607Jamestown settlement in America
1609English settlement of Jamaica
1611Authorized Version of the Bible
1619First Arrival of slaves in America
1620Arrival of Pilgrim fathers in America
1623Shakespeare's First Folio published
1649--60Puritan Commonwealth: closure of the theatres
1660Restoration of the monarchy
1667Milton's Paradise Lost
1721Nathaniel Bailey's Universal Etymological English Dictionary
1755Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language
1762--94Grammars published by Lowth, Murray, etc.
1765Beginning of the English Raj in India
1776Declaration of American Independence
1788Establishment of the first penal colony in Australia
1828Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language
1884--1928Publication of the Oxford English Dictionary
1903Daily Mirror published as the first tabloid
1922Establishment of the BBC
1947Independence of India
1957--72Independence of various African, Asian and Caribbean states
1961Third edition of Webster's Dictionary
1968Abolition of the post of Lord Chancellor
1989Second edition of the Oxford English Dictionary


ɤ˿֤ȡԤαѸ˵ҤФѸ˴Ѥ褯狼롥ǯɽȤΤ1Ĥ˴ѤɽǤʤȡĤŤפޤ timeline γƵǡѸˤȤƱоݤФưۤʤǯɽ˰⤻˷ǤƤΤϡκԤαѸ˴ѤõꤿäǯɽįƤߤƤ

Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-12-01-1]

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2014-05-05 Mon

#1834. ʸǯɽ [grammatology][history][timeline]

֡ե٥åȤ濴ʸ˽椷Ƥʸ˴Ϣ뵭ϡgrammatology, graphemics, grapheme, alphabet, runic, writing ʤɤǽ񤤤Ƥ濴ŪʵȴФȡ㤨мΤ褦ʤΤä

(1) #41. ʸˤ ([2009-06-08-1])
(2) #751. ϵ46ǯΤߤΤʤǤοȸ ([2011-05-18-1])
(3) #1368. Fennell ǡѸάǯɽ ([2013-01-24-1])
(4) #1544. εȿʲǯɽ ([2013-07-19-1])

(5) #423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1])
(6) #490. ե٥åȤε North Semitic ̤롩 ([2010-08-30-1])
(7) #1006. 롼ʸѼ ([2012-01-28-1])
(8) #1005. ʿ̾ˤǸŤΡ֤ϲΡפȯ줿 ([2012-01-27-1])

(9) #422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1])
(10) #1822. ʸη ([2014-04-23-1])

ϡ (241--42) ˤʸάǯɽǤ褦(1)--(4) ʤɤεǷǤǯɽȤǯ㴳ۤʤȤ⤢뤬Ȥ櫓ˤʸΩǯꤹ뤳ȤκϴƤ٤

30000ǯα
4000ǯʸˤڴ˽񤤤ʸ
3300ǯ᥽ݥߥdzʸ
3100ǯץʸΩ
2700ǯ᡼ܸʸΩ
2500ǯܸʸʸˤȤä
2300ǯήǡָʸפ
2200ǯץ롦ʥθʸʸ
2000ǯ᡼μԥʹߡ᥽ݥߥǤϥåɸ줬̸ȤƻѤ
1600ǯʥʸ
 泤ʸAΩ
1300ǯ饹ʸꥢˤΥåʸ
 ǹùʸΩ
1000ǯե˥ʸΩ
 Ʊʸťإ֥饤ʸΩ
8ꥷʸȥꥢʸꥢʸΩ
6޻Ω
3ƥʸ֥顼եʸΩ
2إ֥饤ʸΩ
1--1Ǵ
1ǸŤΥ롼ʸʸ
3ץʸޥʸΩ
4īȾ
 ץʸΩ
 ʸӥʸΩ
5ܤ补ʸΩ
 ˥ʸ른ʸΩ
7٥åʸΩ
8ʡ꡼ʸΩ
9饴ʸΩʤθ奭ʸȤʤ
11ͥѡʸΩ


ǸŤʸȯ뤳ȤϤǤʤʤ̤ȯʸ̲äƤʸν񤫤줿椨˱ʱ˼줷ޤäΤ¿ (23) ϡܸʸθԡޥꡦǥμεҤƤ롥

֤椨ʸϾΤɤޤ줿ʤɤΤϤʤȤǤ롥Ҳ񤬾ħŪʪĤİϢʪŪĤȤΤӡɽ롤äҲ񤬤¤ʸиϤɤˤ⤢ΤǤ롥ĤμҲ񤬸ŪΡƶɲˤȤ¸ǽΡǴڰʳΤΡˤ򤷤Ȼפ


̤ʸȤȤˡ˸뤳ȤΤʤ¿ʸ˻פڤ򤨤ʤ

륤᥸󡦥 ʸ Ρ ʸˡ١Ͻн˼1998ǯ

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2014-02-23 Sun

#1763. Shakespeare κʤȸ˴ؤ뻨¿ʾ [shakespeare][statistics][link][timeline]

Shakespeare ȤκʤˤĤƤϡΤ̤ꡤʸѤ롥ǯɽפत¿뤬Crystal and Crystal Ŭȴ褷Τ򤤤ĤܤƤʤCrystal and Crystal μפθˤʤäƤǡ١ϡShakespeare's Words ꥢǤ롥¾ Shakespeare ϢΥ󥯤ˤĤƤϡ#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(1) Chronology of works (Crystal and Crystal 6)

1590--91The Two Gentlemen of Verona; The Taming of the Shrew
1591Henry VI Part II; Henry VI Part III
1592Henry VI Part I (perhaps with Thomas Nashe); Titus Andronicus (perhaps with George Peele)
1592--3Richard III; Venus and Adonis
1593--4The Rape of Lucrece
1594The Comedy of Errors
1594--5Love's Labour's Lost
by 1595King Edward III
1595Richard II; Romeo and Juliet; A Midsummer Night's Dream
1596King John
1596--7The merchant of Venice; Henry IV Part I
1597--8The Merry Wives of Windsor; Henry IV Part II
1598Much Ado About Nothing
1598--9Henry V
1599Julius Caesar
1599--1600As You Like It
1600--1601Hamlet; Twelfth Night
by 1601The Phoenix and Turtle
1602Troilus and Cressida
1593--1603The Sonnets
1603--4A Lover's Complaint; Sir Thomas More; Othello
1603Measure for Measure
1604--5All's Well that Ends Well
1605Timon of Athens (with Thomas Middleton)
1605--6King Lear
1606Macbeth (revised by Middleton); Antony and Cleopatra
1607Pericles (with George Wilkins)
1608Coriolanus
1609The Winter's Tale
1610Cymbeline
1611The Tempest
1613Henry VIII (with John Fletcher); Cardenio (with John Fletcher)
1613--14The Two Noble Kinsmen (with John Fletcher)


(2) Top ten content words (Crystal and Crystal 153)

good3995
lord3164
man3091
love3047
sir2548
know2252
give2114
think/thought1911
king1680
speak1626


(3) Poetry or prose (Crystal and Crystal 165)

Poetry (%)No. of linesProse (%)No. of linesPlay
100275200Richard II
100256900King John
100249300King Edward III
99.728920.38Henry VI Part III
99.526640.514Henry VI Part I
98.624791.435Titus Andronicus
97.635172.485Richard III
97.427352.674Henry VIII
94.526415.5154The Two Noble Kinsmen
93.519486.5135Macbeth
90.122089.9244Julius Caesar
89.8271810.2308Antony and Cleopatra
86.9261013.1393Romeo and Juliet
86.6154313.4239The Comedy of Errors
85.2280814.5487Cymbeline
83.7258016.3503Henry VI Part II
81.2190318.8441Pericles
80.6207619.4498The Taming of the Shrew
80.6171319.4413A Midsummer Night's Dream
80.4259919.6633Othello
78.6202521.4551The Merchant of Venice
77.2257122.8760Coriolanus
76.5156923.5481The Tempest
73.2218126.8800The Winter's Tale
73.1234526.9865King Lear
73.1170726.9627Timon of Athens
73.1161326.9595The Two Gentlemen of Verona
71.5274228.51092Hamlet
66.4225033.61137Troilus and Cressida
64.2171635.8955Love's Labour's Lost
60.6163439.41062Measure for Measure
60.5194339.51269Henry V
55.6166644.41332Henry IV Part I
51.6144748.41356All's Well that Ends Well
47.6154752.41700Henry IV Part II
47.4127652.61415As You Like It
38.294961.81532Twelfth Night
28.373971.71871Much Ado About Nothing
12.533887.52370The Merry Wives of Windsor


(4) How long are the plays? (Crystal and Crystal 139)

Total linesTotal wordsPlayFirst FolioRiverside
383429,844Hamlet39064042
360228,439Richard III38873667
338725,730Troilus and Cressida35923531
333126,479Coriolanus38383752
329526,876Cymbeline38193707
324725,737Henry IV Part II33503326
323226,003Othello36853551
321225,623Henry V33813297
321025,341King Lear33023487
308324,490Henry VI Part II33553130
302623,726Antony and Cleopatra36363522
300324,023Romeo and Juliet31853099
299824,126Henry IV Part I31803081
298124,597The Winter's Tale33693348
290023,318Henry VI Part III32172915
280923,333Henry VIII34633221
280322,537All's Well that Ends Well30783013
279523,388The Two Noble Kinsmennot in3261
275221,884Richard II28492796
270821,290The Merry Wives of Windsor27292891
269621,269Measure for Measure29382891
269121,477As You Like It27962810
267820,541Henry VI Part I29312695
267120,881Love's Labour's Lost29002829
261020,767Much Ado About Nothing26842787
257620,911The Merchant of Venice27372701
257420,552The Taming of the Shrew27502676
256920,472King John27292638
251419,888Titus Andronicus27082538
249319,406King Edward IIInot innot in
248119,592Twelfth Night25792591
245219,149Julius Caesar27302591
234417,728Periclesnot in2459
233417,796Timon of Athens26072488
220816,936The Two Gentlemen of Verona22982288
212616,305A Midsummer Night's Dream22222192
208316,372Macbeth25292349
205016,047The Tempest23412283
178214,415The Comedy of Errors19181787


(5) Using you and thou (Crystal and Crystal 126)

You-formsThou-forms
you14,244thou5,942
ye352thee3,444
your6,912thy4,429
yours260thine510
yourself289thyself251
yourselves74  
Total22,131 14,576


Crystal, David and Ben Crystal. The Shakespeare Miscellany. Woodstock & New York: Overlook, 2005.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-02-15 Sat

#1755. οʲŤΥԡ (2) [evolution][origin_of_language][timeline][homo_sapiens][anthropology][punctuated_equilibrium]

#1749. οʲŤΥԡɡ ([2014-02-09-1]) ǡȯʲŤˤĤ Aitchison "language bonfire" Ҳ𤷤ؤΡؤפȤƤ롤ƣŹسؤӤΥȤФβʳء٤ɤǤȤβ⤬狼䤹Ҳ𤵤Ƥ
ƣ (23--24) ˤȡߤοؤθ̤餫ȤˤС¾θͤ褫顤पӥͥǥ륿ͤζ̤褬ʬΤ100ǯΤȤǤ롥ơ2Ĥ褬ߤʬΤ50ǯ25ǯ餤˥ͥǥ륿ͤǤӤޤǤϡȶ¸ƤȤ狼äƤ롥बեꥫΤ20ǯΤȤǤ롥θ7--6ǯ˥եꥫسȻ15ǯ餤Ƥã
嵭θˤΤʤǡ˸ΤʤΤƱȯȹͤΤˤĤƤϡ#544. ҥȤȯﴱοʲŬ ([2010-10-23-1]) 򻲾ȡˡθ夷Ф餯ϡΤϴˤ䤫ʿʲ򼨤ˤ10ǯۤˤ褦䤯ŪʸοãĤĤäȤ롥Ȥ10ǯۤλˡ޷ʸοʲ롥ơХեꥫλ濴ˡ˻θηϤˤۤɤŨ٤ʸηϤȯãθϡĹˤ䤫̲λꡤߤ˻롥줬"language bonfire" Ǥ롥ƣ (24) ޼ȡʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

Evolution of Language like a Bonfire

Ϣơ#41. ʸˤ ([2009-06-08-1])#751. ϵ46ǯΤߤΤʤǤοȸ ([2011-05-18-1])#1544. εȿʲǯɽ ([2013-07-19-1]) ⻲ȡ

ƣ ŹسؤӤΥȤФβʳء١ҤĤ˼2007ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-01-24 Fri

#1733. Canada ˤѸ [canadian_english][history][map][timeline][canada]

#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1])#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1])#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) ˰³礿Ѹ˥꡼Ȥƥʥ夲롥

Map of Canada

ʥϤؤϡ1ǯۤˡޤ̥åȤ褷ϼġϫĤ1000ǯ󥰤衼åѿͤȤƽƥʥ夷衼åѿͤˤܳŪʥʥõγϤϡ֥ȯ15ԤʤФʤʤä
1497ǯJohn Cabot (1425--99) ϡ󥰥ɲ Henry VII εĤơ٤Bristol ؤȽйҤCabot ĤΤϥǤϤʤʥ쳤ߤäCabot ιҳ¿õߤ򤽤ꡤθΥʥõȳȯ˹׸뤳ȤȤʤäºݤΤȤCabot 夷Υʥ쳤ߤϡꥹե󥹡ڥ󡤥ݥȥεդˤϤǤíεȤΤƤ褦
1534ǯե󥹲 Jacques Cartier (1491--1557) 򥢥ϩȯΤФCartier Newfoundland ĶơSaint Lawrence Ѥߡǥ² (Iroquois) ʹǡ¼פ̣ kanata αƤ롥줬 Canada εȤ롥ʥõ̤ơե󥹤ϥӡСǰפ˾򸫤ʥؤδͿ򿼤ƤȤˤʤäNew France ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤäʥ1663ǯ˥եΤȤʤꡤ̱Ͽ͸1ͤۤɤˤʤäƤϡߤ670ͤΥե󥹷ϥʥͤǤ롥ե󥹤ϡסõꥹȶ۶δǥߥå򲼤ꡤ1682ǯˤϥᥭѤãƤơ18Ƭκˤϡե󥹤Ƥ˹ʸפݤ˻ä
󥰥ɿͤ٤ƥʥؤθפϤƤ16Ⱦˤ Newfoundland St. John's ƽο̱ϤߤϥɥѲ (Hudson's Bay Company) Ωƥϥɥնθפꤷ18δ֤˱ʩΩ򤱤ʤʤꡤ1754--63ǯˤϥեǥ (French and Indian War) Ǿ͡ꥹξˤꥫʥιڤѿ̱ϤȤʤäδ֤ˡNew Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec Maine ޤ Acadia 顤Ȥե󥹷ϰ̱ꥫ Louisiana ʤɤ뤳Ȥˤʤäߤ Louisiana äƤե󥹸Ѽ Cajun (< Acadian) äϡΥե󥹷ϰ̱Ǥ롥
ꥫΩ˺ݤơꥹŪä (Loyalist) ο͡ϡꥫ˻Ĥ뤳Ȥ餷Ȥ4ͤȤϤ Nova Scotia ءΦؤȰܽŪʸ٤ι⤤滺ο͡ޤ̤˰̱ȤȤϡ˾塤ޤǤ롥ˡEngland, Scotland, Ireland ľܤΰ̱⤪ʤ졤ʥˤѸ͸̤αѸä̱ˤꡤ̥ꥫˤƥꥹǻ Upper Canada ʸߤ Ontarioˤȥե󥹿ǻ Lower Canada ʸߤ Quebecˤ̤褦ˤʤä2ΩȤ⤤1812ǯαƴ֤襤ǤϡUpper Canada ȤʤꡤꥫȥʥȤʬΥռޤ뤳ȤȤʤä
1867ǯʥ Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec ѼΤȤʤꡤ1931ǯˤΩãϢˮ (The Commonwealth of Nations) ΰȤƻĤ⡤1965ǯˤ Union Jack Ȥ߹ѤơߤΥǤιѡ1982ǯˤϼηˡꤷ˼縢ʤ顤ʥΩݻƤꡤꥶ٥ȸȤƤʥʥλʾˤϥꥶ٥Ƥˡ
ߡʥ¿ȤǤ롥ʥͤ60%Ѹüԡ20%ե󥹸üԤǤꡤۤˤ轻̱̱ˤ100ʾθ줬äƤ롥
ʾ塤Ȥ Svartvik and Leech (90--95) 򻲾ȤƼɮʥˤѸιˤĤƤϡ#1698. ꥫαѸγȻȤΰŪʥѥ ([2013-12-20-1]) ӡ#1701. ꥫؤΰ̱νпϡ ([2013-12-23-1]) ⻲ȡ
ͤޤǤˡ֥饤󡦥ꥢॺ (60--61) ꡤʥˤǯɽǤƤ

2000̥åȤ̥ꥫؤäƤ롥
800Хեǥɡåʬ
800ɹϤष̥ꥫ̤Ϥޤ롥
1000쥤աꥯΨХ󥰤̥ꥫ˾Φʤ餯˥塼եɥɡ֥ɥȡ⤦1ˡ
1020Х󥰤̥ꥫõ롥
1075饹Υ塼졦̥åȤ̶ʸͥȤʤ롥
1497󡦥ܥåȤ˥塼եɥɤȥס֥ȥ˾Φ
1534åƥȡõȡѤαߤեΤ롥
1583˥塼եɥɤꥹγ̱ϤȤʤ롥
1627ե󥹤̥ꥫˤĤä̱ϡ֥˥塼ե󥹡פ뤿ᡤ˥塼ե󥹲ҤΩ롥
1670ɥǰ׾ϥɥѲҤΩϥɥѤϤϰξȷۤ롥
170120ǯ֤γ38轻̱²Ȥե󥹤ʿ¾֡
1756ǯǡ礭ǤкϤǤ⾡륤ꥹο̱Ϥ˥塼ե󥹤
1763ѥ󤬷Ф졤ǯ褬롥ߥåˤäեο̱Ϥϥꥹڤˤʤ롥˥塼ե󥹤ϥ٥å̱Ϥ̾ΤѤ롥
1783ȥꥪ龦ͤΡȲҤΩ̤äʿΤޤǡ׽꤬Ǥ롥
1791٥åʥʸߤΥ٥åˤȥåѡ/ʥʸߤΥ󥿥ꥪˤȤʬ롥
1812--141812ǯ补ФǤϳ郎ʤ졤衼ʸߤΥȥȡˤϥꥫιꥫΥʥάλߤϼԤ
1821ϥɥѲҤȥΡȲҤʻǯĤŤƤϤ褬롥
1841ʥȡʥʥˤȥʥȡʥåѡʥˤʥȤƺƤ礵롥
1867ѹ̥ꥫˡˤꡤѼΥʥˤϥ󥿥ꥪ٥åΥС˥塼֥󥹥åޤޤƤ
1870ޥ˥ȥСĤŤƥ֥ƥå塦ӥץ󥹡ɥɡɤˤʤ롥
1885ʥǥ󡦥ѥեåŴƻ
1898桼ήǥɥå夬롥桼Ͻལϰ̤Ϳ롥
1905Сȥ󤬽ˤʤ롥
1931ȥߥ󥹥ϤˤꡤꥹμΤ˴ʼ롥
1947ʥȥꥹϡϢ粦Ʊϰ̤ĤȤˤʤ롥
1949ʥξ󵡹ΩСȤʤ롥ꥹϥ˥塼եɥɤ򥫥ʥִԡ
1965ޤǤΥꥹǻꡤդΥǥιǤ롥
1967ȥꥪ񤬳졤ꥹǤϤʤʥȤƤμФޤ롥
1968٥åδΩ򾡤Ȥ뤳ȤŪˡ٥åޤȿ롥
1970٥åΩʤ޿ŪʬΥΩΥ롼ס٥åꥹξ̳Ͷ٥åä򻦳
1982ʥϴʼͳ롥ꥹ餹٤ƤˡŪܹԤ줿塤ˡꤵ롥
1984ԥ롦ȥɡ꤬षǿݼޤΥ֥饤󡦥ޥ롼ˡ
1992ʥꥫᥭƼͳǰ׶Ĵ롥
1993ޥ롼ˡݼ޼Ǥθ򥭥ࡦ٥뤬ʥνȤưѤο塤ϥ󡦥ƥ롥
1995٥åν̱ɼǡ鷺1%κΩݷ褵롥
1998٥å¿ν̱Ω˾硤ϢˮܤεĤäƽΩǤ뤳Ȥ򡤥ʥǹۤ᤿
1999̥ʥ֥Ȥལˤʤ롥̱¿轻̱²ǤལȤƺǽ顥
2003ȥȤǡʳǺSARSʿٱˤȯ
2003٥åǼͳޤ٥åޤˤꡤΩɤޤˤۤ롥
2003󡦥ƥ10ǯؤ᤿κ¤ࡥǤϥݡ롦ޡƥ
2006ݼޤʥܤλ۸򰮤롥ƥ֥󡦥ϡѡ˽Ǥ


֥饤󡦥ꥢॺإʥʥ른եåι񡡥ʥ١ۤ׽ǡ2007ǯ
Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 144--49.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-01-02 Thu

#1711. ֳϰαѸγȻ [geography][geolinguistics][history][timeline][caribbean]

ֳαѸʬۤˤĤơ#1679. The West Indies αѸ ([2013-12-01-1])#1680. The West Indies θ ([2013-12-02-1])#1702. ֳϰؤΰ̱νпϡ ([2013-12-24-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥϰθϼ¤ʣǤꡤȤƼҲŪʴؿ "Caribbean linguistics" Ȥ̾Ǹ椬ʤƤ롥
ѸȤäƤߤƤ⡤̱ˡѸ줬Ȼˡpidgin creole ɸѸμҲŪʴطڥʤ¾μ׸Ȥζ¸ʤɡ䤦٤¿¿ͤʣطʤˤϡ˼Τ¿ͤʣΤHolm (1) 3ŦƤ롥μݤ򼨤ȡ(1) ϰαѸˤϡġڤȤʣαѸˤäƤꡤ1ĤˤˤޤȤ뤳Ȥ񤷤(2) ϰαѸγȻˤϡꥹŪϤγȻˤȤɬפƤʤ(3) ϰŪ˵ҤϡˤкѻˤǤꡤˤ pidgin creole դƤŪɾ椨˸ܤߤ뤳Ȥʤä(3) ˤĤƤϸߤǤϻѤäƤƤΤ(1) (2) ϤȤ⤷(2) ˤĤƤС㤨 St. Lucia Dominica ϵѹ̱Ϥ߱Ѹϳ2Ȥäˤʤѹ̱ϤǤϤʤꥫ Puerto Limón ɥߥ˥¹ the Samaná Peninsula Ǥϡ߱Ѹ줬ȤäƤ롤ʤɤλ𤬤롥
ϰΰ̱ˤȱѸȻˤΰü#1702. ֳϰؤΰ̱νпϡ ([2013-12-24-1]) εǤߤ硦ڤȤ˾ޤȤ᤿ Holm (18--19) ͿƤΤǡ򼨤Ƥ30ǯθŤǤϤ뤬̱νпϡHolm ɮ줿͸ʤɤޤȤƤꡤϰαѸγѤΤ˻ͤˤϤʤɽο͸Ρ---פϡ¾ιԤ˻Ƥ뤳Ȥ򼨤ˡ

Date of SettlementTerritorySettled fromCurrent Population
1609Bermuda (Atlantic)Britain, Africa55,000
1624St. Kitts (Leewards)Britain, Africa, Ireland40,000
1627BarbadosBritain, Africa, Ireland280,000
1628Nevis (Leewards)St. Kitts, Ireland15,000
1628Barbuda (Leewards)St. Kitts, Ireland1,100
1631St. Martin (Dutch Ww.)Leewards, Holland, France10,000
1631Providence (West Car.)Britain, Bermuda, New England4,000
1631?San Andrés (West Car.)uncertain4,000
1632Antigua (Leewards)St. Kitts74,000
1633Montserrat (Leewards)St. Kitts, Ireland12,000
1636St. Eustatius (D. Ww.)Leewards, Holland1,000
1640Saba (Dutch Windwards)St. Eustatius, Leewards1,000
1648Bahamas (Eleuthera)Bermuda240,000
1650Anguilla (Leewards)Leewards6,500
1651Suriname (S. America)Barbados (Sranan 1st lang.: 125,000)404,000
1655JamaicaBarbados, Leewards, Suriname, Bermuda2,215,000
1666British Virgin Is.Leewards12,000
1670Cayman Is. (West Car.)Britain, Jamaica16,000
1670CarolinaBritain, Jamaica, Barbados, Bermuda, BahamasGullah: 250,000
1672St. Thomas (Virgin Is.)Leewards, Dutch Windwards, Denmark---
1678Turks and CaicosBermuda7,000
1684St. John (Virgin Is.)St. Thomas---
to 1715Saramaccan (Suriname)Coastal plantations(20,000)
from 1715Djuka (Suriname)Coastal plantations(16,000)
ca. 1730Miskito Coast (C.A.)Belize, Jamaica40,000
1733St. Croix (Virgin Is.)Leewards, St. Thomas---
1740's(British) GuyanaBarbados, Leewards832,000
from 1760Aluku (Fr. Guiana)Coastal plantations of Suriname---
1763Dominica (Br. Windw.)French Antilles (French Creole) 
1763St. Vincent (Br. Ww.)Leewards, Barbados112,000
1763Grenada (Br. Windw.)Fr. Antilles, Leewards, Barbados108,000
1763Tobago?---
from 1780southern BahamasU.S. South---
1786BelizeMiskito Coast150,000
1786Andros, BahamasMiskito Coast---
1797TrinidadWindwards, Barbados, Bahamas1,150,000
1815St. LuciaFrench Antilles (French Creole) 
from 1824Samaná, Dominican Rep.U.S. freedmen8,000
1827Bocas del Toro, PanamaSan Andrés---
1830'sBay Islands, HondurasCayman Islands10,000
1849Nacimiento, MexicoAfro-Seminoles300?
from 1850Rama, east NicaraguaMiskito Coast300?
1870Bracketville, TexasNacimiento Afro-Seminoles300?
1871Puerto Limón, Costa RicaJamaica, Eastern Caribbean40,000
1898Puerto RicoUnited States100,000?
1904--14PanamaJamaica, Eastern Caribbean100,000?
1917Virgin IslandsUnited Statestotal: 100,000
total: 6,398,500


Holm, J. A. "The Spread of English in the Caribbean Area." Focus on the Caribbean. Ed. M. Görlach and J. A. Holm. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1986. 1--22.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2013-12-31 Tue

#1709. ױǯɽ [timeline][bible]

ˤ򻲾Ȥ뤳Ȥ¿Τǡ˴Ϣǯɽ֤ƤǤ롥#1427. פʱ˴ؤǯɽ ([2013-03-24-1]) Ǥǯɽ򼨤ϻ߷ (744--45) αǯɽɲäɽ * ƹ򼨤ϢơѸ - Wikipediaξͭѡ

9cVespasian Psalter Υƥֻӡ׹Դ (interlinear gloss)ޡ
10cƬParis Psalter ΥƥOEֻӡס50ӤޤǤϥȥȤ뻶ʸʲƬʤ
c950Lindisfarne Gospels 700ǯä줿ƥʡʸιԴ֤ˡ950ǯ.Ρ֥ꥢˤäƤ
10cȾRushworth Gospels Lindisfarne Gospels ιԴˤʤ餦ޥ̥ޡˤȼ
c1000West-Saxon Gospels ɸŪȥˤǽ!)ܳŪ

Ælfric's Heptateuch 'ʸˡ' Ælfric κǽ7 (Genesis-Judges) ͳʸΤǾΡ
c1120Eadwine's Psalterium Triplex Υƥֻӡפ˥󥰥Υޥȱä
a1350West-Midland Psalter William of Shoreham λƱܤˤդޤƤΤǡĤƤƱͤ˵Ƥ

Richard Rolle's Psalter Υƥֻӡפ˥Ρ֥ꥢˤä
c1384Wycliffite Bible (Early Version) J. Wyclif Nicholas of Hereford 濴ȤʤäƥƥŪǽδѸ񡥥ƥˡ
c1388--95Wycliffite Bible (Later Version) Wyclif John Purvey 濴Ȥʤäơ嵭ŪѸɽ˲᤿Ρ
c1520Murdoch Nisbet: Wyclif Version in Scots Wycliffite Bible Υåȥ
1525--26Tyndale's New Testament Υꥷ츶ŵľǽΰܱ. 1534, 1535
1530Martin Bucer: The Earliest English Psalter printed Martin Bucer οƥˤ롥1535ǯԤ Primer ʤɤ˼Ͽ줿

Tyndale's Pentateuch
1531Tyndale's Jona
1535Coverdale's Bible 'ͤ (Miles Coverdale) ˤ' ǽΰܴ
1537Matthew Bible Tyndale δ̤Ƥä礱Ȥ Coverdale äƤ롥 'Matthew' Tyndale ͧ John Rogers ε̾
1539Taverner's Bible Matthew Bible β

The Great Bible Coverdale ˤ Matthew Bible βΡֻӡ1949ǯǤ Prayer Book ˼Ͽ
1550Sir John Cheke֥ޥפӡ֥ޥ륳פκǽΰ
1560The Geneva Bible Ρֿפ1557ǯǡCalvin ɤγؼԡԤζϤˤʤ롥ΤǴʸȤ路罰˾˹סήۤ
1567Testament newydd Υ륺1588
1568The Bishops' Bible Matthew Parker 紴˼綵ѰȤ The Great Bible AV ܤȤʤ
1582--1610The Rheims-Douai Bible Ρֿפ1582ǯǡΦ˴̿ΥȥåγؼԡԤζϤˤʤ롥ƥ񤫤νRichard Challoner (1749--72) ήǤδäȤʤ
1602Tiomna Naadh William Daniel ˤ륢ɸ1686
1611Authorised Version άAVȤƹǤ King James Bible Ȥ⤤Lancelot Andrews ѰĹȤ50;̾ԡؼԤʤѰǴĺ򼨤ȤȤˡShakespeare¤ǶѸʤꤷȤ롥ήǤ1769ǯ Benjamin Blayney ƽ Oxford Ǥˤ
1611--1881ʹ70򤳤񤬽Ǥ줿
1640*The Bay Psalter Book Massachusetts Bay ˿̱һ Richard Mather, John Eliot ۤ1ֻ̾ӡפˤȤŤν
1729Daniel Mace: The New Testament in Greek and English ΥꥷʸȱαѸθѸ¿ȿǤƤȤ
1755John Wesley's New Testament θŵˤꡤAV Ѹ12᤿Τ AV ˱ƶ򤢤
1764Anthony Purver: A New and Literal Translation of...the Old and New Testament 18cȾήԤʸΤʼͳԤˤʤ Quaker Bible ȤФ
1768Edward Harwood: A Liberal Translation of the New TestamentξĹ cliché ѤŪʸΤѥե졼
1808*Charles Thomson: The Holy Bible ƹˤ뼷 (Septuaginta) κǽα
1833*Noah Webster: The Holy Bible...in Common Version AV θŸŪɽ¯
1876*Julia E. Smith's Bible κǽνˤʴˡ
1881--85The Revised Version άRV츶ˤȤŤ AV βߤ¿Ű
1898--1901The Twentieth Century New Testament κǽʿפʸλߡ1904ƹ1961
1901*The American Standard Version άASVRV ݼƹ¦Ѱˤ
1903F. RWeymouth: The New Testament in Modern Speech μ鹻ꥷʸˤȤŤΤʸߤ롥1924, 1929
1913--24James Moffatt: A New Translation of the Bible ñʤΰۤ¿οߤŪ
1923*E. J. Goodspeed: The New Testament: An American Translation 'ΥꥫѸ'J. M. P. Smith ˤ1927ǯ
1937*C. B. Williams: The New Testament in the Language of the People Υѥե졼Ū
1940The New Testament in Basic English Basic English δø850ɬפ150ä10001949ǯ
1941*The Confraternity Version Rheims-Douai (1582--1510) Challoner (1749--72) ˤȤĤƹʶIJǧο
194--50Ronald Knox: The Holy Bible=ƥ񤫤οʸ˰տޤ줿̣ɼԤ˲­ʤʸᤶ롥1955
1945--59*The Berkeley Version β The Modern Language Bible (1969)
1946--52*The Revised Standard Version άRSVASV ܤȤΤʸʸθ2 AV οȹԤʤäAV ΡִǤǸŵŪʸΡפ³ϤǤ¤¸뤳ȤɸȤ
1947--58J. B. Phillips: The New Testament in Modern English οʤ Letters to Young Churches (194719572) Ϥᡤŵΰ̣ʸΤǤ¤¤褦ȻߤΤ Four Prophets (1963) ǡ
1952E. V. Rieu: The Four Gospels Penguin Books ©Ҥ C. H. Rieu ˤ The Acts 1957ǯǡ

C. K. Williams: The New Testament: A New Translation of Plain English γͤФѸ춵ηи1700 'plain English'
1961--70The New English Bible AVΩʿʸ奤ꥹѸɸ֤롥ʸλѰߤ
1966The Jerusalem Bible Υե󥹸 La Bible Jerusalem (1961) ϤȤäʸŪ The New Jerusalem Bible (1985)
1966--76*Good News Bibleor Today's English Version θμ㤤ɼؤ񹳤ʤɤ褦ʿפƸ

Dick Williams & Frank Shaw: Liverpool Vernacular Gospels Υס1977
1968--70*Clarence Jordan: Cotton Patch Version ƹ
1970*The New American Bible The Confraternity Versionοä̾ƽǡ1987
1971*Kenneth Taylor: The Living Bible: An Expanded Paraphrase ʿʸˤѥե졼ƹƻ Billy Graham οǤҤήۤ
1973--78*The New International Version AV ºŤĤĸѸ첽ߤʸŪФƤ you, your 롥̤Фθʤ
1981*The New Jewish Version Υ䶵ε The Holy Scriptures according to the Massoretic Text (1917) 뿷
1982The Revised Authorized Versionor the New King James Version θŸˡŰŪ˿
1989The Revised English Bible The New English Bible (l961--70) ̲thou, thy, thee δɽβʤɸ岽䤷ʤ뤬ԤǤŰ

*The New Revised Standard Version δԤ1990ǯthou, thy, thee δɽβǤ Revised English Bible Ű
1991*The Bible for Today's Family: Contemporary English Version. New Testament. Τ̤鸽ɼԤ򤷤䤹ᤶɽˤĤƤŰ줷ӽߤ


߷ ˧ͺ 顡ԡرѸǯɽ?ѸˡѸػˡʸػˡ̻?١ҡ1993ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2013-12-24 Tue

#1702. ֳϰؤΰ̱νп [geography][geolinguistics][history][timeline][map][caribbean]

4֤ε ##1698,1699,1700,1701 ǡGramley αѸˤѥ˥󥵥ꡤ7ϤΤ­򻲾Ȥʤ顤Ѹο͡ΰܽȤȼѸȻˤŪϤ뤤ϽпϤˤƤϤΰϢκǸȤơƱ pp. 7--8 ꡤֳϰ (the Caribbean) ؤο͡ȱѸοʽФ

FROMTO
17th Century Movements
BritainBermuda (1609); Providence Island (1631); Cayman Islands (1670)
IrelandSt. Kitts (1624); Barbados (1627); Nevis, Barbuda (1628)
AfricaBermuda (1609)
BermudaProvidence (1631); Bahamas (1648); Jamaica (1655); Turks + Caicos (1678)
New EnglandProvidence (1631)
St. KittsNevis, Barbuda (1628); Antigua (1632); Montserrat (1633)
The Leeward IslandsAnguilla (1650); Jamaica (1655); St. Thomas (1672)
BarbadosSuriname (1651); Jamaica (1655)
SurinameJamaica (1655)
JamaicaCayman Islands (1670)
St. ThomasSt. John (1684)
18th Century Movements
Belizethe Moskito Coast (1730)
Jamaicathe Moskito Coast (1730)
LeewardsSt. Croix (1733); Guyana (1740s); St. Vincent, Grenada (1763)
St. ThomasSt. Croix (1733)
BarbadosGuyana (1740s); St. Vincent, Grenada (1763), Trinidad (1797)
American SouthBahamas (1780ff)
Moskito CoastBelize, Andros, Bahamas (1786)
WindwardsTrinidad (1797)
19th Century Movements
US (freed slaves)Samaná (Dominican Republic) (1824)
San AndrésCocas del Toro (Panama) (1827)
Cayman IslandsBay Islands (Honduras) (1830s)
JamaicaPuerto Limón (Costa Rica) (1871)
USPuerto Rico (1898)
20th Century Movements
JamaicaPanama (1904--1914)
USthe American Virgin Islands (1917)


ֳϰܤˤȤäƤޤߤΤʤϰʤΤǡطĤߤˤ⤷ʤϰϿޤϡ#1679. The West Indies αѸ ([2013-12-01-1]) 򻲾ȡ  *
ο͸ή⤵뤳Ȥʤ顤ƱϰǤο͡ΰưˤäȤ褯狼롥㤨СBarbados, Belize, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, the Moskito Coast, St. Kitts, St. Thomas, Suriname ̾ϡȯϤˤŪϤˤ⸽Ƥ롥ޤJamaica ȯDZѸ줬ä the Bay Islands (Honduras), the Corn Islands (Nicaragua), Blue Fields (Nicaragua), Puerto Limón (Costa Rica) Belize ʤƤ°Ѹ¸ߤ˺줬ѸγȻ򰷤ǤϸƨʤϰαѸȻˤˤĤƤξܺ٤ϡHolm 򻲾ȡ

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Holm, J. A. "The Spread of English in the Caribbean Area." Focus on the Caribbean. Ed. M. Görlach and J. A. Holm. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1986. 1--22.

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2013-12-23 Mon

#1701. ꥫؤΰ̱νп [geography][geolinguistics][history][timeline][caribbean]

#1699. ꥫȯαѸγȻǯɽ ([2013-12-21-1]) εǤϡꥫ֤פο͡ΰܽȱѸγˤꥫ֤ءפο͸ήˤ⡤ꥫѸηǤϽפμǤ롥ꥫ̱ˤϰʬʤѸˤȤˤäƤϡؤʥꥹȤ긵ˤȽ롥#158. ꥫѸλʬ ([2009-10-02-1]) ϾܤܳŪʰ̱ˤϴάɽGramley αѸˤѥ˥󥵥ˤä7ϤΤ­ (pp. 6--7) Ƹ褦ŪϤȤƹʳϰޤޤƤ롥

FROMTO
Southern EnglandEastern New England, the coastal South (from the early 17th century)
The CaribbeanVirginia and the plantation South (from the early 17th century)
Northern England, Scotland, UlsterSoutheast Pennsylvania, the Piedmont, and the Appalachian South (all from the late 17th century)
GermanyPennsylvania (from the late 17th century)
The 13 coloniesUpper Canada, the Maritimes (in the late 18th century)
HaitiLouisiana (in the late 18th century)
New EnglandNorthwest Territory (from the early 19th century)
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas, and Georgiathe Ohio Valley and Southern Appalachians (from the 18th century)
US (freed slaves)Liberia (from 1822)
Upper Canadathe Prairie and Mountain provinces; British Columbia (19th century)
Midwestthe Oregon Territory, California, and the Mountain West (19th century)
New EnglandHawaii (late 19th century)
Far WestAlaska (late 19th century)
US (colonial administration)Philippines (from 1898--1946)


ǤϡȤƥꥫŪϤȤʤܽˤĤƤɽʬŪ˥ꥫȯϤȤʤܽξȤɤ롥̱ϥꥫذưꥫưꥫưƤΤǤ롥ΰ̣Ǥϡ#1698. ꥫαѸγȻȤΰŪʥѥ ([2013-12-20-1]) άޤ⻲ͤˤʤ
ǯɽˤСꥫѸηȳȻˤϡ17Ƭ˻Ϥޤ20ȾФޤ³Ȥ뤬θ⥢ꥫʱѸˤߤˤޤϤ˱ƶϤԻȤ³Ƥ뤳ȤͤС̣ǤΥꥫѸγȻˤ400ǯ˵ڤ֤Ȥˤʤ롥б륤ꥹѸγȻˤ450ǯ;ʤΤǡḽˤѸŸˤ˸ꤹΤǤСꥫѸˤ⽼ʬĹˤȤȤˤʤ

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-07-06-1] [2014-01-24-1]

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2013-12-22 Sun

#1700. ꥹȯαѸγȻǯɽ [bre][geography][geolinguistics][history][timeline][caribbean]

ε#1699. ꥫȯαѸγȻǯɽ ([2013-12-21-1]) ơϥꥹǤ򡥺Ʊ͡Gramley αѸˤѥ˥󥵥ꡤ7ϤΤ­ p. 6 žܤ롥ꥹΤɤϰ褫顤Τɤϰؿ͡ȱѸ줬ư˼ΤǤ롥

FROMTO
Southwest EnglandSoutheastern Ireland (from 1556 to well into the 17th century)
Scotland + EnglandUlster (from 1606 to the 1690's)
England + ScotlandNorth America (from 1607)
Britain + Irelandthe Caribbean (esp. Barbados) (from 1627)
Britain + IrelandAustralia (from 1788)
EnglandSouth Africa (from 1820)
Britain + AustraliaNew Zealand (from 1820)
Britain (exploration, trade, colonial administration)West Africa: Gambia (1661, 1816); Sierra Leone (1787); Ghana (1824; 1850); Nigeria (1851, 1861); Camero on (1914)
East Africa: Uganda (1860's); Malawi (1878); Kenya (1886); Tanzania (1880's)
Southern Africa: South Africa (1795); Botswana (19th century); Namibia (1878); Zambia (1888); Zimbabwe (1890); Swaziland (1894)
South Asia: India (1600); Bangla Desh (1690); Sri Lanka (1796); Pakistan (1857)
Southeast Asia: Malaysia (1786); Singapore (1819); Hong Kong (1841)


ɽ򤸤äįС˥ꥹ16ȾФ19ȾФޤǤ300ǯ֤ˤ錄äơäȳμ¤˱Ѹμ˼Ƥʬ19Ⱦаʹߤ⥤ꥹˤϤ³ߤǤ⤽ΰ仺ϡ#1676. The Commonwealth of Nations ([2013-11-28-1]) ȤƤΤạ̇̄ǤΥꥹѸγȻͥ450ǯĶˤͭƤȤ褦
ϢǯɽϰꥹȤˤĤƤϡ#1368. Fennell ǡѸάǯɽ ([2013-01-24-1])#1377. Gelderen ǡѸάǯɽ ([2013-02-02-1])#215. ENS, ESL ϰαѸ첽ǯ ([2009-11-28-1]) ⻲ȡ

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

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2013-12-21 Sat

#1699. ꥫȯαѸγȻǯɽ [ame][geography][geolinguistics][history][timeline]

ε#1698. ꥫαѸγȻȤΰŪʥѥ ([2013-12-20-1]) ǡꥫ濴ϤȤѸγȻˤĤˤ夫鸽ˤƤαѸγȻ濴ϤȤп˥ꥹʤ¸ߤפ⤫֤19ʹߤΥꥫȯγȻ⡤ߤαѸʬۤ礭׸Ƥ롥
ꥫȯαѸγȻ⡤ڤγͻӤǿʹԤꥹӤΥꥫڳħϡܻؤŪʳǤϤʤƤˤȤɤޤŪʳäǤ롥Τˡ#255. ȱѸˡ ([2010-01-07-1])#1589. եԥαѸ ([2013-09-02-1])#1697. Liberia ι ([2013-12-19-1]) εǼ夲 Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Liberia ʤɤΤ褦ˡؤŸ⤢ˤϤΤŪˤŪʳȤߤƤ褤ꥫڳȱѸȻˤˤĤƤϡ#1368. Fennell ǡѸάǯɽ ([2013-01-24-1])#1377. Gelderen ǡѸάǯɽ ([2013-02-02-1])#215. ENS, ESL ϰαѸ첽ǯ ([2009-11-28-1]) ʤɤǿƤ뤬Ȥ櫓ܤǯɽʲ˷ǤGramley αѸˤѥ˥󥵥Ρ7Ϥ­ p. 5 ȴФΤǤ롥

1. The original extent of the US according to the Treaty of Paris at the end of the War of Independence in 1783 extended to the Mississippi River.
2. In 1803 the Louisiana Purchase, the territory ceded to the U.S. by Napoleon for $15 million, doubled the territory of the US, which now reached the Rocky Mountains.
3. First West Florida (1810 and 1813) and then East Florida (1819) were taken from Spain by invasion and the payment of $5 million.
4. Texas, once a Mexican state, then an independent republic run by American settlers since 1836, was annexed by the US in 1845.
5. The Northwest Territory (Oregon, Washington, and British Colombia), claimed by Britain and the U.S. as well as Spain and Russia, was peaceably divided between the former two in 1846.
6. In the Mexican-American War (1846--1848) vast conquered areas in the west (California) and southwest (New Mexico, Arizona) were annexed. The US indemnified Mexico for $10 million. Many speakers of Native American languages and Spanish became US citizens.
7. Further Mexican territory (the Gadsden Purchase, 1853) was acquired for $10 million to ease the building of a rail line to California.
8. The US bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million in 1867 (Seward's Folly). The original Inuit peoples are today a distinct minority.
9. The kingdom of Hawaii (formerly known as the Sandwich Islands) became a republic after a coup by Americans living there in 1893. It was annexed in 1898. Today the Hawaiian language is making something of a comeback within a context of a society dominated by StE and Hawaiian Creole English.
10. The Spanish-American War ended with the US taking over numerous territories, some such as Cuba only temporarily, others longer. Today Puerto Rico is a commonwealth, Spanish-language American territory, and Guam in the Pacific, a bilingual territory. The Philippines, for which the U.S. paid Spain $20 million, remained an American colony until 1946. Pilipino is the national language in this very multilingual country, and English is a widely used L2.


19κǽ2/3λΤˡꥫ罰αߤΦء̤ؤڤ礷λˡꥫƤФʴäꤢ19ȾϡHawaii, Guam, other Pacific islands, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, the American Virgin Islands ʤؤʽФκޤǤˤϡˤϿʽФǤפϰ¿ĤƤʤäΤ֤Ǥ롥
嵭 Gramley ­ˤϡ¾ˤ͡ΰܽȱѸγȻȤδطޤȤ᤿ɽǡ롥

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

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2013-07-19 Fri

#1544. εȿʲǯɽ [origin_of_language][evolution][timeline][homo_sapiens][anthropology][language_family]

#41. ʸˤ ([2009-06-08-1])#751. ϵ46ǯΤߤΤʤǤοȸ ([2011-05-18-1]) εǸεȿʲǯɽ򼨤꡼¾ԤΡؿʸ޴աθεš (17) ꡤ⤦1Ĥθǯɽ򼨤

50,000 BC   եꥫονиʺǿοǯ
45,000 BC   
   ȥꥢؤΰư
40,000 BC   ۥ⡦ԥ󥹡֤¸ߤ򼨺ʣʹưͼʪŪڵ¸ߡ
35,000 BC   
30,000 BC   ͥǥ륿ͤλǡǤ⸶Ūʸ
25,000 BC   
20,000 BC   
15,000 BC   ¿Υԡʿˡ10,000?15,000
   ǽɹϴνꡨ桼饷²γ
   ؤΰưȡɸ²
10,000 BC   
   ؤΰưȡʡǥ͸²
5,000 BC   ȥͥ²γ硨Ѥؤΰư
   ɡ衼åĸ
   ɡ衼åѸ²κǸŤεϿҥåȸ졤󥹥åȸ
0   ŵ졧奮ꥷ졤ƥ
500   ޥ󥹸ɡޥɤȯűѸ
1000   
1500   ̱ϻ塨ԥȥ쥪ȯɸγȤꡨǤβ®
2000   


ǯɽǸڤƤͥǥ륿ͤϡۥ⡦ԥ󥹤10ǯ˹͸ųؤεϿо줹23ǯ3ǯˤƤͥǥ륿ͤϹƬޤ⤤֤ˤȤɤޤäƤꡤư¤Ƥᡤȯ뤳ȤΤǤ벻褬¤ƤȹͤƤ롥ϷͤԤáԤʤɤʣʼҲư򼨤͸ųŪʾڵ򤬤뤳Ȥ顤Τ褦ʼҲΩɬǤȤƽŪʸ¸ߤȤ롥
ʲϡƱǯɽִФ褦ֳ֤ˤȤäСǤ롥

50,000 BC   եꥫονиʺǿοǯ
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
45,000 BC   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   ȥꥢؤΰư
   
40,000 BC   ۥ⡦ԥ󥹡֤¸ߤ򼨺ʣʹưͼʪŪڵ¸ߡ
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
35,000 BC   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
30,000 BC   ͥǥ륿ͤλǡǤ⸶Ūʸ
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
25,000 BC   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
20,000 BC   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
15,000 BC   ¿Υԡʿˡ10,000?15,000
   
   
   
   
   
   ǽɹϴνꡨ桼饷²γ
   
   ؤΰưȡɸ²
   
10,000 BC   
   
   
   
   
   
   ؤΰưȡʡǥ͸²
   
   
   
5,000 BC   ȥͥ²γ硨Ѥؤΰư
   
   
   
   ɡ衼åĸ
   
   
   ɡ衼åѸ²κǸŤεϿҥåȸ졤󥹥åȸ
   
   
0   ŵ졧奮ꥷ졤ƥ
500   ޥ󥹸ɡޥɤȯűѸ
1000   
1500   ̱ϻ塨ԥȥ쥪ȯɸγȤꡨǤβ®
2000   


Сʡɡ꡼ƥ󡦥ޥ塼ޥꥢݥ󥹥 ԡ ˼ ؿʸ޴աθεš١νӡ2005ǯ

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2013-07-01 Mon

#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ [word_formation][japanese][timeline][lexicology][loan_word][borrowing][compounding][affix][buddhism]

ʲˡѸܸθûˡˤоȤǤ褦ɽ줾λˤäħվ񤭤ˤΤǤ롥#1524. Ѹˤλʬ ([2013-06-29-1]) ȡ#1525. ܸˤλʬ ([2013-06-30-1]) Ǥ줾θλʬ򼨤ξԤ줤˽Ťʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡɽǤϤ褽ζʬDz¤ӤˤѸ¦Ǥŵ򻲾Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤ¿ܥ֥Ǥ͡ʷǿƤΤǡɸ䥫ƥ꡼ѤƴϢ뵭ˤɤĤȤǤϤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ѸθˤĤƤϡ#883. Algeo ο쥽ʬ (1) ([2011-09-27-1]) 濴ȤƵǺ٤äƤΤǡ׻ȡܸ¦ϡإ꡼ܸ2ûˡ (p. 7) θûǯɽ˵ä

Old English* Germanic vocabulary¸ʤޤȤȤСˤʬ᤿
* monosyllabic bases2줬ܡ
* derivation and compoundingȤθήǴ줬Ѥ줿㡧㡡㡡ʤʤʩȤȤ줿ȤФˤϡ´̡ספΤ褦ʸ奤ɸ᥵󥹥åȸˤޤޤƤ롥
* Christianity-related vocabulary from Latin (some via Celtic)줬ڤ㡧ʤʤˡ©ʤˡǰڡʤˤˡܡʤȤߡˤ
* few Celtic wordsʸȴʸɸȤʸξΩ롥㡧ߥˡҸߤˡӢҥˡʷɸˡӢʷɸ
Middle English* Old Norse loanwords including basic wordsʣˤäơƻ줬¤줿
* a great influx of French words줬̲
* an influx of Latin technical wordsŸ졦θ졦˼ʤɡ꺹ˤĤƤǧ¸ߤ
Modern English* a great influx of Latin loanwordsαΤײɤळȤФ㡧ʤɤˡػҡʤˡġʤդȤˡƬʤޤ¤夦
* Greek loanwords directlyꥹȶ붵դ衤ޤ̾طʤɤˤꡤݥȥ줬Ѥ줿㡧ѥ󡡥륿ܥ󡡥åѡҹ籩
* loanwords from various languages줬̲˿Ʃ
* Shakespeare's vocabularyؤʬ˱Ƹäΰ꺹ޤä
* scientific vocabularyؤȤδطǥ줬Ѥ줿㡧륳롡᥹åס
Present-Day English* shorteningȤơ¤줬޷ä롥㡧ůءҡŴƻ̱
* many Japanese loanwordsƸɮƬȤơե󥹸졤ɥĸ졤ꥢʤɤγ줬ä롥
* compounding revivedĹʣάά줬¿Ѥ롥
* loanwords decreased 


ξȤ˼ѤȤʤǸä˭ˤƤȤ狼ʸˤȸμѤˤϾ̩ܤʴطˤ뤬Ѹܸθû˰ʾˤΤȤǡ¤˼ΤϤޤʤ෿ŪˤŪˤΥ줿ξ줬ûˤˤ¿ζäƤ뤳ȤõƤ

ȡƣ Ⱦ 졤ƣ 㲡إ꡼ܸ2ûˡ١ȽŹ2009ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2013-06-30 Sun

#1525. ܸˤλʬ [periodisation][historiography][timeline][japanese]

ε#1524. Ѹˤλʬ ([2013-06-29-1]) ơܸˤλʬ򼨤ܸˤĤƤ⡤٤ʬϸԤοȤäƲǤϤʤΤ2Ĥλʬ򼨤1ܤϡܸ쳵 (pp. 282--83) ˼ƤʬȤˤΡեåȤ˶ʬ̾ΤͿƤ롥

1.B.C. 13000 ? A.D. 600ʸʯ
2.600 ? 784Ļɻ塡200ǯ
3.784 ? 1184ʿ¡塡400ǯ
4.1184 ? 1603ҡĮ塡400ǯ
5.1603 ? 1867ͻ塡300ǯ
6.1868 ? 1945Ⱦ塡80ǯ
7.1946 ?¸Ⱦʿ塡70ǯ


ˡس⡡ܸˡ (p. 14) ɽȤˤΤǤ롥

IIIIIIIVV
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ǤϡؾȤʬ̾ΤѤƤ롥Ǥ绨Ĥˤ I Υ٥ζʬˤȶ夬̤뤬Ūˤ III IV Υ٥ζʬ̾ΤѤ뤳Ȥ¿
ܻˤλʬ2ۤɵ󤲤ߤ˻θƾΤƤ뤳Ȥ仡褦ˡʬϤθԤθ˴Ѥǡ¤ɽ魯ΤȤƸפʰ̣ĤǻȥݥȤȤƤϤޤصŪʤΤˤʤȤդ줿

ƣ ɧ ɹ ԡܸ쳵١դ1989ǯ
ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ

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2013-06-29 Sat

#1524. Ѹˤλʬ [periodisation][historiography][timeline]

ɸ periodisation γƵ͡˰äƤޤtimeline γƵǼαѸǯɽǤƤѸˤ˴ؤ֥ʤΤǡűѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹ졤ѸʤɡƻθƾΤϰϤ˴ؤμȤƤβϻܤƤۤ褤ȻפäΤǰʲ˵
̸ˤλʬϸ줽ΤΤƱͤɤưΤǤꡤ줾ǤȤΤϤʤºݡԤοȤäƤ礲ǤϤʤۤɤѸˤܸˤ㳰ǤϤʤԴ֤Ǵˤ䤫ʹդ뤳ȤϳΤǤꡤ֤ζڤܤǯ夬פʤʤɺϤΤΡߤˡײǽʤΤǼºݾ礭ʤʲ˵󤲤Τϡ̩ʤڤǯʬ䤹äѸ˻ʬŪƤΤ1ĤǤϤ롥ͤΤ˸űѸλޤƤ롥٤Ƥǯɽ魯 circa ʤ褽ˤä򤵤줿٤ȤϤȤ꤬ʤΤǡҤȤޤϤդǡ

ϸ (Proto-Indo-European)  -- 4000 BC
ϸޥ (Proto-Germanic)  4000 BC -- 500 BC
ϸűѸ (Proto-Old English)  500 BC -- 450
űѸ (Old English)űѸ (Pre-Old English)450 -- 700450 -- 1100
űѸ (Early Old English)700 -- 900
űѸ (Late Old English)900 -- 1100
Ѹ (Middle English)Ѹ (Early Middle English)1100--13001100 -- 1500
Ѹ (Late Middle English)1300--1500
Ѹ (Modern English)Ѹ (Early Modern English)1500--17001500 -- 1900
Ѹ (Late Modern English)1700--1900
Ѹ (Present-Day English)  1900 --

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