ɱѸˤˤĤơ#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1])#762. ꥶ٥Ūʥˬ ([2011-05-29-1]) ε̤άҤƤطʤˤ륢ɤγ̻ˤƤȻפʡޥåࡦޥå (60--61) 濴ˡ¿⻲ȤĤġάǯɽѰդɤϿޤ⻲ͤޤǤˡ

| 7000 | åȥɤǽο͡ΦϤĤäƥɤƽࡥ |
| 3200 | ܥήƻʯĤ롥 |
| 2000 | ɤǶ°ٹϤޤ롥 |
| 700 | ȿͤɤˤäƤ롥 |
| 432 | ѥȥåɤơιȾꥹȶ˲롥 |
| 795 | ǽΥХ֥٥˾ΦϤ롥 |
| 800 | 餯Υɿͤνƻǡ̩ۤɤɤɽŪܡإ륺ν٤Ĥ롥 |
| 1014 | ɤβ֥饤ܥ롼ڤ줷դ襤ǥХˤ롥襤ľ塤ϻ˴ |
| 1170 | ֥ȥܥפȥڥ֥ɤ˿ΥޥͤΥɿάϤޤ롥1ǯ塤ȥܥβˤʤ롥 |
| 1171 | ɹإ2ɤʬ۲ˤ롥 |
| 1366 | ɤΥޥͤϤ뤿ᡤɤ֥륱ˡˡפꤹ롥 |
| 1494 | ɹإ7ɵIJɿ̩λ۲ˤɻۤ롥 |
| 1601 | ɽꥶ٥1ɤ˷ꡤƥҥ塼ˡ뤪Ʊ襤ˤ롥 |
| 1603 | ɤڤ |
| 1641 | ȥåΥɿͤץƥȤΥɿԤå줿ϤɤΩ夬ꡤɴͤΥץƥȤ |
| 1649 | ɤθС०Ψ뷳ɤΥɥȥեɤǿͤԻȥåΥɿͤϤץƥȤԤˤ롥 |
| 1690 | ꥢबܥ襤ǥॺ2ηˤꡤɤΥץƥȵサϤ롥 |
| 1782 | ɵIJȼˡΧꤹ븢롥 |
| 1798 | ɤΩᡤ쥢ɿͶʤɤϤȿԤ˽ꡤͤ˴ |
| 1801 | Ϣˡˤꡤ졼ȥ֥ƥӥϢ粦Ω |
| 1845 | 㥬˱¤ȯ4ǯˤֵȤʤ롥ʿΥɿ̱ͤȤʤäƥꥫʤɤϤ롥 |
| 1870 | ꥢࡦåɥȡ꤬ɿͤξˡŪᡤǽŪˤϽͭǧ뿷ˡΩ롥 |
| 1913 | ɼˡƤꥹ屡3ܤݷˤ |
| 1914 | 1ȯˤꡤɵIJȡɤθ˴ؤˡ꤬٤롥 |
| 1916 | ˪ǥɤ̱²Ϥפʷʪɶ¹Ωϥꥹˤäð롥 |
| 1916 | ॺ祤ؼ㤭ݽѲȤξ٤ǤƱμפʺȤȤƳϤ롥 |
| 1919 | ǯ˾äեޤɹ̱IJʥɥˤĤꡤդӥꥹΩʥեȤϡ֤켫ȤǡפȤ̣˥ꥹȹ̱IJٻϤȤΤƮ롥 |
| 1920 | ꥹIJǥˡΩ̥ɤ6ˤҤȤĤεIJʳΥɤˤҤȤĤεIJ줾Ĥ롥 |
| 1921 | ꥹΤȤƤΥɼͳΩ롥ꥹɾФ롥̥6ϥꥹˤȤɤޤ롥 |
| 1922 | ꥹδΩȤ̱²ϤȿФڤꡤ̱IJꥹɾǧٻɤȿɤȤ1ǯˤ郎ȯ |
| 1937 | ɼͳѻߤΩ̱ȥμΩ뿷ˡ̱ɼˤ꾵ǧ롥 |
| 1949 | ˪1916ǯˤǰơ4뤬ȥɤȤʤꡤꥹϢˮæह롥 |
| 1955 | Ϣ˲ |
| 1959 | ǡ餬Τ˽Ǥ |
| 1973 | 衼åѷкѶƱ (EEC) ˲ɶ· (IRA) ̥ɤǤιƳ |
| 1985 | ꥹȤΤˡꥹɶ꤬हФ롥ˤꥢɤϡ̥˴ؤ롥 |
| 1991 | 衼åϢ (EU) ˲ |
| 1993 | ꥹξ꤬ƥ٤뤹̥ʿĤƤȤƱʥ˥ˤ˽̾ |
| 1998 | ɤ̥ɤǤɼˤꡤ٥եȹաˤΤ̥᤹Ū褬ǧ롥 |
| 2004 | EUεĹȤʤ롥 |
| 2004 | 衼åѺηкĹã롥 |
| 2005 | IRAƮν롥 |
| 2007 | Сƥϡ3ܤμФ롥 |
SIMILE Timeline API ȤΤѤơ֥饦ǥࡼưǯɽǤȤȤΤäΤǡ饤ɤǤѸǯɽäƤߤǯɽǡϡ#777. Ѹάǯɽ ([2011-06-13-1]) ǷǤ Crystal ǤѤ뤳Ȥˤ
饤ǯɽΤΤϡ饢Ƥʤ뤤ϰʲβåˡ塤ܤˤƲäɤȤΤ褤ǯɽ˻ž夲ƤȤ

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
ѸˤˤϡѲABBAȤѲˤäƤޤ븽ݤ뤳ȤꡤϤФФݤޥΰˤʤ館ơ֥衼͡ (Duke of York) ȸƤФ줿衼ͤʼٻξ˾夲ơ줫鲼̤лϲѤäƤʤ츫̵̣˸뤽ιưˤⲿͳäϤǡֱѸˤˤΤ褦ѲȤˤϤظˤɤʰ̣Τͤʤ礭ʿ¤Ƥ뤳Ȥ롥פȤΤζǤä
괧ȼ°ʹ¤˴ؤʸνФǡ (179) ʾΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥ѸˤΤʤ "Duke of York" ŵϡ#486. Ū do ȯã ([2010-08-26-1]) #491. Stuart ī˿षʿʸˤ뱪Ū do ([2010-08-31-1]) ǤߤʿʸǤ do ˡȯãȿǤ롥16˰٤ȯã17ˤϿषɡ夹˻ʤäۤˤϡ#819. his °ʡ ([2011-07-25-1]) #1479. his °ʤο ([2013-05-15-1]) 롥
äƤ°ʤȤ a knight of his this hat of mine Τ褦ʹ¤Ǥ롥ѸǤ *a his knight *this my hat Τ褦˴졦ؼȽͭ̾ܤ뤳ȤǤŪ°ʹ¤ѤȤƵǽ롥ι¤εΩˤĤƤϽ⤢뤬a his knight Ȥ饹ȤѸ°̾ his ֤ of ȤȤ˸褦ˤʤäȤ⤬ͭϤǤʵp. 183ˡ̾űѸ줫ѸˤƤ°ʹ¤ȯãǤϡ°̾줬֤뤫 of ִ뤫Τ줫ä°ʤξˤϡξäƤޤäȤȤ
°ʤȯãϡ14ȾФ a man of þair (a man of theirs) ΥפϤޤꡤ̾νͭԤ an officer Of the prefectes ؤä100ǯˤϡؼȼ this stede of myne Υפ괧ȼ the fellys of Thomas Bettsons Υפ줿4ԤΤǸ괧ȼΤΤߤष17˾äƤä
ϡκǸΥפ˴ؤ "Duke of York" θݤDȤǽƤȯȳΩˤäưŪ˲ǽȤʤäΤΡǽŪˤϡְ̣Ū괧 the ɬʤ (192) ԲǽȤʤäΤȤʬϤ롥DȤǽƤȯȳΩϡ#1406. «ȤʤäƵ®ʸˡѲ ([2013-03-03-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ°ʤȤع¤ȯãΤͭŪ˴ؤ븽ݤȹͤ졤°ʤȯã⤽礭ȤߤΤʤª٤ȤĥˤĤʤcf. #1417. °ȯã ([2013-03-14-1])ˡ *
괧쥿פοˤĤơϰ̣ŪɬƤ뤬Ϲʸ;ȸƤ褤⤷ʤyour car üŪɽǤȤ虜虜Ū the car of yours ɽɬפϤʤȤʵp. 193ˡ
"Duke of York" ظˤ礭ʿ¤õȤΤϡΤ˱Ѹˤ礭̥Ϥ1ĤǤ롥
塡ֱѸˤΤʤ "Duke of York"ס츦θߡ١ϩˡˡҤĤ˼2013ǯ179--96ǡ
ޥλ夫űѸ졤ѸФƶѸ˻ޤǤαѸ첻ˤäȤޤȤߤȻפäΤǡפʼŪŪѲޤȤƤߤʲɽϡGörlach (48--49) 첻μ̤˴ؤѲάǯɽɥåΤǤ롥
| Period | Quantity | Quality | ||
| Rule | Examples | Rule | Examples | |
| WGmc--OE | ai > ā, au > ēa, ā > ǣ/ē, a > æ | stān, ēage, dǣd, dæg cf. Ge Stein, Auge, Tat, Tag | ||
| 7--9th c. | compensatory lengthening | *sehan > sēon "see", mearh, gen. mēares "mare" | ||
| 9--10th c. | lengthening of before esp. [-ld, -mb, -nd] | fēld, gōld, wāmb, fīnd, but ealdrum | ||
| shortening before double (long) consonants | wĭsdom, clæ̆nsian, cĭdde, mĕtton | |||
| shortening in the first syllable of trisyllabic words | hăligdæg, hæ̆ringas, wĭtega | |||
| OE--ME | shortening in unstressed syllables | wisdŏm, stigrăp | monophthongization of all OE diphthongs | OE dēad, heard, frēond, heorte, giefan > ME [dɛːd, hard, frœːnd, hœrtə, jivən] |
| 12th c. | [ɣ > w] and vocalization of [w] and [j]; emergence of new diphthongs | OE dagas, boga, dæg, weg > ME [dauəs, bouə, dai, wei] | ||
| southern rounding of [aː > ɔː] | OE hāl(ig) > ME hool(y) [ɔː] | |||
| 12--14th c. | unrounding of œ(ː), y(ː) progressing from east to west | ME [frɛːnd, hertə, miːs, fillen] | ||
| 13th c. | lengthening in open syllables of bisyllabic words | nāme, nōse, mēte (week, door) | ||
| 15th c. GVS and 16--17th century consequences | ||||
| esp. 15--16th c. | shortening in monosyllabic words | dead, death, deaf, hot, cloth, flood, good | ||
| 18th c. | lengthening before voiceless fricatives and [r] | glass, bath, car, servant, before | ||
Ѹˤˤ̵ԹŸ /ʃ/ ϰŪʲǤäȤ뤬ɽ魯ֻϥꥨ˭٤äḽѸǤŻ (digraph) <sh> §Ȥ櫓ѸǤ͡ʰֻԤƤˤγάϡ#1893. إܥ <sh>, <ch>, <j> ϤɤΤ餤Ѹ ([2014-07-03-1]) Ǽۤˤ#479. bushel ([2010-08-19-1]) #1238. Υޥ̻οá ([2012-09-16-1]) εǴϢ˷ڤƤ
OED sh, n.1 ˰͵ơѸ˾塤λҲɤΤ褦֤ƤΤ⤦٤ҤޤϡOED εҤ˴ŤƤ餢ǯɽΤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡͤޤǤˡ

ʲä롥űѸɸֻä <sc> ѸȿΰӤɤꡤ¾μΰֻ֤뤳ȤˤʤäλҲΥեβǤȤƤ¸ߤʤäᡤեǽȤ˴ƤѸμ̻ϡ餫ιפ뤳ȤˤʤäǤñʻߤñȤ <s> ѤˡǡѸǤϸƬȸ /ʃ/ ɽ魯ΤѤ줿ŪˤϤʤʤäŻҲ <ss> ϴĶФѤ줿Ȥ⤢ꡤ깭Ѥ줿ȸǤ <ssh> ᡤĹ16ޤѤ줿16ѤȤƤϡCoverdale (1535) ǤФѤ줿 <szsh> <szh> 뤬ޤѤǿԤϽФʤä<ss> <sch> ΤۤѸȾФͥäֻȤƤϡɥĸֻפ碌 <sch> ʤ櫓ˤϤʤȤ櫓ƬǤϹԤ졤Ǥ16ޤ³
θǤ˸ /ʃ/ ɽ魯ΤˡֻѤ줿롥㤨 she ɽ魯Τˡ13ˤ <sge>, , <sze> Τ褦ֻȤѤ줿East Anglia Ǥϡ褯ΤƤ褦 shall should θƬҲ <x> ֤졤̯ <xal> <xulde> ߤ줿ޤ -ship ѸǤϤȤ -<chipe> ֤줿
Ǹˡ1200ǯ Ormulum Ǥ⤹Ǥ˵§ŪѤƤ<sh> ͥŻȤ¾뤳Ȥˤʤ롥14Υɥʸ Chaucer ǤŪǤꡤCaxton ǤɸȤʤä
ḽѸǤϡĤθˤƤλҲɽ魯Τ¾λѤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬츻Ū뤤ȯ٤ŪǤ롥㤨Сmachine, schedule, Asia, -tion (cf. #2018. <nacio(u)n> <nation> ֻѲ ([2014-11-05-1])) ʤɤǤ롥
Hughes (xvii--viii) ϡ A History of English Words ǡûˤȼˤǰƬ֤̻ˤŻ뤷ѸǯɽͿƤ롥άǯɽǤϤ뤬Ȥ櫓ûˡȤδϢ̤˲ФƤǡԤƩƸǯɽǤ롥
| 410 | Departure of the Roman legions |
| c.449 | The Invasion of the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians |
| 597 | The Coming of Christianity |
| 731 | Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People |
| 787 | The first recorded Scandinavian raids |
| 871--99 | Alfred King of Wessex |
| 900--1000 | Approximate date of Anglo-Saxon poetry collections |
| 1016--42 | Canute King of England, Scotland and Denmark |
| 1066 | The Norman Conquest |
| c.1150 | Earliest Middle English texts |
| 1204 | Loss of Calais |
| 1362 | English restored as language of Parliament and the law |
| 1370--1400 | The works of Chaucer, Langland and the Gawain poet |
| 1384 | Wycliffite translation of the Bible |
| 1476 | Caxton sets up his press at Westminster |
| 1525 | Tyndale's translation of the Bible |
| 1549 | The Book of Common Prayer |
| 1552 | Early canting dictionaries |
| 1584 | Roanoke settlement of America (abortive) |
| 1590--16610 | Shakespeare's main creative period |
| 1603 | Act of Union between England and Scotland |
| 1604 | Robert Cawdrey's Table Alphabeticall |
| 1607 | Jamestown settlement in America |
| 1609 | English settlement of Jamaica |
| 1611 | Authorized Version of the Bible |
| 1619 | First Arrival of slaves in America |
| 1620 | Arrival of Pilgrim fathers in America |
| 1623 | Shakespeare's First Folio published |
| 1649--60 | Puritan Commonwealth: closure of the theatres |
| 1660 | Restoration of the monarchy |
| 1667 | Milton's Paradise Lost |
| 1721 | Nathaniel Bailey's Universal Etymological English Dictionary |
| 1755 | Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language |
| 1762--94 | Grammars published by Lowth, Murray, etc. |
| 1765 | Beginning of the English Raj in India |
| 1776 | Declaration of American Independence |
| 1788 | Establishment of the first penal colony in Australia |
| 1828 | Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language |
| 1884--1928 | Publication of the Oxford English Dictionary |
| 1903 | Daily Mirror published as the first tabloid |
| 1922 | Establishment of the BBC |
| 1947 | Independence of India |
| 1957--72 | Independence of various African, Asian and Caribbean states |
| 1961 | Third edition of Webster's Dictionary |
| 1968 | Abolition of the post of Lord Chancellor |
| 1989 | Second edition of the Oxford English Dictionary |
֡ե٥åȤ濴ʸ˽椷Ƥʸ˴Ϣ뵭ϡgrammatology, graphemics, grapheme, alphabet, runic, writing ʤɤǽƤ濴ŪʵȴФȡ㤨мΤ褦ʤΤä
(1) #41. ʸˤ ([2009-06-08-1])
(2) #751. ϵ46ǯΤߤΤʤǤοȸ ([2011-05-18-1])
(3) #1368. Fennell ǡѸάǯɽ ([2013-01-24-1])
(4) #1544. εȿʲǯɽ ([2013-07-19-1])
(5) #423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1])
(6) #490. ե٥åȤε North Semitic ̤롩 ([2010-08-30-1])
(7) #1006. 롼ʸѼ ([2012-01-28-1])
(8) #1005. ʿ̾ˤǸŤΡ֤ϲΡפȯ줿 ([2012-01-27-1])
(9) #422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1])
(10) #1822. ʸη ([2014-04-23-1])
ϡ (241--42) ˤʸάǯɽǤ褦(1)--(4) ʤɤεǷǤǯɽȤǯ㴳ۤʤȤ⤢뤬Ȥ櫓ˤʸΩǯꤹ뤳ȤκϴƤ٤
30000ǯ α 4000ǯ ʸˤڴ˽ʸ 3300ǯ ݥߥdzʸ 3100ǯ ץʸΩ 2700ǯ ܸʸΩ 2500ǯ ܸʸʸˤȤä 2300ǯ ήǡָʸפ 2200ǯ ץ롦ʥθʸʸ 2000ǯ μԥʹߡݥߥǤϥåɸ줬̸ȤƻѤ 1600ǯ ʥʸ 泤ʸAΩ 1300ǯ 饹ʸꥢˤΥåʸ ǹùʸΩ 1000ǯ ե˥ʸΩ Ʊʸťإ֥饤ʸΩ 8 ꥷʸȥꥢʸꥢʸΩ 6 Ω 3 ƥʸ֥顼եʸΩ 2 إ֥饤ʸΩ 1--1 Ǵ 1 ǸŤΥ롼ʸʸ 3 ץʸޥʸΩ 4 īȾ ץʸΩ ʸӥʸΩ 5 ܤ补ʸΩ ˥ʸ른ʸΩ 7 ٥åʸΩ 8 ʡʸΩ 9 饴ʸΩʤθ奭ʸȤʤ 11 ͥѡʸΩ
ǸŤʸȯ뤳ȤϤǤʤʤ̤ȯʸ̲äƤʸν줿椨˱ʱ˼줷ޤäΤ¿ (23) ϡܸʸθԡޥꡦǥμεҤƤ롥
֤椨ʸϾΤɤޤ줿ʤɤΤϤʤȤǤ롥ҲħŪʪĤİϢʪŪĤȤΤӡɽ롤äҲ¤ʸиϤɤˤ⤢ΤǤ롥ĤμҲŪΡƶɲˤȤ¸ǽΡǴڰʳΤΡˤȻפ
̤ʸȤȤˡ˸뤳ȤΤʤ¿ʸ˻פڤʤ
륤 ʸ Ρ ʸˡ١Ͻн˼1998ǯ
Shakespeare ȤκʤˤĤƤϡΤ̤ꡤʸѤ롥ǯɽפत¿뤬Crystal and Crystal Ŭȴ褷ΤĤܤƤʤCrystal and Crystal μפθˤʤäƤǡ١ϡShakespeare's Words ꥢǤ롥¾ Shakespeare ϢΥˤĤƤϡ#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) ȡ
(1) Chronology of works (Crystal and Crystal 6)
| 1590--91 | The Two Gentlemen of Verona; The Taming of the Shrew |
| 1591 | Henry VI Part II; Henry VI Part III |
| 1592 | Henry VI Part I (perhaps with Thomas Nashe); Titus Andronicus (perhaps with George Peele) |
| 1592--3 | Richard III; Venus and Adonis |
| 1593--4 | The Rape of Lucrece |
| 1594 | The Comedy of Errors |
| 1594--5 | Love's Labour's Lost |
| by 1595 | King Edward III |
| 1595 | Richard II; Romeo and Juliet; A Midsummer Night's Dream |
| 1596 | King John |
| 1596--7 | The merchant of Venice; Henry IV Part I |
| 1597--8 | The Merry Wives of Windsor; Henry IV Part II |
| 1598 | Much Ado About Nothing |
| 1598--9 | Henry V |
| 1599 | Julius Caesar |
| 1599--1600 | As You Like It |
| 1600--1601 | Hamlet; Twelfth Night |
| by 1601 | The Phoenix and Turtle |
| 1602 | Troilus and Cressida |
| 1593--1603 | The Sonnets |
| 1603--4 | A Lover's Complaint; Sir Thomas More; Othello |
| 1603 | Measure for Measure |
| 1604--5 | All's Well that Ends Well |
| 1605 | Timon of Athens (with Thomas Middleton) |
| 1605--6 | King Lear |
| 1606 | Macbeth (revised by Middleton); Antony and Cleopatra |
| 1607 | Pericles (with George Wilkins) |
| 1608 | Coriolanus |
| 1609 | The Winter's Tale |
| 1610 | Cymbeline |
| 1611 | The Tempest |
| 1613 | Henry VIII (with John Fletcher); Cardenio (with John Fletcher) |
| 1613--14 | The Two Noble Kinsmen (with John Fletcher) |
| good | 3995 |
| lord | 3164 |
| man | 3091 |
| love | 3047 |
| sir | 2548 |
| know | 2252 |
| give | 2114 |
| think/thought | 1911 |
| king | 1680 |
| speak | 1626 |
| Poetry (%) | No. of lines | Prose (%) | No. of lines | Play |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100 | 2752 | 0 | 0 | Richard II |
| 100 | 2569 | 0 | 0 | King John |
| 100 | 2493 | 0 | 0 | King Edward III |
| 99.7 | 2892 | 0.3 | 8 | Henry VI Part III |
| 99.5 | 2664 | 0.5 | 14 | Henry VI Part I |
| 98.6 | 2479 | 1.4 | 35 | Titus Andronicus |
| 97.6 | 3517 | 2.4 | 85 | Richard III |
| 97.4 | 2735 | 2.6 | 74 | Henry VIII |
| 94.5 | 2641 | 5.5 | 154 | The Two Noble Kinsmen |
| 93.5 | 1948 | 6.5 | 135 | Macbeth |
| 90.1 | 2208 | 9.9 | 244 | Julius Caesar |
| 89.8 | 2718 | 10.2 | 308 | Antony and Cleopatra |
| 86.9 | 2610 | 13.1 | 393 | Romeo and Juliet |
| 86.6 | 1543 | 13.4 | 239 | The Comedy of Errors |
| 85.2 | 2808 | 14.5 | 487 | Cymbeline |
| 83.7 | 2580 | 16.3 | 503 | Henry VI Part II |
| 81.2 | 1903 | 18.8 | 441 | Pericles |
| 80.6 | 2076 | 19.4 | 498 | The Taming of the Shrew |
| 80.6 | 1713 | 19.4 | 413 | A Midsummer Night's Dream |
| 80.4 | 2599 | 19.6 | 633 | Othello |
| 78.6 | 2025 | 21.4 | 551 | The Merchant of Venice |
| 77.2 | 2571 | 22.8 | 760 | Coriolanus |
| 76.5 | 1569 | 23.5 | 481 | The Tempest |
| 73.2 | 2181 | 26.8 | 800 | The Winter's Tale |
| 73.1 | 2345 | 26.9 | 865 | King Lear |
| 73.1 | 1707 | 26.9 | 627 | Timon of Athens |
| 73.1 | 1613 | 26.9 | 595 | The Two Gentlemen of Verona |
| 71.5 | 2742 | 28.5 | 1092 | Hamlet |
| 66.4 | 2250 | 33.6 | 1137 | Troilus and Cressida |
| 64.2 | 1716 | 35.8 | 955 | Love's Labour's Lost |
| 60.6 | 1634 | 39.4 | 1062 | Measure for Measure |
| 60.5 | 1943 | 39.5 | 1269 | Henry V |
| 55.6 | 1666 | 44.4 | 1332 | Henry IV Part I |
| 51.6 | 1447 | 48.4 | 1356 | All's Well that Ends Well |
| 47.6 | 1547 | 52.4 | 1700 | Henry IV Part II |
| 47.4 | 1276 | 52.6 | 1415 | As You Like It |
| 38.2 | 949 | 61.8 | 1532 | Twelfth Night |
| 28.3 | 739 | 71.7 | 1871 | Much Ado About Nothing |
| 12.5 | 338 | 87.5 | 2370 | The Merry Wives of Windsor |
| Total lines | Total words | Play | First Folio | Riverside |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3834 | 29,844 | Hamlet | 3906 | 4042 |
| 3602 | 28,439 | Richard III | 3887 | 3667 |
| 3387 | 25,730 | Troilus and Cressida | 3592 | 3531 |
| 3331 | 26,479 | Coriolanus | 3838 | 3752 |
| 3295 | 26,876 | Cymbeline | 3819 | 3707 |
| 3247 | 25,737 | Henry IV Part II | 3350 | 3326 |
| 3232 | 26,003 | Othello | 3685 | 3551 |
| 3212 | 25,623 | Henry V | 3381 | 3297 |
| 3210 | 25,341 | King Lear | 3302 | 3487 |
| 3083 | 24,490 | Henry VI Part II | 3355 | 3130 |
| 3026 | 23,726 | Antony and Cleopatra | 3636 | 3522 |
| 3003 | 24,023 | Romeo and Juliet | 3185 | 3099 |
| 2998 | 24,126 | Henry IV Part I | 3180 | 3081 |
| 2981 | 24,597 | The Winter's Tale | 3369 | 3348 |
| 2900 | 23,318 | Henry VI Part III | 3217 | 2915 |
| 2809 | 23,333 | Henry VIII | 3463 | 3221 |
| 2803 | 22,537 | All's Well that Ends Well | 3078 | 3013 |
| 2795 | 23,388 | The Two Noble Kinsmen | not in | 3261 |
| 2752 | 21,884 | Richard II | 2849 | 2796 |
| 2708 | 21,290 | The Merry Wives of Windsor | 2729 | 2891 |
| 2696 | 21,269 | Measure for Measure | 2938 | 2891 |
| 2691 | 21,477 | As You Like It | 2796 | 2810 |
| 2678 | 20,541 | Henry VI Part I | 2931 | 2695 |
| 2671 | 20,881 | Love's Labour's Lost | 2900 | 2829 |
| 2610 | 20,767 | Much Ado About Nothing | 2684 | 2787 |
| 2576 | 20,911 | The Merchant of Venice | 2737 | 2701 |
| 2574 | 20,552 | The Taming of the Shrew | 2750 | 2676 |
| 2569 | 20,472 | King John | 2729 | 2638 |
| 2514 | 19,888 | Titus Andronicus | 2708 | 2538 |
| 2493 | 19,406 | King Edward III | not in | not in |
| 2481 | 19,592 | Twelfth Night | 2579 | 2591 |
| 2452 | 19,149 | Julius Caesar | 2730 | 2591 |
| 2344 | 17,728 | Pericles | not in | 2459 |
| 2334 | 17,796 | Timon of Athens | 2607 | 2488 |
| 2208 | 16,936 | The Two Gentlemen of Verona | 2298 | 2288 |
| 2126 | 16,305 | A Midsummer Night's Dream | 2222 | 2192 |
| 2083 | 16,372 | Macbeth | 2529 | 2349 |
| 2050 | 16,047 | The Tempest | 2341 | 2283 |
| 1782 | 14,415 | The Comedy of Errors | 1918 | 1787 |
| You-forms | Thou-forms | ||
| you | 14,244 | thou | 5,942 |
| ye | 352 | thee | 3,444 |
| your | 6,912 | thy | 4,429 |
| yours | 260 | thine | 510 |
| yourself | 289 | thyself | 251 |
| yourselves | 74 | ||
| Total | 22,131 | 14,576 | |
|---|---|---|---|
#1749. οʲŤΥԡɡ ([2014-02-09-1]) ǡȯʲŤˤĤ Aitchison "language bonfire" Ҳ𤷤ؤΡؤפȤƤ롤ƣŹسؤӤΥȤФβʳء٤ɤǤȤβ⤬狼䤹Ҳ𤵤Ƥ
ƣ (23--24) ˤȡߤοؤθ̤餫ȤˤС¾θͤ褫顤पӥͥǥ륿ͤζ̤褬ʬΤ100ǯΤȤǤ롥ơ2Ĥ褬ߤʬΤ50ǯ25ǯ餤˥ͥǥ륿ͤǤӤޤǤϡȶ¸ƤȤ狼äƤ롥बեꥫΤ20ǯΤȤǤ롥θ7--6ǯ˥եꥫسȻ15ǯ餤Ƥã
嵭θˤΤʤǡ˸ΤʤΤƱȯȹͤΤˤĤƤϡ#544. ҥȤȯﴱοʲŬ ([2010-10-23-1]) ȡˡθ夷Ф餯ϡΤϴˤ䤫ʿʲˤ10ǯۤˤ褦䤯ŪʸοãĤĤäȤ롥Ȥ10ǯۤλˡʸοʲ롥ơХեꥫλ濴ˡ˻θηϤˤۤɤŨ٤ʸηϤȯãθϡĹˤ䤫̲λꡤߤ˻롥줬"language bonfire" Ǥ롥ƣ (24) ȡʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

Ϣơ#41. ʸˤ ([2009-06-08-1])#751. ϵ46ǯΤߤΤʤǤοȸ ([2011-05-18-1])#1544. εȿʲǯɽ ([2013-07-19-1]) ⻲ȡ
ƣ ŹسؤӤΥȤФβʳء١ҤĤ˼2007ǯ
#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1])#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1])#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) ˰³礿Ѹ˥Ȥƥʥ夲롥

ʥϤؤϡ1ǯۤˡޤ̥åȤ褷ϼġϫĤ1000ǯ衼åѿͤȤƽƥʥ夷衼åѿͤˤܳŪʥʥõγϤϡ֥ȯ15ԤʤФʤʤä
1497ǯJohn Cabot (1425--99) ϡɲ Henry VII εĤơ٤Bristol ؤȽйҤCabot ĤΤϥǤϤʤʥ쳤ߤäCabot ιҳ¿õߤꡤθΥʥõȳȯ˹뤳ȤȤʤäºݤΤȤCabot 夷Υʥ쳤ߤϡꥹեڥݥȥεդˤϤǤíεȤΤƤ褦
1534ǯե Jacques Cartier (1491--1557) ϩȯΤФCartier Newfoundland ĶơSaint Lawrence Ѥߡǥ² (Iroquois) ʹǡ¼פ̣ kanata αƤ롥줬 Canada εȤ롥ʥõ̤ơեϥӡСǰפ˾ʥؤδͿƤȤˤʤäNew France ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤäʥ1663ǯ˥եΤȤʤꡤ̱Ͽ1ͤۤɤˤʤäƤϡߤ670ͤΥեϥʥͤǤ롥եϡסõꥹȶ۶δǥߥåꡤ1682ǯˤϥᥭѤãƤơ18ƬκˤϡեƤ˹ʸפݤ˻ä
ɿͤ٤ƥʥؤθפϤƤ16Ⱦˤ Newfoundland St. John's ƽο̱ϤߤϥɥѲ (Hudson's Bay Company) Ωƥϥɥնθפꤷ18δ֤˱ʩΩʤʤꡤ1754--63ǯˤϥեǥ (French and Indian War) Ǿ͡ꥹξˤꥫʥιڤѿ̱ϤȤʤäδ֤ˡNew Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec Maine ޤ Acadia 顤Ȥեϰ̱ꥫ Louisiana ʤɤ뤳Ȥˤʤäߤ Louisiana äƤեѼ Cajun (< Acadian) äϡΥեϰ̱Ǥ롥
ꥫΩ˺ݤơꥹŪä (Loyalist) ο͡ϡꥫ˻Ĥ뤳Ȥ餷Ȥ4ͤȤϤ Nova Scotia ءΦؤȰܽŪʸ٤ι⤤滺ο͡ޤ̤˰̱ȤȤϡ˾塤ޤǤ롥ˡEngland, Scotland, Ireland ľܤΰ̱⤪ʤ졤ʥˤѸ̤αѸä̱ˤꡤ̥ꥫˤƥꥹǻ Upper Canada ʸߤ Ontarioˤȥեǻ Lower Canada ʸߤ Quebecˤ̤褦ˤʤä2ΩȤ⤤1812ǯαƴ֤襤ǤϡUpper Canada ȤʤꡤꥫȥʥȤʬΥռޤ뤳ȤȤʤä
1867ǯʥ Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec ѼΤȤʤꡤ1931ǯˤΩãϢˮ (The Commonwealth of Nations) ΰȤƻĤ⡤1965ǯˤ Union Jack Ȥ߹ѤơߤΥǤιѡ1982ǯˤϼηˡꤷ˼縢ʤ顤ʥΩݻƤꡤꥶ٥ȸȤƤʥʥλʾˤϥꥶ٥Ƥˡ
ߡʥ¿ȤǤ롥ʥͤ60%Ѹüԡ20%եüԤǤꡤۤˤ轻̱̱ˤ100ʾθ줬äƤ롥
ʾ塤Ȥ Svartvik and Leech (90--95) ȤƼɮʥˤѸιˤĤƤϡ#1698. ꥫαѸγȻȤΰŪʥѥ ([2013-12-20-1]) ӡ#1701. ꥫؤΰ̱νпϡ ([2013-12-23-1]) ⻲ȡ
ͤޤǤˡ֥饤ꥢॺ (60--61) ꡤʥˤǯɽǤƤ
| 2000 | ̥åȤ̥ꥫؤäƤ롥 |
| 800 | Хեǥɡåʬ |
| 800 | ɹϤष̥ꥫ̤Ϥޤ롥 |
| 1000 | 쥤աꥯΨХ̥ꥫ˾Φʤ餯˥塼եɥɡ֥ɥȡ⤦1ˡ |
| 1020 | Х̥ꥫõ롥 |
| 1075 | 饹Υ塼졦̥åȤ̶ʸͥȤʤ롥 |
| 1497 | ܥåȤ˥塼եɥɤȥס֥ȥ˾Φ |
| 1534 | åƥȡõȡѤαߤեΤ롥 |
| 1583 | ˥塼եɥɤꥹγ̱ϤȤʤ롥 |
| 1627 | ե̥ꥫˤĤä̱ϡ֥˥塼եפ뤿ᡤ˥塼եҤΩ롥 |
| 1670 | ɥǰϥɥѲҤΩϥɥѤϤϰξȷۤ롥 |
| 1701 | 20ǯ֤γ38轻̱²Ȥեʿ¾֡ |
| 1756 | ǯǡ礭ǤкϤǤ⾡륤ꥹο̱Ϥ˥塼ե |
| 1763 | ѥФ졤ǯ褬롥ߥåˤäեο̱Ϥϥꥹڤˤʤ롥˥塼եϥ٥å̱Ϥ̾ΤѤ롥 |
| 1783 | ȥꥪ龦ͤΡȲҤΩ̤äʿΤޤǡ꤬Ǥ롥 |
| 1791 | ٥åʥʸߤΥ٥åˤȥåѡ/ʥʸߤΥꥪˤȤʬ롥 |
| 1812--14 | 1812ǯ补ФǤϳ郎ʤ졤衼ʸߤΥȥȡˤϥꥫιꥫΥʥάλߤϼԤ |
| 1821 | ϥɥѲҤȥΡȲҤʻǯĤŤƤϤ褬롥 |
| 1841 | ʥȡʥʥˤȥʥȡʥåѡʥˤʥȤƺƤ礵롥 |
| 1867 | ѹ̥ꥫˡˤꡤѼΥʥˤϥꥪ٥åΥС˥塼֥åޤޤƤ |
| 1870 | ޥ˥ȥСĤŤƥ֥ƥå塦ӥץɥɡɤˤʤ롥 |
| 1885 | ʥǥѥեåŴƻ |
| 1898 | 桼ήǥɥå夬롥桼Ͻལϰ̤Ϳ롥 |
| 1905 | Сȥˤʤ롥 |
| 1931 | ȥߥϤˤꡤꥹμΤ˴ʼ롥 |
| 1947 | ʥȥꥹϡϢ粦Ʊϰ̤ĤȤˤʤ롥 |
| 1949 | ʥξΩСȤʤ롥ꥹϥ˥塼եɥɤʥִԡ |
| 1965 | ޤǤΥꥹǻꡤդΥǥιǤ롥 |
| 1967 | ȥꥪ졤ꥹǤϤʤʥȤƤμФޤ롥 |
| 1968 | ٥åδΩȤ뤳ȤŪˡ٥åޤȿ롥 |
| 1970 | ٥åΩʤŪʬΥΩΥ롼ס٥åꥹξ̳Ͷ٥åä |
| 1982 | ʥϴʼͳ롥ꥹ餹٤ƤˡŪܹԤ줿塤ˡꤵ롥 |
| 1984 | ԥ롦ȥɡ꤬षǿݼޤΥ֥饤ޥ롼ˡ |
| 1992 | ʥꥫᥭƼͳǰĴ롥 |
| 1993 | ޥ롼ˡݼǤθࡦ٥뤬ʥνȤưѤο塤ϥƥ롥 |
| 1995 | ٥åν̱ɼǡ鷺1%κΩݷ褵롥 |
| 1998 | ٥å¿ν̱Ω˾硤ϢˮܤεĤäƽΩǤ뤳Ȥʥǹۤ |
| 1999 | ̥ʥ֥Ȥལˤʤ롥̱¿轻̱²ǤལȤƺǽ顥 |
| 2003 | ȥȤǡʳǺSARSʿٱˤȯ |
| 2003 | ٥åǼͳޤ٥åޤˤꡤΩɤޤˤۤ롥 |
| 2003 | ƥ10ǯؤκ¤ࡥǤϥݡ롦ޡƥ |
| 2006 | ݼޤʥܤλ۸롥ƥ֥ϡѡ˽Ǥ |
ֳαѸʬۤˤĤơ#1679. The West Indies αѸ ([2013-12-01-1])#1680. The West Indies θ ([2013-12-02-1])#1702. ֳϰؤΰ̱νпϡ ([2013-12-24-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥϰθϼ¤ʣǤꡤȤƼҲŪʴؿ "Caribbean linguistics" Ȥ̾Ǹ椬ʤƤ롥
ѸȤäƤߤƤ⡤̱ˡѸ줬Ȼˡpidgin creole ɸѸμҲŪʴطڥʤ¾μȤζ¸ʤɡ䤦٤¿¿ͤʣطʤˤϡ˼Τ¿ͤʣΤHolm (1) 3ŦƤ롥μݤȡ(1) ϰαѸˤϡġڤȤʣαѸˤäƤꡤ1ĤˤˤޤȤ뤳Ȥ(2) ϰαѸγȻˤϡꥹŪϤγȻˤȤɬפƤʤ(3) ϰŪ˵ҤϡˤкѻˤǤꡤˤ pidgin creole դƤŪɾ椨˸ܤߤ뤳Ȥʤä(3) ˤĤƤϸߤǤϻѤäƤƤΤ(1) (2) ϤȤ⤷(2) ˤĤƤС㤨 St. Lucia Dominica ϵѹ̱Ϥ߱Ѹϳ2Ȥäˤʤѹ̱ϤǤϤʤꥫ Puerto Limón ɥߥ˥¹ the Samaná Peninsula Ǥϡ߱Ѹ줬ȤäƤ롤ʤɤλ𤬤롥
ϰΰ̱ˤȱѸȻˤΰü#1702. ֳϰؤΰ̱νпϡ ([2013-12-24-1]) εǤߤ硦ڤȤ˾ޤȤ Holm (18--19) ͿƤΤǡƤ30ǯθŤǤϤ뤬̱νпϡHolm ɮ줿ʤɤޤȤƤꡤϰαѸγѤΤ˻ͤˤϤʤɽοΡ---פϡ¾ιԤ˻Ƥ뤳Ȥˡ
| Date of Settlement | Territory | Settled from | Current Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1609 | Bermuda (Atlantic) | Britain, Africa | 55,000 |
| 1624 | St. Kitts (Leewards) | Britain, Africa, Ireland | 40,000 |
| 1627 | Barbados | Britain, Africa, Ireland | 280,000 |
| 1628 | Nevis (Leewards) | St. Kitts, Ireland | 15,000 |
| 1628 | Barbuda (Leewards) | St. Kitts, Ireland | 1,100 |
| 1631 | St. Martin (Dutch Ww.) | Leewards, Holland, France | 10,000 |
| 1631 | Providence (West Car.) | Britain, Bermuda, New England | 4,000 |
| 1631? | San Andrés (West Car.) | uncertain | 4,000 |
| 1632 | Antigua (Leewards) | St. Kitts | 74,000 |
| 1633 | Montserrat (Leewards) | St. Kitts, Ireland | 12,000 |
| 1636 | St. Eustatius (D. Ww.) | Leewards, Holland | 1,000 |
| 1640 | Saba (Dutch Windwards) | St. Eustatius, Leewards | 1,000 |
| 1648 | Bahamas (Eleuthera) | Bermuda | 240,000 |
| 1650 | Anguilla (Leewards) | Leewards | 6,500 |
| 1651 | Suriname (S. America) | Barbados (Sranan 1st lang.: 125,000) | 404,000 |
| 1655 | Jamaica | Barbados, Leewards, Suriname, Bermuda | 2,215,000 |
| 1666 | British Virgin Is. | Leewards | 12,000 |
| 1670 | Cayman Is. (West Car.) | Britain, Jamaica | 16,000 |
| 1670 | Carolina | Britain, Jamaica, Barbados, Bermuda, Bahamas | Gullah: 250,000 |
| 1672 | St. Thomas (Virgin Is.) | Leewards, Dutch Windwards, Denmark | --- |
| 1678 | Turks and Caicos | Bermuda | 7,000 |
| 1684 | St. John (Virgin Is.) | St. Thomas | --- |
| to 1715 | Saramaccan (Suriname) | Coastal plantations | (20,000) |
| from 1715 | Djuka (Suriname) | Coastal plantations | (16,000) |
| ca. 1730 | Miskito Coast (C.A.) | Belize, Jamaica | 40,000 |
| 1733 | St. Croix (Virgin Is.) | Leewards, St. Thomas | --- |
| 1740's | (British) Guyana | Barbados, Leewards | 832,000 |
| from 1760 | Aluku (Fr. Guiana) | Coastal plantations of Suriname | --- |
| 1763 | Dominica (Br. Windw.) | French Antilles (French Creole) | |
| 1763 | St. Vincent (Br. Ww.) | Leewards, Barbados | 112,000 |
| 1763 | Grenada (Br. Windw.) | Fr. Antilles, Leewards, Barbados | 108,000 |
| 1763 | Tobago | ? | --- |
| from 1780 | southern Bahamas | U.S. South | --- |
| 1786 | Belize | Miskito Coast | 150,000 |
| 1786 | Andros, Bahamas | Miskito Coast | --- |
| 1797 | Trinidad | Windwards, Barbados, Bahamas | 1,150,000 |
| 1815 | St. Lucia | French Antilles (French Creole) | |
| from 1824 | Samaná, Dominican Rep. | U.S. freedmen | 8,000 |
| 1827 | Bocas del Toro, Panama | San Andrés | --- |
| 1830's | Bay Islands, Honduras | Cayman Islands | 10,000 |
| 1849 | Nacimiento, Mexico | Afro-Seminoles | 300? |
| from 1850 | Rama, east Nicaragua | Miskito Coast | 300? |
| 1870 | Bracketville, Texas | Nacimiento Afro-Seminoles | 300? |
| 1871 | Puerto Limón, Costa Rica | Jamaica, Eastern Caribbean | 40,000 |
| 1898 | Puerto Rico | United States | 100,000? |
| 1904--14 | Panama | Jamaica, Eastern Caribbean | 100,000? |
| 1917 | Virgin Islands | United States | total: 100,000 |
| total: 6,398,500 | |||
ˤȤ뤳Ȥ¿Τǡ˴Ϣǯɽ֤ƤǤ롥#1427. פʱ˴ؤǯɽ ([2013-03-24-1]) Ǥǯɽϻ߷ (744--45) αǯɽɲäɽ * ƹϢơѸ - Wikipediaξͭѡ
| 9c | Vespasian Psalter ΥƥֻӡԴ (interlinear gloss)ޡ |
| 10cƬ | Paris Psalter ΥƥOEֻӡס50ӤޤǤϥȥȤ뻶ʸʲƬʤ |
| c950 | Lindisfarne Gospels 700ǯä줿ƥʡʸιԴ֤ˡ950ǯ.Ρ֥ꥢˤäƤ |
| 10cȾ | Rushworth Gospels Lindisfarne Gospels ιԴˤʤ餦ޥ̥ޡˤȼ |
| c1000 | West-Saxon Gospels ɸŪȥˤǽ!)ܳŪ |
| Ælfric's Heptateuch 'ʸˡ' Ælfric κǽ7 (Genesis-Judges) ͳʸΤǾΡ | |
| c1120 | Eadwine's Psalterium Triplex Υƥֻӡפ˥Υޥȱä |
| a1350 | West-Midland Psalter William of Shoreham λƱܤˤդޤƤΤǡĤƤƱͤ˵Ƥ |
| Richard Rolle's Psalter Υƥֻӡפ˥Ρ֥ꥢˤä | |
| c1384 | Wycliffite Bible (Early Version) J. Wyclif Nicholas of Hereford 濴ȤʤäƥƥŪǽδѸƥˡ |
| c1388--95 | Wycliffite Bible (Later Version) Wyclif John Purvey 濴Ȥʤäơ嵭ŪѸɽ˲Ρ |
| c1520 | Murdoch Nisbet: Wyclif Version in Scots Wycliffite Bible Υåȥ |
| 1525--26 | Tyndale's New Testament Υꥷ츶ŵľǽΰܱ. 1534, 1535 |
| 1530 | Martin Bucer: The Earliest English Psalter printed Martin Bucer οƥˤ롥1535ǯԤ Primer ʤɤ˼Ͽ줿 |
| Tyndale's Pentateuch | |
| 1531 | Tyndale's Jona |
| 1535 | Coverdale's Bible 'ͤ (Miles Coverdale) ˤ' ǽΰܴ |
| 1537 | Matthew Bible Tyndale δ̤Ƥä礱Ȥ Coverdale äƤ롥 'Matthew' Tyndale ͧ John Rogers ε̾ |
| 1539 | Taverner's Bible Matthew Bible β |
| The Great Bible Coverdale ˤ Matthew Bible βΡֻӡ1949ǯǤ Prayer Book ˼Ͽ | |
| 1550 | Sir John Cheke֥ޥפӡ֥ޥ륳פκǽΰ |
| 1560 | The Geneva Bible Ρֿפ1557ǯǡCalvin ɤγؼԡԤζϤˤʤ롥ΤǴʸȤ路罰˾˹סήۤ |
| 1567 | Testament newydd Υ륺1588 |
| 1568 | The Bishops' Bible Matthew Parker 紴˼綵ѰȤ The Great Bible AV ܤȤʤ |
| 1582--1610 | The Rheims-Douai Bible Ρֿפ1582ǯǡΦ˴̿ΥȥåγؼԡԤζϤˤʤ롥ƥνRichard Challoner (1749--72) ήǤδäȤʤ |
| 1602 | Tiomna Naadh William Daniel ˤ륢ɸ1686 |
| 1611 | Authorised Version άAVȤƹǤ King James Bible Ȥ⤤Lancelot Andrews ѰĹȤ50;̾ԡؼԤʤѰǴĺȤȤˡShakespeare¤ǶѸʤꤷȤ롥ήǤ1769ǯ Benjamin Blayney ƽ Oxford Ǥˤ |
| 1611--1881 | ʹ70Ǥ줿 |
| 1640 | *The Bay Psalter Book Massachusetts Bay ˿̱һ Richard Mather, John Eliot ۤ1ֻ̾ӡפˤȤŤν |
| 1729 | Daniel Mace: The New Testament in Greek and English ΥꥷʸȱαѸθѸ¿ȿǤƤȤ |
| 1755 | John Wesley's New Testament θŵˤꡤAV Ѹ12Τ AV ˱ƶ |
| 1764 | Anthony Purver: A New and Literal Translation of...the Old and New Testament 18cȾήԤʸΤʼͳԤˤʤ Quaker Bible ȤФ |
| 1768 | Edward Harwood: A Liberal Translation of the New TestamentξĹ cliché ѤŪʸΤѥե졼 |
| 1808 | *Charles Thomson: The Holy Bible ƹˤ뼷 (Septuaginta) κǽα |
| 1833 | *Noah Webster: The Holy Bible...in Common Version AV θŸŪɽ¯ |
| 1876 | *Julia E. Smith's Bible κǽνˤʴˡ |
| 1881--85 | The Revised Version άRV츶ˤȤŤ AV βߤ¿Ű |
| 1898--1901 | The Twentieth Century New Testament κǽʿפʸλߡ1904ƹ1961 |
| 1901 | *The American Standard Version άASVRV ݼƹ¦Ѱˤ |
| 1903 | F. RWeymouth: The New Testament in Modern Speech μ鹻ꥷʸˤȤŤΤʸߤ롥1924, 1929 |
| 1913--24 | James Moffatt: A New Translation of the Bible ñʤΰۤ¿οߤŪ |
| 1923 | *E. J. Goodspeed: The New Testament: An American Translation 'ΥꥫѸ'J. M. P. Smith ˤ1927ǯ |
| 1937 | *C. B. Williams: The New Testament in the Language of the People Υѥե졼Ū |
| 1940 | The New Testament in Basic English Basic English δø850ɬפ150ä10001949ǯ |
| 1941 | *The Confraternity Version Rheims-Douai (1582--1510) Challoner (1749--72) ˤȤĤƹʶIJǧο |
| 194--50 | Ronald Knox: The Holy Bible=ƥοʸ˰տޤ줿̣ɼԤ˲ʤʸᤶ롥1955 |
| 1945--59 | *The Berkeley Version β The Modern Language Bible (1969) |
| 1946--52 | *The Revised Standard Version άRSVASV ܤȤΤʸʸθ2 AV οȹԤʤäAV ΡִǤǸŵŪʸΡפ³ϤǤ¤¸뤳ȤɸȤ |
| 1947--58 | J. B. Phillips: The New Testament in Modern English οʤ Letters to Young Churches (194719572) Ϥᡤŵΰ̣ʸΤǤ¤¤褦ȻߤΤ Four Prophets (1963) ǡ |
| 1952 | E. V. Rieu: The Four Gospels Penguin Books ©Ҥ C. H. Rieu ˤ The Acts 1957ǯǡ |
| C. K. Williams: The New Testament: A New Translation of Plain English γͤФѸ춵ηи1700 'plain English' | |
| 1961--70 | The New English Bible AVΩʿʸ奤ꥹѸɸ֤롥ʸλѰߤ |
| 1966 | The Jerusalem Bible Υե La Bible Jerusalem (1961) ϤȤäʸŪ The New Jerusalem Bible (1985) |
| 1966--76 | *Good News Bibleor Today's English Version θμ㤤ɼؤʤɤ褦ʿפƸ |
| Dick Williams & Frank Shaw: Liverpool Vernacular Gospels Υס1977 | |
| 1968--70 | *Clarence Jordan: Cotton Patch Version ƹ |
| 1970 | *The New American Bible The Confraternity Versionοä̾ƽǡ1987 |
| 1971 | *Kenneth Taylor: The Living Bible: An Expanded Paraphrase ʿʸˤѥե졼ƹƻ Billy Graham οǤҤήۤ |
| 1973--78 | *The New International Version AV ºŤĤĸѸ첽ߤʸŪФƤ you, your 롥̤Фθʤ |
| 1981 | *The New Jewish Version Υ䶵ε The Holy Scriptures according to the Massoretic Text (1917) 뿷 |
| 1982 | The Revised Authorized Versionor the New King James Version θŸˡŰŪ˿ |
| 1989 | The Revised English Bible The New English Bible (l961--70) ̲thou, thy, thee δɽβʤɸ岽䤷ʤ뤬ԤǤŰ |
| *The New Revised Standard Version δԤ1990ǯthou, thy, thee δɽβǤ Revised English Bible Ű | |
| 1991 | *The Bible for Today's Family: Contemporary English Version. New Testament. Τ̤鸽ɼԤ䤹ᤶɽˤĤƤŰ줷ӽߤ |
4֤ε ##1698,1699,1700,1701 ǡGramley αѸˤѥ˥ꡤ7ϤΤȤʤ顤Ѹο͡ΰܽȤȼѸȻˤŪϤ뤤ϽпϤˤƤϤΰϢκǸȤơƱ pp. 7--8 ꡤֳϰ (the Caribbean) ؤο͡ȱѸοʽФ
| FROM | TO |
|---|---|
| 17th Century Movements | |
| Britain | Bermuda (1609); Providence Island (1631); Cayman Islands (1670) |
| Ireland | St. Kitts (1624); Barbados (1627); Nevis, Barbuda (1628) |
| Africa | Bermuda (1609) |
| Bermuda | Providence (1631); Bahamas (1648); Jamaica (1655); Turks + Caicos (1678) |
| New England | Providence (1631) |
| St. Kitts | Nevis, Barbuda (1628); Antigua (1632); Montserrat (1633) |
| The Leeward Islands | Anguilla (1650); Jamaica (1655); St. Thomas (1672) |
| Barbados | Suriname (1651); Jamaica (1655) |
| Suriname | Jamaica (1655) |
| Jamaica | Cayman Islands (1670) |
| St. Thomas | St. John (1684) |
| 18th Century Movements | |
| Belize | the Moskito Coast (1730) |
| Jamaica | the Moskito Coast (1730) |
| Leewards | St. Croix (1733); Guyana (1740s); St. Vincent, Grenada (1763) |
| St. Thomas | St. Croix (1733) |
| Barbados | Guyana (1740s); St. Vincent, Grenada (1763), Trinidad (1797) |
| American South | Bahamas (1780ff) |
| Moskito Coast | Belize, Andros, Bahamas (1786) |
| Windwards | Trinidad (1797) |
| 19th Century Movements | |
| US (freed slaves) | Samaná (Dominican Republic) (1824) |
| San Andrés | Cocas del Toro (Panama) (1827) |
| Cayman Islands | Bay Islands (Honduras) (1830s) |
| Jamaica | Puerto Limón (Costa Rica) (1871) |
| US | Puerto Rico (1898) |
| 20th Century Movements | |
| Jamaica | Panama (1904--1914) |
| US | the American Virgin Islands (1917) |
#1699. ꥫȯαѸγȻǯɽ ([2013-12-21-1]) εǤϡꥫ֤פο͡ΰܽȱѸγˤꥫ֤ءפοήˤ⡤ꥫѸηǤϽפμǤ롥ꥫ̱ˤϰʬʤѸˤȤˤäƤϡؤʥꥹȤ긵ˤȽ롥#158. ꥫѸλʬ ([2009-10-02-1]) ϾܤܳŪʰ̱ˤϴάɽGramley αѸˤѥ˥ˤä7ϤΤ (pp. 6--7) Ƹ褦ŪϤȤƹʳϰޤޤƤ롥
| FROM | TO |
|---|---|
| Southern England | Eastern New England, the coastal South (from the early 17th century) |
| The Caribbean | Virginia and the plantation South (from the early 17th century) |
| Northern England, Scotland, Ulster | Southeast Pennsylvania, the Piedmont, and the Appalachian South (all from the late 17th century) |
| Germany | Pennsylvania (from the late 17th century) |
| The 13 colonies | Upper Canada, the Maritimes (in the late 18th century) |
| Haiti | Louisiana (in the late 18th century) |
| New England | Northwest Territory (from the early 19th century) |
| Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas, and Georgia | the Ohio Valley and Southern Appalachians (from the 18th century) |
| US (freed slaves) | Liberia (from 1822) |
| Upper Canada | the Prairie and Mountain provinces; British Columbia (19th century) |
| Midwest | the Oregon Territory, California, and the Mountain West (19th century) |
| New England | Hawaii (late 19th century) |
| Far West | Alaska (late 19th century) |
| US (colonial administration) | Philippines (from 1898--1946) |
ε#1699. ꥫȯαѸγȻǯɽ ([2013-12-21-1]) ơϥꥹǤƱ͡Gramley αѸˤѥ˥ꡤ7ϤΤ p. 6 žܤ롥ꥹΤɤϰ褫顤Τɤϰؿ͡ȱѸ줬ư˼ΤǤ롥
| FROM | TO |
|---|---|
| Southwest England | Southeastern Ireland (from 1556 to well into the 17th century) |
| Scotland + England | Ulster (from 1606 to the 1690's) |
| England + Scotland | North America (from 1607) |
| Britain + Ireland | the Caribbean (esp. Barbados) (from 1627) |
| Britain + Ireland | Australia (from 1788) |
| England | South Africa (from 1820) |
| Britain + Australia | New Zealand (from 1820) |
| Britain (exploration, trade, colonial administration) | West Africa: Gambia (1661, 1816); Sierra Leone (1787); Ghana (1824; 1850); Nigeria (1851, 1861); Camero on (1914) |
| East Africa: Uganda (1860's); Malawi (1878); Kenya (1886); Tanzania (1880's) | |
| Southern Africa: South Africa (1795); Botswana (19th century); Namibia (1878); Zambia (1888); Zimbabwe (1890); Swaziland (1894) | |
| South Asia: India (1600); Bangla Desh (1690); Sri Lanka (1796); Pakistan (1857) | |
| Southeast Asia: Malaysia (1786); Singapore (1819); Hong Kong (1841) |
ε#1698. ꥫαѸγȻȤΰŪʥѥ ([2013-12-20-1]) ǡꥫ濴ϤȤѸγȻˤĤˤ夫鸽ˤƤαѸγȻ濴ϤȤп˥ꥹʤ¸ߤפ⤫֤19ʹߤΥꥫȯγȻ⡤ߤαѸʬۤ礭Ƥ롥
ꥫȯαѸγȻ⡤ڤγͻӤǿʹԤꥹӤΥꥫڳħϡܻؤŪʳǤϤʤƤˤȤɤޤŪʳäǤ롥Τˡ#255. ȱѸˡ ([2010-01-07-1])#1589. եԥαѸ ([2013-09-02-1])#1697. Liberia ι ([2013-12-19-1]) εǼ夲 Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Liberia ʤɤΤ褦ˡؤŸ⤢ˤϤΤŪˤŪʳȤߤƤ褤ꥫڳȱѸȻˤˤĤƤϡ#1368. Fennell ǡѸάǯɽ ([2013-01-24-1])#1377. Gelderen ǡѸάǯɽ ([2013-02-02-1])#215. ENS, ESL ϰαѸ첽ǯ ([2009-11-28-1]) ʤɤǿƤ뤬Ȥ櫓ܤǯɽʲ˷ǤGramley αѸˤѥ˥Ρ7Ϥ p. 5 ȴФΤǤ롥
1. The original extent of the US according to the Treaty of Paris at the end of the War of Independence in 1783 extended to the Mississippi River.
2. In 1803 the Louisiana Purchase, the territory ceded to the U.S. by Napoleon for $15 million, doubled the territory of the US, which now reached the Rocky Mountains.
3. First West Florida (1810 and 1813) and then East Florida (1819) were taken from Spain by invasion and the payment of $5 million.
4. Texas, once a Mexican state, then an independent republic run by American settlers since 1836, was annexed by the US in 1845.
5. The Northwest Territory (Oregon, Washington, and British Colombia), claimed by Britain and the U.S. as well as Spain and Russia, was peaceably divided between the former two in 1846.
6. In the Mexican-American War (1846--1848) vast conquered areas in the west (California) and southwest (New Mexico, Arizona) were annexed. The US indemnified Mexico for $10 million. Many speakers of Native American languages and Spanish became US citizens.
7. Further Mexican territory (the Gadsden Purchase, 1853) was acquired for $10 million to ease the building of a rail line to California.
8. The US bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million in 1867 (Seward's Folly). The original Inuit peoples are today a distinct minority.
9. The kingdom of Hawaii (formerly known as the Sandwich Islands) became a republic after a coup by Americans living there in 1893. It was annexed in 1898. Today the Hawaiian language is making something of a comeback within a context of a society dominated by StE and Hawaiian Creole English.
10. The Spanish-American War ended with the US taking over numerous territories, some such as Cuba only temporarily, others longer. Today Puerto Rico is a commonwealth, Spanish-language American territory, and Guam in the Pacific, a bilingual territory. The Philippines, for which the U.S. paid Spain $20 million, remained an American colony until 1946. Pilipino is the national language in this very multilingual country, and English is a widely used L2.
19κǽ2/3λΤˡꥫ罰αߤΦء̤ؤڤ礷λˡꥫƤФʴäꤢ19ȾϡHawaii, Guam, other Pacific islands, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, the American Virgin Islands ʤؤʽФκޤǤˤϡˤϿʽФǤפϰ¿ĤƤʤäΤ֤Ǥ롥
嵭 Gramley ˤϡ¾ˤ͡ΰܽȱѸγȻȤδطޤȤɽǡ롥
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
#41. ʸˤ ([2009-06-08-1])#751. ϵ46ǯΤߤΤʤǤοȸ ([2011-05-18-1]) εǸεȿʲǯɽ¾ԤΡؿʸաθεš (17) ꡤ⤦1Ĥθǯɽ
| 50,000 BC | եꥫονиʺǿοǯ | |
| 45,000 BC | ||
| ȥꥢؤΰư | ||
| 40,000 BC | ۥ⡦ԥ֤¸ߤʣʹưͼʪŪڵ¸ߡ | |
| 35,000 BC | ||
| 30,000 BC | ͥǥ륿ͤλǡǤ⸶Ūʸ | |
| 25,000 BC | ||
| 20,000 BC | ||
| 15,000 BC | ¿Υԡʿˡ10,000?15,000 | |
| ǽɹϴνꡨ桼饷²γ | ||
| ؤΰưȡɸ² | ||
| 10,000 BC | ||
| ؤΰưȡʡǥ² | ||
| 5,000 BC | ȥͥ²γ硨Ѥؤΰư | |
| ɡ衼åĸ | ||
| ɡ衼åѸ²κǸŤεϿҥåȸ졤åȸ | ||
| 0 | ŵ졧奮ꥷ졤ƥ | |
| 500 | ޥɡޥɤȯűѸ | |
| 1000 | ||
| 1500 | ̱ϻ塨ԥȥ쥪ȯɸγȤꡨǤβ® | |
| 2000 |
| 50,000 BC | եꥫονиʺǿοǯ | |
| 45,000 BC | ||
| ȥꥢؤΰư | ||
| 40,000 BC | ۥ⡦ԥ֤¸ߤʣʹưͼʪŪڵ¸ߡ | |
| 35,000 BC | ||
| 30,000 BC | ͥǥ륿ͤλǡǤ⸶Ūʸ | |
| 25,000 BC | ||
| 20,000 BC | ||
| 15,000 BC | ¿Υԡʿˡ10,000?15,000 | |
| ǽɹϴνꡨ桼饷²γ | ||
| ؤΰưȡɸ² | ||
| 10,000 BC | ||
| ؤΰưȡʡǥ² | ||
| 5,000 BC | ȥͥ²γ硨Ѥؤΰư | |
| ɡ衼åĸ | ||
| ɡ衼åѸ²κǸŤεϿҥåȸ졤åȸ | ||
| 0 | ŵ졧奮ꥷ졤ƥ | |
| 500 | ޥɡޥɤȯűѸ | |
| 1000 | ||
| 1500 | ̱ϻ塨ԥȥ쥪ȯɸγȤꡨǤβ® | |
| 2000 |
ʲˡѸܸθûˡˤоȤǤ褦ɽ줾λˤäħվˤΤǤ롥#1524. Ѹˤλʬ ([2013-06-29-1]) ȡ#1525. ܸˤλʬ ([2013-06-30-1]) Ǥ줾θλʬξԤ줤˽Ťʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡɽǤϤ褽ζʬDz¤ӤˤѸ¦ǤŵȤ櫓ǤϤʤ¿ܥ֥Ǥ͡ʷǿƤΤǡɸ䥫ƥѤƴϢ뵭ˤɤĤȤǤϤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ѸθˤĤƤϡ#883. Algeo ο쥽ʬ (1) ([2011-09-27-1]) 濴ȤƵǺ٤äƤΤǡȡܸ¦ϡإܸ2ûˡ (p. 7) θûǯɽ˵ä
| Old English | * Germanic vocabulary | ¸ʤޤȤȤСˤʬ | |
| * monosyllabic bases | 2줬ܡ | ||
| * derivation and compounding | ȤθήǴ줬Ѥ줿㡧㡡㡡ʤʤʩȤȤ줿ȤФˤϡ´̡ספΤ褦ʸ奤ɸåȸˤޤޤƤ롥 | ||
| * Christianity-related vocabulary from Latin (some via Celtic) | 줬ڤ㡧ʤʤˡ©ʤˡǰڡʤˤˡܡʤȤߡˤ | ||
| * few Celtic words | ʸȴʸɸȤʸξΩ롥㡧ߥˡҸߤˡӢҥˡʷɸˡӢʷɸ | ||
| Middle English | * Old Norse loanwords including basic words | ʣˤäơƻ줬¤줿 | |
| * a great influx of French words | 줬̲ | ||
| * an influx of Latin technical words | Ÿ졦θ졦˼ʤɡ꺹ˤĤƤǧ¸ߤ | ||
| Modern English | * a great influx of Latin loanwords | αΤײɤळȤФ㡧ʤɤˡػҡʤˡġʤդȤˡƬʤޤ¤夦 | |
| * Greek loanwords directly | ꥹȶ붵դ衤ޤ̾طʤɤˤꡤݥȥ줬Ѥ줿㡧ѥ륿ܥåѡҹ籩 | ||
| * loanwords from various languages | 줬̲˿Ʃ | ||
| * Shakespeare's vocabulary | ؤʬ˱Ƹäΰ꺹ޤä | ||
| * scientific vocabulary | ؤȤδطǥ줬Ѥ줿㡧륳롡åס | ||
| Present-Day English | * shortening | Ȥơ¤줬ä롥㡧ůءҡŴƻ̱ | |
| * many Japanese loanwords | ƸɮƬȤơե졤ɥĸ졤ꥢʤɤγ줬ä롥 | ||
| * compounding revived | Ĺʣάά줬¿Ѥ롥 | ||
| * loanwords decreased |
ε#1524. Ѹˤλʬ ([2013-06-29-1]) ơܸˤλʬܸˤĤƤ⡤٤ʬϸԤοȤäƲǤϤʤΤ2Ĥλʬ1ܤϡܸ쳵 (pp. 282--83) ˼ƤʬȤˤΡեåȤ˶ʬ̾ΤͿƤ롥
| 1. | B.C. 13000 ? A.D. 600 | ʸʯ | |
| 2. | 600 ? 784 | Ļɻ塡200ǯ | |
| 3. | 784 ? 1184 | ʿ¡塡400ǯ | |
| 4. | 1184 ? 1603 | ҡĮ塡400ǯ | |
| 5. | 1603 ? 1867 | ͻ塡300ǯ | |
| 6. | 1868 ? 1945 | Ⱦ塡80ǯ | |
| 7. | 1946 ? | ¸Ⱦʿ塡70ǯ |
| I | II | III | IV | V |
| ɻȤ | ||||
| ʿ» | ||||
| һ | ||||
| Į | ||||
| ͻ | ||||
| ͻ | ||||
| ʹ |
ɸ periodisation γƵ͡˰äƤޤtimeline γƵǼαѸǯɽǤƤѸˤ˴ؤ֥ʤΤǡűѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹ졤ѸʤɡƻθƾΤϰϤ˴ؤμȤƤβϻܤƤۤ褤ȻפäΤǰʲ˵
̸ˤλʬϸ줽ΤΤƱͤɤưΤǤꡤ줾ǤȤΤϤʤºݡԤοȤäƤ礲ǤϤʤۤɤѸˤܸˤ㳰ǤϤʤԴ֤Ǵˤ䤫ʹդ뤳ȤϳΤǤꡤ֤ζڤܤǯ夬פʤʤɺϤΤΡߤˡײǽʤΤǼºݾ礭ʤʲ˵Τϡ̩ʤڤǯʬ䤹äѸ˻ʬŪƤΤ1ĤǤϤ롥ͤΤ˸űѸλޤƤ롥٤Ƥǯɽ魯 circa ʤ褽ˤä줿٤ȤϤȤ꤬ʤΤǡҤȤޤϤդǡ
| ϸ (Proto-Indo-European) | -- 4000 BC | ||
| ϸޥ (Proto-Germanic) | 4000 BC -- 500 BC | ||
| ϸűѸ (Proto-Old English) | 500 BC -- 450 | ||
| űѸ (Old English) | űѸ (Pre-Old English) | 450 -- 700 | 450 -- 1100 |
| űѸ (Early Old English) | 700 -- 900 | ||
| űѸ (Late Old English) | 900 -- 1100 | ||
| Ѹ (Middle English) | Ѹ (Early Middle English) | 1100--1300 | 1100 -- 1500 |
| Ѹ (Late Middle English) | 1300--1500 | ||
| Ѹ (Modern English) | Ѹ (Early Modern English) | 1500--1700 | 1500 -- 1900 |
| Ѹ (Late Modern English) | 1700--1900 | ||
| Ѹ (Present-Day English) | 1900 -- |
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow