ɸܸɽȱѸɽϡ줾ŷĤȹؼƾΤǤηɰդɽ魯ɽˤ politeness euphemism άʣޤƤꡤ褯ޤǹפȻפ碌ȤʤäƤ롥
Ųפϸ¤˾볬ʤβؤˤϼ輡ζäꡤζäͳơãबŷĤξʹã뤳ȤˤʤäƤϾɽ魯ˤꤽˤ輡Ū˻ؼˤμ輡ؼ뤳ȤˤˤŷĤŪ˻ؼΤ顤2Ťδ (metonymy) Ǥꡤݥ饤ȥͥռնɽǤ⤢롥ַɤƱפζפޤֲפȿո־פݱʤ۵ŷĤλżǡ˽ˡ (litotes) θ̤ʻġɽȤƤŷҤηɾΤȤѤƤΤܤˤäΤǤꡤŤŷĤˤϤष²פξι椬դ줿ʹߡļŵϤεˤꡤŷĤȻˤϡŲסʳι²ˤϡ²פȻȤʬ졤˻äƤ롥
Ѹ Your Majesty ⡤ݥ饤ȥͥάϡŲפ餱Ƥʤޤ#440. ˻ĤɾΤ you ([2010-07-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡYour ΤΤɰդޤǤ (cf. t/v_distinction) ˡMajesty Ϥ켫Ȥΰ̣Ȥƻɽ路Ƥ롥äơλȤŪˤäơŪʲŪ˻ؼƤ롥ˤϡȤˤն롥ʤŪˤäƶŪʿͤʪؤϡShe is our last hope., His latest novel is a complete failure., Our daughter is a great pride and joy to us. Τ褦ɽˤ⸫뤳ȤǤȤȤưŪʤΤǤ (cf. Stern 319--20)
ʤMajesty ΤˡνФϡOED ˤȡ14ȾǤ롥
a1387. J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 9 (MED), Whanne Alisaundre..wente toward his owne contray, þe messangers..of Affrica, of Spayne, and of Italy come in to Babilon to ȝilde hem to his lordschipe and mageste [L. ejus ditioni].
ηɾΤȤ夷Τ17ΤȤǤꡤˤ Henry III Queen Elizabeth I Your Grace Your Highness ȸƤФʤɡؤJames I 줿 The Authorised Version (The King James Version [KJV]) ǤϡYour Highness Your Majesty ȤѤƤ롥
ŲסYour MajestyƴϢ뤤Ĥɽϡ줾ۤʤݥ饤ȥͥȥƥˤäƤǤϤ뤬ǹ٤ηɰդɽ魯˺Ф줿ۤɹߤ¤Ǥ롥顪
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1]) ˰³̥ɤ٤Ƥߤ롥߷ΡǤɤѸˡ٤6Ϥǡ2:18--25 βս꤬ƱNRSV, KJ, Wycl, OEH 5֤ӤƤ롥ˤơ2ĤθɲäΤȤ7ǤӤǽȤʤ褦ˡѥ롦ƥȤ¤äƤߤɲä2ϡʿפƸΤ Good News Translation BibleGateway.com ˤȡøäΤߤѤ Basic English ǡThe Holy Bible --- Bible in Basic English ˤǤ롥γǤˤĤƤϡ#1709. ױǯɽ ([2013-12-31-1]) Ȥ줿
| Ʊ | ʤϸ줿ֿͤȤǤΤɤʤ˹礦Ԥ¤ |
| NRSV | Then the LORD God said, "It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a helper as his partner." |
| Good News Bible | Then the Lord God said, "It is not good for the man to live alone. I will make a suitable companion to help him." |
| Basic English | And the Lord God said, It is not good for the man to be by himself: I will make one like himself as a help to him |
| KJ | And the LORD God said, "It is not good that the man should be alone: I will make him an helpe meet for him." |
| Wycl | And the Lord God seide, "It is not good that a man be aloone, make we to hym an help lijk to hym silf." |
| OEH | God cwæð ēac swylce, "Nis nā gōd ðisum men āna tō wunigenne; uton wyrcean him sumne fultum tō his gelīcnysse." |
| Ʊ | ʤϡΤáΤĻڤǷŤꡤͤΤȤػäơͤ줾ɤƤ֤Ƥ줿ͤƤ֤ȡϤ٤ơʪ̾Ȥʤä |
| NRSV | So out of the ground the LORD God formed every animal of the field and every bird of the air, and brought them to the man to see what he would call them; and whatever the man called every living creature, that was its name. |
| Good News Bible | So he took some soil from the ground and formed all the animals and all the birds. Then he brought them to the man to see what he would name them; and that is how they all got their names. |
| Basic English | And from the earth the Lord God made every beast of the field and every bird of the air, and took them to the man to see what names he would give them: and whatever name he gave to any living thing, that was its name. |
| KJ | And out of ye ground the LORD God formed euery beast of the field, and euery foule of the aire; and brought them vnto Adam, to see what he would call them: and whatsoeuer Adam called euery liuing creature, that was the name thereof. |
| Wycl | Therfor whanne alle lyuynge beestis of erthe, and alle the volatils of heuene weren formed of erthe, the Lord God brouȝte tho to Adam, that he schulde se what he schulde clepe tho; for al thing that Adam clepide of lyuynge soule, thilke is the name therof. |
| OEH | God sōðlīce gelǣdde ðā nȳtenu, ðe hē of eorðan gescēop, and ðǣre lyfte fugelas tō Adame, ðæt hē forescēawode hū hē hī gecȳgde. Sōðlīce ǣlc libbende nȳten, swā swā Adam hit gecȳgde, swā is his nama. |
| Ʊ | ͤϤܡĻΤä̾դʬ˹礦ԤϸĤ뤳ȤǤʤä |
| NRSV | The man gave names to all cattle, and to the birds of the air, and to every animal of the field; but for the man there was not found a helper as his partner. |
| Good News Bible | So the man named all the birds and all the animals; but not one of them was a suitable companion to help him. |
| Basic English | And the man gave names to all cattle and to the birds of the air and to every beast of the field; but Adam had no one like himself as a help. |
| KJ | And Adam gaue names to all cattell, and to the foule of the aire, and to euery beast of the fielde: but for Adam there was not found an helpe meete for him. |
| Wycl | And Adam clepide bi her names alle lyuynge thingis, and alle volatils, and alle vnresonable beestis of erthe. Forsothe to Adam was not foundun an helpere lijk hym. |
| OEH | And Adam ðā genamode ealle nȳtenu heora naman, and ealle fugelas and ealle wildēor. Adam sōðlīce ne gemētte ðā gȳt nānne fultum his gelīcan. |
| Ʊ | ʤϤǡ̲ͤȤ줿̲ͤȡФΰȴꡤפǤդ줿 |
| NRSV | So the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and he slept; then he took one of his ribs and closed up its place with flesh. |
| Good News Bible | Then the Lord God made the man fall into a deep sleep, and while he was sleeping, he took out one of the man's ribs and closed up the flesh. |
| Basic English | And the Lord God sent a deep sleep on the man, and took one of the bones from his side while he was sleeping, joining up the flesh again in its place: |
| KJ | And the LORD God caused a deepe sleepe to fall vpon Adam, and hee slept; and he tooke one of his ribs, and closed vp the flesh in stead thereof. |
| Wycl | Therfore the Lord God sente sleep in to Adam, and whanne he slepte, God took oon of hise ribbis, and fillide fleisch for it. |
| OEH | Ðā sende God slǣp on Adam, and ðā ðā hē slēp, ðā genam hē ān rib of his sīdan, and gefylde mid flǣsce ðǣr ðæt rib wæs. |
| Ʊ | ơͤȴäФǽ¤夲줿ʤͤΤȤϢȡ |
| NRSV | And the rib that the LORD God had taken from the man he made into a woman and brought her to the man. |
| Good News Bible | He formed a woman out of the rib and brought her to him. |
| Basic English | And the bone which the Lord God had taken from the man he made into a woman, and took her to the man. |
| KJ | And the rib which the LORD God had taken from man, made hee a woman, & brought her vnto the man. |
| Wycl | And the Lord God bildide the rib which he hadde take fro Adam in to a womman, and brouȝte hir to Adam. |
| OEH | And geworhte ðæt rib, ðe hē genam of Adame, tō ānum wīfmen and gelǣdde hī tō Adame. |
| Ʊ | ͤϸä֤Ĥˡ줳錄ιι錄ʥ㡼ˤȸƤܤޤˡˡʥˤ줿Τ顥 |
| NRSV | Then the man said, "This at last is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; this one shall be called Woman, for out of Man this one was taken." |
| Good News Bible | Then the man said, "At last, here is one of my own kind---Bone taken from my bone, and flesh from my flesh. 'Woman' is her name because she was taken out of man." |
| Basic English | And the man said, This is now bone of my bone and flesh of my flesh: let her name be Woman because she was taken out of Man. |
| KJ | And Adam said, "This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shalbe called woman, because shee was taken out of man." |
| Wycl | And Adam seide, "This is now a boon of my boonys, and fleisch of my fleisch; this schal be clepid virago, for she is takun of man." |
| OEH | Adam ðā cwæð, "Ðis is nū bān of mīnum bānum and flǣsc of mīnum flǣsce; bēo hēo gecīged fǣmne, for ðan ðe hēo is of hyre were genumen." |
| Ʊ | 櫓ǡˤΥƽȷФ졤ͤϰΤȤʤ롥 |
| NRSV | Therefore a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife, and they become one flesh. |
| Good News Bible | That is why a man leaves his father and mother and is united with his wife, and they become one. |
| Basic English | For this cause will a man go away from his father and his mother and be joined to his wife; and they will be one flesh. |
| KJ | Therefore shall a man leaue his father and his mother, and shall cleaue vnto his wife: and they shalbe one flesh. |
| Wycl | Wherfor a man schal forsake fadir and modir, and schal cleue to his wijf, and thei schulen be tweyne in o fleisch. |
| OEH | For ðan forlǣt se man fæder and mōdor, and geðēot hine tō his wīfe, and hī bēoð būta on ānum flǣsce. |
| Ʊ | ͤȺʤͤȤǤäѤϤʤä |
| NRSV | And the man and his wife were both naked, and were not ashamed. |
| Good News Bible | The man and the woman were both naked, but they were not embarrassed. |
| Basic English | And the man and his wife were without clothing, and they had no sense of shame. |
| KJ | And they were both naked, the man & his wife, and were not ashamed. |
| Wycl | Forsothe euer eithir was nakid, that is, Adam and his wijf, and thei weren not aschamed. |
| OEH | Hī wǣron ðā būta, Adam and his wīf, nacode and him ðæs ne sceamode. |
ư3ʣˤĤơ#1413. Ѹ3ʣ -s ([2013-03-10-1])#1423. Ѹ3ʣ -s (2) ([2013-03-20-1])#1576. Ѹ3ʣ -s (3) ([2013-08-20-1])#1687. Ѹ3ʣ -s (4) ([2013-12-09-1])#1850. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s ([2014-05-21-1]) ǰäƤ3ñˤˤĤƤϤޤ夲Ƥʤäͽۤ褦ˡ3ñΤۤʤǤꡤȤ櫓ɤǸűѸ -th ΤѸ -s 褦ˤʤäаޤˤĤƤϡ¿ФƤ롥
ѸξΤˤФа礤˽ФΤϡ1611ǯ The Authorised Version (The King James Version [KJV]ˤǤŪ -th ݤƤ뤬Ʊ Shakespeare Ǥ -th -s ߤƤȤȤΤȤϡ17ޤǤ˸ǤϤǤ -th -s ؤѲٿʤǤݼŪνդˤϤ줬ȿǤʤäΤȲᤵƤ롥
ơ礦Ʊ˱Ѹ줬ΦذܿϤƤǤϡλǤ˻ϤޤäƤ -th -s ѲΤθΥ塼ϡꥹѸȥꥫѸȤǰۤʤäϤäΤKytö ϡ16--17ΥꥹѸ쥳ѥȡ17ΥꥫѸ쥳ѥѤơ䤤ؤ͡ʸŪҲŪʥѥꤷӤƤ뤬Ūˤ1Ĥηǧ줿17ξߤ¤ꡤ-s ؤѲϥꥫѸΤۤꥹѸ®˿ʤǤΤǤ롥Kytö (120) ˤɽ
| British English | American English | ||||||
| -S | -TH | Total | -S | -TH | Total | ||
| 1500--1570 | 15 (3%) | 446 | 461 | - | |||
| 1570--1640 | 101 (18%) | 459 | 560 | 1620--1670 | 339 (51%) | 322 | 661 |
| 1640--1710 | 445 (76%) | 140 | 585 | 1670--1720 | 642 (82%) | 138 | 780 |
Contrary to what has usually been attributed to the phenomenon of colonial lag, the subsequent rate of change was more rapid in the colonies. By and large, the colonists' writings seem to reflect the spoken language of the period more faithfully than do the writings of their contemporaries in Britain. In this respect, speaker innovation, rather than conservative tendencies, guided the development.
˽ colonial_lag γƵǤ褦ˡܤˤäƥꥫѸ줬ꥹѸʤǤ뤳Ȥ⤢٤Ƥ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ѽ⤢̣ǤݼŪǤꡤ̣ǤϳŪǤ롥 Kytö η϶ä٤ΤǤϤʤꥹܹˤƸ夹Ǥ˻ϤޤäƤѲꥫϤäˤɤΤ褦˿ʹԤ1ĤλȤưյ롥
Kytö, Merja. "Third-Person Present Singular Verb Inflection in Early British and American English." Language Variation and Change 5 (1993): 113--39.
߷ΡǤɤѸˡ٤Ͽ (195--96) ˡطΥ֥ȤؤΥܤäƤΤǡʲ˥ȤȤȤĥĤƤ
Anglo-Saxon Bible: űѸ줿ΥƥȤΡʤȯӾˡ
StudyLight.org: إٰʹߤ40ĶΥƥȤ
Bible Study Tools.com: ΤۤʩʤɤƥȽޤޤʸǤ롥
oremus Bible Browser: إॺ١ؿɸ٤ʤɤΥƥȽ
BibleGateway.com: 40ĶΥƥȤޤѸʳϥ磻ԥѸƤ롥
Schoenberg Center for electronic Text & Image: ƹΥڥ˥ؿۤ Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text & Image Υȡ1611ǯ˴Ԥ줿إॺ٤β뤳ȤǤ롥
Bible: King James Version: إॺ٤ˤĤƤޤޤʸǤ롥
Bible Search: ꥫΥȡƹϤƥȽ
The Holy Bible --- Bible in Basic English: إ١åå٤ΥƥȽ
ۤˡ#1429. Ѹˤ˴Ϣ BL μ ([2013-03-26-1]) ڤӡ#1847. BL ȤDZǤѸܤβ ([2014-05-18-1]) Υ⻲Ȥ줿طΤΤƷǤƤ
Cotton MS Nero D IV, Lindisfarne Gospels
Cotton MS Claudius B IV, Old English Hexateuch (imperfect)
The Lindisfarne Gospels: ܲܤäɤ륵ӥ⤢ꡥ
William Tyndale's New Testament: ܲ
King James Bible: ܲܤäɤ륵ӥ⤢ꡥ
Bible in Basic English: #1705. Basic English ǽ줿ä ([2013-12-27-1]) ⻲ȡ
߷ ⡡ǤɤѸˡ١罤۽Ź2013ǯ
Ҥ˶ǡּεסּʸפȤ롥ƥ paternoster Ȥ⡥ꥹȶˤƺǤפʵʸǤ롥Ǥ Matt 6:9--13ʴǤ Luke 11:2--4ˤ˸롥the Lord's Prayer ȤѸɽϥƥ ōrātiō Dominica Τʤǡ1548--49ǯ The Book of Common Prayer the Lordes prayer ȤƽƸ롥
#1427. פʱ˴ؤǯɽ ([2013-03-24-1]) Ǹ褦˱ѸˤĹLord's Prayer űѸǤ21κǿǤޤdzƼ綠äƤ롥Ѹ̻ŪѲ뤿ǺȤƤäƤĤʤΤǡʲ (1) 1000ǯ West-Saxon Gospels űѸǤ(2) 1388--95ǯ Wycliffite Bible θѸǤ(3) 1611ǯ The Authorised Version (The King James Version [KJV]) ѸǤ(4) 1989ǯ The New Revised Standard Version 긽ѸǤ(5) ͤޤǤ˿ƱܸǤ줾Ǥ롥ѤϡMatt 6:9--13 Lord's Prayer ޤսǤ롥ξܤˤĤƤϡ߷ΡǤɤѸˡ2--5ϤȤ줿
(1) 1000ǯθűѸ West-Saxon Gospels ꡥ
Fæder ūre þū þe eart on heofonum, Sī þīn nama gehālgod. Tō becume þīn rīce. Gewurþe ðīn willa on eorðan swā swā on heofonum. Ūrne gedæghwāmlīcan hlāf syle ūs tōdæg. And forgyf ūs ūre gyltas, swā swā wē forgyfað ūrum gyltendum. And ne gelǣd þu ūs on costnunge, ac ālȳs ūs of yfele. Sōþlīce.
(2) 1388--95ǯ Wycliffite Bible (Later Version) ꡥ
Oure fadir that art in heuenes, halewid be thi name; thi kyngdoom come to; be thi wille don in erthe as in heuene; ȝyue to vs this dai oure breed ouer othir substaunce; and forȝyue to vs oure dettis, as we forȝyuen to oure dettouris; and lede vs not in to temptacioun, but delyuere vs fro yuel. Amen.
(3) 1611ǯ The Authorised Version (The King James Versionˤꡥ
Our father which art in heauen, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdome come. Thy will be done, in earth, as it is in heauen. Giue vs this day our daily bread. And forgiue vs our debts, as we forgiue our debters. And lead vs not into temptation, but deliuer vs from euill: For thine is the kingdome, and the power, and the glory, for euer, Amen.
(4) 1989ǯ The New Revised Standard Version ꡥ
Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come. Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And do not bring us to the time of trial, but rescue us from the evil one. [For the kingdom and the power and the glory are yours forever. Amen.]
(5) Ʊꡥ
ŷˤ錄衤̾ޤ褦ˡޤ褦ˡ濴Ԥޤ褦ˡŷˤ褦Ϥξˤ⡥錄ɬפȤͿƤ錄餤ܤϤƤ錄⼫ʬ餤ܤΤͤϤޤ褦ˡ錄ͶǤ碌ԤߤäƤιϤȱɤȤϱʱˤʤΤΤǤ
ʤűѸ Lord's Prayer ˤĤơYouTube The Lords Prayer in Old English from the 11th century ʤĤΤǡͤޤǤˡ
߷ ⡡ǤɤѸˡ١罤۽Ź2013ǯ
ε#1796. ˤϹ¤Ūʤ ([2014-03-28-1]) ǡι¤ŪηǡȿդȥåȤˡ (accumulation) ȤȽҤ٤˴ؤ뺴ƣ (257--58) εҤƤߤ褦
ˡϡʸϤγΰ̣ƤӤˤä¤븽¤˻ƤޤȤϤΰǤ롥ɽ뤳ȤФˤäơɽΤϷˤ褦Ȥ롥ɤǥˤǤƤ餷ƥʥˤĤäƤߤ褦ȤߤΰǤ롥ˡؿˤʤǿɤߤȤʤФʤʤǥ뷿λפ⡤Ĺˤûˤοʤ٤礭ήΥʥΥΤۤ䤿ʪФˤϤߤ䤹٤֤ϷˤʤäƤ뤫Ǥ롥
ˡȤϡ㤨 "my faith, my hope, my love" ꡤ"What may we think of man, when we consider the heavy burden of his misery, the weakness of his patience, the imperfection of his understanding, the conflicts of his counsels . . . ?" (Peacham, The Garden of Eloquence) ˸褦ʾߤˡΤȤ Eccles. 1:4--7 μβսѤ褦AV ˡ
One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose. The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to his circuits. All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again.
ܸȤƤϡʥ롤زʹʥ롤ƥʥ롤ʥ롤ʹԥʥϡڥξ֥˥Ƹסͺظˡ١ˤʤɤ롥1Ĥʪɽ餺ˡ͡ʳ٤鵭Ҥ롥ΰФ줿褦ʾĹΥǥʵǽȿȤΥʥΤ
ʹ֤ϡ줬ŪˤäƤħ䵡ǽˤƹˤ顤Ѥ뤳ȤǤȤΤϡä٤ȤǤ롥ȥåȤϡȤʤȤϡˤ뤿μʤʤΤ⤷ʤ줬ƣפΤ֥ȥåСפǤ롥Ұɤɽ
ƣ סإȥåС١̼ҡ1992ǯ
ˤȤ뤳Ȥ¿Τǡ˴Ϣǯɽ֤ƤǤ롥#1427. פʱ˴ؤǯɽ ([2013-03-24-1]) Ǥǯɽϻ߷ (744--45) αǯɽɲäɽ * ƹϢơѸ - Wikipediaξͭѡ
| 9c | Vespasian Psalter ΥƥֻӡԴ (interlinear gloss)ޡ |
| 10cƬ | Paris Psalter ΥƥOEֻӡס50ӤޤǤϥȥȤ뻶ʸʲƬʤ |
| c950 | Lindisfarne Gospels 700ǯä줿ƥʡʸιԴ֤ˡ950ǯ.Ρ֥ꥢˤäƤ |
| 10cȾ | Rushworth Gospels Lindisfarne Gospels ιԴˤʤ餦ޥ̥ޡˤȼ |
| c1000 | West-Saxon Gospels ɸŪȥˤǽ!)ܳŪ |
| Ælfric's Heptateuch 'ʸˡ' Ælfric κǽ7 (Genesis-Judges) ͳʸΤǾΡ | |
| c1120 | Eadwine's Psalterium Triplex Υƥֻӡפ˥Υޥȱä |
| a1350 | West-Midland Psalter William of Shoreham λƱܤˤդޤƤΤǡĤƤƱͤ˵Ƥ |
| Richard Rolle's Psalter Υƥֻӡפ˥Ρ֥ꥢˤä | |
| c1384 | Wycliffite Bible (Early Version) J. Wyclif Nicholas of Hereford 濴ȤʤäƥƥŪǽδѸƥˡ |
| c1388--95 | Wycliffite Bible (Later Version) Wyclif John Purvey 濴Ȥʤäơ嵭ŪѸɽ˲Ρ |
| c1520 | Murdoch Nisbet: Wyclif Version in Scots Wycliffite Bible Υåȥ |
| 1525--26 | Tyndale's New Testament Υꥷ츶ŵľǽΰܱ. 1534, 1535 |
| 1530 | Martin Bucer: The Earliest English Psalter printed Martin Bucer οƥˤ롥1535ǯԤ Primer ʤɤ˼Ͽ줿 |
| Tyndale's Pentateuch | |
| 1531 | Tyndale's Jona |
| 1535 | Coverdale's Bible 'ͤ (Miles Coverdale) ˤ' ǽΰܴ |
| 1537 | Matthew Bible Tyndale δ̤Ƥä礱Ȥ Coverdale äƤ롥 'Matthew' Tyndale ͧ John Rogers ε̾ |
| 1539 | Taverner's Bible Matthew Bible β |
| The Great Bible Coverdale ˤ Matthew Bible βΡֻӡ1949ǯǤ Prayer Book ˼Ͽ | |
| 1550 | Sir John Cheke֥ޥפӡ֥ޥ륳פκǽΰ |
| 1560 | The Geneva Bible Ρֿפ1557ǯǡCalvin ɤγؼԡԤζϤˤʤ롥ΤǴʸȤ路罰˾˹סήۤ |
| 1567 | Testament newydd Υ륺1588 |
| 1568 | The Bishops' Bible Matthew Parker 紴˼綵ѰȤ The Great Bible AV ܤȤʤ |
| 1582--1610 | The Rheims-Douai Bible Ρֿפ1582ǯǡΦ˴̿ΥȥåγؼԡԤζϤˤʤ롥ƥνRichard Challoner (1749--72) ήǤδäȤʤ |
| 1602 | Tiomna Naadh William Daniel ˤ륢ɸ1686 |
| 1611 | Authorised Version άAVȤƹǤ King James Bible Ȥ⤤Lancelot Andrews ѰĹȤ50;̾ԡؼԤʤѰǴĺȤȤˡShakespeare¤ǶѸʤꤷȤ롥ήǤ1769ǯ Benjamin Blayney ƽ Oxford Ǥˤ |
| 1611--1881 | ʹ70Ǥ줿 |
| 1640 | *The Bay Psalter Book Massachusetts Bay ˿̱һ Richard Mather, John Eliot ۤ1ֻ̾ӡפˤȤŤν |
| 1729 | Daniel Mace: The New Testament in Greek and English ΥꥷʸȱαѸθѸ¿ȿǤƤȤ |
| 1755 | John Wesley's New Testament θŵˤꡤAV Ѹ12Τ AV ˱ƶ |
| 1764 | Anthony Purver: A New and Literal Translation of...the Old and New Testament 18cȾήԤʸΤʼͳԤˤʤ Quaker Bible ȤФ |
| 1768 | Edward Harwood: A Liberal Translation of the New TestamentξĹ cliché ѤŪʸΤѥե졼 |
| 1808 | *Charles Thomson: The Holy Bible ƹˤ뼷 (Septuaginta) κǽα |
| 1833 | *Noah Webster: The Holy Bible...in Common Version AV θŸŪɽ¯ |
| 1876 | *Julia E. Smith's Bible κǽνˤʴˡ |
| 1881--85 | The Revised Version άRV츶ˤȤŤ AV βߤ¿Ű |
| 1898--1901 | The Twentieth Century New Testament κǽʿפʸλߡ1904ƹ1961 |
| 1901 | *The American Standard Version άASVRV ݼƹ¦Ѱˤ |
| 1903 | F. RWeymouth: The New Testament in Modern Speech μ鹻ꥷʸˤȤŤΤʸߤ롥1924, 1929 |
| 1913--24 | James Moffatt: A New Translation of the Bible ñʤΰۤ¿οߤŪ |
| 1923 | *E. J. Goodspeed: The New Testament: An American Translation 'ΥꥫѸ'J. M. P. Smith ˤ1927ǯ |
| 1937 | *C. B. Williams: The New Testament in the Language of the People Υѥե졼Ū |
| 1940 | The New Testament in Basic English Basic English δø850ɬפ150ä10001949ǯ |
| 1941 | *The Confraternity Version Rheims-Douai (1582--1510) Challoner (1749--72) ˤȤĤƹʶIJǧο |
| 194--50 | Ronald Knox: The Holy Bible=ƥοʸ˰տޤ줿̣ɼԤ˲ʤʸᤶ롥1955 |
| 1945--59 | *The Berkeley Version β The Modern Language Bible (1969) |
| 1946--52 | *The Revised Standard Version άRSVASV ܤȤΤʸʸθ2 AV οȹԤʤäAV ΡִǤǸŵŪʸΡפ³ϤǤ¤¸뤳ȤɸȤ |
| 1947--58 | J. B. Phillips: The New Testament in Modern English οʤ Letters to Young Churches (194719572) Ϥᡤŵΰ̣ʸΤǤ¤¤褦ȻߤΤ Four Prophets (1963) ǡ |
| 1952 | E. V. Rieu: The Four Gospels Penguin Books ©Ҥ C. H. Rieu ˤ The Acts 1957ǯǡ |
| C. K. Williams: The New Testament: A New Translation of Plain English γͤФѸ춵ηи1700 'plain English' | |
| 1961--70 | The New English Bible AVΩʿʸ奤ꥹѸɸ֤롥ʸλѰߤ |
| 1966 | The Jerusalem Bible Υե La Bible Jerusalem (1961) ϤȤäʸŪ The New Jerusalem Bible (1985) |
| 1966--76 | *Good News Bibleor Today's English Version θμ㤤ɼؤʤɤ褦ʿפƸ |
| Dick Williams & Frank Shaw: Liverpool Vernacular Gospels Υס1977 | |
| 1968--70 | *Clarence Jordan: Cotton Patch Version ƹ |
| 1970 | *The New American Bible The Confraternity Versionοä̾ƽǡ1987 |
| 1971 | *Kenneth Taylor: The Living Bible: An Expanded Paraphrase ʿʸˤѥե졼ƹƻ Billy Graham οǤҤήۤ |
| 1973--78 | *The New International Version AV ºŤĤĸѸ첽ߤʸŪФƤ you, your 롥̤Фθʤ |
| 1981 | *The New Jewish Version Υ䶵ε The Holy Scriptures according to the Massoretic Text (1917) 뿷 |
| 1982 | The Revised Authorized Versionor the New King James Version θŸˡŰŪ˿ |
| 1989 | The Revised English Bible The New English Bible (l961--70) ̲thou, thy, thee δɽβʤɸ岽䤷ʤ뤬ԤǤŰ |
| *The New Revised Standard Version δԤ1990ǯthou, thy, thee δɽβǤ Revised English Bible Ű | |
| 1991 | *The Bible for Today's Family: Contemporary English Version. New Testament. Τ̤鸽ɼԤ䤹ᤶɽˤĤƤŰ줷ӽߤ |
Gramley (354--55) Ȥʤ顤#960. Basic English ([2011-12-13-1]) ˤĤѸ춵Ѥ Basic English ǽ줿ä1ĵ
Basic English ϡ1930ǯ C. K. Ogden ˤäƺꤵ졤 I. A. Richards ˤäƲ졤1990ǯ Bill Templer ˤäƺƲ줿衤EFL Τᡤ뤤ϹȤƷײ褵줿ΤαƶϤϾä850δܸäʤꡤư be, do, have, may, will, come, get, give, go, keep, let, make, put, say, see, seem, send, take 18ĤΤߤ˸ꤵƤ롥ºݤˤϡؽԤϰŪ100ȡƼˤȤä濴ŪʬŪ50ɲäƳؤ֤褦ԤƤꡤ1000θäɸȤʤ롥1000ϸФȤƿοǤꡤ㤨 be 1ȥȤ뤬ʤѷbeen, being, was, were, am, are, is ϶̤ƳФʤФʤʤޤOgden ɸŪʥ٥ãˤϡŪ˻Ѥ (ex. geography, gram, hotel) ޤơ2000ϽɬפȹͤƤꡤBasic English Ρ850פȤʸϡޤǺǾ¤ΤΤȤȤ館Ƥɬפ롥
ʸˡˤĤƤϡ٤ܤϸ¤Ƥꡤ̤ϰʲ10ܤƤФ褤10ܤ British English ؤΤʤɤϡ21θߤǤϴۤ˴뤬ȯˤ륤ꥹѸΰ֤Ť褯Ƥ롥
1. Use an "S" to make a noun plural.
2. Adjectives can be extended using "-ER" and "-EST."
3. Verb can end in "-ING" and "-ED."
4. Adjectives become adverbs by adding "-LY."
5. "MORE" and "MOST" are used to talk about amounts.
6. "Opposite" adjectival meaning is expressed using "UN-."
7. To make questions use opposite word order and "DO."
8. Operators and pronouns conjugate as in normal English.
9. Two nouns (e.g. milkman) or a noun and a directive (sundown) make combined words (compounds).
10. Measures, numbers, money, days, months, years, clock time, and international words are in the British form, for example Date/Time: 20 May 1972 at 21:00.
Ǥϡä1ġ
One day last May there was a rat in a hole. It was a good rat which took care of its little ones and kept them out of the way of men, dogs, and poison. About sundown a farmer who was walking that way put his foot into the hole and had a bad fall. "Oh," was his thought, when he got on his legs again, "a rat for my dog, Caesar!" Naturally the rat had the same idea and kept very quiet. After an hour or two, Caesar got tired of waiting, and the farmer put his spade over the top of the hole, so that the rat was shut up till the morning when there might be some sport. But the farmer's daughter, May, had seen him from her window. "What a shame," said May, "Poor rat! there is no sport in letting cruel dogs loose on good mothers! I will take the spade away. There --- the rat may go." Then she took the spade to her father: "See! your spade was out there in the field, and I went to get it for you. Here it is." "You foolish girl," was his answer, "I put that spade over a rat-hole till the morning and now --- the rat may go."
äϳΤ basic ⤷ʤˡʸˡɬ basic ǤϤʤȤݤ롥
¾ˤ⥵ץƥȤϡReadings in Basic English ˭٤Ǥ롥Bible in Basic English ⻲ȡ
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
#1427. פʱ˴ؤǯɽ ([2013-03-24-1]) 餫ʤ褦ˡ16͡ȯŪ˽Ǥ줿äʤ⤦1Ĥȯ20ˡϽפλǤꡤ͡ʥꥹȶɤ¸ߡŵ줫ĹǤθκʤɽǤ߹礤ۤʤǤνи¥ʤ顤ǤȼŪռäƤꡤŪˤƤȼΤäƤǤϡλȤؿƤŪȤϡŪˤɤΤ褦ʤΤäΤGörlach (5) ˤСʲ4Ǥ롥
1. Should a translator use the Latin or Greek/Hebrew sources?
2. Should translational equivalents be fixed, or varying renderings be permitted according to context? (cf. penitentia = penance, penitence, amendment)
3. To what extent should foreign words be permitted or English equivalents be used, whether existing lexemes or new coinages (cf. Cheke's practice)?
4. How popular should the translator's language be? There was a notable contrast between the Protestant tradition (demanding that the Bible should be accessible to all) and the Catholic (claiming that even translated Bibles needed authentic interpretation by the priest). Note also that dependence on earlier versions increased the conservative, or even archaic character of biblical diction from the sixteenth century on
줾䤤ؤϡȤˤäưۤʤäƤꡤ줬ۤʤνǤĹޤäƱǤϤʤˤ衤20--21ˤƤ2ܤǤȯˤƤ⡤ƤϤޤΤǤϤʤ
ơѸˤθǤϡۤʤαӤȤˡФѤƤǤΥƥȤΰƱطʤ˾Τ褦ͿƤȤϵαƤ٤Ǥ롥ʣǤΤñӤͭǤϤʤǽ뤫Görlach (6) ˤСŪʴ顤֤ñӤΩʤȤƼ4Ƥ롥
1. the translators used different sources;
2. older translations were used for comparison;
3. the source was misunderstood or interpreted differently;
4. concepts and contexts were absent from the translator's language and culture.
͡ʱ¸ߤѸ˸˵ŤʻƤ줿Ȥϴְ㤤ʤѸ˸ˡȤߤȡʣƤƤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥
Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.
ε#1450. Ѹֻ¿ϤϤؤǤ ([2013-04-16-1]) ǡ15 Wycliffe ؤΥ˸ڤԼԤԽˡˤĤƤ Kuhn ʸɤǡĤȯäΤ𤹤롥
ƤΥˤĤƽҤ٤ȡ1425ǯ̵̾ԼԤ Wycliffe οФԤǤꡤ168դ British Library MS Royal 17.B ˽Ƥ롥ʬ Wycliffe Early version ȤˤƤ롥ƥȤɽ蘆Ƥ1415ˤƤ East Midland Ǥꡤ Wycliffe ɤθ˻Ƥ롥
ΥΤıѸŪʰյ2Ĥ롥1ĤϡKuhn (266) ˤС"apparently the first concordance to an English book" ǤȤƥΥ륬ؤΥۤǤϤ뤬13ΤƤꡤ1517ˤơԽӤȯ줿ƥ쥳Ԥޤ줿ѸȤƤΥΤƤʤѸǥԼԤϡ餯ƥǤԽˡؤӤȤäơѤΤȻפ롥
⤦1Ĥɮ٤ϡΥʥե٥åȼ˴ŤԤޤƤȤǤ롥췲ե٥åȽ¤٤ȤȯۤΤΤϡűѸθý伭Ǥ⸫뤬¿ñκǽ1ʸΤߤե٥åȽ¤١2ʸʲϽθʤȤΤäθΤ⡤2ʸ3ʸ餤ޤǤǤꡤñνʸޤŰƬŰե٥åȽȤȤȯۤϤʤäΤǤ롥㤨С8Ѹý Epinal Glossary 1ܤΤߤιθǤꡤCorpus Glossary 2ܤޤǤιθˤȤɤޤ롥10 British Museum MS Harley 3376 Ѹý1ʸܤΤߡ11 British Museum MS Cotton Cleopatra A ѸýϤ2ʸܤޤǡ14˻äƤ⡤Ѥʤäơ15ΥԼԤƴե٥åȼ̤˻äΥʸĤȸƤ
ʸ˴줭äͤˤϿȤ#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1]) (6) ǽҤ٤̤ꡤ1604ǯȤʳǤ顤Υե٥åȽθϰ̤ˤϹޤäƤʤä15ˤƤ䡤Ǥ롥ΥԼԤϹ⤯ɾ٤ܿͤʸ (ff. 3a--b; Kuhn 271) ǼΤۤɤƤ롥
Þis concordaunce sueþ not oonly þe ordre of þe a, b, c in þe firste lettris of wordis but also in þe secounde, in þe þridde, in þe fourþe, & so forþ. Wherfore Aaron stondiþ bifore Abba, ffor þe secounde lettre of Aaron, which is a, stondiþ in þe a, b, c bifore b, which is þe secounde lettre of Abba. And Abba stondiþ bifore Abel, for þe þridde lettre of Abba, þat is b, stondiþ in þe a, b, c bifore þe þridde lettre of Abel, which is e. Þus conferme stondiþ bifore confounde bi cause þe fifþe lettre of þis word conferme stondiþ in þe a, b, c bifore þe fifþe lettre of confounde, þat is o. ffor in þe firste foure lettris of þese two wordis, whiche ben c, o, n, & f, in no þing þei discorden. Wherfore, if þou fynde ony word in þis werk þat is not set in þis forme, vnkunnyg or neglygence of þe writere is in cause, and liȝtly bi oon þat can, may it be amendid.
Kuhn, Sherman M. "The Preface to a Fifteenth-Century Concordance." Speculum 43 (1968): 258--73.
Ѹֻ줢뤤¿ˤĤƤϡme_dialect spelling εʤɤǸڤƤֻɸಽϲƤ븽δФ餹ȿʤȤѸνɤϤDzȤäƤΤǤ롥ѸƥȤ˸礦θԤˤȤäƤϡºݾǺޤȤ¿#1311. ֻɸಽϤʤɬפ ([2012-11-28-1]) ǽҤ٤Ȥ֤
ѸΥƥȤɤͤϡǤΤˡϿƤֻĤƤʤФʤʤƥȤ˸ֻΤޤޤǼϿƤݾڤϤʤǤ롥٤ԺɡϿƤʤΤ뤳Ȥ⤷ФФǤ롥ˤϡѼԤɸֻƤˤ⤫餺ºݤֻˤɸʤȤޤޤ꤬롥
θŪ褹٤ MED (Middle English Dictionary) ˻Ȥȡ#1178. MED Spelling Search ([2012-07-18-1]) ǰֻɽǽˤʤɡؤƤ櫓Ǥ롥
Ѹ¿ֻͤؤΤϡ˸θԤʤΤѸνɤ⡤Ƥ졤ϤؤϴƤΤǤϤʤ餳٤ФʤǤϤ뤬ˤֻɸಽܻؤ줿ΤǤϤʤֻɸಽˤĤƤ spelling standardisation γƵȡˡ
Crystal (227) ˤȡѸüԤϤؤƤȤ⤷롥15 Wycliffe οΥʱѸ˾ΥˤԤԤäե٥åȽˤ餶ʤä̵̾ԻԤϡֻηǤŪʤΤǤϤʤȤɼԤǤäƤɬפäΤǤ롥ʲϡ1425ǯ East Midland ΥƥȤǡBritish Library MS Royal 17.B ff. 5a--b Kuhn ι (272) Ѥ褦
Sumtyme þe same word & þe self þat is writen of sum man in oo manere is writen of a-noþir man in a-noþir manere. . . . Þese diuerse maneris of writyng ben to be considerid in þis concordaunce. ffor per chaunse, aftir my manere of writyng, sum word stondiþ in sum place, which same word, aftir þi maner of writying, shulde stonde in anoþir place. If it plese to ony man to write þis concordaunce, & him þenkiþ þat summe wordis ben not set in ordre aftir his conseit & his manere of writyng, it is not hard, if he take keep wiþ good avisement in his owne writyng, to sette suche wordis in such an ordre as his owne conseit acordiþ wel to.
ˤʤä顤ɼԤϼʬǥʤȸФθĴΤ褦˸Ҥ٤ʤФʤʤääΤ
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
Kuhn, Sherman M. "The Preface to a Fifteenth-Century Concordance." Speculum 43 (1968): 258--73.
1611ǯ˴Ԥ줿ض١The Authorised Version 뤤 The King James Version (Bible) [KJV]ˤ϶Ѹꤷȸ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤѸɽ礭ʱƶͿѸν껺ȤƤϡShakespeare ¤DZѸ˾ΰյ礭
2010ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Crystal ǤϡKJV ͳ褹ɽ¿Ѹ˻ĤäƤꡤƼΥåԡѤƤ䡹Ȳ⤵롥δˡͳȤƼ夲줿Ѹ˻ĤɽκĤƤ (pp. 303--11) ɽȤƤޤȤƤвΩĤȻפꥹȤäξؤλȤĤФ褫äΤˤϻ֤ꤽäΤǡɽΤߤǡեǤ Crystal ǸڤƤڡؤλȤĤƤΤǡܤĴ٤ȤˤϤȤ
ԤȤƤ671Ԥ뤬κ椨˽ʣ¿ɽΤΤǿ388ĤۤɡʤˤɽޤޤΤǡ̩ˤФäȾʤˡΥꥹȤե٥åȽ˲˷Ǥ롥
a time to ..., Adam and Eve, add fuel to the fire, against us ... with us, all things are pure, all things to all men, Alpha and Omega, apple of [one's] eye, Armageddon, as [one] reaps sow, as [one] sows reap, Babel, baptism of/by fire, bear [one's] burden, bear [one's] burden/cross, bear/take up [one's] cross, begat, behold the man, better to give than receive, better to give than to receive, blessed are ..., blind leading the blind, blood upon [one's] head, bondage, born again, bottomless pit, bread, bread alone, bread from heaven, bread of life, bread upon the waters, brotherly love, build a house on sand, burning bush, camel through the eye of a needle, can anything good come out of, can't take it with you, cast bread upon the waters, cast pearls before swine, cast the first stone, cast thy bread upon waters, cast/throw the first stone, charity covers a multitude of sins, cheerful giver, coals of fire, coals of fire on [one's] head, coat of many colours, come to pass, covet, cradle to the grave, crumbs from the table, David and Goliath, day of my distress, death where is thy sting, deep waters, den of thieves, die by the sword, divide the sheep from the goats, do thou likewise, do unto others, double-edged sword, dreamer of dreams, drink and be merry, drop in the ocean, drop of/in a bucket, dust thou art, east of Eden, eat drink and be merry, eat [one's] words, eating [one's] words, every creeping thing, every thing there is a season, eye for an eye, eye hath not seen, eye of a needle, faith can move mountains, fall flat on [one's] face, fall from grace, false witness, fatted calf, feet of clay, few are chosen, fight the good fight, filthy lucre, fire and brimstone, first fruits, five loaves and two fishes, flat on [one's] face, flesh and blood, flesh is weak, fleshpots, flies in amber, fly in the ointment, forbidden fruit, forty days, forty days and forty nights, forty nights, fruitful and multiply, fruits, fuel to the fire, garment, get thee behind me Satan, giants in the earth, giants in the earth in those days, gift blindeth the wise, gird [one's] loins, give thanks unto the Lord, give up the ghost, gnashing of teeth, go and do thou likewise, go down to the sea in ships, go the extra mile, go the second/extra mile, God and mammon, God forbid, God save the king, golden calf, good and faithful servant, good cheer, good come out of Nazareth, good Samaritan, good shepherd, grave where is thy victory, graven image, great whore, greater love, greatest in the kingdom, greatest/least in the kingdom, hair, hair of [one's] head, hairy garment, hands, harden [one's] heart, harvest is great, heal thyself, heal thyself physician, heap coals of fire on [one's] head, heap mischiefs, heaven and earth shall pass away, hide light under a bushel, holier than thou, honour, horribly afraid, house of bondage, how are the mighty fallen, I am that I am, in our image, in the beginning was the Word, in the twinkling of an eye, itching ears, Jesus wept, Job's comforter, Job's/miserable comforter, jot or tittle, judge not, kick against the pricks, kingdom divided, kingdom divided against itself, know for a certainty, know not what they do, know that my redeemer liveth, labourers are few, Lamb of God, land of Nod, last shall be first, laugh [one] to scorn, law unto [oneself], leading the blind, least in my father's house, left and right hand, left hand knows what the right hand does, leopard changing his spots, lesser light, let my people go, let not the sun go down on your wrath, let there be light, let thy words be few, let us now praise famous men, let [one's] light shine, lick the dust, light, light in the firmament, lights in the firmament, lion's whelp, lions' den, live and move and have our being, live/die by the sword, loaves and fishes, Lord is my shepherd, lost sheep, love thy neighbour as thyself, making many books, making many books there is no end, man after [one's] own heart, manna, many are called, many are called but few are chosen, many mansions, meek shall inherit the earth, milk and honey, millstone, millstone around neck, miserable comforters, molten calf, money answers all things, money is the root of all evil, mote, mote in [one's] eye, mouth(s) of babes, much study is a weariness of the flesh, multitude of sins, my brother's keeper, my kingdom is not of this world, my name is Legion, name of the Lord thy God, new wine in old bottles, no man can serve two masters, no peace for the wicked, no respecter of persons, no room at the inn, no small stir, nothing new under the sun, oint, old as ..., old as the hills, old serpent, old wine in new bottles, old wives' tales, on [one's] own head be it, out of the depths, out of the mouth(s) of babes, passeth all understanding, patience of a saint, patience of Job, peace, pearl of great price, peculiar treasure, Philistines, pillar of fire, pillar of salt, play the fool, play the mad man, play the men, powers that be, prick, pricks in [one's] eyes, pride goes before a fall, prophet not honoured, prophet not honoured in his own country, publish it not in the streets, publish it not in the streets of ..., put words in [one's] mouth, race is not to the swift, rain, reap the whirlwind, render unto Caesar, rest, resurrection and the life, right and left hand, riotous living, rivers of Babylon, rod for [one's] back, rod of iron, root and branch, root of the matter, sabbath was made for man, Saint (as proper name), saith the Lord vengeance is mine, salt of the earth, Satan behind me, scales fall from [one's] eyes, scapegoat, see eye to eye, see through a glass darkly, seeds fall by the wayside, seek and ye shall find, separate the sheep from the goats, serve two masters, set teeth on edge, set [one's] house in order, shake the dust from [one's] feet, sheep to the slaughter, sheep's clothing, shibboleth, shining light, shout it from the housetops, shout it from the rooftops, sick of the palsy, sign, signs and wonders, signs of the times, skin of my teeth, sour grapes, sow the wind, spare the rod, speak in tongues, speak Lord for thy servant heareth, spirit is willing, spirit is willing but the flesh is weak, stiff-necked, still as a stone, still small voice, sting, stony ground, strength and song, strength to strength, stumbling-block, suffer fools gladly, suffer little children, sufficient unto the day, sufficient unto the day is the evil, sweet savours, swords into plowshares, tables of stone, take root, take the name of the Lord thy God in vain, take up [one's] cross, take [one's] name in vain, tell it not in ..., ten commandments, than thou, thief in the night, thirty pieces of silver, thorn in [one's] flesh, thorn in [one's] flesh/side, thorn in [one's] side, thou shalt not, threescore years and ten, throw the first stone, thy servant heareth, times and/or seasons, to every thing there is a season, tomorrow we shall die, tomorrow will take care of itself, touch the hem of [one's] garment, treasure(s) in heaven, tree of knowledge, turn the other cheek, turn the world upside down, twinkling of an eye, two (heads) are better than one, two by two, two heads are better than one, two mites, two or three are gathered together, two-edged sword, unclean unclean, unto the pure all things are pure, unto us ... is born, unto us a child is born, unto us is born, upon this rock, valley of the shadow of death, vanity of vanities, vile bodies, virgin shall be with child, voice crying in the wilderness, wages of sin is death, wandering stars, wash [one's] hands, way of all flesh, way truth and life, weariness of the flesh, weeping and wailing, weeping and wailing and gnashing of teeth, what God hath joined together, what hath God wrought, what I have written, what I have written I have written, what shall it profit a man, wheels within wheels, where is thy victory grave, where two or three are gathered together, whips and scorpions, white as snow, whited sepulchres, widow's mite, wine maketh merry, wineskins, wish I'd never been born, wit's end, with us ... against us, woe is me, Word was made flesh, words shall not pass away, writing on the wall, ye of little faith, yoke is easy
Crystal, David. BEGAT: The King James Bible and the English Language. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010.
The British Library Online Gallery ꡤѸˤ˴ϢβʤȤˤؤΥƤߤ褽1ĤˤĤƤϡ֥饦ǥڡ褦ˤƼܤ䴩ܤβ˱Ǥ륵ӥƤ롥Online Gallery 饵ǽѤСȷФʪФƤǤ롥
Bede's History of the English Church and People μܲ
Beowulf μܲ
The Lindisfarne Gospels μܲܤäɤ륵ӥ⤢ꡥ
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle μܲ
Magna Carta β(See also Treasures in Full: Magna Carta, as mentioned in [2011-06-08-1].)
'Sumer is icumen in' μܲ
Geoffrey Chaucer's 'The Canterbury Tales' μܲ
Thomas Malory's 'Le Morte Darthur' μܲ
William Caxton's Chaucer: 'The Canterbury Tales' δܲ
William Tyndale's New Testament μܲ
Princess Elizabeth's letter μ국
King James Bible δܲܤäɤ륵ӥ⤢ꡥ
Shakespeare's First Folio δܲ
ѸǯɽΰĤȤơ (205) ˴ؤǯɽǤ롥ѸǤޤǤΤĤιܤˤĤơñդ
| 9c. | The Vespasian Psalter | |
| 10c. | The Paris Psalter | ƥ |
| 10c. | The Lindisfarne Gospels | Northumbria ˤԴ |
| 10c. | The Rushworth Gospels | Matt., Mark (1:2--15), John (18:1--3) Mercia ¾ Northumbria ˤԴ |
| 11c. | The West-Saxon Gospels | |
| 11c. | Ælfric's Heptateuch | ͳŪʵϻ |
| c1384 | The Wycliffite Bible (Early version) | ˾δƥˡαƶ |
| c1388 | The Wycliffite Bible (Late version) | ƥˡαƶޤäƤ |
| 1525/26 | Tyndale's New Testament | ƸŵСƳܤȤ |
| 1530 | Tyndale's Pentateuch | Exod., Lev., Deut. ϥޥΡ¾ϥåΤǰ |
| c1531 | Tyndale's Jonah | |
| 1535 | Coverdale's Bible | ˾γˤ봰2 (1537) ϱѹǽǤ줿ǽαǤꡤ˾ϤƹǧĤͿ줿 |
| 1537 | Matthew's Bible | ºݤˤԤ̤ꡨTyndale ˤ뿷ȥ⡼Tyndale ˤ̤ Josh. 2 Chron.Ĥ Coverdale's Bible ۤȤѹäԽ줿 |
| 1539 | The Great Bible | 緿Thomas Cromwell ˤꡤMiles Coverdale Matthew's Bible ꤷ |
| 1539 | Taverner's Bible | |
| 1557 | The Geneva New Testament | |
| 1560 | The Geneva Bible | The Great Bible ߤˤƸŵ顤 The Geneva New Testament βѥȥɤߤ䤹ޥΡֹ椬դ졤ʹ75ǯֿƤޤ롨Shakespeare Ѥ |
| 1568 | The Bishops' Bible | The Great Bible β1571ǯμ綵ĤˤƲƶǤλѤ줿 |
| 1582 | [NT] The Rheims-Douai Bible | ȥåϡ륬¤줿 |
| [OT] The Rheims-Douai Bible | ȥåϡ륬¤줿 | |
| 1611 | The Authorized Version | ǧνǡWestminster Abbey μǤʺפ U of Oxford, U of Cambridge ؼԤ碌47--50̾The Bishops' Bible 1βߤȤۤ Tyndale's Bible, Matthew's Bible, Coverdale's Bible, Whitchurch's (=The Great) Bible, The Geneva Bible ⻲Ȥŵɽ61%ޤǤɽѤǤ |
| 1762 | The Cambridge Standard Edition | |
| 1769 | The Oxford Standard Edition | |
| 1881 | [NT] The Revised Version | |
| 1885 | [OT] The Revised Version | |
| 1901 | The American Standard Version | |
| 1946 | [NT] The Revised Standard Version | |
| 1952 | [OT] The Revised Standard Version | |
| 1961 | [NT] The New English Bible | |
| 1970 | [OT] The New English Bible | |
| 1989 | The Revised English Bible | |
| 1989 | The New Revised Standard Version |
űѸο;̾ηϤˤơñ°ʷñ°ʷƱ his Ǥꡤ줬ѸǤѾ줿16its 졤17 his ִƤäˤˤĤơ#198. its ε ([2009-11-11-1]) dz⤷
Baugh and Cable (243--44) ˤСѸ줫Ѹˤơñ°ʷ his ʤȤơits ʳˤ͡ʤΤƤƤˤߤ two cubits and a half was the length of it nine cubits was the length thereof Τ褦ʱŪɽ (#1276. hereby, hereof, thereto, therewith, etc.פε[2012-10-24-1]ȡˡShakespeare ˤߤ It lifted up it head (Hamlet) The hedge-sparrow fed the cuckoo so long, / That it had it head bit off by it young (Lear) Τ褦ʼʤƱ it ΤޤѤˡHolland Pliny (1601) ˤߤ growing of the own accord Τ褦괧 the ѤˡʤɤǤ롥
̾°ʤȤ夷Ƥ 's ζϤʵ۰Ϥϡ;̾ǤäΤ餯줫Ϥޤä its 뤤 it's apostrophe s ΤĤΤ1800ǯޤǹԤʤˤλѤϡ16˽㤬Ƥǯ֤ϡѤȤϤߤʤƤʤä褦17νˤƵ®˼Ƥä㤨С17ȾǤϡ (The King James Bible) ǤλѤϳ̵ǤꡤShakespeare First Folio (1623) Ǥ10ˤʤäJohn Milton (1608--74) Ǥ⤤ä褦John Dryden (1631--1700) ǤϤǤ his ȴƤ
Görlach (86) ⡤17äƤ its ε®ʼƤˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The possessive its . . . is the only EModE innovation; his, common for neuter reference until after 1600 . . ., did not reflect the distinction 'human':'nonhuman' found elsewhere in the pronominal system. This is likely to be the reason for the possessive form it . . ., which is found from the fourteenth century, and the less equivocal forms of it or thereof, which are common in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries . . . . But its . . . obviously fitted the system ideally, as can be deduced from its rapid spread in the first half of the seventeenth century.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.
ѸˤǤϡκȤʤθαѸȯŸˤ礭̤Ǥ¿ʤȤȤ롥ΤʤǡѸɽ Shakespeare The King James Bible 㳰ȸ뤳Ȥ⤢롥˸¿θäɽѸäƤꡤѤƤ뤫ΤˡˤƤ̤ˤƤ⡤ξԤαƶ¾κȤʤݤƤ롥
ϢۤΤϡѸ Chaucer αѸ˾塤ä˱Ѹû˾ΰյǤ롥#257. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ ([2010-01-09-1]), #298. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ (2) ([2010-02-19-1]), #524. Chaucer ѤѸ --- stevene ([2010-10-03-1]) ǸȤꡤǶεǤϡѸˤեѤνפʬ Chaucer ˵뽾θФ뿵ФƤ롥ѸѸʸ˽ФΤϤܾۤ˸ĿͤȤäƤθĿͤѸû˾αɸȤˤƤ褤ȤȤˤϤʤʤǮ⤫줿ޤ졤Ȥ٤ʸͤСѸФ뤳ȼΤϲǽǤ롥¿ξ硤äνФ˴ؤĿͤιϡθĿͤΤΤ˵٤ȤϡΤ褦ʸĿͤڽФĬή˵٤äˡΤ褦ʸĿͤʣˤϡʤǤ롥
Utopia (1516) 路 Sir Thomas More (1478--1535) The Boke named the Governour (1531) 路 Sir Thomas Elyot (c1490--1546) ȤƵˤդ路⤷ʤBaugh and Cable (229) ˤСMore ϼΤ褦ʼѸʤ뤤ϤθˤФ
absurdity, acceptance, anticipate, combustible, compatible, comprehensible, concomitance, congratulatory, contradictory, damnability, denunciation, detector, dissipate, endurable, eruditely, exact, exaggerate, exasperate, explain, extenuate, fact, frivolous, impenitent, implacable, incorporeal, indifference, insinuate, inveigh, inviolable, irrefragable, monopoly, monosyllable, necessitate, obstruction, paradox, pretext
Elyot ϰʲθäƳ
accommodate, adumbrate, adumbration, analogy, animate, applicate, beneficence, encyclopedia, exerp (excerpt), excogitate, excogitation, excrement, exhaust, exordium, experience (v.), exterminate, frugality, implacability, infrequent, inimitable, irritate, modesty, placability
ֻǼΤϡ#708. Frequency Sorter CGI([2011-04-05-1]) ˤơ٤ˤ800ʾ帽6318̤ޤǤǤ롥ȸ줿ǽȤΤʤۤɤˡߤǤ̤θ
Baugh and Cable (230) ϡ2ͤοʸԤθŪ˽Ҥ٤θȤϰۤʤꡤȤ⤹Ū˸Ŀͤ˵Ƥ褦ɤ롥
So far as we now know, these words had not been used in English previously. In addition both writers employ many words that are recorded from only a few years before. And so they either introduced or helped to establish many new words in the language. What More and Elyot were doing was being done by numerous others, and it is necessary to recognize the importance of individuals as "makers of English" in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century.
Ǹ "the importance of individuals as "makers of English" in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century" ̣ƤΤϤλ°ʣθĿͤϤΤȤǤꡤνҤ٤֤Τ褦ʸĿͤڽФĬή˵פȤȤ̷⤷ʤ褦ˤɤ롥
ϡ夬ĿͤΤĿͤΤȤʤΤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
ε#1210. ѸΥեѸΰ ([2012-08-19-1]) ³ơѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥΰǤ#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1]) Ǥ57줫ʤñʰBaugh and Cable (185) Ȥơ⤦Ĺ123ΰȤŪǤϤʤץˤʤ
Ѹˤϡƥ14--15濴ɴۤɤѤ줿Ȥ롥طԤؼԤ̤ơäդäΤ⤢뤬ȤʸäΤǤ롥ƥ줫Ѹؤ˺ݤƸѤȤطʤꡤWycliffe ȤμդˤŵBartholomew Anglicus ˤ De Proprietatibus Rerum Trevisa ݤˤɴΥƥ줬äȤ㤬 (Baugh and Cable 184)
abject, actor, adjacent, adoption, allegory, ambitious, ceremony, client, comet, conflict, conspiracy, contempt, conviction, custody, depression, desk, dial, diaphragm, digit, distract, equal, equator, equivalent, exclude, executor, explanation, formal, frustrate, genius, gesture, gloria, hepatic, history, homicide, immune, impediment, implement, implication, incarnate, include, incredible, incubus, incumbent, index, individual, infancy, inferior, infinite, innate, innumerable, intellect, intercept, interrupt, item, juniper, lapidary, lector, legal, legitimate, library, limbo, lucrative, lunatic, magnify, malefactor, mechanical, mediator, minor, missal, moderate, necessary, nervous, notary, ornate, picture, polite, popular, prevent, private, project, promote, prosecute, prosody, pulpit, quiet, rational, recipe, reject, remit, reprehend, requiem, rosary, saliva, scribe, script, scripture, scrutiny, secular, solar, solitary, spacious, stupor, subdivide, subjugate, submit, subordinate, subscribe, substitute, summary, superabundance, supplicate, suppress, temperate, temporal, testify, testimony, tincture, tract, tradition, tributary, ulcer, zenith, zephyr
ʤֻǼϡѸٽ̤1000̰ٸǤFrequency Sorter ˡƥѸ˰ճȿȶ¦̤뤳Ȥ狼
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Chaucer ʤѸʸإƥȤϤȤơѸˤǰѤ뤳Ȥ¿פʺʤάˤƤǤ롥ǡرѸ츻ŵ (xvii--xx) ꡤѸʡChaucerShakespeareν̾άȴФϢ MED HyperBibliography ⻲ȡ
MEʤΩǯȺ̾MED ˤά
| ?lateOE | Lambeth Homilies |
| a1121--60 | Peterb. Chron. = Peterborough Chronicle |
| c1175 | Body & Soul |
| ?c1175 | Poema Morale |
| ?a1200 | Ancrene Riwle |
| ?a1200 | Layamon Brut |
| ?c1200 | St. Juliana |
| ?c1200 | St. Katherine |
| ?c1200 | St. Margaret |
| ?c1200 | Hali Meidenhad |
| ?c1200 | Sawles Warde |
| ?c1200 | Ormulum |
| c1200 | Vices & Virtues |
| ?c1225 | Horn |
| c1250 | Owl & Nightingale |
| c1250 | Floris |
| c1250 | Genesis & Exodus |
| c1275 | Kentish Sermons |
| ?a1300 | Kyng Alisaunder |
| ?a1300 | Richard Coer de Lyon |
| c1300 | Havelok |
| c1300 | Gloucester Chronicle |
| c1300 | South English Legendary |
| c1303 | Mannyng Handlyng Synne |
| a1325 | Cursor Mundi |
| c1330 | Orfeo |
| a1333 | Shoreham Poems |
| a1338 | Mannyng Chronicle |
| 1340 | Ayenbite |
| c1340 | Rolle Psalter |
| c1350 | Prose Psalter |
| c1353 | Wynnere & Wastoure |
| a1375 | William of Palerne |
| 1375 | Barbour The Bruce |
| a1376 | Piers Plowman A |
| a1378 | Piers Plowman B |
| ?c1380 | Cleanness |
| ?c1380 | Patience |
| ?c1380 | Pearl |
| c1384 | Wycl. Bible (1) = Wycliffite Bible |
| c1386 | St. Erkenwald |
| ?a1387 | Piers Plowman C |
| a1387 | Trevisa Polychronicon |
| ?c1390 | Gawain = Sir Gawain and the Green Knight |
| a1393 | Gower Confessio Amantis |
| c1395 | Wycl. Bible (2) = Wycliffite Bible |
| ?c1395 | Pierce the Ploughman's Creed |
| a1396 | Hilton Scale of Perfection |
| a1398 | Trevisa Bartholomew |
| ?a1400 | Destruction of Troy |
| ?a1400 | Morte Arthure |
| c1400 | Mandeville |
| ?a1425 | Polychronicon (Harley) |
| ?a1425 | Chauliac (1) = Guy de Chauliac's Grande Chirurgie |
| ?c1425 | Chauliac (2) = Guy de Chauliac's Grande Chirurgie |
| ?a1438 | MKempe = Book of Margery Kempe |
| 1440 | Promp. Parv. = Promptorium Parvulorum |
| ?a1450 | Gesta Romanorum |
| a1470 | Malory |
| ABC | An ABC |
| Adam | Chaucers Wordes Unto Adam, His Owne Scriveyn |
| Anel. | Anelida and Arcite |
| Astr. | A Treatise on the Astrolabe |
| Bal. Ch. | A Balade of Complaint |
| BD | The Book of the Duchess |
| Bo. | Boece |
| Buk. | Lenvoy de Chaucer a Bukton |
| Comp. A. | Complaynt D'Amours |
| Comp. L. | Complaint to His Lady |
| CT. | The Canterbury Tales |
| CT. Cl. | The Clerk's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Co. | The Cook's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. CY. | The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Fkl. | The Franklin's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Fri. | The Friar's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Kn. | The Knight's Tale |
| CT. Mch. | The Merchant's Prologue, Tale, and Epilogue |
| CT. Mk. | The Monk's Tale |
| CT. Mcp. | The Manciple's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Mel. | The Tale of Melibee |
| CT. Mil. | The Miller's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. ML. | The Man of Law's Introduction, Prologue, Tale, and Epilogue |
| CT. Mk. | The Monk's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. NP. | The Nun's Priest's Prologue, Tale, and Epilogue |
| CT. Pard. | The Pardoner's Introduction, Prologue, and Tale |
| CT. Pars. | The Parson's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Ph. | The Physician's Tale |
| CT. Pri. | The Prioress's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Prol. | General Prologue |
| CT. Rt. | Chaucer's Retraction |
| CT. Rv. | The Reeve's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Sh. | The Shipman's Tale |
| CT. SN. | The Second Nun's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Spurious Pard. Sh. Link | The Spurious Pardoner-Shipman Link |
| CT. Sq. | The Squire's Introduction and Tale |
| CT. Sum. | The Summoner's Prologue and Tale |
| CT. Th. | The Prologue and Tale of Sir Thopas |
| CT. WB. | The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale |
| Form. A. | The Former Age |
| Fort. | Fortune |
| Gent. | Gentilesse |
| HF | The House of Fame |
| LGW | The Legend of Good Women |
| LGW Prol. | Prologue |
| L. St. | Lak of Stedfastnesse |
| Mars | The Complaint of Mars |
| Merc. B. | Merciles Beaute |
| PF | The Parliament of Fowls |
| Pity | The Complaint unto Pity |
| Prov. | Proverbs |
| Purse | The Complaint of Chaucer to His Purse |
| Rosem. | To Rosemounde |
| RRose | The Romaunt of the Rose |
| Scog. | Lenvoy de Chaucer a Scogan |
| TC | Troilus and Criseyde |
| Truth | Truth |
| Ven. | The Complaint of Venus |
| W. Unc. | Against Women Unconstant |
| AWW | All's Well That Ends Well |
| AYL | As You Like It |
| Ado | Much Ado About Nothing |
| Ant | Antony and Cleopatra |
| Cor | Coriolanus |
| Cym | Cymbeline |
| Err | The Comedy of Errors |
| 1H4 | 1 Henry IV |
| 2H4 | 2 Henry IV |
| H5 | Henry V |
| 1H6 | 1 Henry VI |
| 2H6 | 2 Henry VI |
| 3H6 | 3 Henry VI |
| H8 | Henry VIII |
| Ham | Hamlet |
| JC | Julius Caesar |
| Jn | King John |
| LC | Lover's Complaint |
| LLL | Love's Labour's Lost |
| Lr | King Lear |
| Luc | The Rape of Lucrece |
| MM | Measure for Measure |
| MND | A Midsummer-Night's Dream |
| MV | The Merchant of Venice |
| MWW | The Merry Wives of Windsor |
| Mac | Macbeth |
| Oth | Othello |
| Per | Pericles |
| Phoe | The Phoenix and Turtle |
| R2 | Richard II |
| R3 | Richard III |
| RJ | Romeo and Juliet |
| Shr | The Taming of the Shrew |
| Son | Sonnets |
| TC | Troilus and Cressida |
| TGV | The Two Gentlemen of Verona |
| TNK | The Two Noble Kinsmen (with Fletcher) |
| TN | Twelfth Night |
| Tem | Tempest |
| Tim | Timon of Athens |
| Tit | Titus Andronicus |
| VA | Venus and Adonis |
| WT | The Winter's Tale |
| Acts | The Acts of the Apostles |
| Amos | Amos |
| 1 Chron. | The First Book of the Chronicles |
| 2 Chron. | The Second Book of the Chronicles |
| Col. | The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Colossians |
| 1 Cor. | The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians |
| 2 Cor. | The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians |
| Dan. | The Book of Daniel |
| Deut. | The Fifth Book of Moses, called Deuteronomy |
| Eccles. | Ecclesiastes, or the Preacher |
| Ephes. | The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Ephesians |
| Esth. | The Book of Esther |
| Exod. | The Second Book of Moses, called Exodus |
| Ezek. | The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel |
| Ezra | Ezra |
| Gal. | The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Galatians |
| Gen. | The First Book of Moses, called Genesis |
| Hab. | Habakkuk |
| Hag. | Haggai |
| Heb. | The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews |
| Hos. | Hosea |
| Isa. | The Book of the Prophet Isaiah |
| James | The General Epistle of James |
| Jer. | The Book of the Prophet Jeremiah |
| Job | The Book of Job |
| Joel | Joel |
| John | The Gospel according to St. John |
| 1 John | The First Epistle General of John |
| 2 John | The Second Epistle of John |
| 3 John | The Third Epistle of John |
| Jonah | Jonah |
| Josh. | The Book of Joshua |
| Jude | The General Epistle of Jude |
| Judges | The Book of Judges |
| 1 Kings | The First Book of the Kings |
| 2 Kings | The Second Book of the Kings |
| Lam. | The Lamentations of Jeremiah |
| Lev. | The Third Book of Moses, called Leviticus |
| Luke | The Gospel according to St. Luke |
| Mal. | Malachi |
| Mark | The Gospel according to St. Mark |
| Matt. | The Gospel according to St. Matthew |
| Mic. | Micah |
| Nah. | Nahum |
| Neh. | The Book of Nehemiah |
| Num. | The Fourth Book of Moses, called Numbers |
| Obad. | Obadiah |
| 1 Pet. | The First Epistle General of Peter |
| 2 Pet. | The Second Epistle General of Peter |
| Philem. | The Epistle of Paul to Philemon |
| Philip. | The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Philippians |
| Prov. | The Proverbs |
| Ps. | The Book of Psalms |
| Rev. | The Revelation of St. John the Divine |
| Rom. | The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans |
| Ruth | The Book of Ruth |
| 1 Sam. | The First Book of Samuel |
| 2 Sam. | The Second Book of Samuel |
| Song of Sol. | The Song of Solomon |
| 1 Thess. | The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians |
| 2 Thess. | The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians |
| 1 Tim. | The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy |
| 2 Tim. | The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy |
| Titus | The Epistle of Paul to Titus |
| Zech. | Zechariah |
| Zeph. | Zephaniah |
| ???? (Apocrypha) | |
| Baruch | Baruch |
| Bel and Dragon | The History of the Destruction of Bel and the Dragon |
| Ecclus. | The Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach, or Ecclesiasticus |
| 1 Esd. | I. Esdras |
| 2 Esd. | II. Esdras |
| Judith | Judith |
| 1 Macc. | The First Book of the Maccabees |
| 2 Macc. | The Second Book of the Maccabees |
| Pr. of Man | The Prayer of the Manasses |
| Rest of Esther | The Rest of the Chapters of the Book of Esther |
| Song of Three Children | The Song of the Three Holy Children |
| Susanna | The History of Susanna |
| Tobit | Tobit |
| Wisd. of Sol. | The Wisdom of Solomon |
ѸϤˤ̤䤨֤ʤƥ줫äѤƤѸˤǤ褯夲ϡűѸ[2009-05-30-1]ȽѸ[2009-08-19-1]Ǥ롥Ԥϥʸ䥭ꥹȶȤܿȴϢԤϥͥåθŵĬή餦Ȥ礭֤ˤϤޤ줿Ѹϥեαƶä[2009-08-22-1]ƥ줫μѤϱƤΤΡäȷ³ƤȤϳФƤƤ褤
ѸˤѤ³줿طʤˤϡɤμͤƥ̤䤨֤ʤŵʸءѡŷʸؤʤɤؤǤȤ𤬤롥ޤ John Wycliffe (1330?-84) Ҥݤˡƥθŵ1000ʾñѤȤ⤢ä
λΥƥѤħȤƤϡѸˤޤǻĤäƤä¿Ȥ롥ѸˤʤäƤΤ⾯ʤʤΤȤϡƥñ줬ΤȤѤƤϼΤƵƤäѸηоȤʤ
ѸΥƥѸĤƤWycliffe ФΤΤֻäϽǯ
actor (c1384), adjacent (a1420), adoption (1340), ambitious (c1384), ceremony (c1384), client (?c1387), comet (?a1200), conflict (?a1425), contempt (a1393), conviction (a1437), custody (1453), depression (1391), desk (1363-64), dial (1338), diaphragm (a1398), digit (a1398), equal (a1390), equator (1391), equivalent (c1425), exclude (c1384), executor (c1290), explanation (c1384), formal (c1390), gloria (?a1200), hepatic (a1393), impediment (c1385), implement (1445), implication (?c1425), incarnate (1395), include (1402), index (a1398), inferior (?a1425), intercept (1391), interrupt (?a1400), item (a1398), juniper (c1384), lector (a1387), legitimate (a1460), library (c1380), limbo (c1378), lucrative (a1412), mediator (c1350), picture (a1420), polite (a1398), prosecute (?a1425), quiet (c1384), recipe (a1400), remit (c1375), reprehend (c1340), requiem (c1303), saliva (?a1425), scribe (?c1200), scripture (a1325), testify (a1378), testimony (c1384), tradition (c1384), ulcer (a1400)
߷ ⡡رѸˡ١ҡӡ2008ǯ. 69--70ǡ
رѸ١ؽDz2005ǯ. 80.
ȤDZѸޤॲޥɤηޤؤϿޤϡ衼åѤˤ븽ߤΥޥʬۤǤ롥


ޥɤ3ʬΤʤ쥲ޥɤϤȤʤäƤƤ褦˻פ뤬ΤʤΥȸϱѸŪˤϼĤδ˽פʸǤ롥
(1) ޥΤʤǺǤŤʸ¸롥Ūˤϡ4 Wulfila ˤä²Τ줿μܤߤäƤ롥űѸ䤽¾ΥޥʸΤ700ǯʤΤǡȸϤΩĤȼ¤4ۤɤȤᤤʳΥޥλѤƤ롥ºݤ˸Ūˤϥ饦Ȥʤʤ˸ŤǤ⥲ޥĸ (Proto-Germanic) ˶ᤤȤΤǡűѸűѸˤΤΤ˽פʥҥȤͿƤ롥
(2) ȸôǤä²ϡե²ʤɤΰ̱²ȤȤˡ4˥μβˤꡤޤΥ֥ƥۤ410ǯ˽ᤷơΥ֥ƥ̵ܾ֤ˤĤǿΤ˱ѸȸƤФäƤAnglesSaxonsJutesȤäޥ²äΤǤ롥ĤޤꡤΦ衼åѤˤ르²γʤС֥ƥ˱ѸϺդʤäʤ⡩
ʤߤˡ֥åͼס֥åۡפʤɤѤƻȤƤΡ֥åפϡȿͤѤͼΤȤľŪ˻ؤ櫓ǤϤʤǤܤ²ڤƤʤ²ɾͥΥҥ塼ޥ˥ȤήԤäͼƱͤˡڤƤʤפλ뤷Ȥͳ褹롥
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