hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ڡ / page 8 (14)

borrowing - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2019-06-15 Sat

#3701. Ѹ3;ʣг̾ es ϥ줫μѤ (1) [personal_pronoun][me_dialect][dutch][borrowing][havelok][clitic]

Bennett and Smithers Ǥ14ƬκʤȤ Havelok ɤǤ롥East Midland ǽ񤫤ƤꡤťΥɸ줫μѸ¿ޤǤ뤳ȤΤƤ뤬East Midland ϥ줫αƶ꺻ϰǤ롥
Havelok ll. 45--52 ΤѤ褦

Þanne he com þenne he were bliþe,
For hom he brouthe fele siþe
Wastels, simenels with þe horn,
Hise pokes fulle of mele an korn,
Netes flesh, shepes, and swines,
And hemp to maken of gode lines,
And stronge ropes to hise netes
(In þe se-weres he ofte setes).


ǸιԤ he often set them in the sea-weir ̣setes -es Ԥ hise netes (= "his nets") ؼܸ첽줿3;ʣгʤ̾ȲǤ롥פ "them" ȤѤ -es Ȥ櫓η֤ˤĤ Bennett and Smithers (293) ǼΤ褦˲⤷Ƥ롥

setes: i.e. sette es 'placed them'. Es, is (ys in Hav. 1174), hes, his, hise are first recorded in England c. 1200, as the acc.pl. or fem. sg. of the pronoun of the third person, and (apart from 'Robt. of Gloucester's' Chronicle are restricted to SE or EMidl texts. This pronoun is best explained as an adoption of the comparable MDu pronoun se, which is likewise used enclitically in the reduced form -s; for a pronoun (as an essential and prominent element in the grammatical machinery of a language) would hardly have escaped record till 1200 if it had been a native word.


Ĥޤꡤ -es б֤ѤΤȤȤǤ롥ɾäƤϴϢ򿵽ŤĴƤɬפ뤬ѸˤˤƥαƶᾮɾƤȤͤȡ̥ŪǤϤ롥
ѸˤȥδؤˤĤƤϡ#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1])#3436. 󥰥ɤӤȤܿˡ ([2018-09-23-1])#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])#2645. 줫Ѥ줿ߤΤñ ([2016-07-24-1])#2646. Ѹ˴ؤס ([2016-07-25-1])#140. եޥ줫Ѥؾ -kin ([2009-09-14-1]) ޤ dutch ε򻲾

Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-01-1] [2019-06-16-1]

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2019-03-29 Fri

#3623. إ֥饤줫μѸ [bible][hebrew][loan_word][borrowing][onomastics][personal_name]

إ֥饤 (hebrew) ϡ鷺Ȥ줿θǤꡤ䡦ꥹȶαƶˤ¿θ˱ƶͿƤѸ㳰ǤϤʤűѸѸޤǡƥ䥮ꥷ޲𤵤ǡ˸ŪʱƶäƤ켣 (119--20) ˽äơĤμѸ򼨤

amen: ֥סʵνθաˡ֤Ǥޤ褦ˡ (So be it!) ΰա
cabal: ֱġ̩ҡס
cherub [ʧérəb]: ֥ӥࡤ2ŷȡ
hallelujah: ֥ϥסʿ붫ӡˡּۤ᤿ (Praised be God!) ΰա
hosanna: ֥ۥʡסʿޤϥꥹȤ붫ӡˡֵߤ뤨 (Save, we pray) ΰա
jubilee: ֥٥ǯǰססʥ䶵50ǯȤ˹Ԥ©ǯˡ
leviathan: ֥סʵʳβʪˡ
manna: ֥ޥʡסʥ⡼ (Moses) Ψ줿饨ͤץæФ˺ݤƹǵȤäޤ줿ʪˡ
rabbi: ֥ӡסʥ䶵ԡΧˡؼˡ
sabbath: ְ©ס
satan: ֥󡤡ʥꥹȶǤ˰ס
schwa: ֥ʥȤΤʤˤޤ첻
seraph: ֥ԥࡤŷȡס
shibboleth: ֡ʤ볬顦ΤˡͭθաδʤɡϡסŨФ륨ե饤 (Ephraimites) [ʃ] ȯǤʤȤ顤쥢ǿ (Geleadites) Ũʬ뤿ˤθѤʵ Judges 12: 4--6 ˡ

ۤС (96) 䤨Сbar mitzvah ʥХ롦ߥĥС13Ф˻ҤνΰͼϡˡJehovah ʥϥˡRosh Hashana ʥοǯסˡsapphire ʥե, babel ʥХ٥ˡbehemoth ʥӥҥ⥹εáϡˡcider ʥ󥴼ˡjasper ˶̡ˡshekel ʥߡˡkosher ʡʿʪΧˡˤʤäˡkibbutz ʥ֥ġΥ饨νϡˤʤɤ롥
̾¿ȤդäƤȤơ#3408. Elizabeth οΰ̾ ([2018-08-26-1]) ȡ#3433. Ѹ̾ John ([2018-09-20-1]) 򻲾ȡ

켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ
 礦ҡرѸ˳١dzƼҡ2007ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-25-1]

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2019-03-12 Tue

#3606. ֺ¡̲󥰤ȱѸ [asacul][old_norse][inflection][word_order][history][contact][loan_word][borrowing][link][slide]

39ڡˤ15:00?18:15ˡī㡼󥿡ɶˤơֱѸˡפꤹ륷꡼ֺ¤2ƤȤ̲󥰤ȱѸäޤüԤˤϡǯʾΥ󥰤γưաʸťΥɸˤ䤿γؤǤѸˤ¿ʱƶڤܤƤʬäƤȻפޤܥ֥ǤϡޤǤťΥɸ (old_norse) ˴ؤ˭٤˼夲ƤޤΤǡ󤽤⻲Ȥ
ϼΤ褦ʼݤǤäޤ

ѸΩˡ8 ȾФ11ˤƥ衼åѤʴ̲Υ󥰤ȤθʸťΥɸˤ礭ͿƤ뤳ȤϤޤΤƤޤ㤨 Though they are both weak fellows, she gives them gifts. ȤʸϡäȤˤ٤ƸťΥɸ줫ƶñ줫ΩäƤޤޤѸΡּưŪפȤ礬Ωطʤˤ⡤󥰤γưؤäƤޤ䤿ѸΤʤˡŪǤõäƤߤޤ礦

1. ̲󥰤γư
2. ѸȸťΥɸδط
3. ťΥɸ줬Ѹθä˵ڤܤƶ
4. ťΥɸ줬Ѹʸˡ˵ڤܤƶ
5. ʤѸθϡּưŪפǸʤΤ


ֺ¤ǻѤ饤ɻ˥åפƤޤ饤椫顤ܥ֥δϢؤ⤿Υ󥯤ĥƤޤΤǡǡ̲󥰤ȱѸפδطˤĤĤġ򿼤Ƥ館ФȻפޤ

1. ꡼ֱѸˡ 2̲󥰤ȱѸ
2. ֺܹ¤Τͤ餤
3. 1. ̲󥰤γư
4. ֥ƥˡ
5. 󥰤Υ֥ƥ轱
6. ϢѸ
7. 2. ѸȸťΥɸδط
8. 3. ťΥɸ줬Ѹθä˵ڤܤƶ
9. ťΥɸ줫μѸ
10. ťΥɼѸ
11. 󥰥ɤ̾θťΥɸ
12. Ѹ̾θťΥɸ
13. ťΥɸ줫ΰ̣
14. ưؤαƶ
15. 4. ťΥɸ줬Ѹʸˡ˵ڤܤƶ
16. Ρ֤ġפȡ֤ɤ
17. űѸǤ϶ޤ椨˸礬ͳ
18. űѸǤ϶ޤ椨ֻ줬ɬܤǤʤ
19. űѸǤʸˡ
20. űѸ϶޸̿θ
21. űѸʸϤ
22. ޸οʿ
23. ֻ˰¸
24. ʸˡ鼫
25. ʤ޸οʿäΤ (1)
26. ʤ޸οʿäΤ (2)
27. ʤ޸οʿäΤ (3)
28. Ρ֤ɤΤ褦ˡפȡ֤ʤ
29. ʸˡΰѲ礫ʬϤ
30. 5. ʤѸθϡּưŪפǸʤΤ
31. ֺܹ¤ΤޤȤ
32. ʸ

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2019-03-09 Sat

#3603. ²ۡ [borrowing][history][cosmopolitan_vocabulary][linguistic_imperialism]

²ۤˤϹǤǤƤۤǶᡤ°͵ˡؿ²ۤʸˡ٤ɤޤǡ²ۤ­򱿤֤ȤʸظˡޤǿˤȡȤϪʤޤǤŪʰ̣礤ƤȤϻפʤä饹˭٤ǡŪɷ٤
²ۡʤưʪˤϡʹ֤¾ʪۤƤ뤳ȤξڤǤˤȤɤޤ餺¾οʹ֤ФƤߤθϤؼ뤿ΥơܥǤ⤢äʹ°桤p. 47ˡ²ۤθϸˤߤ줿Ūʰ̣Ǥθ²ۤ1ϡ1853ǯ˥ɥưʪΩ줿֥եåϥפȤ롥ɥȤȤ19ȾФȤߥ󥰤Ȥꥹ¸ߤפˤϤʤ° (74) ˤС

եåϥϡʸʪä櫓ǤϤʤʸ⤮Ȥäʤ뾡ħΤǤä⡤줬ɥưʪޤ줿פǤ롥1828ǯγ衤ɥưʪˤϡϤϢƤ줿ưʪŸ줿¿ͤΤǤ륤ꥹͤͥ줿ǽϤؼΤäưʪϡꥹͤۤ롤뤤ϥǤϰθ
եåϥˤ⡤ʤȤƤϤޤ롥ŸϡꥦꥹͤαΤȡλۤȤȤ峦ˤޤǵڤȤɽݤΤǤ롥⤽ϰϤϡˤ֤ǤȤϡإ饹ȥ쥤ƥåɡɥ󡦥˥塼٤ΤĤΰʸˤ⤢Ƥ褦

ΤäȤ䤵줿ȤˤʼǤ塤Ѳޤ̣쥯ΡġġϤɲäʤͳϤʤ


θ塤ꥹǤ1871ǯǯˡꥹ롦ѥ쥹²ۤȥ֥饤ȥ²ۤ⤽줾쳫ۤۤƱơ1872--76ǯˤϡꥹϡ֥󥸥㡼פˤ뿼õⳫϤ졤ꥹγˤޤǿ򿭤ФȤˤʤä

֥󥸥㡼פ˴ԤƤΤϡʪμ֤餫ˤ뤳ȤǤäȤϤʪŪõΤˡꥹܤ1ɤߤ櫓ʤ֥󥸥㡼פϡγήĴ뤳ȤǤ̳ȤƤꡤϳſ֥ߤΩƤ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ֥ϡϤȤθ򿮤ưפˤ뤿ᡤάŪ˽פȤߤʤƤꡤϡΥ֥Τ˳ݤ뤳Ȥ˾ǤΤ
ˡή̤狼СŸˤɤۤΩĤȤͭ̾ʲΤˡ֥֥꥿˥פȤ褦ˡϤʤȤäƤⳤιǤ롥ξäȤ¿ѤΤϤȤǤꡤ⤽λۤϳ̤ǤʤˤޤǤ֤٤ǤäΤʹ°桤p. 114


ȿ²ȯŸˤδؤϡꥹ˸ꤵʤ⡤Ʊ褦˿²ۤȴؤäƤο²ۡפꤹǡ° (177--78) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ο²ۤΤ⤦ҤȤĤħϡȤΤ̨²ۤϡѤˤƤФ⤿ʤˡ鱿ǤޥŸƤ롥ۼԤˤϡỤ̄餫äϤǤ롥衼åѤưʪ²ۤˤơ̱ϻΤǿޤɽݤƤȤϤǤ˽Ҥ٤ƱͤˡѻΤϡ񤬿̱ϤθƤ
󡤥ޥŸļ¦ΰտޤ꤫ǤϤʤλ塤Ǥ뤫깭ϰ褫顤Ǥ뤫ꤿΤŸ褦Ȥ²ۤϡΤȷӤĤ򤨤ʤäΤǤ롥
²ۤǤ⡤ƤѻΥѥҡ졼ҡҡȥʤŸ줿ʤΤϡܤǤ롥


²ۤ򤳤Τ褦ˤߤϡŪ¦̤ˤ⿷ʸͿƤ줽Ϣơ#3020. οҤȤƤӸ (1) ([2017-08-03-1])#3021. οҤȤƤӸ (2) ([2017-08-04-1])#3376. οҤȤƤαѸʸء ([2018-07-25-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ޤåʿ建ʪ򥨥åñ֤ƤߤСʹߡʤѸ줬ζäѤ OED ʤɤμϿƤȤˤ⡤1ĤФ褦˻פ롥Ͽ²ۤʤΤ⤷ʤϢơ#2359. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ (3) ([2015-10-12-1]) ⻲ȡ

° ͵졡ؿ²ۤʸˡҤȡưʪΤʤŪ١ǡ2018ǯ

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2019-03-06 Wed

#3600. ӸؤϵݤΰФƤ餺ʳؤǤϤʤ [comparative_linguistics][family_tree][methodology][borrowing][contact][reconstruction]

ε#3599. ȿͼ (2) ([2019-03-05-1]) ǻȤ McMahon and McMahon ϡ19ȯŸƤӸؤϡޤʳŪʸؤꤨƤʤȹͤƤ롥ޤޤǰʾ˵ҴŪˡȤ櫓ŪʼˡȯƤȤοȼĥ롥ĥطʤȤơ3ĤŦ (11--14)
1ĤϡƱ²°2ĤθˤĤƷŪˤɤΤ餤ᤤΤ󤤤ΤƤ⡤ӸؼԤϵҴŪ뤳ȤǤʤȤޤơ2ĤθŪʰִط򼨤ȤϤǤȤƤ⡤Ūˤɤ٤εΥʤΤҴŪʻɸ뤳ȤǤʤȤСѸ졤ե󥹸졤ڥΤäƤüԤǤС줾εΥˤĤƼŪˤʬäƤ¾οͤΤ񤷤Τ褦ʤȤҴѲƼΤʳؤζߤäϤǤϤʤ֤δطοͲʤʤФʤʤ
2ĤϡܿȼѤ򥯥ꥢǤƤʤȤӸؤˤȤäơܿˤѤƬˤǤ롥ʲˡ§ŬѤƤݤˡѸ¸ߤϻȤʤ뤫ˤäƷޤ˰ƶڤܤǽ롥ӸؼԤϡΰƶǾ¤ޤ٤ѸƱꤷоȤ٤ñꥹȤʤɤк֤ƤΤ褦ʤȤϸڵ¿²餳ǤΤǤäơǤϤʤ²ˤȤˤϻȤʤкǤ롥Ѥ˴ؤ¤⡤˰̲뤳ȤǰƬˡ̲Ƥɬפ롥
3ĤϡƷ (reconstruction) ޤӸؤŪʼˡޥ˥奢벽ƤʤȤΤȤؤӡѲ̤ľˤ⽨ǡƷηиѤԤˤƷκȤ˲äʤ"essentially a heuristic, and hence irreducibly knowledge- and experience-based [method]" (14) ʤΤǤ롥ȤС2ĤβɤٻƤȤ뤫ιդϤʤƱǡˤ2ͤӸؼԤƱãȤϸ¤ʤΤǤ롥ΰ̣ǤϡӸؤϡֲʳءפǤϤʤֵݡפˤȤɤޤäƤȤ٤Ǥ롥λŦϡ#466. 츻ؤϵݤʳؤ ([2010-08-06-1]) #1791. 츻ؤϵݤʳؤ (2) ([2014-03-23-1]) εפФ롥
Τ褦 McMahon and McMahon ϤʤʤƥʸǤ϶Ū̲ˡȯƤߤ褦ȤƤ롥

McMahon, April and Robert McMahon. "Finding Families: Quantitative Methods in Language Classification." Transactions of the Philological Society 101 (2003): 7--55.

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2019-02-23 Sat

#3589. ֥פФ Ben Jonson [inkhorn_term][lexicology][hapax_legomenon][renaissance][emode][borrowing][latin][loan_word]

ͥ󥹴Υƥ󡦥ꥷǮ⤫줿Τ褦ʡ֥ (inkhorn_term) ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ͡˼夲ƤʤȤ櫓#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])#1408. ([2013-03-05-1])#1409. Ĥä졤ä ([2013-03-06-1])#1410. Ƚ󵢡 ([2013-03-07-1])#2479. ѸθüѤФȿưȤƤθϤɤޤܵä ([2016-02-09-1])#3438. ʤѸΥƥѸΤ ([2018-09-25-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Ʊ夫餷ФȽɤоݤȤƤ Ben Jonson ⡤1601ǯ˽餵줿 The Poetaster ΤʤǥͤƤ롥Crispinus ȤоʪǺޤͿ졤񤷤ñǤפȤǤ롥Ǥ줿˥ꥹȤƤȡΤ褦ˤʤ (Johnson 192; ϸѸѸ)

retrograde, reciprocall, incubus, glibbery, lubricall, defunct, magnificate, spurious, snotteries, chilblaind, clumsie, barmy, froth, puffy, inflate, turgidous, ventosity, oblatrant, obcaecate, furibund, fatuate, strenuous, conscious, prorumped, clutch, tropological, anagogical, loquacious, pinnosity, obstupefact


OED Ǥϡpinnosity ٤Ƥñ줬ФȤΩƤƤ롥Τʤˤ Jonson ηǤȤƤʤ1󤭤ñޤޤƤ롥Ǥ̤ѤΤ⤢ˤϤ뤬ΤΩ³ǤƤϤʤʤñФǤ롥ŵŪʥΥꥹȤȤƻȤ

Johnson, Keith. The History of Early English: An Activity-Based Approach. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016.

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2019-02-16 Sat

#3582. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (2) [french][latin][loan_word][lexicology][etymology][borrowing]

ε ([2019-02-15-1]) ǡɸ˴ؤ Ellenberger ɾҲ𤷤Ѹγ (= "mots savants") Υ˴ؤŪʸϡ˥ե󥹸ǤϤʤȤ󵯤Ǥ롥ǤϡEllenberger ȤϡˤĤƤɤΤ褦ʻΤդ路ȹͤƤΤʸνˡ4վǤƤ (149--50)

   1. Words are borrowed not once and for all but many times and from many sources.
   2. A Latin word borrowed into either of Anglo-French or English would be given an ending prescribed by Anglo-Norman scribal tradition.
   3. Words could be borrowed from Latin or French depending on what spheres of society the borrowers moved in. Clerics would be more likely to borrow from Latin than would laics.
   4. As the medieval libraries of England contained mainly Latin books and school curricula concentrated on Latin texts, learned words borrowed into French from written Latin sources would be more likely also to have entered English from those same sources than through French.


ѸˤǤϡѸμѸȤХե󥹸줬äƤ˴ؤ¤ꡤѸΥƥ줫μѤϡ̤˻פƤ⤺ä˭٤äȤդϢơ#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1])#1211. ѸΥƥѸΰ ([2012-08-20-1])#2961. ͥ󥹤ǤϤʤƥ줫֤λ塩 ([2017-06-05-1])#292. aureate diction ([2010-02-13-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Ellenberger, Bengt. "On Middle English Mots Savants." Studia Neophilologica 46.1 (1974): 142--50.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-05-1] [2021-07-06-1]

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2019-02-15 Fri

#3581. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (1) [french][latin][loan_word][lexicology][etymology][borrowing]

#653. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1])#848. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ (2) ([2011-08-23-1]) Ƥ褦ˡȤ櫓Ѹ˥ƥ졦ե󥹸줫äƤѸϡθ򥽡ȤΤȽȤʤ¿ƥʤΤƥ첽ե󥹸ʤΤե󥹸ʤΤե󥹸첽ƥʤΤ
OED 濴Ȥ롤ФŪнˡȤơ֥ե󥹸ʸڤХե󥹸ѸȤǤʤ˸¤äƥƥ򥽡ȤߤʤפȤŪä⤦äƤޤСȽȤʤˤϡե󥹸򥽡ȤߤʤΤǥեȤȤ褦Ȥ󥹤Ellenberger (142) ϡΩҲ𤷤ʤ顤ФȽŪʸ򼨤Ƥ롥

. . . the 'learned words' . . . could have been taken either from French or directly from Latin. The difficulty of determining the exact source has been recognized with varying hesitation. Foremost in Francophilia stands the Oxford English Dictionary, which regards as borrowed from Latin only those words that have not been recorded in French; in addition, French forms are often postulated. To the author's knowledge, no scholar before Marchand has openly criticized this procedure.


Ellenberger Ʊո֤Ȥư礤˽ФƤ H. Marchand ϡThe Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation (2nd ed. München, 1969) p. 238 ǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (Ellenberger 142fn)

It would . . . be an erroneous standpoint to be always looking for the Latin original or the French pattern of a word (which the OED often does). The existence of an actual pattern is irrelevant so long as, potentially, the coinage is Latin. . . . the principle of assuming an actual original is wrong.


Ѹη֤ʸڤ뤫ե󥹸ǤȤǤʤƥǤȤΤ褦ʵϤ餯ΩʤȤȤEllenberger (148) ȤθդǤСΤ褦ʵȤʤ롥

The clerks knew about adaptation and suffixation; they were used to latinizing English names, and sometimes words, and we may trust them to have been able to anglicize a Latin word in the same way as they or the French would have Frenchified it. To request a French intermediary for each and every word is to deny the knowledge of Latin in England. To regard an English word as a loan from French because a corresponding French loan is recorded a few years earlier in an ever so obscure source is to fall a victim to the perilous argument of post hoc, ergo propter hoc; as far as we know, no annual lists of new French words circulated among English clerks. Whether a learned word occurs first in French or English is simply a matter of chance, need, and literary activity.


Ѹγ (= "mots savants") Υե󥹸ʤΤƥʤΤȤ뤳ȤʤȤϡष줬̤Υե󥹼ѸȤϰۤʤ٥°뤳Ȥǧ뤳ȤEllenberger (150) ʸκǸǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ̤Ǥ롥

A far more useful distinction than that between learned words that might have and those that could not have been mediated by French is that between Romance popular and learned words. Middle English mots savants are latinisms and should be treated as such.


ʤEllenberger ǤϡOED 嵭Τ褦̤˵󤲤Ƥ뤬ԻʤǤOED3 ԼԤ1ͤǤ Durkin ϡ˽٤򼨤Ƥ뤳ȤդäƤ#848. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ (2) ([2011-08-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Ellenberger, Bengt. "On Middle English Mots Savants." Studia Neophilologica 46.1 (1974): 142--50.

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2018-09-25 Tue

#3438. ʤѸΥƥѸΤ [emode][renaissance][loan_word][borrowing][latin][inkhorn_term][lexicography]

16Ⱦ˥ԡãͥ󥹴ΥƥѸήˤĤơܥ֥͡˼夲ƤѸ˾äȤ̩٤ǻüѤλäȤ뤬ʤۤɤޤǤ˼Ѹ줬ΤϼäѸθä䤦ȤɬԲķʬŪˤäƤ뤬ƥΰҤڤȤŪͳä礭äȻפ롥ʤˤ#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1]) Ǹ褦ˡߤ䤿˼Τ
Görlach (162--62) դλ򤦤ޤƤ롥λˤϥƥ줽ΤΤޥ뤳Ȥơä¯줿Ѹϰ̤˾徺٤ΥƥѸ줬ѤƤ16Ⱦϡƥ줽ΤΤȤ⡤Ѹ˼ޤ줿ƥѸȤʤȤҲŪ˽פʥȤʤäȤϤƥؽƤ櫓ǤϤʤ¿ο͡ˤȤäơƥѸ׷Ọ̇̄ǻȤʤȤϴñǤϤʤδ㤤ˤ˵ạ̈ˤĤƤ⡤ˤб¸ȤΥ˥奢󥹤κΤ˽뤳ȤϤ䤹ʤäΤ褦ʾǤ⡤͡Ϥ̣Ǥϴ㤤򶲤줺ѶŪ˥ƥѸȤȤʤʤСλ߼ΤüԤΥơȿƤǤ롥
㤨СHart ϰʲΤ褦ʷδְ㤤󤲤ʤ顤Ĭ񤷤ƤʥåηȤƤϡפΡˡtemporall (temperate), sullender (surrender), statute (stature), obiect (abiect), heier (heare), certisfied (certified or satisfied), dispence (suspence), defende (offende), surgiant (surgian). Ƥ˴ؤƤϡancient antique old ƱˡĤޤ old ñʤ븫ɤΤ褤ȤѤƤ㤬Ȥ
17ᤫ³Ф켭ϡΤ褦ʸѤŬڤʥƥѸ򶵰餹뤿˽Ǥ줿Ȥ⤤뤬¤ΤȤषŪʼѸλѤ¥̤Τ⤷ʤ̤ȤơƥѸϡο͡θոĬˤܤǡƤäȹͤηаޤGörlach (162) ޤɽƤ롥

To judge by the success of Cockeram and his imitators . . ., there was a large market in the seventeenth century for dictionaries translating common expressions into elevated diction. This indicates how difficult it must have been to limit loanwords to a moderate number. The issue was obviously not the objective need to fill lexical gaps for the sake of unambiguous reference, but the pairing of common words with their Latinate equivalents, the implication being that use of the elevated term was more prestigious --- even if it was unintelligible and therefore useless for communication.


Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-09-09-1] [2019-02-23-1]

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2018-09-23 Sun

#3436. 󥰥ɤӤȤܿ [dutch][flemish][contact][borrowing][loan_word][history][anglo-saxon][norman_conquest][sociolinguistics]

ε#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1]) ơChamson ʸ˵ꡤѸϽüԤ˾夤ʤ뵡ܿƤʤϤˤάҤ
ξԤܿˤϡǤС5Υ󥰥Υ֥ƥؤΰưλ顤ĶȤƸ򰮤ä17ޤǡǯʾ˵ڤ֡ΤʤܤͤΤϡ(1) 󥰥塤(2) ΥޥȤθ塤(3) ξϰ֤ӿʪǰפȯã14--15(4) ˱ɴǤ16--174Ĥλ줾ˤĤƽҤ٤Ƥ

(1) 󥰥

5Υ󥰥͡͡塼ȿͤΥ֥ƥؤΰư夫顤¾ϥޥɤν²Ʊ֥ƥϤäƤȤʬäƤ롥Τ褦˻夬ŤиŤۤɡߤθ礭ѤηŪʾڵˤ󥰥ɤ̾Τʤ "Frisians" "Flemings" ¸ߤ򼨤ΤʤʤȤդ٤Ǥ롥㤨СDunfries, Freseley, Freswick, Frisby, Friesden, Friesthorpe, Frieston, Friezland, Frisby, Frisdon, Frizenham, Frizinghall, Frizingon, Fryston; Flemingtuna, Flameresham, Flemdich, Flemingby ʤɡ̾Ǥ⡤Flandrensis, Fleemeng, Flammeng, Flameng, Flemang, Fleamang, Flemmyng, Flamenc, Flemanc ʤɤ "Flemings" ΰ۷Ǥ⥤ꥹͤ¿ĤäƤ롥

(2) ΥޥȤθ

Υޥޤ William դä񷳤Τʤˤϡ¿ΥեɥͤޤWilliam κ Matilda ϥեɥ Baldwin V ̼äȤ⤢ꡤեɥͤι׸ϺΩäƤ⤳Υեɥͤϥ֥ƥˤȤɤޤä餷
1107ǯ˥եɥǹ夬äݤˡHenry I ϡҤեɥͤ󥰥˰ܽ뤳ȤĤȼä̤Υեɥͤ󤻡ȾФˤ Wales ü Pembrokeshire ˺ưܽʤɤλ֤ˤȯŸƤ (see #3292. ˾ǽαѸ쿢̱ Pembroke ([2018-05-02-1])) ̤ȤơPembrokeshire Ǥϥ륺ͤ򲡤Τƥեɥͤ꽻褦ˤʤꡤο͸16εҤˤߤۤɤǤ롥
ۤˡ12ȾˤϡHenry II ȤλҶ褤ˤƥեɥͤη⤬Ѥ줿Ȥ⤢äˡ12ʹߤˤϡNorwich Norfolk ʤɤΥ󥰥ĮϡӤԤ졤եɥȤǰפǤ˱ɤä Norwich London ˼͸ĮȤʤäˡϡԥ󥰥Υޥͤȥ󥰥ɿͤΤĤʤܤ̤ǽ⤢롥

(3) ξϰ֤ӿʪǰפȯã14--15

嵭Τ褦֤ʤ顤ӡʪȤפȤξϰǰפ礤˱ɤƤɬĤޤطä櫓ǤϤʤ14ǰ໤ͳ褹ŨпȤ⤢ä󥰥䥹åȥɤ¿Υեɥͤܽ󥰥ɤϫƯԤδ֤ۤɤˤʤä񲦤ϡǰפˤ׳ȥ󥰥ɹ̱ηкŪݸȤΤ񤷤ɼƤΤǤ롥դˤСλ塤ξԤŪ̩ܿƤںǤ⤢롥

(4) ˱ɴǤ16--17

16--17ˤϡӤϥ衼åΤ˵ʱƶϤڤܤϰؤĹƤꡤȥפ֥塼ϥ衼åѤɽԻԤȤʤäƤ16ȾӤϥڥۤΩ褤ΤʤǡץƥȤȥڥۤ³Ȥʬ褤ơΰ̱̤˥󥰥ɤϤäƤθ⽡Ū褤˵ñ̤ΰ̱Ȥ17ȾФޤǿǯ֤³Ӥȥ󥰥ɤο͡δ֤ˡ˾Ǥ絬Ϥǿ̩ʴطۤ뤳ȤȤʤä

ʾ塤Ūʸܿβ̤ˤϿʤä˾塤ξԤܿǤʤ³ƤȤChamson ʸ˵äƼϡüѤޤŪʱƶߤưפ餷᤿ҲŪȸ뤳ȤǤ

Chamson, Emil. "Revisiting a Millennium of Migrations: Contextualizing Dutch/Low-German Influence on English Dialect Lexis." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 281--303.

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2018-09-22 Sat

#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ [dutch][flemish][frisian][contact][borrowing][loan_word][historiography]

ϥɥĸʤɤΡ (the Low Countries) ν줬ѸͿƶˤĤơαѸˤǤϡҤʤΤˤȤɤޤäƤǰƬˤΤϼȤƸŪʱƶΤȤ줬ᾮɾƤȤϡ#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])#149. եޥȱѸˡ ([2009-09-23-1])#2646. Ѹ˴ؤס ([2016-07-25-1]) ʤɤεǤ⼨Ƥ̤Ǥ롥
夲 Chamson ͤܤȤޤäʤϽαƶᾮɾƤΤˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (281)

While historical records attest to continual and intense migrations to Britain from the Low Countries over a period of roughly a thousand years, our knowledge of the linguistic consequences of this contact --- i.e. the impact of Dutch, Frisian, and the Low German dialects on English --- remains sketchy. One main reason is inherent, i.e. due [to] the similarities of the languages involved. Another is extrinsic: the nature of the contact, at once commonplace and elusive, has meant that discussions of the history of English frequently pass over this area, favoring the big players and the exotics.


ޤᾮɾطʤˤϡѸϽ줬ŪƤȤܼŪͳ Chamson ϽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ʊޥ췲ϥޥȤơá֤̤äƤꡤŪˤߤڤδطİˤȤ𤬤롥ĤޤꡤʤΤѸʤΤˤŤ餤Τ
츻ˤŤ餤ΤϡʤˤѸϽ˸¤äȤǤϤʤѸȸťΥɸƱͤӤȤơե󥹸Ѹ줫ƥѸ줫Ƚʤʤɤפ⤫֡ťΥɸ졤ե󥹸졤ƥϡChamson ˸碌СѸ˾̾٤ι⤤ "the big players and the exotics" ʤΤǤ롥3ϱѸʼҲˤ͡ʷǴͿƤꡤѸˤ˥饤ޥåꤷɥޥå˻Ωƾ夲ƤΩԤʤΤФơϽϤ󤻤Ƥ
ꥹӤμҲŪʴطʰ̱꽻׳ưˤϡűѸѸ˻ޤǡ绨Ĥˤä700ǯ1700ǯޤǤǯ֤ȤĹˤ錄äƤäݤƤΤǤꡤŪˤϡߤθŪʱƶ⤽˽ä礭äϤǤ롥ŪʥʴطѸˤΥɥޤ˶ĥ߽ФʤװʤΤ

Chamson, Emil. "Revisiting a Millennium of Migrations: Contextualizing Dutch/Low-German Influence on English Dialect Lexis." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 281--303.

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2018-08-18 Sat

#3400. Ѹ˸ä˼Ѹ줬ɤǤ뤫 [loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][semantics][oed][htoed][statistics]

ѸäˤѸγ礬⤤Ȥϡܥ֥¿εǼ夲Ƥλ¤˴ؤƤȤ櫓ܤ٤ŪħȤơѸ줬ܸäˤޤǤƤȤ󤲤㤨С#2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ ([2016-07-04-1]) 򻲾ȡˡӸˤСѸ줬ܸäȤϡ˵ȤФǤʤ٤ϴѻΤ¤Ǥꡤ褷ФлŦƤ褦ˡѸ줬ðۤǤɾ뤳ȤϤϤǤʤȤϤΤ褦ʻ㤬̸Ūˤ "unusual" (Durkin 391) ǤȤΤⷹȤƤϳΤǤ롥
Durkin ϡɸ䤤٤ OED HTOED ѤƼ¾ŪĴԤʤäޤ'Leipzig-Jakarta list of basic vocabulary' ȸƤФ̸ŪͭȤܸäΥꥹȤ򻲾Ȥ100γ˿Ūʰ̣Фˡγơΰ̣ѸûˤˤƤɤΤ褦ñʷˤˤäôƤξˤäƱꤷñθ츻ʼѸ줫ݤʤɤξܺ١ˤϿƤơߡѸ줬100γ˿Ūʰ̣Τɤ줯餤򥫥СƤΤФη̤ϡDurkin (392) ˤм̤ꡥ

To summarize the results of this exercise very briefly . . ., looking in detail at the 100-meaning 'Leipzig-Jakarta list of basic vocabulary' in this way suggests that, while only twenty-two of these meanings appear never to have been realized by a loanword in the data of the OED as summarized in the HTOED, there are only twelve cases where a good case can be made for a loanword being the usual realization of the relevant core meaning in contemporary English:

   (from early Scandinavian): root, wing, hit, leg, egg, give, skin, take; (from French): carry, soil, cry, (probably) crush


ѤС100γ˿Ūʰ̣Τ78ޤǤʬŪǤ첿餫μѸˤäôƤȤȤ顤Ѹ줬˿Ūʰ̣ΰʤäƤȤȤʬ롥μѸ줬Τ褦ʳ˿Ūʰ̣ΰɽ魯ñ췲ΤʤǤŵŪɽŪʸǤ뤫ɤǤꡤΤ褦ʿ򤹤ȡ嵭12ۤɤ˸ꤵȤȤ
äȤ⡤ạ̈ˤĤƲäơֳ˿פִܡפȤߤʤΤ񤷤ǤꡤˤäƷ̤οͤѤ뤳ȤϤޤǤʤꤽ¾ˤĤơʲΤ褦ʵ͡˼夲ƤΤǻȤ

#1128. glottochronology ([2012-05-29-1])
#1961. ܥ٥ơ ([2014-09-09-1])
#1965. Ūʸǡ ([2014-09-13-1])
#1970. ¿٤شط ([2014-09-18-1])
#2659. glottochronology lexicostatistics ([2016-08-07-1])
#2660. glottochronology ȴܸá ([2016-08-08-1])
#2661. Swadesh (1952) ǯѤ200 ([2016-08-09-1])

#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1])
#202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ ([2009-11-15-1])
#429. ѸκѸ10000εȳ ([2010-06-30-1])
#845. Ѹθäεȳ ([2011-08-20-1])
#1202. Ѹθäεȳ (2) ([2012-08-11-1])

Durkin, Philip. "The OED and HTOED as Tools in Practical Research: A Test Case Examining the Impact of Loanwords in Areas of the Core Lexicon." The Cambridge Handbook of English Historical Linguistics. Ed. Merja Kytö and Päivi Pahta. Cambridge: CUP, 2016. 390--407.

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2018-07-31 Tue

#3382. ͤסޥꥢִѲסѥ饤ֶ˳ڡפ󥸥 [japanese][christianity][borrowing][semantic_borrowing][religion][age_of_discovery]

1549ǯ˼äե󥷥ӥϡ3ͤͭǽܿͿԤΤ褯ʬäƤΤϡ֥󥸥פǤ롥ӥϤΥ󥸥ΤĤƤǡμ硤ŵפұڤ뤳ȤǤӥϡ®۶򳫻ϤꥹȶˤĤƲΤƤʤܤǤ۶¿ǤäȤ񤯤ʤӥ䥢󥸥ϡ۶˺ݤƤˤƥꥹȶγǰѸܿͤ򤵤뤫ȤƬǺޤȤˤĤơʿ (46--47) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ˤƤ⡤ӥΤܤĤʤܸ䥢󥸥ⶵʹơܿͤ˥ꥹȶ򤷤ΤºݤΤȤ󥸥ϡޥꥢΤȤִѲסŷʥѥ饤ˤΤȤϡֶ˳ڡפƤͤϡפǤäǡΡפΤȤǤ롥ͣδǰܤˤϤʤΤǥ󥸥ϺäƤޤäơפΤΤ붵ե˥㡼ΤϡҤɤפȽƤ뤬ǡʩǤ̵±ˤޤͤ¸ߤĶۼԤȤ֤ŤǤ뤫顤ǽȤƤϤʤ˶ڤ̤äƤȤäƤ褤Ĥޤꥶӥ뤿ܿͤˡҤߤʤפȸƤӤ櫓Ǥ뤫顤ܿãϥꥹȶʩΰɤȻפä񹳴ʤ줿ȤȤ
θ奶ӥϡˡפǤϤޤȤȤ˵Ťơŷƻפȸ褦ˤʤäŷƻפϡŷϤĤɤꡤ٤Ƥ̤͏ߡפȤ̣äƤΤǡܸĶŪ¸ߤ򼨤ѸȤƤԼǤϤʤ⤦ȤˤʤȡǤϥꥹȶǰʤȤơΤȤϤΤޤޡ֥ǥס֥ޥꥢפΤȤִѲפǤϤʤ̤ˡ֥ޥꥢפȸ褦ˤʤäޤǤθˤꡤĹǯ֡ʰϻǯƬˤޤǤϥǥΤȤŷƻפȸƤ֤ȤǧƤȤƤ롥
ǥȤϡŷƻפΤȤǤȤⶵʹС¿ܿͤϤޤ񹳤򴶤ʤäΤǤϤʤ餳ꥹȶ褷Ƥ鷺͡ǯۤɤǻͤοԤ뤳ȤǤΤʩˤơηϤȤ⤫̥٥Ǥϳƽɤζˤ뤳ȤϤޤʤäդνɤޤϱΤʤɤˤäƽ°νɤޤäƤ褦ʤΤäΤؤ򤹤뤳Ȥ⤢äΤ顤¯ͤνؤ⤢ꤨäƿΤäꥹȶ˵ͤ뤳ȤϡۤɿʽؤǤԼʤȤǤʤäȻפ롥


Ĥޤꡤ󥸥顤ŪʩѸˤäơꥹȶοͤסޥꥢִѲסѥ饤ֶ˳ڡפƤΤϡܸθηϤδ餤д¸Ѹ˿ƳȤȤǤꡤĤޤȤǵäƤ뤳Ȥϰ̣ (semantic_borrowing) Ǥ롥֥ǥס֥ޥꥢס֥ѥ饤פȤܿͤˤȤäƤޤ˰ۼǡ椨˥å󥰤ǤѸȤƳ⡤ʹƤ¸ܸΤʤˤäȡʤäĤȡ˿ʸʤ뤤ϽŪˤޤۤ۶ʤǤϹԹääȻפ롥
⤷Ȥˡ6ʹߤ˥󥰥ͤδ֤˥ꥹȶ򹭤褦Ȥ붵դ⡤ǽ顤褦ˡƥ deus ʿˤľܱѸƳΤǤϤʤѸ God Ѥơθ򤽤äȡʤäĤȡ˥ꥹȶŪñ֤ΤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#1619. ʤ deus Ѥ줺 God ݤ줿Τ ([2013-10-02-1]) ȡ#2663. ֥ץѡפȡ֤äĤѡ (1) ([2016-08-11-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

ʿ ܤҳ١ҡӡ2018ǯ.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-05-11-1] [2019-10-25-1]

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2018-07-17 Tue

#3368. ֥ƥϡ׸üѤλȷϩ [contact][latin][greek][french][borrowing][lexicology][loan_word]

֥ƥϡ (Latinate) ѸȤϡȤƥƥȥե󥹸򥽡ȤѸؤˤᤷơ¾Υޥ󥹽줫μѸޤळȤ⤢СꥷƥͳƱѸ˼ޤ뤳Ȥ¿äȤ顤ꥷѸľܼѤ줿ΤˤޤǸ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ѹ˾塤ƥϤθüѤ줿ȷϩϡʲΤ褦˿޼ǤСp. 113 οޤ򻲾Ȥˡ


                               Greek                                  

                                                                  
                                                                  
          
          Latin    Old and Middle French   Modern French    
          
                                                              
                                            
                                                              
          
                                                      
                                                      
                                                      

?Germanicrehistoric OEld English ?Middle English?Modern English?


ޤ򸫤ȡѸΥѡȥ꡼ѤäƤʤΤΡˤäƷϩޤ᤿ѸȤδؤ줾ħŪǤ뤳ȤƤ褯ʬ롥ѸθäˤȤ櫓ƶڤܤƤȤС嵭 "Latinate" languages иťΥɸ̾󤬤뤯餤Ǥꡤ֥ƥϡפ¸ߴƳǧǤ
ƥϤ˸¤ʤüѤηϩޤȤƤϡ#1930. ȱƶθ줿ɥ衼åѸ²δطޡ ([2014-08-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

ůȡ6ϡѲä ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ106--30ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-12-23-1]

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2018-06-11 Mon

#3332. Aitchison ˤѤ4Ĥħ [borrowing][contact]

Aitchison (150--52) ˤС (borrowing) ˤ4ĤνפħȤ

First, detachable elements are the most easily and commonly taken over --- that is, elements which are easily detached from the donor language and which will not affect the structure of the borrowing language. (150)


ϡɽŪʸäǤڤ䤹ñ̤ǤȤȤˤʤ롥ǤꡤŪʸáʸˡʤɡ¾θμѤʤȤ櫓ǤϤʤ (cf. #902. Ѥ䤹ܡ ([2011-10-16-1]))

A second characteristic is that adopted items tend to be changed to fit in with the structure of the borrower's language, though the borrower is only occasionally aware of the distortion imposed. (150)


ϡ㤨бñ줬ʸȤܸ˼ѤȤˡọ̇Ѳʤɤ¿쾯ʤܸ첽ƼޤΤ̤ȤȤ롥

A third characteristic is that a language tends to select for borrowing those aspects of the donor language which superficially correspond fairly closely to aspects already in its own. (151)


μѤ˺ݤơζθ礬¦θǤƤˤϡѤ䤹ʤ롤ȤäΤȤξǤ褽бطäۤʤѤ䤹ȤΤϤäȤä෿ΰפȤǤ (cf. #1779. ܿ٤ȼͽ¬ɸ ([2014-03-11-1])#900. ([2011-10-14-1])#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])#1781. ܿ෿ ([2014-03-13-1]))

A final characteristic has been called the 'minimal adjustment' tendency --- the borrowing language makes only very small adjustments to the structure of its language at any one time. In a case where one language appears to have massively affected another, we discover on close examination that the changes have come about in a series of minute steps, each of them involving a very small alteration only, in accordance with the maxim 'There are no leaps in nature.' (151)


̤μѤˤäơ¦θ줬礭Ѳ褦˸륱ǤäƤ⡤ϻ֤򤫤ƾĤʤäΤǤäơŪ11Ѥ˺ݤƵäƤ뤳Ȥ϶ϾѲˤʤȤǽ3ϡ衤ܿ (contact) ʬǤŦƤȤ4ܤλŦŪˤʤ줿ȤϡۤɤʤäΤǤϤʤȻפ롥
ϢơѤȤѸȳǰäơ#44. ּѡפˤߤ ([2009-06-11-1])#2010. Ѥϸʣ狼 ([2014-10-28-1])#3008. ּѤȤϻͤˤǤ¤Ǥס ([2017-07-22-1]) ƤΤǡȤ줿

Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 4th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-10-20-1]

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2018-05-22 Tue

#3312. ˤؤɽ [linguistics][language_acquisition][media][writing][borrowing][terminology]

ɸʸˡȤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ礭2Ĥؤʬȡ줾ִءסɽءפ̾դȤۤɤΤΤؾ塤2ʬȵڸ̤礭¼ (12) Ǥ롥

ǹͤƤäƤ褤ˤΤޤޤǤϡͤθδؤɽؤ˿ʬ롥ʸˡ䲻Ūʸäϡؤ°롥ʸŪʡʡֹʡס˸á󤷡ɽˡʹΥȥåˡʸΤʤɤϡɽؤ°롥λȤϡؤ°ʬҶ̵ռŪ˽Ƥޤɽؤ°ʬϡȳؽˤäƽ˿ȤˤĤ롥ϤȤʤСʤϤɬפǤ롥


ؤɽؤζ̤콬ˤʳϢưƤ뤳ȤϤޤǤʤޤζ̤ϡäդȽ񤭸դζ̡뤤Ͻ񤭸դΤʤǤθΤʸΤζ̤ȤϢư뤳Ȥ³¼ʸϤǿƤ (12)

񤭸ոΤϡʸá󤷡ɽˡʸΤʤɤɽʬǤϡɬäդˤϽäƤʤؤ°ʸˡ䲻øäʤɤ̤ǡäդΤ˽äƤ롥ʸΡסʸŵȤˤʸΡˤϡʸˡøäʤɤ̤ǡŵΤ˽äƤΤǤ롥


ؤɽؤζ̤Ϥޤ¾줫μѤФƳƤ٤ˤطؤ¾줫δĤŪˤɽؤǤϼ䤹ȤȤϤꤽˤĤƤϡ#902. Ѥ䤹ܡ ([2011-10-16-1])#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])#2011. Moravcsik ˤѤ ([2014-10-29-1]) ε䡤#2067. Weinreich ˤ촳Ĥηװ ([2014-12-24-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

¼ ˡäդܻˡ١ʸۡ2011ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-29-1] [2018-05-23-1]

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2018-04-03 Tue

#3263. ʤťΥɸ줫μѸ¿Ѹ˽ФΤ [sobokunagimon][old_norse][standardisation][loan_word][borrowing][medium][oe][eme]

#2869. ťΥɸ줫μѤϸűѸǤäƤ⡤ʸڤѸ ([2017-03-05-1]) Ǥ夲ƤˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ѸθäˤϸťΥɸ줫μѸ줬¿ޤޤƤ롥ŪطʤȤƤϡ9Ⱦʹߤ˸ťΥɸȤ󥰤󥰥꽻DZѸüԤȺäȤаޤ롥ǼѤ줿Ϥ¿θťΥɸ줫ñ줬ʸ˽ƸΤϡ󥰤꽻ʤűѸˤƤǤϤʤʤ̻֤ѸʹߡȤ櫓13ʹߤΤȤʤΤǤ롥ŪͽۤǯȼºݤʸڤǯȤδ֤˥åפȤϡѸˤǤ⤷Фм夲뤬ͳϰŪ˼Τ褦˹ͤƤBlake, p. 92 ˡ

It is a feature of the history of the English language that there are a considerable number of Old Norse loans in the language, but the appearance of these loans in writing occurs mainly from the thirteenth century onwards and not from the pre-Conquest period which is when the Viking invasions and settlements occurred. The usual explanation for this is as follows. Most Old English literature which has survived is written in the West Saxon dialect, and the dialect represents those areas of England which were least affected by the Scandinavian invasions and settlements. Hence Scandinavian influence in these areas cannot have been very significant. Even in those areas where the Danes had settled, they continued to live in their own communities and would only gradually have become absorbed among the Anglo-Saxon population. This implies that the new settlers were for a long time regarded as foreigners and no attempt was made to assimilate them. Consequently the introduction of Old Norse words into English was delayed in the Anglian dialects, and their southward drift would be even later than that. It is hardly surprising in this view that words of Scandinavian origin are not found in English in any numbers until the thirteenth century.


Ĥޤꡤ󥰤ϳΤ˥󥰥ˤɬ⤹ˤ轻Υ󥰥ͤȺä櫓ǤϤʤüѤޤ᤿ŪͻϰƳ٤äȤ櫓ޤűѸʸȤƻĤäƤΤ¿ϥ󥰥 West Saxon ǽ񤫤Ƥ뤿ᡤ󥰤θŪƶϸűѸˤʸڤˤΤȤ
Blake (93--94) ϤΰŪʸɤ˲ȤߤƤ롥

The continuity of West Saxon as Standard Old English would have discouraged the adoption of new words from other varieties and even from other languages. The tenth-century reforms were a continuation of the policies introduced by Alfred, and it is not surprising that the attitude towards standardisation and conservatism should have become more rigid as the standard grew in importance.


Blake ιͤϤäդΥ٥ǤϡŪаޤ鼫ͽۤȤꡤťΥɸ줫μѸ¿Ǥ˸űѸäƤɸŪݼŪ West Saxon ν񤭸դˤƤϡŪάŪʶοȤ⤤٤ťΥɸѸѤ뤳ȤϤդ路ʤȹͤ졤ӽ줿ΤǤϤʤĤޤꡤ͡θȯƤʸϤˤȿǤʤäȤȤǤϤʤ
񤭸դݼϤ褯Τ줿¤ɸŪʽ񤭸դȤʤФޤޤݼŪˤʤȤȤϡΤ˹ͤ롥

Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.

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2018-03-30 Fri

#3259. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (2) [synonym][loan_word][borrowing][renaissance][inkhorn_term][emode][lexicology][word_formation][suffix][affixation][neologism][derivation][statistics]

ε ([2018-03-29-1]) ³ԡ Bauer ư̾ΥꥹȤǤϡ-ment -ure ¸ߤΩäƤ17̾ˤɤΤ褦ʼΤΤꡤ줾줬Ĥ̾äƤΤˤĤƤ⡤Bauer (185) OED ˴ŤפȤäƤ롥̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ

SuffixNumber
-y2
-ery8
-ancy10
-ency10
-ence18
-ion20
-ance49
-al56
-ure96
-ation190
-ment258


ȥå׿Ⱦ򥫥СƤ뤳Ȥ顤٤ι⤤ŵŪʡ뤳ȤϳΤˤ狼롥ŵŪȤȤǡ꤬褹뤳ȤˤϤʤʤŵŪޤ᤿ʣƱδΤ³ȤȡƼºݤˤΤ褦¤줵ʻѤ줿ȤäǤ롥
εǿ줿褦ˡBauer Ϥ򿷸Υˡ˴ؤʣ˵Ƥ뤬ȴϢơŪФŪؤμפ¸ߤΤȤĥŸƤ롥

. . . there is a constant application of unproductive morphology in order to solve problems provided by productive morphology, so that the language is continually having new words added to it which are not the forms which would be the predicted ones, as well as a number of predicted forms. That is, the processes of history add irregularities (which are available to turn into regularities if enough of them are coined). History, rather than simplifying matters (or rather than merely simplifying matters), reflects a process of building in extra complications.


ѼԤοؤ׵ϡɬŪͿƤʤȤη̤Ǥʤۤɤʣ̯ʤΤǡŪμʤѤơԵ§ФȤ⤢Τ⤷ʤ˸ؼԤϡѼԤΡΤ褦ʣ̯¤쿴ˤɤޤΤǤϤ뤬ƥ󥰤ʥơޤǤ롥

Bauer, Laurie. "Competition in English Word Formation." Chapter 8 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 177--98.

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2018-03-29 Thu

#3258. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (1) [synonym][lexical_blocking][loan_word][borrowing][renaissance][inkhorn_term][emode][lexicology][word_formation][suffix][affixation][neologism][derivation][cognate]

ѹͥ󥹴17ˤϡƥ䥮ꥷ濴Ȥ줫̤θäѤ줿ηаޤˤĤƤϡޤǡ#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1]) ʤɤε͡ʳ٤夲ƤλˤϡФСƱפۤʤäȼäȤݤ줿㤨СǤ1586ǯ discovery Ѹä˲äƤȤˡ17ˤʤäƱ discoverance discoverment ⸽졤û֤ȤϤ硦¸ΤǤʴϢơ#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
ʲϡBauer (186) OED 17˽Фư̾ȤǤ롥

abutmentabuttal 
bequeathalbequeathment 
bewitcherybewitchment 
commitmentcommittalcommittance
composalcompositure 
comprisalcomprisementcomprisure
concumbenceconcumbency 
condolementcondolence 
conducenceconducency 
contrivalcontrivance 
depositationdepositure 
deprivaldeprivement 
desistancedesistency 
discoverancediscoverment 
disfigurationdisfigurement 
disprovaldisprovement 
disquietaldisquietment 
dissentationdissentment 
disseverationdisseverment 
encompassmentencompassure 
engraftmentengrafture 
exhaustmentexhausture 
exposalexposementexposure
expugnanceexpugnancy 
expulsationexpulsure 
extendmentextendure 
impartmentimparture 
imposalimposementimposure
insistenceinsisture 
interposalinterposure 
pretendencepretendment 
promotementpromoval 
proposalproposure 
redamancyredamation 
renewalrenewance 
reposancereposure 
reservalreservancy 
resistalresistment 
retrievalretrievement 
returnalreturnment 
securancesecurement 
subdualsubduement 
supportmentsupporture 
surchargementsurchargure 


θΤʤˤϡߤǤɸŪʤΤ⤢СǤѸȤʤäƤΤ⤢롥û֤ѤʤäΤ⤢С줿Τ⤢롥17˺줿Ʊ̾ȶ礷Τ⤢СǤʤΤ⤢롥λθ塤˻ޤǤˡ2Ÿ3Ÿ¸Ƥä⤢СǤʤ⤢롥Τ lexical_blocking θˤǤΤ⤢СǤʤΤ⤢롥ĤޤꡤȤˤĤư̲Ƹ뤳ȤϤޤʤΤǤ롥
17˸¤ʤȤϤȤ櫓ˡߤ˰̣㤨ʤ̾줬ʣ졤硦¸Ȥ¤ϲʪΤƥ䥮ꥷ줫Τ褦˸Ѥ̤Ȥ⤤뤷餫Ф̾Ѥ̵ˤ̾͡¤줷Ƥä̤Ȥ⤤롥Bauer (197) ϼҲŪʴ顤Τ褦˼Ƥ롥

Individual ad hoc decisions on relevant forms may or may not be picked up widely in the community. . . . [I]t is clear from the history which the OED presents that the need of the individual for a particular word is not always matched by the need of the community for the same word, with the result that multiple coinages are possible.


ˤ衤Ū𤬡Ѹư̾η֤˾ʤȺ⤿餷³Ƥ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ롥塤Ƥ椯ȤƤ⡤餯ˤϿȤĹ֤뤳Ȥ

Bauer, Laurie. "Competition in English Word Formation." Chapter 8 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 177--98.

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2018-01-10 Wed

#3180. ˹ٸ̤Ƥե󥹡ƥѸ [french][latin][loan_word][borrowing][frequency][statistics][lexicology][hc][bnc]

ѸˤǤϡѸ줫Ѹˤơե󥹸ȥƥ줫̤θüѤʤ줿Τ߾ѤΤˤĤƤϡ餯ѻ饹Ȥƻ֤ȤȤ˻٤ƤΤ롥ȤΤϡѤ줿餫٤Ѥ줿ȤϹͤˤ˱ѸƱﲽƤȤȤ館Τ
β¾ڤΤˤĤˡꤽDurkin ĴԤʤäƤ롥Ѹ졤Ѹ졤ѸΤ줾ˤƥѥ˴ŤǹٸꥹȤꡤΤʤ˥ե󥹡ƥѸ줬ɤΤ餤γǴޤޤƤ뤫Ĵ١γ̻ŪܤӤȤˡŤΥѥǤֻѰۤȤ꤬ؤ뤿ᡤ̩Ĵ褦ȤñˤϤʤDurkin ϤȤꤢˡȤơѸȽѸˤĤƤ Helsinki Corpus 1150--1500ǯ1500--1710ǯΥѤơѸˤĤƤ BNC Ѥưֻ١Ĵ줾٥󥭥󥰤ˤ900--1000̤ۤɤޤǤñֻ˥ꥹȤꡤΤʤǥե󥹡ƥѸ줬ϤФ
̤ϡѸ쥻Ǥ7%ۤɤäΤѸ쥻Ǥ19%ޤǾ徺˸Ѹ쥻Ǥ38%ޤǤ˻äƤ롥ƤĴǤ뤳ȤǧĤĤ⡤ե󥹡ƥѸǸѤƤΤ¿ˤĤƤϡˤΤʤǽ٤夲Ƥ̤ȤơߤŪʤ򼨤Ȥ褯狼ä
ˤ⤷ȤˡѸΥ1500--1710ǯˤ˴ؤͤˤĤơٸꥹȤ˴ޤޤե󥹡ƥѸΤ٤Ƥ1500ǯ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤꡤ⤽2/3ۤɤϳμ¤˥ե󥹼ѸǤȤ¤ǧ (Durkin 338--39)
ޤѸȽѸιٸꥹȤ˴ޤޤե󥹡ƥѸ¿ѸιٸꥹȤˤƸƤ¤ˤ⿨ƤŤ2ˤϸ뤬ϳƤ췲įȡʤȤѲ򴶤Ƥ롥㤨Сhonour, justice, manner, noble, parliament, pray, prince, realm, religion, supper, treason, usury, virtue Ǥ (Durkin 340)
ˤäƺѸꥹȤ䥭ɤۤʤ뤳ȤȤ˱Ѹ쥳ѥѤ͡ʻӤƤߤȤ⤷㤨СѸ쥳ѥ˴ŤɡꥹȤˤĤơ#2332. EEBO ΥɤС ([2015-09-15-1]) 򻲾ȡޤ٤ˤˤĤƤϡ#1243. ٤θ̻ŪΤˡ ([2012-09-21-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-05-1] [2020-08-25-1]

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