ޤܥ֥ǥ줫μѸˤĤƼ夲Ȥʤä#756. μѸ ([2011-05-23-1]) Ǿ줿٤äΤǡϤ⤦Ƥߤ
Durkin (378--79) ˤСͽ̤Ѹο¿ʤۤȤɤʸҲ˴ؤ˸ꤵƤ롥ʲϥץǤϤ뤬ǯ˵Ƥߤ롥
boyar ˼² (1555)
tsar ʹ (1555)
verst ʥ٥륹ʥεΥñ̡1.067kmˡ (1555)
rouble ʥ롼֥ (1557)
muzhik ̱ (1587)
beluga ʥ٥롼ӥ (1591)
protopope ʼʻʺס (1591)
parka ʥѡ (1625)
pope ʶʺס (1662)
steppe ʥƥåס (a.1670)
copeck ʥڥ (1/100 rouble) (1698)
mammoth ʥޥ⥹ (1706)
tsarevich ʹҡ (1710)
knout ʳפΤ (1716)
yurt ʥȡѥʰưƥȾˡ (1780)
vodka ʥå (1802--03)
rayon ʥ졼¤ (1830)
samovar ʥ (1830)
babushka ʥХ֡奫ʽѥաˡ (1834)
oblast ʽ (a.1837)
duma ʹ (1870)
kulak (1877)
intelligentsia μ (1883)
borsch ʥܥ륷 (1884)
borzoi ʥܥ륾ʥθˡ (1887)
pogrom Ի (1891)
dacha (1896)
Bolshevik ʥܥ륷ӥ (1907)
Presidium ʺǹĴ (1907)
Soviet ʥӥȡ (1917)
Menshevism ʥӥ (1920)
Suprematism ʥץޥƥ (1920)
Politburo ɡ (1923)
agitprop ʥץ (1925)
troika ʥȥ (1945)
Gulag ʥ饰 (1946)
matryoshka ʥޥȥ硼奫 (1946)
nomenklatura ʥΡġ (1958)
samizdat ϲǡ (1967)
glasnost ʥ饹Υ (1986)
perestroika ʥڥ쥹ȥ (1986)
ѸοȤƤ19Ⱦ20ȾԡǤ롥λϱѸäΤȤäǤȤȤ̣ɾɬפ롥
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ε#3863. adapt ˤߤѸθ ([2019-11-24-1]) ˰³Durkin (334) retard pulse ˴ؤΩΤƤߤ褦
retard (1490) retardate (1613) 2줬ưȤƥ饤ХطˤΤǤ롥췲ǯ˵褦ʤŪˤϵžƤ褦ˤߤ륱⤢ˡretardation (n.) (c.1437), retardance (n.) (1550), retarding (n.) (1585), retardment (n.) (1640), retardant (adj.) (1642), retarder (n.) (1644), retarding (adj.) (1645), retardative (adj.) (1705), retardure (n.) (1751), retardive (adj.) (1787), retardant (n.) (1824), retardatory (adj.) (1843), retardent (adj.) (1858), retardent (n.) (1858), retardency (n.) (1939), retardancy (n.) (1947) Ȥʤ롥
Ʊ褦 pulse (?a.1425) pulsate (1674) ưδΤȤơ͡줬ƤʤϤŪˤϵžƤ褦ˤߤ륱⤢ˡpulsative (n.) (a.1398), pulsatile (adj.) (?a.1425), pulsation (n.) (?a.1425), pulsing (n.) (a.1525), pulsing (adj.) (1559), pulsive (adj.) (1600), pulsatory (adj.) (1613), pulsant (adj.) (1642), pulsating (adj.) (1742), pulsating (n.) (1829) Ǥ롥
ΤʤˤľܤμѸ⤢ѸǷ줿⤢ξǤȲ᤹Τʸ⤢䡤㤤ϲ;ʤɤΤͤޤä word family Ǥ롥
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
Ѹθä˴ؤ1ĤˡƱΩ롥#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1])#3258. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (1) ([2018-03-29-1])#3259. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (2) ([2018-03-30-1]) ʤɤƤ adapt ȤΤȯˤΩΤƤߤ褦ʲDurkin (332--33) ˰͵롥
OED ˤȡ15 adapted 뤬adapt ñΤȤƽиΤ1531ǯǤ롥켫Ρƥ adaptāre ȥե adapter Τ줬Ѥ줿ΤʤΤ뤤Ϥη˴ŤƤΤʤΤɬΤǤϤʤ
θ塤ξΤȤ͡줬˸롥adaptation (n.) (1597), adapting (n.) (1610), adaption (n.) (1615), adaptate (v.) (1638), adaptness (n.) (1657), adapt (adj.) (1658), adaptability (n.) (1661), adaptable (adj.) (1692), adaptive (adj.) (1734), adaptment (n.) (1739), adapter (n.) (1753), adaptor (1764), adaptative (adj.) (1815), adaptiveness (n.) (1815), adaptableness (n.) (1833), adaptorial (adj.) (1838), adaptational (adj.) (1849), adaptivity (n.) (1840), adaptativeness (n.) (1841), adaptationism (n.) (1889), adaptationalism (n.) (1922) ΤȤ
θ줬θ줫μѤʤΤΤǤ뤷⤽ѤʤɤǤϤʤѸˤ¤줵줿Ǥǽ⤤ԤξˤϡֱפֱʩפȤȤˤʤ롥˸ŪˡΤ褦ʸ췲ȸƤ褤ΤǺȤǤ롥
˴ؤ Durkin (333) βƤ
Very few of these words show direct borrowing from Latin or French (probably just adapt verb, adaptate, adaptation, and maybe adapt adjective), but a number of others are best explained as hybrid or analogous formations on Latin stems. The group as a whole illustrates the impact of the borrowing of a handful of key words in giving rise to an extended word family over time, including many full or partial synonyms. In some cases synonyms may have arisen accidentally, as speakers were simply ignorant of the existence of earlier formations; some others could result from misrecollection of earlier words. . . . However, such profligacy and redundancy is typical of such word families in English well into the Later Modern period, well beyond the period in which 'copy' was particularly in vogue in literary style.
饭ɤФ "hybrid or analogous formations", "ignorant", "misrecollection", "profligacy and redundancy" ʤɤȤʤ
ƤȴϢȤơʲε⻲Ȥ줿
#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1])
#1927. ʩ ([2014-08-06-1])
#3165. ȤƤ conspicuous external ([2017-12-26-1])
#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1])
#3179. ֿŵŪʣפֱפ ([2018-01-09-1])
#3348. Ѹ˼ѷϤܼΤ˿ĥ ([2018-06-27-1])
#3858. פֱפȤ̤θݡ ([2019-11-19-1])
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ѸפˤĤơܥ֥ waseieigo γƵǼ夲ƤϢơסˡֱפֱʩפˤĤƤƤʲεȡ
#1624. Ѹΰ ([2013-10-07-1])
#3793. դ٤ʸ졦Ѹΰ ([2019-09-15-1])
#1629. ([2013-10-12-1])
#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1])
#1927. ʩ ([2014-08-06-1])
̤˸ܤǤϡѸפϤ֤ջäƼƤ뤬ܸȱѸŪĹܿη̤ȤơˤƼʸθݤȻϹͤƤ롥ƱϡäĹˤΤפˤƤϤޤ롥פΤۤȤɤϤäܸä夷Ƥ뤿˰´ʤǤꡤȤߤСѸפⲿۤʤȤʤƣ (115--16) ⡤ΤȤƤ롥
졦ϡ衤ѸǤ뤬ˤϡѤǤܸȤ߹碌δ졦˻ƺäΤ⤢롥줾졤ספȤϡŤ鸫뤬ʡֲлס纬סơסʪפʤɡˡäˡˤΤζŪʻʪ䳵ǰȤ¿줿ʡְϡסֱDzסֵ֡סֻǡסưספʤɡˡ֥åסס֥ޥס֥Ρåȡס֥ޥХפʤɤϡγ줬ñǤȤѤƤ櫓ǡܸ첽˶̤Τ롥
Ѹˤδ餤СƱȤֱסֱʩפˤƤϤޤ롥ȤܿʤĹǻ³С֡פȤϼȸΤǤ롥ơ¾οȰۤʤ餺餬Ƴ줿餳¿ʤȤܤǸ줿ȤƤ⡤ŪѤ褦ˤʤмƱƤήԤʤѤƤΤǤ롥¾θˤ뿷Τɤѥ٤ơä˰ۤʤȤϤʤ
ƣ ˡŸ˾ܸ١ҡ1996ǯ
ñθ츻˴ؤѤɸνѸϡʬˤȤ롥 OED ϤƼμäƤߤǤͭѤʤΤϡإ˥缭ŵ٤ʤΤǤϤʤʲΤ褦ˤ롥
1 ΤȤǤ˸θʣϤΡ˷ǡ
2 ʤñΡ˸ԸѸ two ФűѸ twāա
3 θ졥
äޤäʤ֥ƥסʣ etyma ֥ƥޡסˤȸƤ֤ۤʤߤƤʤָ츻ǡפۤɤ
إ˥缭ŵ٤3ĤθƤȤꡤetymon ϡָ츻פʣ¦̤˸ƤƤꡤ椨˾ʬˤʤäƤ뤬¤ϤȤƤѸǤ롥֡Ȥñθ츻ϲפȤŪʼФ͡ˤбƤ뤫
ȤСpoorly Ȥñθ츻ϲפȤˤĤƹͤ褦Ф1ĤˤϡѸ poureliche ̤פȤΤλ夫ǧСФơpoorly θ츻ȤФ褤poureliche ϡ"the Middle English etymon of poorly" ȤȤˤʤ롥θ2б롥
⤦1Ĥˤϡpoorly Ϸƻ poor -ly ʤäƤǤ롥ϰ츫ȸ츻ȤϸΤ褦˻פ롥Ǥ츻˴ؤŪʼˤƵƤˤϤʤºݡѸ poureliche ηƻ poure -liche Ȥ߹碌¤줷ΤǤ뤫顤ϸ̩ʰ̣ˤƤ츻ˤʤäƤΤǤ롥ξ硤poor/poure -ly/-liche ϡơ etymon ȤȤˤʤʤĤޤ "the two etyma of poorly"ˡθ1б롥
Ǹˡpoorly 1ܤ etymon Ǥ poor/poure ܤƼȡ֤ñϥե povre ѤΡפȤȤˤʤ롥ѸξˤϡѸȤθǤη֡ʡ#901. Ѥʬ ([2011-10-15-1]) Ѹ˽ "model"ˤΤŵŪǤ롥ƤΤ "the French etymon of poor" ȤȤˤʤ롥θ3б롥
ե povre ϡ켫Τ˸Ť츻äƤꡤƥ pauper 䡤˰ĸ *pau- ˤޤ̤롥γơ⡤2ΰ̣Ǥ etymon ȤǤ롥ˡ2ܤ etymon Ǥ -ly/-liche ΤۤܤʤСϤȤƥޥĸ̤˭ˤ etymon äƤ롥ˤ etymon ˻ޤ etymon Ϣ³Ȥ櫓
etymon ϤΤ褦͡ñ̤ؤѤΤǾʬˤ椨ޤʤΤ⤷ʤ֡Ȥñθ츻ϲפȤ䤤ФƤɤΤ褦ȤƤ⡤ϤƤ etymon/etyma λŦȤʤäƤϤǤ롥Τ褦 etymon Ȥ館ȡषʬ䤹ʤΤǤϤʤ
űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥñˤĤơʲεǼ夲Ƥ
#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#1895. űѸΥƥѸֻȼѤ ([2014-07-05-1])
#3787. 650ǯդȤ롤ΥƥѸü ([2019-09-09-1])
#3790. 650ǯΥƥѸΰ ([2019-09-12-1])
#3829. 650ǯʸΥƥѸΰ ([2019-10-21-1])
ΥƥѸ˴ؤ1ĤϡΤξʤ̿θ줬Τ˸Ѹˤߤ뤬ϸűѸĤäƤΤʤΤ뤤ϰѤ줿Τ˺ƼѤ줿ΤʤΤȤȤˤƥ츻ȤƤ϶̤ǤȤϤǤ뤫⤷ʤԤǤиűѸμѸȤƱѸˤѤˤĹȤˤʤ뤷ԤǤѸѸŪѸȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹˤ̤ƾ˥ƥܿƤȤ𤬤ꡤФФΥȽǤȸȤǸۤʤäƤʤɤμ꤬꤬СƼѤǧ뤳ȤǤȤϤˤΤ褦ʼ꤬꤬櫓Ǥʤ
Ȥ櫓650ǯʸθűѸΥƥѸ˴ؤơȽǤΩġε ([2019-10-21-1]) į褦ˡŪʥ쥸äƤʤäȤܤʸäʤʤ¿³ǤϤʤκƼѤǤϤʤȵ롥
Durkin (131) ϡ650ǯΥƥѸˤĤơޤ³ĤäƤǽι⤤ΤΤ褦˰Ƥ롥
abbot; alms; anthem; ass; belt; bin; bishop; box; butter; candle; chalk; cheap; cheese; chervil; chest; cock; cockle (plant name); copper; coulter; cowl; cup; devil; dight; dish; fennel; fever; fork; fuller; inch; kiln; kipper; kirtle; kitchen; line; mallow; mass (= Eucharist); mat; (perhaps) mattock; mile; mill; minster; mint (for coinage); mint (plant name); -monger; monk; mortar; neep (and hence turnip); nun; pail; pall (noun); pan (if borrowed); pear; (probably) peel; pepper; pilch (noun); pile (= stake); pillow; pin; to pine; pipe; pit; pitch (dark substance); (perhaps) to pluck; (perhaps) plum; (perhaps) plume; poppy; post; (perhaps) pot; pound; priest; punt; purple; radish; relic; sack; Saturday; seine; shambles; shrine; shrive (and shrift, Shrove Tuesday); sickle; (perhaps) silk; sock; sponge; (perhaps) stop; street; strop (and hence strap); tile; toll; trivet; trout; tun; to turn; turtle-dove; wall; wine
ΥꥹȤˡǽ㤯ʤ뤬³ȹͤΤȤƼɲäƤ (131)
anchor; angel; antiphon; arch-; ark; beet and beetroot; capon; cat; crisp; drake (= dragon, not duck); fan; Latin; lave; master; mussel; (wine-)must; pea; pine (the tree); plant; to plant; port; provost; psalm; scuttle; table; also (where the re-borrowing would be from early Scandinavian) kettle
³ơ650ǯʸΥƥѸˤĤơޤ³ǤȺäƤ뾯θΤ褦˵Ƥ (132)
aloe; cook; cope (= garment); noon; pole; pope; school; (if borrowed) fiddle; (in some of these cases re-borrowing in very early Middle English could also be possible)
ơ夯ʤ뤬650ǯʸΥƥѸȤƸޤ³βǽΤΤϼ̤ (132)
altar; canker; cap; clerk; comet; creed; deacon; false; flank; hyssop; lily; martyr; myrrh; to offer; palm (tree); paradise; passion; peony; pigment; prior; purse; rose; sabbath; savine; sot; to spend; stole; verse; also (where the re-borrowing would be from early Scandinavian) cole
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
#3790. 650ǯΥƥѸΰ ([2019-09-12-1]) ³ȿФ650ǯְʸפΥƥѸDurkin (116--19) 褦ΰȰۤʤŪǤϤʤޤǰΤʤΤա
650ǯȰʸμѸηˤĤӤȡԤϳ䡦ȷӤĤäΩĤȤ狼#3787. 650ǯդȤ롤ΥƥѸü ([2019-09-09-1]) ⻲ȡ
[ Religion and the Church ]
acolitus 'acolyte' [L acoluthus, acolitus]
altare, alter 'altar' [L altare]
apostrata 'apostate' [L apostata]
apostol 'apostle' [L apostrolus]
canon 'canon, rule of the Church; canon, cleric living under a canonical rule' [L canon]
capitol 'chapter, section; chapter, assembly' [L capitulum]
clauster 'monastic cell, cloister, monastery' [L claustrum]
cleric, also '(earlier) clīroc 'clerk, clergyman' [L clericus]
crēda, crēdo 'creed' [L credo]
crisma 'holy oil, chrism; white cloth or garment of the newly baptized; chrismatory or pyx' [L chrisma]
crismal 'chrism cloth' [L chrismalis]
crūc 'cross' [L cruc-, crux]
culpa 'fault, sin' [L culpa]
decan 'person who supervises a group of (originally) ten monks or nuns, a dean' [L decanus]
dēmōn 'devil, demon' [L aemon]
dīacon 'deacon' [L diaconus]
discipul 'disciple; follower; pupil' [L discipulus]
eretic 'heretic' [L haereticus]
graþul 'gradual (antiphon sung between the Epistle and the Gospel at Mass)' [L graduale]
īdol 'idol' [L idolum]
lētanīa 'litany' [L letania]
martir, martyr 'martyr' [L martyr]
noctern 'nocturn, night office' [L nocturna]
nōn 'ninth hour (approximately 3 p.m.); office said at this time' [L nona (hora)]
organ 'canticle, song, melody; musical instrument, especially a wind instrument'
orgel- (in orgeldrēam 'instrumental music') [L organum]
pāpa 'pope' [L papa]
paradīs 'paradise, Garden of Eden, heaven' [L paradisus]
passion 'story of the Passion of Christ' [L passion-, passio]
prīm 'early morning office of the Church' [L prima]
prior 'superior office of a religious house or order, prior' [L prior]
sabat 'sabbath' [L sabbata]
sācerd 'priest; priestess' [L sacerdos]
salm, psalm, sealm 'psalm, sacred song' [L psalma]
saltere, sealtere 'psalter, also type of stringed instrument' [L psalterium]
sanct 'holy person, saint' [L sanctus]
stōl, stōle 'long outer garment; ecclesiastical vestment' [L stola]
tempel 'temple' [L templum]
[ Learning and scholarship ]
accent 'diacritic mark' [L accentus]
bærbære 'barbarous, foreign' [L barbarus]
biblioþēce, bibliþēca 'library' [L bibliotheca]
cālend 'first day of the month; (in poetry) month' [L calendae]
cærte, carte '(leaf or sheet of) vellum; piece of writing, document, charter' [L charta, carta]
centaur 'centaur' [L centaurus]
circul 'circle, cycle' [L circulums]
comēta 'comet' [L cometa]
coorte, coorta 'cohort' [L cohort-, cohors]
cranic 'chronicle' [L chronicon or chronica]
cristalla, cristallum 'crystal; ice' [L crystallum]
epistol, epistola, pistol 'letter' [L epistola, epistula]
fers, uers 'verse, line of poetry, passage, versicle' [L versus]
gīgant 'giant' [L gigant- gigas]
grād 'step; degree' [L gradus]
grammatic-cræft 'grammar' [L grammatica]
legie 'legion' [L legio]
meter 'metre' [L metrum]
nōt 'note, mark' [L nota]
nōtere 'scribe, writer' [L notarius]
part 'part (of speech)' [L part-, pars]
philosoph 'philosopher' [L philosophus]
punct 'quarter of an hour' [L punctum]
tītul 'title, superscription' [L titulus]
þēater 'theatre' [L theatrum]
[ Plants, fruit, and products of plants ]
alwe 'aloe' [L aloe]
balsam, balzam 'balsam, balm' [L balsamum]
berbēne 'vervain, verbena' [L verbena]
cāl, cāul, cāwel (or cawel) 'cabbage' [L caulis]
calcatrippe 'caltrops, or another thorny or spiky plant' [L calcatrippa]
ceder 'cedar' [L cedrus]
coliandre, coriandre 'coriander' [L coliandrum, coriandrum]
cucumer 'cucumber' [L cucumer-, cucumis]
cypressus 'cypress' [L cypressus]
fēferfuge (or feferfuge), fēferfugie (or feferfugie) 'feverfew' [L febrifugia, with substitution of Old English fēfer or fefer for the first element]
laur, lāwer 'laurel, bay, laver' [L laurus]
lilie 'lily' [L lilium]
mōr- (in mōrberie, mōrbēam) 'mulberry' [L morus]
murre 'myrrh' [L murra, murrha, mytrrha]
nard 'spikenard (name of a plant and of ointment made from it)' [L nardus]
palm, palma, pælm 'palm (tree)' [L palma]
peonie 'peony' [L paeonia]
peruince, perfince 'periwinkle' [L pervinca]
petersilie 'parsley' [L ptetrosilenum, petrosilium, petresilium]
polente (or perhaps polenta) 'parched corn' [L polenta]
pyretre 'pellitory' (a plant) [L pyrethrum]
rōse (or rose) 'rose' [L rosa]
rōsmarīm, rōsmarīnum 'rosemary' [L rosmarinum]
safine 'savine (type of plant)' [L sabina]
salfie, sealfie 'sage' [L salvia]
spīce, spīca 'aromatic herb, spice, spikenard' [L spica]
stōr 'incense, frankincense' [probably L storax]
sycomer 'sycamore' [L sycomorus]
ysope 'hyssop' [L hyssopus]
[ Animals ]
aspide 'asp, viper' [L aspid-, aspis]
basilisca 'basilisk' [L basiliscus]
camel, camell 'camel' [L camelus]
*delfīn 'dolphin' [L delfin]
fenix 'phoenic; (in one example) kind of tree' [L phoenix]
lēo 'lion' [L leo]
lopust 'locust' [L locusta]
loppestre, lopystre 'lobster' [probably L locusta]
pndher 'panther' [L panther]
pard 'panther, leopard' [L pardus]
pellican 'name of a bird of the wilderness' [L pellicanus]
tiger 'tiger' [L tigris]
ultur 'vulture' [L vultur]
[ Medicine ]
ātrum, atrum, attrum 'black vitriol; atrament; blackness' [L atramentum]
cancer 'ulcerous sore' [L cancer]
flanc 'flank' [L *flancum]
mamme 'teat' [L mamma]
pigment 'drug' [L pigmentum]
plaster 'plaster (medical dressing), plaster (building material)' [L plastrum, emplastrum]
sċrofell 'scrofula' [L scrofula]
tyriaca 'antidote to poison' [L tiriaca, theriaca]
[ Tools and implements ]
pāl 'stake, stave, post, pole; spade' [L palus]
(perhaps) paper '(probably) wick' [L papirus, papyrus]
pīc 'spike, pick, pike' [perhals L *pic-]
press 'press (specifically clothes-press)' [L pressa or French presse]
[ Building and construction; settlements ]
castel, cæstel 'village, small town; (in late manuscripts) castle' [L castellum]
foss 'ditch' [L fossa]
marman-, marmel- (in marmanstān, marmelstān 'marble' [L marmor]
[ Receptacles ]
purs, burse 'purse' [L bursa]
[ Money; units of measurement ]
cubit 'cubit, measure of length' [L cubitum]
mancus 'a money of account equivalent to thirty pence, a weight equivalent to thirty pence' [L mancus]
talente 'talent (as unit of weight or of money)' [L talentum]
[ Clothing ]
cæppe, also (in cantel-cāp 'cloak worn by a cantor') cāp 'cloak, hood, cap' (with uncertain relationship to cōp in the same meaning) [L cappa]
tuniċe, tuneċe 'undergarment, tunic, coat, toga' [L tunica]
[ Roles, ranks, and occupations (non-religious or not specifically religious) ]
centur, centurio, centurius 'centurion' [L centurion-, centurio]
cōc 'cook' [L *cocus, coquus]
consul 'consul' [L consul]
fiþela 'fiddler' (also fiþelere 'fiddler', fiþelestre '(female) fiddler') [probably L vitula]
[ Warfare ]
mīlite 'soldiers' [L milites, plural of miles]
[ Verbs ]
acordan 'to reconcile' [perhaps L accordare, although more likely a post-Conquest borrowing from French]
acūsan 'to accuse (someone)' [L accusare]
ġebrēfan 'to set down briefly in writing' [L breviare]
dēclīnian 'to decline or inflect' [L declinare]
offrian 'to offer, sacrifice' [L offerre]
*platian 'to make or beat into thin plates' (implied by platung 'metal plate' and ġeplatod and aplatod 'beaten into thin plates') [L plata, noun]
predician 'to preach' [L predicare, praedicare]
prōfian 'to assume to be, to take for' [L probare]
rabbian 'to rage' [L rabiare]
salletan 'to sing psalms, to play on the harp' [L psallere]
sċrūtnian, sċrūdnian 'to examine' [L scrutinare]
*spendan 'to spend' (recorded in Old English only in the derivatives spendung, aspendan, forspendan) [L expendere]
studdian 'to look after, be careful for' [L studere]
temprian 'to modify; to cure, heal; to control' [L temperare]
tonian 'to thunder' [L tonare]
[ Adjectives ]
fals 'false' [L falsus]
mechanisċ 'mechanical' [L mechanicus]
[ Miscellaneous ]
fals 'fraud, trickery' [L falsum]
rocc (only in stānrocc) 'cliff or crag' [L rocca]
sott 'fool', also adjective 'foolish' [L sottus]
tabele, tabul, tabule 'tablet, board; writing tablet; gaming table' [L tabula]
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ѸˤˤơѸƱޥ췲λǤ Old Saxon ¸ߴǤϤʤε#3819. եå粦ˤ륤ɤγò ([2019-10-11-1]) ǿ줿եå粦ζפ˺ݤơJohn Ȥ̾θťͤ亴̳ƤȤϿ롥ޤGenesis B ȤΤűѻˤϡ9 Old Saxon 줿1ޤޤƤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥
Genesis B ˤϡhearra (lord), sima (chain), landscipe (region), heodæg (today) ޤྯ Old Saxon ͳ褹Ȥܤ줬ǧ롥˼ѤʤäȤǤϡѸ˾ΰյϾȤ虜ʤɬפȤФȤñ¿줫ڤȤȯãѸλŪħűѸˤǤ˸ƤȤȤõƤƤ褤 (Crystal 27)
̤ˡѸˤˤơְŪ״طᤤޥ췲μѸ¿ϤʤŪطᤤΤǤС¤θܿ¿äϤǤϤʤ뤬ǤʤȤСʹϡ˥ɥĸ줫μѸϡ#2164. ѸˤǤޤΩʤɥĸ줫μѡ ([2015-03-31-1])#2621. ɥĸαѸؤܳŪ19 ([2016-06-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΤȤƤΩʤʤεϤDZѸ˱ƶͿȤΤϡեޥ줯餤Ͻ줫θŪƶˤĤƤϡ#149. եޥȱѸˡ ([2009-09-23-1])#2645. 줫Ѥ줿ߤΤñ ([2016-07-24-1])#2646. Ѹ˴ؤס ([2016-07-25-1])#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1])#3436. ɤӤȤܿˡ ([2018-09-23-1]) Ȥ줿
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2019.
ѸˤĤƤϡ#1624. Ѹΰ ([2013-10-07-1]) ϤȤ (waseieigo) γƵǼ夲ƤѸ˾ֱסֱʩסֱפʤɤǧƤꡤѸפϷ褷ܸΤߤΥäǤϤʤҤȤʤ̸üѤˤɤäƤˤϡФи븽ݤǤ롥
ǤεѸΰشۤΡرѸŵ٤ӡդ٤ʸ졦Ѹ (pp. 450--53) ꤹ볺äΤǡƸƤܸȤƤŤΡʤȤ졩ˤʤʤ褦ʡ
| ơground; ʱѡearth | |
| åȥޡ | at sign |
| ɥХ륤 | advertising balloon |
| ˥ | animation |
| ѡ | ơapartment house; ʱѡblock of flats |
| եӥ | after-sales service |
| ߥۥ | tinfoil; aluminum foil |
| | anchor(man/woman) |
| amplifier | |
| semi-tailored | |
| ޥ | yes-man |
| ʥ | makeover |
| 饹 | illustration |
| åȥץ | ink-jet printer |
| ۥ | intercom |
| եޡʾޡ | info(r)mercial |
| ե | infrastructure |
| | ơturn signal; ʱѡindicator |
| ޥ | women's liberation |
| air conditioner | |
| extract | |
| ͥ륮å | energetic |
| | engagement ring |
| | ignition key |
| | engine stall; engine failure |
| | entertainment |
| | custom-made; tailor-made; made to order |
| ȥХ | motorcycle |
| ץ | convertible |
| 饦ɤΡŪ | ơall-around; ʱѡall-round |
| ե | hydrogen peroxide |
| Х | sacrifice bunt |
| ơsuspender; ʱѡgarter | |
| ɥޥ | (security) guard |
| ʥ | car navigation system |
| ʥ˥졼 | racing driver |
| | ơgas station; ʱѡpetrol station |
| ơcatalog; ʱѡcatalogue | |
| åĥܡ | victory pose |
| ޥʼ̿ȡ | photographer |
| ޥʱDzʤɤΡ | cameraman |
| ˥ | cheating |
| ̥ӡ | canned beer |
| å | keyboarding |
| ۥ | key chain; key ring |
| ޡ | hickey; kiss mark |
| եȥɡʥեȷ | gift certificate |
| 㥹ʲԡ | newscaster |
| åܡ | play catch |
| åۥ | telephone with call waiting |
| 顼˼֡ | air conditioner |
| 饯 | (car) horn |
| ꥹޥ (X'mas) | Xmas; Christmas |
| ॻ | ơ(penny) arcade; amusement arcade |
| å | coin-operated locker |
| go-kart | |
| ϥ | coke highball |
| goggle | |
| all-clear; green light | |
| ȥå | traffic signal |
| ҡs | coffee bar |
| ݥ饹 | condominium |
| ǥ | prime time |
| ɥޡ | cold wave |
| Х | rubber band; ʱѡelastic band |
| grounder | |
| | ơ(electrical) outlet; ʱѡ(wall) socket |
| party; get-together | |
| ѥ˥ʰⷸ | escort; guide |
| combination | |
| ӥ | convenience store |
| soda | |
| ɥӥͥʥХȡ | sideline |
| ɥߥ顼 | ơside(view) mirror; ʱѡwing mirror, door mirror |
| ʽ̾ | signature |
| ͭ̾ͤʤɤΡ | autograph |
| ȥ | sound track |
| | off season |
| Х | jeans |
| åȥ | roller coaster |
| system administrator | |
| ƥ७å | built-in kitchen unit |
| 㡼ʥס˥ڥ | ơmechanical pencil; ʱѡpropelling pencil |
| 㡼 | jersey |
| 塼 | cream puff |
| Сʤǯ | senior citizen |
| С | priority seat |
| ѡʻٻԡ | sympathizer |
| å | squash |
| å | physical contact |
| ɥץ졼 | grandstand play |
| ƥå | (walking) stick |
| ƥʥ쥹 | stainless steel |
| ȡ | heater |
| ѥ | ơstudded tire; ʱѡstudded tyre |
| ԡɥ | slowdown |
| ԡɥ | speedometer |
| ڥߥ | spelling error; misspelling |
| ޡȤ | stylish; dashing |
| å | mules; scuffs |
| եƥХ | drag bunt |
| ϥ | sexual harassment |
| celeb(rity) | |
| ơ | adhesive tape; Scotch tape |
| եȡʥԥ塼 | software |
| ץߥ | typo; typographical error |
| ߥå | deadline |
| 쥳 | time clock |
| ơdinner suit; ʱѡtuxedo | |
| personality; star | |
| ץ | ơdump truck; ʱѡdumper truck |
| ?????????? | fastener; ?米??zipper; ?????zip (fastener) |
| 硼ʼ֤Ρ | choke |
| ơ֥륹ԡ | after-dinner speech |
| ơ | ơtail light; ʱѡtail lamp |
| ǥ | digital camera |
| ǥʼұư | demonstration |
| ƥۥӥ | telephone information service |
| Żҥ | microwave oven |
| ɥܡ | doorman |
| ɥإ | medi-copter |
| ɥåȥץ | dot matrix printer |
| ȥåץХå | lead-off batter; lead-off man |
| ȥʼ֤Ρ | ơtrunk; ʱѡboot |
| ȥ | (playing) card |
| ??????????? | ?米??sweat pants; ?????track-suit trousers |
| ʥ | night game |
| ʥСץ졼 | ơlicense plate; ʱѡnumber plate |
| ˥塼㥹 | anchor(man/woman) |
| ˥塼ե | newcomer |
| ͡¥塼 | recognition value |
| ?????? | negative |
| Ρ֡ʤΡ | sleeveless |
| ΡȡĢ̡ | notebook |
| Υ | quota |
| ΥƥåץХ | kneeling bus |
| Х | buffet; buffet-style dinner; smorgasbord |
| Х | motorcycle; motorbike |
| ϥƥ | late teens |
| ?????????? | high tech(nology) |
| ϥӥ | high-definition TV system |
| ϥޥ̥ | sales clerk |
| Х | ơbathrobe; ʱѡdressing gown |
| ѥ | personal computer |
| Хååסʻٱ | backing; support |
| Хåͥå | backstop |
| Хåޡ | kickback |
| Хåߥ塼å | background music |
| Хåߥ顼 | rear-view mirror |
| Хå饤 | ơbackup light; ʱѡreversing light |
| Хåܥå | batter's box |
| ϥåԡ | happy ending |
| ѥͥ顼 | panelist |
| Хꥫ | hair clippers |
| ϥ | ơemployment agency; employment bureau |
| ѥ | ơflat tire; ʱѡpuncture |
| ϥ | hunger strike |
| ѥ | ơpantyhose; ʱѡtights |
| ϥɥޥ | ơbullhorn; ʱѡloudhailer |
| ϥɥʼ֤Ρ | steering wheel |
| ?????????? | green pepper |
| ԥå®١ | pace |
| ӥˡ | plastic bag |
| ?????? | flyer; flier |
| ӥʷʪ | building |
| եܡ | base on balls |
| ץåۥ | push-button phone; touch-tone phone |
| ֥饤ɥå | touch typing |
| ץǥ | plastic model |
| ֥ʪ | brand-name goods |
| ե | one size fits all |
| ե | job-hopping part-timer worker |
| ե | ơtoll-free; ʱѡfreephone; freefone |
| ץ | pudding |
| ץ쥤 | ticket agency |
| ֥졼 | brake light |
| ֥쥹å | bracelet |
| ץ쥼 | presentation |
| եå | flexible working hours; flextime; flexible time |
| ??????????? | prefabricated house |
| ֥å | block signal |
| ץ쥹 | professional wrestling |
| ե | ơfront desk; ʱѡreception |
| եȥ饹 | ơwindsheeld; ʱѡwindscreen |
| ڥ | deposit insurance cap; deposit payoff |
| ١å | ơ(pay) raise; ʱѡ(pay) rise |
| ڡѡƥ | written test |
| ڡѡɥ饤С | driver in name only; driver on paper only |
| ٥åɥ | bedroom scene |
| ٥åɥ | bedroom suburb |
| ڥåȥܥȥ | plastic bottle; PETʥԡƥbottle |
| إåɥ饤 | ơheadlight; ʱѡheadlamp |
| ٥ƥ | expert |
| ٥ӡ | ơstroller; ʱѡpushchair |
| ٥ӡ٥å | baby crib |
| إ륹 | bathroom scales |
| ڥ | resort inn |
| ۥ륭å | hub cap |
| ܡʥۥƥʤɤΡ | page; bellboy; bellhop |
| ۡʱؤΡ | platform |
| ۡɥ | family doctor |
| ۡإѡ | ơcaregiver; ʱѡcarer |
| ܡڥ | ơball-point pen; ʱѡbiro |
| ?????? | positive |
| ۥå | stapler |
| ܥǥå | body search |
| ۥƥޥ | hotel employee |
| ܥͥå | ơhood; ʱѡbonnet |
| ޡ | computerized answer sheet |
| ޥ | owned car; private car |
| ޥå | mug |
| ޥ | mother complex |
| ޥå | marker, marking pen, felt-tip (pen) |
| ޥ | mass communication(s), (mass) media, |
| ޥˡʤͤ߹ּ | pyramid selling |
| ޥ | condominium |
| ߥ | sewing machine |
| ߥ | type; typographical error |
| ߥ륯ƥ | tea with milk |
| ʵ | ơˡʱѡˤȤ meter |
| ȥʵΥ | ơmeter; ʱѡmetre |
| ɥ | soap opera |
| ⡼˥ | wake-up call |
| ⡼˥ӥ | breakfast special |
| ӥ | ubiquitous |
| 饱åȡʥԥݥΡ | ơpaddle; ʱѡbat |
| դʡʥ | casual; informal |
| ϥӥ | rehabilitation |
| ӥå | living room with a kitchenette |
| եहʲȤʤɡ | remodel |
| ॸХ | limousine |
| ⥳ | remote control |
| ȥ | retort |
| ƥ | tea with lemon |
| ƥ | early teens |
| ץ | word processor |
| 磻 | (dress) shirt |
| 磻ɥ硼 | variety program |
| ܥå | van |
| ޥ | autocrat |
| 롼ޥ | studio apartment; one-room apartment |
3֤εʡ#3787. 650ǯդȤ롤ΥƥѸü ([2019-09-09-1])#3788. űѸΥƥѸΰճ ([2019-09-10-1])#3789. űѸäˤƥѸΨ1.75% ([2019-09-11-1])ˤǤ줿褦ˡ650ǯդ˥ƥ줫ѸήñˤϡճŪʤΤ¿ޤޤƤ롥
ǧˤϡŪñįƤߤΤ֤Durkin (107--16) Ȥơʲˡ̣ʬȤˡơñˤĤƸűѸμѷбʤ뤤ϸˡƥƬ "?" դƤϡμѸǤȶäƤǧʤǤ롥
[ Religion and the Church ]
abbod, abbot 'abbot' [L abbat-, abbas]
abbodesse 'abbess' [L abbatissa]
antefn, also (later) antifon, antyfon 'antiphon (type of liturgical chant)' [L antifona, antefona]
ælmesse, ælmes 'alms, charity' [L *alimosina, variant of elemosina]
bisċeop 'bishop' [probably L episcopus]
cristen 'Christian' [L christianus]
dēofol, dīofol 'devil' [perhaps Latin diabulus]
draca 'dragon, monstrous beast; the devil' [L draco]
engel, angel 'angel' [probably L angelus]
mæsse, messe 'mass' (the religious ceremony) [L missa]
munuc 'monk' [L monachus]
mynster 'monastery; importan church' [L monasterium]
nunne 'nun' [L nonna]
prēost 'priest' [probably L *prebester, presbyter]
senoð, seonoð, sinoð, sionoð 'council, synod, assembly' [L synodus]
? ancra, ancor 'anchorite' [L anachoreta, perhaps via Old Irish anchara]
? ærċe-, erċe-, arce- 'arch-' (in titles) [L archi-]
? relic- (in relicgang (probably) 'bearing of relics in a procession') [clipping of L reliquiae or OE reliquias]
? reliquias 'relics' [L reliquiae]
[ Learning and scholarship ]
Læden 'Latin; any foreign language', also (later) lātin [L Latina]
sċolu, also (later) scōl 'troop, band; school' [L schola]
? græf 'stylus' [L graphium]
? stǣr (or stær) 'history' [probably ultimately L historia, perhaps via Celtic]
? traht 'text, passage, commentary' [L tractus]
? trahtað 'commentary' [L tractatus]
[ Plants, fruit, and products of plants ]
bēte 'beet, beetroot' [L beta]
billere denoting several water plants [L berula]
box 'box tree', later also 'box, receptable' [L buxus]
celendre, cellendre 'coriander' [L coliandrum]
ċerfille, ċerfelle 'chervil' [L caerefolium]
*ċiċeling 'chickpea' [L cicer]
ċīpe 'onion' [L cepe]
ċiris-(bēam) 'cherry tree' [L *ceresia, cerasium]
ċisten-, ċistel-, ċist-(bēam) 'chestnut tree' [L castinea or castanea]
coccel 'corn cockle, or other grain-field weed' [L *cocculus < coccum]
codd-(æppel) 'quince' [L cydonium, cotoneum, or cotonium]
consolde '(perhaps) daisy or comfrey' [L consolida]
corn-(trēo) 'cornel tree' [L cornus]
cost 'costmary' [L constum]
cymen 'cumin' [L cuminum]
cyrfet 'gourd' [L cucurbita]
earfe plant name, probably vetch [L ervum]
elehtre '(probably) lupin' [L electrum]
eofole 'dwarf elder, danewor' [L ebulus]
eolone, elene 'elecampane' (a plant) [L inula, helenium]
finol, finule, finugle 'fennel' [L fenuculum]
glædene a plant name (usually for a type of iris) [L gladiola]
humele 'hop plant' [L humulus]
lāser 'weed, tare' [L laser]
leahtric, leahtroc, also (later) lactuce 'lettuce' [L lactuca]
*lent 'lentil' [L lent-, lens]
lufestiċe 'lovage' [L luvesticum]
mealwe 'mallow' [L malva]
*mīl 'millet' [L milium]
minte, minta 'mint' [L mentha]
næp 'turnip' [L napus]
nefte 'catmint' [L nepeta]
oser or ōser 'osier' [L osaria]
persic 'peach' [L persicum]
peru 'pear' [L pirum, pera]
piċ 'pitch' (the resinous substance) [L pic-, pix]
pīn 'pine' [L pinus]
pipeneale 'pimpernel' [L pipinella]
pipor 'pepper' [L piper]
pieir 'pear tree' [L *pirea]
pise, *peose 'pea' [L pisum]
plūme 'plum; plum tree' and plȳme 'plum; plum tree' [both perhaps L pruna]
pollegie 'penny-royal' [L pulegium]
popiġ, papiġ 'poppy' [L papaver]
porr 'leek' [L porrum]
rǣdiċ 'radish' [L radic-, radix]
rūde 'rue' [L ruta]
syrfe 'service tree' [L *sorbea, sorbus]
ynne- (in ynnelēac) 'onion' [L unio]
? æbs 'fir tree' [L abies]
? croh, crog 'saffron; type of dye; saffron colour' [L crocus]
? fīċ 'fig tree, fig' [L ficus]
? plante 'young plant' [L planta]
? sæðerie, satureġe 'savory (plant name)' [L satureia]
? sæppe 'spruce fir' [L sappinus]
? sōlsēċe 'heliotrope' [L solsequium, with substitution of a derivative of OE sēċan 'to seek' for the second element]
[ Animals ]
assa 'ass' [L asinum perhaps via Celtic]
capun 'capon' [probably L capon-, capo]
cat, catte 'cat' [L cattus]
cocc 'cock, rooster' [L coccus]
*cocc (in sǣcocc) 'cockle' [perhaps L *coccum]
culfre 'dove' [perhals L columbra, columbula]
cypera 'salmon at the time of spawning' [L cyprinus]
elpend, ylpend 'elephant', also shortend to ylp [L elephant-, elephans]
eosol, esol 'ass' [L asellus]
lempedu, also (later) lamprede 'lamprey' [L lampreda]
mūl 'mule' [L mulus]
muscelle 'mussel' [L musculus]
olfend 'camel' [probably L elephant-, elephans, with the change in meaning arising from semantic confusion]
ostre 'oyster' [L ostrea]
pēa 'peafowl' [L pavon-, pavo]
*pine- (in *pinewincle, as suggested emendation of winewincle) 'wincle' [perhals L pina]
rēnġe 'spider' [L aranea]
strȳta 'ostrich' [L struthio]
trūht 'trout' [L tructa]
turtle, turtur 'turtle dove' [L turtur]
[ Food and drink (see also plants and animals) ]
ċȳse, ċēse 'cheese' [L caseus]
foca 'cake baked on the ashes of the hearth' (only attested with reference to Biblical contexts or antiquity) [L focus]
must 'wine must, new wine' [L mustum]
seim 'lard, fat' (only attested in figurative use) [L *sagimen, sagina]
senap, senep 'mustard' [L sinapis]
wīn 'wine' [L vinum]
[ Medicine ]
butere 'butter' [L butyrum, buturum]
ċeren 'wine reduced by boiling for extra sweetness' [L carenum]
eċed 'vinegar' [L acetum]
ele 'oil' [L oleum]
fēfer or fefer 'fever' [L febris]
flȳtme 'lancet' [L fletoma]
[ Transport; riding and horse gear ]
ancor, ancra 'anchor (also in figurative use)' [L ancora]
cæfester 'muzzle, halter, bit' [L capistrum, perhaps via Celtic]
ċæfl 'muzzle, halter, bit' [L capulus]
ċearricge (meaning very uncertain, perhaps 'carriage') [perhaps L carruca]
punt 'punt' [L ponton-, ponto]
sēam 'burden; harness; service which consisted in supplying beasts of burden' [L sauma, sagma]
stǣt 'road; paved road, street' [L strata]
[ Tools and implements ]
cucler 'spoon' [L coclear]
culter 'coulter; (once) dagger' [L culter]
fæċele 'torch' [L facula]
fann 'winnowing fan' [L vannus]
forc, forca 'fork' [L furca]
*fossere or fostere 'spade' [L fossorium]
inseġel, insiġle 'seal; signet' [L sigillum]
līne 'cable, rope, line, cord; series, row, rule, direction' [probably L linea]
mattuc, meottuc, mettoc 'mattock' [perhaps L *matteuca]
mortere 'mortar' [L mortarium]
panne 'pan' [perhaps L panna]
pæġel 'wine vessel; liquid measure' [L pagella]
pihten part of a loom [L pecten]
pīl 'pointed object; dart, shaft, arrow; spike, nail; stake' [L pilum]
pīle 'mortar' [L pila]
pinn 'pin, peg, pointer; pen' [probably L penna]
pīpe 'tube, pipe; pipe (= wind instrument); small stream' [L pipa]
pundur 'counterpoise; plumb line' [L ponder-, pondus]
seġne 'fishing net' [L sagena]
sicol 'sickle' [L *sicula, secul < secare 'to cut']
spynġe, also (later) sponge 'sponge' [L spongia, spongea]
timple instrument used in weaving [L templa]
turl 'ladele' [L trulla]
? stropp 'strap' [L stroppus or struppus]
? trefet 'trivet, tripod' [L tripes]
[ Warware and weapons ]
camp 'battle; war; field' [L campus]
cocer 'quiver' [perhaps L cucurum]
[ Buildings and parts of buildings; construction; towns and settlements ]
ċeafor-(tūn), cafer-(tūn) 'hall, court' [L capreus]
ċealc, calc 'chalk, plaster' [L calc-, calx]
ċeaster, ċæster 'fortification; city, town (especially one with a wall)' [L castra]
ċipp 'rod, stick, beam (especially in various specific contexts)' [probably L cippus]
clifa, cleofa, cliofa 'chamber, cell, den, lair' [perhaps L clibanus 'oven']
clūse, clause 'lock; confine, enclosure; fortified pass' [L clausa]
clūstor 'lock, bolt, bar, prison' [L claustrum]
cruft 'crypt, cave' [L crupta]
cyċene 'kitchen' [L coquina]
cylen 'kiln, oven' [L culina]
*cylene 'town' (only as place-name element) [L colonia]
mūr 'wall' [L murus]
mylen 'mill' [L molina]
pearroc 'enclosure; fence that forms an enclosure' [perhaps L parricus]
pīsle or pisle 'warm room' [L pensilis]
plætse, plæce, plæse 'open place in a town, square, street' [L platea]
port 'town with a harbour; harbour, port; town (especially one with a wall or a market)' [L portus]
post 'post; doorpost' [L postis]
pytt 'hole in the ground; excavated hole; pit; grave; hell' [pherlaps L puteus]
sċindel 'roof shingle' [L scindula]
solor 'upper room; hall, dwelling; raised platform' [L solarium]
tīġle, tīgele, tigele 'earthen vessel; potshert; tile, brick' [L tegula]
torr 'tower' [L turris]
weall 'wall, rampart, earthwork' [L vallum]
wīċ 'dwelling; village; camp, fortress' [L visum]
? port 'gate, gateway' [L porta]
? prtiċ 'porch, portico, vestibule, chapel' [L poorticus]
[ Containers, vessels, and receptacles ]
amber 'vessel, dry or liquid measure' [L amphora, ampora]
binn, binne 'basket, bin; manger' [L benna]
buteruc 'bottle' [perhaps from a derivative of L buttis]
byden 'vessel, container; cask, tub; tub-shaped geographical feature' [probably L *butina]
bytt 'bottle, flask, cask, wine skin' [L *buttia]
ċelċ, cælc, calic 'drinking vessel, cup' [L calic-, calix]
ċist, ċest 'chest, box, coffer; reliquary; coffin' [L cista]
cuppe 'cup', also copp 'cup, beaker; gloss for Latin spongia sponge' [L cuppa]
cȳf 'large jar, vessel, or tub' [L cupia < cupa]
cȳfl 'tub, bucket' [L cupellus]
cyll, cylle 'leather bottle, leather bag; ladele; oil lamp' [L culleus]
disċ 'dish, bowl, plate' [L discus]
earc, earce, earca, also arc, arce, arca 'ark (especially Noah's ark or the ark of the covenent), chest, coffer' [L arca]
gabote, gafote kind of dish or platter [L gabata]
ġellet 'jug, bowl, or basin' [L galleta]
læfel, lebil 'spoon, cup, bowl, vessel' [L labellum]
orc 'pitcher, crock, cup' [L orca]
pott 'pot' [perhaps L pottus]
sacc, also sæcc 'sack, bag' [L saccus]
sester 'jar, vessel; a measure' [L sextarius]
spyrte 'basket' [probably L sporta, *sportea]
? cæpse 'box' [L copsa]
? sċrīn 'chest; shrine' [L scrinium]
? sċutel 'dish, platter' [L scutella]
? tunne 'cask, tun, barrel' [L tunna]
[ Coins, money; wights and measures, units of measurement ]
dīner, dīnor type of coin, denarius [L denarius]
mīl 'mile' [L milia]
mydd 'a measure' [L modius]
mynet 'a coin; coinage, money' [L moneta]
oma 'a liquid measure' [L ama]
pund 'pound (in weight or money); pint' [L pondo]
trimes 'unit of weight, a dracm; name of a coin' [L tremissis]
ynċe 'inch' [L uncia]
yntse 'ounce' [L uncia]
[ Transactions and payments ]
ċēap 'perchase, sale, transaction, market, possessions, price' [L cauō or caupōnārī]
toll, also toln, tolne 'toll, tribute, rent, duty' [L toloneum]
trifet 'tribute' [L tributum]
[ Clothing; fabric ]
belt 'belt, girdle' [L balteus]
bīsæċċ 'pocket' [L bisaccium]
cælis 'foot-covering', also (later) calc 'sandal' [L calceus]
ċemes 'shirt, undergarment' [L camisia]
ġecorded 'having cords, corded (or perhaps fringed)' [L corda]
cugele '(monk's) cowl' [L cuculla]
fifele 'broach, clasp' [L fibula]
mentel 'cloak' [L mantellum]
pæll, pell 'fine or rich cloth; purple cloth; altar cloth rich robe' [L pallium]
pyleċe 'fur robe' [L pellicia]
seolc 'silk' [perhaps L sericum]
sīde 'silk' [L seta]
*sīric 'silk' [perhals L sericum]
socc 'light shoe' [L soccus]
swiftlēre 'slipper' [L subtalaris]
? orel, orl 'robe, garment, veil, mantle' [L orale, orarium]
? purpure, purpur 'deep crimson garment; deep crimson colour (imperial purple)' [L purpura]
? sabon 'sheet' [L sabanum]
? tæpped, teped 'cloth wall or floor covering' [L tapetum, tappetum]
[ Furniture and furnishing ]
meatte, matte 'mat; underlay for a bed' [L matta]
mēse, mīse 'table' [L mensa]
pyle, pylu 'pillow, cushion' [L pulvinus]
sċamol, sċemol, sċeomol, sċeamol 'stool, footstool, bench' [L *scamellum]
strǣl, strēaġl 'curtain; quilt, matting, bed' [L stragula]
strǣt 'bed' [L stratum]
[ Precious stones ]
ġimm 'gem, precious stone, jewel; also in figurative use' [L gemma]
meregrot 'pearl' [L margarita, but showing folk-etymological alteration after an English word for 'sea' and (probably) an English word for 'fragment, particple']
pærl '(very doubtfully) pearl' [perhals L *perla]
[ Roles, ranks, and occupations (non-religious or not specifically religious) ]
cāsere 'emperor; ruler' [L caesar]
fullere 'fuller' [L fullo]
mangere 'merchant, trader' [L mango]
mæġester, also (later) māgister or magister 'leader, master, teacher' [L magister]
myltestre 'prostitute' [L meretrix, with remodelling of the ending after the Old English feminine agent noun suffix -estre]
prafost, also profost 'head, chief, officer' [L praepositus, propositus]
sūtere 'shoumaker' [L sutor]
[ Punishment, judgement, codes of behaviour ]
pīn 'pain, fortune, anguish, punishment' [L poena]
regol, reogol 'rule; principle; code of rules; wooden ruler' [L regula]
sċrift 'something decreed as a penalty; penance; absolution; confessor; judge' [L scriptum]
[ Verbs ]
*cōfrian 'to recover' (implied by acōfrian in the same meaning) [L recuperare]
*cyrtan 'to shorten' (implied by cyrtel 'garment, tunic, cloak, gown' and (probably) ġecyrted 'cut off, shortened') [L curtus, adjective]
dīligian 'to erase, rub out; to destroy, obliterate' [L delere]
impian 'to graft; to busy oneself with' [L imputare]
*mūtian (implied by bemūtian 'to exchange' and mūtung 'exchange') [L mutare]
*nēomian 'to sound sweetly' or *nēome 'sound' [L neuma, noun]
pinsian 'to weigh, consider, reflect' [L pensare]
pīpian 'to play on a pipe' [L pipare]
pluccian 'to pluck' [perhaps L *piluccare]
*pundrian (implied by apyndrian, apundrian 'to weigh, to adjudge') [L ponderare, if not a derivative of OE punduru]
pynġan 'to prick' [L pungere]
sċrīfan 'to allot, prescribe, impose; to hear confession; to receive absolution; to have regard to' [L scribere]
seġlian 'to seal' [L sigillare]
seġnian 'to make the sign of the cross; to consecrate, bless' [L signare, if not < OE seġn]
*-stoppian (implied by forstoppian) 'to obstruct, stop up' [perhaps L *stuppare]
trifulian 'to break, bruise, stamp' [L tribulare]
tyrnan, turnian 'to turn, revolve' [L turnare]
? cystan 'to get the value of, exchange for the worth of' [L constare]
? dihtan, dihtian 'to direct, command, arrange, set forth' [L dictare]
? glēsan 'to gloss, explain' [L glossare (verb) or glossa (noun)]
? lafian 'to pour water on, to bathe, wash' [L lavare]
? *pilian 'to peel, strip, pluck' [L pilare]
? plantian 'to plant' [L plantare, or < OE plante]
? *pyltan 'to pelt' (implied by later pilt, pelt) [perhaps L *pultiare, alteration of pultare]
? sealtian 'to dance' [L saltare]
? trahtian 'to comment on, expound; to interpret' [L tractare, if not < OE traht]
[ Adjectives ]
cirps, crisp 'curly, curly haired' [L crispus]
cyrten 'beautiful' [perhals L *cortinus]
pīs 'heavy' [L pensus]
sicor 'sure, certain; secure' [L securus]
sȳfre 'clean, pure, sober' [L sobrius]
byxen 'of box wood' [probably L buxeus]
? cūsc 'virtuous, chaste' [L conscius, perhaps via Old Saxon kusko]
[ Miscellaneous ]
candel, condel 'candle, taper', (in figurative contexts) 'source of light' [L candela]
ċēas, ċēast 'quarrel, strife; reproof' [L causa]
ċeosol, ċesol 'hut; gullet; belly' [L casula, casella]
copor 'copper' [L cuprum]
derodine 'scarlet' [probably L dirodinum]
munt 'mountain, hill' [L mont-, mons]
plūm-, in plmfeðer '(inplural) down, feathers' [L pluma]
sælmeriġe 'brine' [L *salmuria]
sætern- (in sæterndæġ 'Saturday') [L Saturnus]
seġn 'mark, sign, banner' [L signum]
tasul, teosol 'dice; small square of stone' [L tessella, *tassellus]
tæfl 'piece used in a board game, dice; type of game played on a board, game of dice; board on which this is played' [L tabula]
-ere, forming agent nouns [probably L -arius; if so, borrowed early]
-estre, forming feminine agent nouns [perhaps L -istria]
? coron-(bēag) 'crown' [L corona]
? diht 'act of directing or arranging; direction, arrangement, command' [L dictum]
? *pill (perhaps shown by pillsāpe soap for removing hair, depilatory) [perhals L pilus 'hair']
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
Ѹ츻ؤͼ Durkin ˤСűѸޤǤ˱Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ƥñοϡʤȤ600ϤȤ650ǯդˡ300ۤɡ300ۤɤȤΩƤǤ롥600ȤűѸΤįƤߤȡ1.75%Ȥ礬ϤФ롥ΥƥѸñΤǤϤʤ˴Ťƺ줿ޤǤθȡűѸäˤ4.5%ķ;夬롥Durkin (100) βѤ褦
If we take an estimate of at least 600 words borrowed (immediately) from Latin, and a total of around 34,000 words in Old English, then, conservatively, around 1.75% of the total are borrowed from Latin. If we include all compounds and derivatives formed on Latin loanwords in Old English, then the total of Latin-derived vocabulary probably comes closer to 4.5% . . . , although this figure may be a little too high, since estimates of the total size of the Old English vocabulary (native and borrowed) probably rather underestimate the numbers of compounds and derivatives.
οͤɤɾ뤫ϻμǤ롥ˤˤѸθüѤεϤȤαƶͤСʳǤΥƥѸγʤɡʤˤߤ줳ѸθüѤˤǤȤߤʤС0%ȯѸΨǤ˸űѸ1.75%ʤ뤤4.5%ˤãƤȤΤϡݤǤȤʤʤˤС¿ɴǯ֤ƤѸˤĤäƤꡤȤѤƤΤΩĤΤǤʺε#3788. űѸΥƥѸΰճ ([2019-09-10-1]) ȡˡ
űѸΥƥѸˤĤƤϱѸ˸ˤƤ⤵ۤܤƤ櫓ǤϤʤѤнʬ̥Ūʥȥԥåˤʤꤽ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ε#3787. 650ǯդȤ롤ΥƥѸü ([2019-09-09-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡűѸȤ櫓650ǯäƤǽΥƥѸˤϡߤǤŪѤƤΤ¿#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) ʤɤǸƤ褦ˡƥѸˤϥ٥ι⤤ñ줬¿Τϻ¤űѸμѸ˴ؤƤСΥƥ쥪פɬ¤ɽ路Ƥʤ
Durkin (138--39) ˤ붽̣ͤ롥Durkin ϡ#3400. Ѹ˸ä˼Ѹ줬ɤǤ뤫 ([2018-08-18-1]) Ǥ⼨Ȥꡤ"Leipzig-Jakarta list of basic vocabulary" ȸƤФ̸Ū˺ǤŪʰ̣ô100Ѹ줫ФΤʤˤɤۤɼѸ줬ޤޤƤ뤫ĴƤߤ̤ȤƤϡƥѸˤĤƤСˤ1ޤޤƤʤä
"the WOLD survey" ˤ1,460ĤδŪʰ̣ܤʤꥹȤĴƤߤȡ137ۤɡʤ褽10%ˤűѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥѸǧꤵΤä⡤ñϡ24ߤƤ̣ΥƥΤ"Kinship", "Quantity", "Miscellaneous function words" 21ĤΥƥˤ錄äƸФȤĤޤꡤѸ˾塤ǽäƤƥѸϡʬˤ錄ŪѤѸθäξʤʬƤȤ櫓űѸηǶĤƤ
butere "butter"
ele "oil"
cyċene "kitchen"
ċȳse, ċēse "cheese"
wīn "wine" (and its compounds)
sæterndæġ "Saturday"
mūl "mule"
ancor "anchor"
līn "line, continuous length"
mylen (and its compounds) "mill"
scōl, sċolu (and the compound leornungscōl) "school"
weall "wall"
pīpe "pipe, tube"
pīle "mortar"
disċ "plate/platter/bowel/dish"
candel "lamp, lantern, candle"
torr "tower"
prēost and sācerd "priest"
port "harbour"
munt "mountain or hill"
Τ褦˥ƥѸΤʤˤϰճ¿ִܸáפ⤢뤳ȤõƤϢơܸγƵ⻲ȡ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ѸˤˤƥѸȤСűѸΥꥹȶѸ졤ѸΥͥߤθáʤ뤤ϡ֥Ѹ (inkhorn_term)ˡḽѸ濴Ȥ뿷ŵʣʤɤΥפˡַáפȤƥ쥪פܥ֥Ǥ⡤줾ʲεǼ夲Ƥ
#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ ([2010-02-17-1])
#1895. űѸΥƥѸֻȼѤ ([2014-07-05-1])
#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])
#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1])
#1408. ([2013-03-05-1])
#1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1])
#1615. 礹ߡ2 ([2013-09-28-1])
#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1])
#3438. ʤѸΥƥѸΤ ([2018-09-25-1])
#3013. 19줿ŵŪʣ ([2017-07-27-1])
#3179. ֿŵŪʣפֱפ ([2018-01-09-1])
ŪˤСΥƥ쥪פϷ褷ƴְ㤤ǤϤʤŪܶȤ⤤ƥѸ¸ߤȤ¤˺ƤϤʤʤ绨Ĥˤе650ǯդĤޤΦ夫űѸˤƱѸʤ뤤ϥޥˤäƤƥñ¿ϡճʤȤˡ褽褽äǤϤʤˤʤƤϤʤʤäƤΤǤ롥λ¤ϡ֥ƥҿȶܤθפȤظ˱ƤΤǡ褯ǧƤȤɬפǤ롥
650ǯȤΤϤ褽ǯλäƤƥѸΥפϰۤʤäƤ롥ñ㲽ƤСϡֿƤߤΤ졤ʹߤϡ֤⤤ȳѸ줬äƤDurkin (103) ʸѤ褦
The context for most of the later borrowings is certain: they are nearly all words connected with the religious world or with learning, which were largely overlapping categories in the Anglo-Saxon world. Many of them are only very lightly assimilated into Old English, if at all. In fact it is debatable whether some of them should even be regarded as borrowed words, or instead as single-word switches to Latin in an Old English document, since it is not uncommon for words only ever to occur with their Latin case endings.
The earlier borrowings include many more words that are of reasonably common occurrence in Old English and later, for instance names of some common plants and foodstuffs, as well as some very basic words to do with the religious life.
ǤϡŪΥƥѸȤϤɤΤ褦ñʤΤˤĤƤϺεǾҲ𤷤ƤͽǤ롥
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
20ǯۤɤδ֤ˡ֥ȸ첾 ("the Celtic hypothesis") ˴ؤ븦椬ƤѸϸðʳˤƤ⡤ͤƤʾˡ֥ƥδظǤ륱Ƚ줫鶯ƶƤȤ1δظƶȤäƤ褤cf. #1342. ظƶؤȽ ([2012-12-29-1])ˡŪˤʤäƤŪˤɤΤ褦ʹ¤Ūʸबȸ줫αƶȤߤʤƤΤƤߤ褦ʲDurkin (87--90) ˤڤˤ뤬Durkin Ȥ⥱ȸ첾ФƤϤȲŪ٤Ƥ뤳ȤҤ٤Ƥ
űѸˤ be ư bēon ̤ȿꡤ³Ѥˡ륺 be ư줬¸ߤ롥
-self κƵ̾ȯãcf. #1851. Ƶ̾ oneself ͳˤĤƤν ([2014-05-22-1])
be + -ing οʹԷ¤ȯã
do ѤŪ¤ (do-periphrasis) ȯã
ŪͭԹ¤ŪͭԹ¤ؤΰܹ (ex. he as a pimple on the nose he has a pimple on his nose)
"Northern Subject Rule" ȯãcf. #689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1])
ط줢뤤ܿ٤
it Ѥʬʸ (cleft sentence) ȯã (ex. It was a bike that he bought (not a car).) ʤեбʬʸ⥱ȸαƶȤȤ (Durkin 87)
/f/ /v/, /θ/ /ð/ βŪΩȯãݻcf. #3386. Ѹ˾μפʻҲѲ ([2018-08-04-1]) 2ܡ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ε#3752. եΥȼѸ ([2019-08-05-1]) ǡեˤ륱ȼѸѤϤȱѸΥȼѸȤӡоȤ褦
ѸΥȼѸοۤΰ찮Ǥ뤳Ȥϡ#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1])#3750. Ƚ줫μѸ (2) ([2019-08-03-1]) ǸƤեǤϺεǸ褦ˡʤȤ100ۤ륱ñ줬ѤƤŪˤϱʩδ֤˺Ȥ⤤ŪˤߤСۤ礭ʿǤϤʤʸ̤ꡤɴȤäƤ褤μҲˤƤ⡤ȸϼҲŪ˰ҿ㤤äȤȤǤ롥
ȼѸμŪʺۤˤܤ٤Τ롥ѸäƤñˤȤ٤ΤϤۤȤɤʤȤäƤ褤եΥȼѸˤϡDurkin (85) λŦ̤ꡤʲΤ褦˹ٸޤޤƤʤˡΤĤѸϥե줫ѤƤˡ
. . . changer is quite a high-frequency word, as are pièce and chemin (and its derivatives). If admitted to the list, petit belongs to a very basic level of the vocabulary. The meanings 'beaver', 'beer', 'boundary', 'change', 'fear' (albeit as noun), 'to flow', 'he-goat', 'oak', 'piece', 'plough' (albeit as verb), 'road', 'rock', 'sheep', 'small', and 'sow' all figure in the list of 1,460 basic meanings . . . . Ultimately, through borrowing from French, the impact is also visible in a number of high-frequency words in the vocabulary of modern English . . . beak, carpentry, change, cream, drape, piece, quay, vassal, and (ultimately reflecting the same borrowing as French char 'chariot') carry and car.
μŪʺۤϲˤΤʤΤŪʸˤС֥ƥΥ֥ȥͤϥͤοˤŪû֤Ƕव졤Ѹؤθ (language_shift) ®˿ʹԤȹͤƤ롥ꥢΥͤϡƥ졦ޥĸüԤ˰Ϥ줿ȤϤĹ֤ˤ錄궦¸ˤǤԻԤǤϥƥ첽ʤȤƤ⡤Ǥϥ줬ä³졤diglossia ξĹ³ϤޤǤäȿʹԤƤΤǤ롥θ塤եˤˤϥޥ⻲Ƥ뤬ǤŪʸϤʤäȤ롥ɤ顤ʩˤ륱ȼѸμκۤϸܿ (contact) ȸμҲŪΰ㤤˵褦ˤĤơDurkin (86) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
. . . whereas in Gaul the Germanic conquerors arrived with relatively little disruption to the existing linguistic situation, in Britain we find a complete disruption, with English becoming the language in general use in (it seems) all contexts. Thus Gaul shows a very gradual switch from Gaulish to Latin/Romance, with some subsequent Germanic input, while Britain seems to show a much more rapid switch to English from Celtic and (maybe) Latin (that is, if Latin retained any vitality in Britain at the time of the Anglo-Saxon settlement).
αʩˤ뺹ۤϡܿǤȤΡ (borrowing) ܿˤ봳 (shift-induced interference) ζ̤۵ (see #1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1]), #1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])) ֥ƥǤ borrowing βꥢǤ shift-induced interference βơͿƤȤߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ
եˤθƤȡѸˤΥȼѸħ䤫⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥줳оȸˤ̥ϤǤ롥
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ϢѸˤ륱Ƚ줫μѸˤƤ뤬ƥեˤ륱ȼѸξDurkin (83--87) ˰͵ƤߤƤ
ΥեʥꥢˤǤϡƥ¤Υ (Gaulish) ĹѤƤԻǤϥƥʥޥĸȤ٤˥եȤȤäƤǤϥǴ궯ĤäƤ褦Ĺˤ錄ܿη̤ȤơΥեˤϡѸξ¿ΥȼѸ줬ޤƤȤϤäƤ⡤100ۤ٤ǤϤʸˤä50--500ޤǤγˡ#3749. Ƚ줫μѸ˴Ϣ츻ؤ ([2019-08-02-1]) DZѸξˤĤƵŸ褦ˡѤλ롼ȤưפǤϤʤ褦οˤϡƥ˼Ѥ줿Τ䡤ĤθФƴŪ˼Ѥ줿ΤʤɤޤޤƤꡤեüԤȥüԤľܤܿ˵٤ΤФǤϤʤ
嵭դĤġʲ˰̣ʬ̤ΥȼѸꥹȤΰ褦 (Durkin 84)
ưʪbièvre "beaver", blaireau "badger", bouc "billy goat", mouton "sheep", vautre "type of hunting dog"; chamois "chamois", palefroi "palfrey", truie "sow" ʺǸ3ĤϺ
Ļalouette "lark", chat-huant "tawny owl"
alose "shad", loche "loach", lotte "burbot", tanche "tench", vandoise "dace", brochet "pike"; limande "dab" ʥƬ
Ρ֥եñפΤ˱Ѹ˼Ѥ줿Τ⤢롥mutton, palfrey, loach, tench, chamois ʤɤαñϡ¤ϥȸ쵯äȤȤñ buck, beaver ʤɤϻ𤬰ۤʤꡤե bièvre, bouc ȤϼѤˤΤǤϤʤȤ˰ĸˤΤܤ뤫brasserie ʥӡ¤ˤ cervoise ʸӡˤʤɤϡͤʬƤ褦Ǥ⤷
եˤ륱ȼѸΤ¾θե٥åȽ˵Ƥߤ褦 (Durkin 84)
| arpent | 'measure of land' |
| bec | 'beak' |
| béret | 'beret' |
| borne | 'boundary (marker)' |
| boue | 'mud' |
| bouge | 'hovel, dive' (earlier 'bag') |
| bruyère | 'heather, briar-root' |
| changer | 'to change' |
| char | 'chariot' (reflecting a borrowing which had occurred already in classical Latin, whence also charrue 'plough') |
| charpente | 'framework' (originally the name of a type of chariot) |
| chemin | 'road, way' |
| chêne | 'oak' |
| craindre (partly) | 'to fear' |
| crème | 'cream' |
| drap | 'sheet, cloth' |
| javelot | 'javelin' |
| lieue | 'league (measure of distance)' |
| marne | 'marl' (earlier marle, hence English marl) |
| pièce | 'piece' |
| ruche | 'beehive' |
| sillon | 'furrow' |
| soc | 'ploughshare' |
| suie | 'soot' |
| vassal | 'vassal' |
| barre | 'bar' |
| jaillir | 'to gush, spring, shoot out' |
| quai | 'quay' |
ε#3749. Ƚ줫μѸ˴Ϣ츻ؤ ([2019-08-02-1]) 褦ˡѸˤ륱ȼѸ͡ͳȤ롥ϡ#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1]) ΥꥹȤʬŪ˽ŤʤΤΡȤˤɾФǡΤʥȼѸȤߤʤΤƤȤȤϡѸ츻ؤ1ͼ Durkin Ǥ롥
Durkin (77--81) ϡűѸΤʶŪˤλΤĤˤĤƤϾܤ餫ˤʤˤ˼Ѥ줿Ȥ Brythonic ϤΥȼѸĤƤ롥ޤbrock "badger" (OE brocc) ϼȼѸȤäƤ褤ϡ֥ʥޡפɽ魯ȤơѸ badger ˤμ礿ϰ̤åޤǡǤ̤θä
֤ФפϤȤƴؤ bin (OE binn) ᤤѤȤ졤ˤäƤΦ˼ڤ줿Τ⤷ʤ
coomb "valley" (OE cumb) μ¤ʥȼѸǡűѸ줫ߤ뤬Ȥ̾˸줿̾ǤȤƤθŤȼѸ¿űѸǤϤۤ luh "lake", torr "rock, hill", funta "fountain", pen "hill, promontory" ʤɤ롥
The Downs ˻ĤűѸ dūn "hill" ⡤ФХȼѸǧƤ롥#1395. up and down ([2013-02-20-1]) ǸȤꡤ䤿ˤʤ߿졦ֻ down ƱʤΤ⤷ȼѸȤȡ֤Ūʸ줬ڤƤΤǤ롥¾ޥˤߤ뤳Ȥ顤ΦμѤȿꤵ롥
֤ĤĤפ̣ crag Ͻ㤬Ѹ첻ȯãˤĤϻĤΤΡȼѸȤƤ롥coble ʿ쾮פƱͤǤ롥
hog (OE hogg) ϥȸͳȤ뤳Ȥ¿ŪˤϲΤ褦
ˡȵ⤬㴳路ȤĤ褦űѸη֤ bannuc "bit", becca "fork", bratt "cloak", carr "rock", dunn "dun, dull or dingy brown", gafeluc "spear", mattuc "mattock", toroc "bung", assen/assa "ass", stǣr/stær "history", stōr "incense", cæfester "halter" ʤɤ롥Ūʸˤȡgafeluc ϸťɸ쵯ǤϤʤȤƤ롥
ťɸ쵯ȤСۤˤ drȳ "magician", bratt "cloak", ancra/ancor "anchorite", cursung "cursing", clugge "bell", æstel "bookmark", ċine/ċīne "sheet of parchment folded in four", mind "a type of head ornament" ʤɤŦƤ롥तȤ⤦1Ĥνפʸ cross "cross" Ƥ
ǶθǥȼѸβǽ⤤ȽΤȤƤϡwan "pale" (OE wann), jilt, twig 롥űѸ trum "strong", dēor "fierce, bold", syrce/syrc/serce "coat of mail" ⤳˲ä뤫⤷ʤ
˻¿פʸȤơrich, baby, gull, trousers, clan Ƥ (Durkin 91)
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1]) Ūʸ츻ؤθȤʤѸؤΥȼѸˤĤƹͤƤȤƻȤΤϡDurkin 5 "Old English in Contact with Celtic" (76--95) Ǥ롥
Ƚ줫ѸؤμѸ줬ʤȤ¤ϵ褦ʤȼѸȤƤġñˤĤƤϡ츻ˤξܺ٤ɬ餫ˤʤäƤʤΤ¿εǵ褦ʡ̤αѸ˽ǤФм夲ϢñŪּפΤ¿ˤ⤷ȲΤ뤫⤷ʤ˥ȸ줫μѸʤΤȤܼŪ꤫顤ɤλ˼Ѥ줿Τ뤤ϤΥȸ줫äƤΤȤäޤǡ͡
طʤˤϡѸˤȥȽθ츻ξ˾ܤȤʤȤŪʻ⤢롥ޤȸ츻ؤ䥱ȸӸؤΤΤ⡤ȯŸ;Ϥ˻ĤƤȤ¦̤⤢롥ȤС̾ʤɤ̾˴ؤơ#1188. ɤβ̾ Thames, Humber, Stour ([2012-07-28-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡȸ츻⤢Τ
ˡѸüԤȥȽüԤȤܿϡԤΦˤ夫鸽˻ޤạ̇̄Ǥڤ뤳Ȥʤ³Ƥ롥θ줬Φ˥ޥ˼Ѥ줿ñʤΤͤΥ֥ƥؤޤäƤΤʤΤθˤƤΤˤήΤʤΤȽȤʤ⤢롥
Υȸ줫äƤȤˤĤƤϡ˺ݤơ#778. P-Celtic Q-Celtic ([2011-06-14-1]) ǿ줿Ūħ˻ͤˤʤ롥βȯãϵ1ǯŪ®˵äȤ졤礦ɥͤ夹ʤΤǡ츻ˤ̯ꤲ롥
奱ȸؤȯŸƤС嵭ˤΤθ̤ˤĤƤϡDurkin (80--81) ν긫ͤˤ줿
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ŪˡͤȥȿͤδطԤԤδطǤ롥̾夬ή뤳Ȥʤ褦ˡ§Ȥƥȸ줫ѸؤθäήʤäϤʸäήäȤƤ⡤ޤ㳰ŪȤߤ٤Ǥ롥
#1216. űѸΥȼѸ ([2012-08-25-1]) ǼΤȽŤʤ뤬С (58) ꡤ˱Ѹ˼Ѥ졤ĸߤޤĤäƤΤȡbin (basket), dun (gray), ass (ass < Latin asinus) ٤ΤΤǤ롥ޤȤΥꥹȶͳƱѸäƤΤȤƤ clugge (bell), drȳ (magician) ʤɤ롥
ѸʹߤˤȯŪ˥Ƚ줫μѤߤ줿ʲ̤ˤĤƤߤ褦W = Welsh, G = Scottish Gaelic, Ir = Irish) ̤̣Ǥ롥
14 crag (G/Ir), flannel եͥ (W), loch (G).
15 bard ͷ (G), brog (Ir), clan ² (G), glen ë (G).
16 brogue ¤ (Ir/G), caber (G), cairn (G), coracle (W), gillie ²Ĺν (G), plaid ʻҼʤθݤ (G), shamrock ĥ (Ir), slogan (G), whisky (G), usquebaugh .
17 dun (G/Ir), tory ȡ (Ir), leprechaun ץۡ (Ir).
18 claymore Ϥη (G).
19 colleen (Ir), ceilidh (Ir/G), hooligan Ԥ(Ir).
20 corgi (W).
(W).
ʾ塤С (58--59) ˵äϢơ#2443. ɤˤ륱ȸ̾ʬۡ ([2016-01-04-1])#2578. ȸ̤ƱѸؼѤ줿찮Υƥñ ([2016-05-18-1]) ȡ
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