hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ڡ / page 7 (14)

borrowing - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2019-11-26 Tue

#3865. 줫Ѥ줿ñ [russian][loan_word][borrowing]

ޤܥ֥ǥ줫μѸˤĤƼ夲Ȥʤä#756. μѸ ([2011-05-23-1]) Ǿ줿٤äΤǡϤ⤦Ƥߤ
Durkin (378--79) ˤСͽ̤Ѹο¿ʤۤȤɤʸҲ˴ؤ˸ꤵƤ롥ʲϥץǤϤ뤬ǯ˵󤲤Ƥߤ롥

boyar ˼² (1555)
tsar ʹ (1555)
verst ʥ٥륹ʥεΥñ̡1.067kmˡ (1555)
rouble ʥ롼֥ (1557)
muzhik ̱ (1587)
beluga ʥ٥롼ӥ (1591)
protopope ʼʻʺס (1591)
parka ʥѡ (1625)
pope ʶʺס (1662)
steppe ʥƥåס (a.1670)
copeck ʥڥ (1/100 rouble) (1698)
mammoth ʥޥ⥹ (1706)
tsarevich ʹҡ (1710)
knout ʳפΤ (1716)
yurt ʥȡѥʰưƥȾˡ (1780)
vodka ʥå (1802--03)
rayon ʥ졼󡤿¤ (1830)
samovar ʥ (1830)
babushka ʥХ֡奫ʽѥաˡ (1834)
oblast ʽ (a.1837)
duma ʹ (1870)
kulak (1877)
intelligentsia μ (1883)
borsch ʥܥ륷 (1884)
borzoi ʥܥ륾ʥθˡ (1887)
pogrom Ի (1891)
dacha (1896)
Bolshevik ʥܥ륷ӥ (1907)
Presidium ʺǹĴ (1907)
Soviet ʥӥȡ (1917)
Menshevism ʥ󥷥ӥ (1920)
Suprematism ʥץޥƥ (1920)
Politburo ɡ (1923)
agitprop ʥץ (1925)
troika ʥȥ (1945)
Gulag ʥ饰 (1946)
matryoshka ʥޥȥ硼奫 (1946)
nomenklatura ʥΡ󥯥ġ (1958)
samizdat ϲǡ (1967)
glasnost ʥ饹Υ (1986)
perestroika ʥڥ쥹ȥ (1986)

ѸοȤƤ19Ⱦ20ȾԡǤ롥λϱѸäΤȤäǤȤȤ̣ɾɬפ롥

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-11-25 Mon

#3864. retard, pulse ˤߤѸθ [word_formation][latin][french][emode][lexicology][borrowing][loan_word][derivation][word_family]

ε#3863. adapt ˤߤѸθ ([2019-11-24-1]) ˰³Durkin (334) retard pulse ˴ؤΩΤƤߤ褦
retard (1490) retardate (1613) 2줬ưȤƥ饤ХطˤΤǤ롥췲ǯ˵󤲤褦ʤŪˤϵžƤ褦ˤߤ륱⤢ˡretardation (n.) (c.1437), retardance (n.) (1550), retarding (n.) (1585), retardment (n.) (1640), retardant (adj.) (1642), retarder (n.) (1644), retarding (adj.) (1645), retardative (adj.) (1705), retardure (n.) (1751), retardive (adj.) (1787), retardant (n.) (1824), retardatory (adj.) (1843), retardent (adj.) (1858), retardent (n.) (1858), retardency (n.) (1939), retardancy (n.) (1947) Ȥʤ롥
Ʊ褦 pulse (?a.1425) pulsate (1674) ưδΤȤơ͡줬ƤʤϤŪˤϵžƤ褦ˤߤ륱⤢ˡpulsative (n.) (a.1398), pulsatile (adj.) (?a.1425), pulsation (n.) (?a.1425), pulsing (n.) (a.1525), pulsing (adj.) (1559), pulsive (adj.) (1600), pulsatory (adj.) (1613), pulsant (adj.) (1642), pulsating (adj.) (1742), pulsating (n.) (1829) Ǥ롥
ΤʤˤľܤμѸ⤢ѸǷ줿⤢ξǤȲ᤹Τʸ⤢䡤㤤ϲ;ʤɤΤͤޤä word family Ǥ롥

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-11-24 Sun

#3863. adapt ˤߤѸθ [word_formation][latin][french][emode][lexicology][borrowing][loan_word][derivation][word_family]

Ѹθä˴ؤ1ĤˡƱΩ롥#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1])#3258. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (1) ([2018-03-29-1])#3259. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (2) ([2018-03-30-1]) ʤɤƤ adapt ȤΤȯˤΩΤƤߤ褦ʲDurkin (332--33) ˰͵򤹤롥
OED ˤȡ15 adaptedadapt ñΤȤƽиΤ1531ǯǤ롥켫Ρƥ adaptāre ȥե󥹸 adapter Τ줬Ѥ줿ΤʤΤ뤤Ϥη˴ŤƤΤʤΤɬΤǤϤʤ
θ塤ξΤȤ͡줬˸롥adaptation (n.) (1597), adapting (n.) (1610), adaption (n.) (1615), adaptate (v.) (1638), adaptness (n.) (1657), adapt (adj.) (1658), adaptability (n.) (1661), adaptable (adj.) (1692), adaptive (adj.) (1734), adaptment (n.) (1739), adapter (n.) (1753), adaptor (1764), adaptative (adj.) (1815), adaptiveness (n.) (1815), adaptableness (n.) (1833), adaptorial (adj.) (1838), adaptational (adj.) (1849), adaptivity (n.) (1840), adaptativeness (n.) (1841), adaptationism (n.) (1889), adaptationalism (n.) (1922) ΤȤ
θ줬θ줫μѤʤΤΤǤ뤷⤽ѤʤɤǤϤʤѸˤ¤줵줿Ǥǽ⤤ԤξˤϡֱפֱʩפȤȤˤʤ롥˸ŪˡΤ褦ʸ췲򲿤ȸƤ褤ΤǺȤǤ롥
˴ؤ Durkin (333) βƤ

Very few of these words show direct borrowing from Latin or French (probably just adapt verb, adaptate, adaptation, and maybe adapt adjective), but a number of others are best explained as hybrid or analogous formations on Latin stems. The group as a whole illustrates the impact of the borrowing of a handful of key words in giving rise to an extended word family over time, including many full or partial synonyms. In some cases synonyms may have arisen accidentally, as speakers were simply ignorant of the existence of earlier formations; some others could result from misrecollection of earlier words. . . . However, such profligacy and redundancy is typical of such word families in English well into the Later Modern period, well beyond the period in which 'copy' was particularly in vogue in literary style.


饭ɤ򽦤Ф "hybrid or analogous formations", "ignorant", "misrecollection", "profligacy and redundancy" ʤɤȤʤ
ƤȴϢȤơʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1])
#1927. ʩ ([2014-08-06-1])
#3165. ȤƤ conspicuous external ([2017-12-26-1])
#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1])
#3179. ֿŵŪʣפֱפ ([2018-01-09-1])
#3348. Ѹ˼ѷϤܼΤ˿ĥ ([2018-06-27-1])
#3858. פֱפȤ̤θݡ ([2019-11-19-1])

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-11-25-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-11-19 Tue

#3858. פֱפȤ̤θ [waseieigo][contact][borrowing][loan_word][japanese][lexicology]

ѸפˤĤơܥ֥ waseieigo γƵǼ夲ƤϢơסˡֱפֱʩפˤĤƤ󶡤Ƥʲε򻲾ȡ

#1624. Ѹΰ ([2013-10-07-1])
#3793. դ٤ʸ졦Ѹΰ ([2019-09-15-1])
#1629. ([2013-10-12-1])
#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1])
#1927. ʩ ([2014-08-06-1])

̤˸ܤǤϡѸפϤ֤ջäƼƤ뤬ܸȱѸŪĹܿη̤ȤơˤƼʸθݤȻϹͤƤ롥ƱϡäĹˤΤפˤƤϤޤ롥פΤۤȤɤϤäܸä夷Ƥ뤿˰´򴶤ʤǤꡤȤߤСѸפⲿۤʤȤʤƣ (115--16) ⡤ΤȤ򼨺Ƥ롥

졦ϡ衤ѸǤ뤬ˤϡѤǤܸȤ߹碌δ졦˻ƺäΤ⤢롥򡤤줾졤ספȤϡŤ鸫뤬ʡֲлס纬סơסʪפʤɡˡäˡˤΤζŪʻʪ䳵ǰȤ¿줿ʡְϡסֱDzסֵ֡סֻǡסưספʤɡˡ֥᡼åסס֥꡼ޥס֥Ρåȡס֥ޥ󡦥Хפʤɤϡγ줬ñǤȤѤƤ櫓ǡܸ첽˶̤Τ롥


Ѹˤδ餤СƱȤֱסֱʩפˤƤϤޤ롥ȤܿʤĹǻ³С֡פȤϼȸΤǤ롥ơ¾οȰۤʤ餺餬Ƴ줿餳¿ʤȤܤǸ줿ȤƤ⡤ŪѤ褦ˤʤмƱƤήԤʤѤƤΤǤ롥¾θˤ뿷Τɤѥ٤ơä˰ۤʤȤϤʤ

ƣ ˡŸ˾ܸ١ҡ1996ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-09-05-1] [2019-11-24-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-11-08 Fri

#3847. etymon [terminology][etymology][borrowing][lexicology][word_formation][morphology]

ñθ츻˴ؤѤɸνѸϡʬˤȤ롥 OED ϤƼμäƤߤǤͭѤʤΤϡإ˥缭ŵ٤ʤΤǤϤʤʲΤ褦ˤ롥

1 ΤȤǤ˸θʣϤΡ˷ǡ
2 ʤñΡ˸ԸѸ two ФűѸ twāա
3 θ졥


äޤäʤ֥ƥסʣ etyma ֥ƥޡסˤȸƤ֤ۤʤߤƤʤָ츻ǡפۤɤ
إ˥缭ŵ٤3Ĥθ󤲤ƤȤꡤetymon ϡָ츻פʣ¦̤˸ƤƤꡤ椨˾ʬˤʤäƤ뤬¤ϤȤƤѸǤ롥֡Ȥñθ츻ϲפȤŪʼФ͡ˤбƤ뤫
ȤСpoorly Ȥñθ츻ϲפȤˤĤƹͤ褦Ф1ĤˤϡѸ poureliche ̤פȤΤλ夫ǧСФơpoorly θ츻ȤФ褤poureliche ϡ"the Middle English etymon of poorly" ȤȤˤʤ롥θ2б롥
⤦1Ĥˤϡpoorly Ϸƻ poor -ly ʤäƤǤ롥ϰ츫ȸ츻ȤϸΤ褦˻פ롥Ǥ츻˴ؤŪʼˤƵƤˤϤʤºݡѸ poureliche ηƻ poure -liche Ȥ߹碌¤줷ΤǤ뤫顤ϸ̩ʰ̣ˤƤ츻ˤʤäƤΤǤ롥ξ硤poor/poure -ly/-liche ϡơ etymon ȤȤˤʤʤĤޤ "the two etyma of poorly"ˡθ1б롥
Ǹˡpoorly 1ܤ etymon Ǥ poor/poure ܤƼȡ֤ñϥե󥹸 povre ѤΡפȤȤˤʤ롥ѸξˤϡѸȤθǤη֡ʡ#901. Ѥʬ ([2011-10-15-1]) Ѹ˽ "model"ˤ򼨤ΤŵŪǤ롥ƤΤ "the French etymon of poor" ȤȤˤʤ롥θ3б롥
󡤥ե󥹸 povre ϡ켫Τ˸Ť츻äƤꡤƥ pauper 䡤˰ĸ *pau- ˤޤ̤롥γơ⡤2ΰ̣Ǥ etymon ȤǤ롥ˡ2ܤ etymon Ǥ -ly/-liche ΤۤܤʤСϤȤƥޥĸ̤˭ˤ etymon äƤ롥ˤ etymon ˻ޤ etymon Ϣ³Ȥ櫓
etymon ϤΤ褦͡ñ̤ؤѤΤǾʬˤ椨ޤʤΤ⤷ʤ֡Ȥñθ츻ϲפȤ䤤ФƤɤΤ褦ȤƤ⡤ϤƤ etymon/etyma λŦȤʤäƤϤǤ롥Τ褦 etymon Ȥ館ȡषʬ䤹ʤΤǤϤʤ

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2019-10-22 Tue

#3830. űѸΥƥѸϸޤ³ݤ [lexicology][latin][loan_word][oe][borrowing]

űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥñˤĤơʲεǼ夲Ƥ

#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#1895. űѸΥƥѸֻȼѤ෿ ([2014-07-05-1])
#3787. 650ǯդ򶭤Ȥ롤ΥƥѸü ([2019-09-09-1])
#3790. 650ǯΥƥѸΰ ([2019-09-12-1])
#3829. 650ǯʸΥƥѸΰ ([2019-10-21-1])

ΥƥѸ˴ؤ1ĤϡΤξʤ̿θ줬Τ˸Ѹˤߤ뤬ϸűѸĤäƤΤʤΤ뤤ϰѤ줿Τ˺ƼѤ줿ΤʤΤȤȤˤƥ츻ȤƤ϶̤ǤȤϤǤ뤫⤷ʤԤǤиűѸμѸȤƱѸˤѤˤĹȤˤʤ뤷ԤǤѸѸŪѸȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹˤ̤ƾ˥ƥܿƤȤ𤬤ꡤФФΥȽǤ񤷤ȸȤǸۤʤäƤʤɤμ꤬꤬СƼѤǧ뤳ȤǤȤϤˤΤ褦ʼ꤬꤬櫓Ǥʤ
Ȥ櫓650ǯʸθűѸΥƥѸ˴ؤơȽǤ񤷤Ωġε ([2019-10-21-1]) į᤿褦ˡŪʥ쥸äƤʤäȤܤʸäʤʤ¿³ǤϤʤκƼѤǤϤʤȵ롥
Durkin (131) ϡ650ǯΥƥѸˤĤơޤ³ĤäƤǽι⤤Τ򼡤Τ褦˰Ƥ롥

abbot; alms; anthem; ass; belt; bin; bishop; box; butter; candle; chalk; cheap; cheese; chervil; chest; cock; cockle (plant name); copper; coulter; cowl; cup; devil; dight; dish; fennel; fever; fork; fuller; inch; kiln; kipper; kirtle; kitchen; line; mallow; mass (= Eucharist); mat; (perhaps) mattock; mile; mill; minster; mint (for coinage); mint (plant name); -monger; monk; mortar; neep (and hence turnip); nun; pail; pall (noun); pan (if borrowed); pear; (probably) peel; pepper; pilch (noun); pile (= stake); pillow; pin; to pine; pipe; pit; pitch (dark substance); (perhaps) to pluck; (perhaps) plum; (perhaps) plume; poppy; post; (perhaps) pot; pound; priest; punt; purple; radish; relic; sack; Saturday; seine; shambles; shrine; shrive (and shrift, Shrove Tuesday); sickle; (perhaps) silk; sock; sponge; (perhaps) stop; street; strop (and hence strap); tile; toll; trivet; trout; tun; to turn; turtle-dove; wall; wine


ΥꥹȤˡǽ㤯ʤ뤬³ȹͤΤȤƼɲäƤ (131)

anchor; angel; antiphon; arch-; ark; beet and beetroot; capon; cat; crisp; drake (= dragon, not duck); fan; Latin; lave; master; mussel; (wine-)must; pea; pine (the tree); plant; to plant; port; provost; psalm; scuttle; table; also (where the re-borrowing would be from early Scandinavian) kettle


³ơ650ǯʸΥƥѸˤĤơޤ³ǤȺäƤ뾯θ򼡤Τ褦˵󤲤Ƥ (132)

aloe; cook; cope (= garment); noon; pole; pope; school; (if borrowed) fiddle; (in some of these cases re-borrowing in very early Middle English could also be possible)


ơ򤬤夯ʤ뤬650ǯʸΥƥѸȤƸޤ³βǽΤΤϼ̤ (132)

altar; canker; cap; clerk; comet; creed; deacon; false; flank; hyssop; lily; martyr; myrrh; to offer; palm (tree); paradise; passion; peony; pigment; prior; purse; rose; sabbath; savine; sot; to spend; stole; verse; also (where the re-borrowing would be from early Scandinavian) cole


Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-21-1] [2021-08-03-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-10-21 Mon

#3829. 650ǯʸΥƥѸΰ [lexicology][latin][loan_word][oe][borrowing]

#3790. 650ǯΥƥѸΰ ([2019-09-12-1]) ³ȿФ650ǯְʸפΥƥѸDurkin (116--19) 󤷤褦ΰȰۤʤŪǤϤʤޤǰ򼨤ΤʤΤա
650ǯȰʸμѸηˤĤӤȡԤϳ䡦ȷӤĤäΩĤȤ狼#3787. 650ǯդ򶭤Ȥ롤ΥƥѸü ([2019-09-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

[ Religion and the Church ]

acolitus 'acolyte' [L acoluthus, acolitus]
altare, alter 'altar' [L altare]
apostrata 'apostate' [L apostata]
apostol 'apostle' [L apostrolus]
canon 'canon, rule of the Church; canon, cleric living under a canonical rule' [L canon]
capitol 'chapter, section; chapter, assembly' [L capitulum]
clauster 'monastic cell, cloister, monastery' [L claustrum]
cleric, also '(earlier) clīroc 'clerk, clergyman' [L clericus]
crēda, crēdo 'creed' [L credo]
crisma 'holy oil, chrism; white cloth or garment of the newly baptized; chrismatory or pyx' [L chrisma]
crismal 'chrism cloth' [L chrismalis]
crūc 'cross' [L cruc-, crux]
culpa 'fault, sin' [L culpa]
decan 'person who supervises a group of (originally) ten monks or nuns, a dean' [L decanus]
dēmōn 'devil, demon' [L aemon]
dīacon 'deacon' [L diaconus]
discipul 'disciple; follower; pupil' [L discipulus]
eretic 'heretic' [L haereticus]
graþul 'gradual (antiphon sung between the Epistle and the Gospel at Mass)' [L graduale]
īdol 'idol' [L idolum]
lētanīa 'litany' [L letania]
martir, martyr 'martyr' [L martyr]
noctern 'nocturn, night office' [L nocturna]
nōn 'ninth hour (approximately 3 p.m.); office said at this time' [L nona (hora)]
organ 'canticle, song, melody; musical instrument, especially a wind instrument'
orgel- (in orgeldrēam 'instrumental music') [L organum]
pāpa 'pope' [L papa]
paradīs 'paradise, Garden of Eden, heaven' [L paradisus]
passion 'story of the Passion of Christ' [L passion-, passio]
prīm 'early morning office of the Church' [L prima]
prior 'superior office of a religious house or order, prior' [L prior]
sabat 'sabbath' [L sabbata]
sācerd 'priest; priestess' [L sacerdos]
salm, psalm, sealm 'psalm, sacred song' [L psalma]
saltere, sealtere 'psalter, also type of stringed instrument' [L psalterium]
sanct 'holy person, saint' [L sanctus]
stōl, stōle 'long outer garment; ecclesiastical vestment' [L stola]
tempel 'temple' [L templum]

[ Learning and scholarship ]

accent 'diacritic mark' [L accentus]
bærbære 'barbarous, foreign' [L barbarus]
biblioþēce, bibliþēca 'library' [L bibliotheca]
cālend 'first day of the month; (in poetry) month' [L calendae]
cærte, carte '(leaf or sheet of) vellum; piece of writing, document, charter' [L charta, carta]
centaur 'centaur' [L centaurus]
circul 'circle, cycle' [L circulums]
comēta 'comet' [L cometa]
coorte, coorta 'cohort' [L cohort-, cohors]
cranic 'chronicle' [L chronicon or chronica]
cristalla, cristallum 'crystal; ice' [L crystallum]
epistol, epistola, pistol 'letter' [L epistola, epistula]
fers, uers 'verse, line of poetry, passage, versicle' [L versus]
gīgant 'giant' [L gigant- gigas]
grād 'step; degree' [L gradus]
grammatic-cræft 'grammar' [L grammatica]
legie 'legion' [L legio]
meter 'metre' [L metrum]
nōt 'note, mark' [L nota]
nōtere 'scribe, writer' [L notarius]
part 'part (of speech)' [L part-, pars]
philosoph 'philosopher' [L philosophus]
punct 'quarter of an hour' [L punctum]
tītul 'title, superscription' [L titulus]
þēater 'theatre' [L theatrum]

[ Plants, fruit, and products of plants ]

alwe 'aloe' [L aloe]
balsam, balzam 'balsam, balm' [L balsamum]
berbēne 'vervain, verbena' [L verbena]
cāl, cāul, cāwel (or cawel) 'cabbage' [L caulis]
calcatrippe 'caltrops, or another thorny or spiky plant' [L calcatrippa]
ceder 'cedar' [L cedrus]
coliandre, coriandre 'coriander' [L coliandrum, coriandrum]
cucumer 'cucumber' [L cucumer-, cucumis]
cypressus 'cypress' [L cypressus]
fēferfuge (or feferfuge), fēferfugie (or feferfugie) 'feverfew' [L febrifugia, with substitution of Old English fēfer or fefer for the first element]
laur, lāwer 'laurel, bay, laver' [L laurus]
lilie 'lily' [L lilium]
mōr- (in mōrberie, mōrbēam) 'mulberry' [L morus]
murre 'myrrh' [L murra, murrha, mytrrha]
nard 'spikenard (name of a plant and of ointment made from it)' [L nardus]
palm, palma, pælm 'palm (tree)' [L palma]
peonie 'peony' [L paeonia]
peruince, perfince 'periwinkle' [L pervinca]
petersilie 'parsley' [L ptetrosilenum, petrosilium, petresilium]
polente (or perhaps polenta) 'parched corn' [L polenta]
pyretre 'pellitory' (a plant) [L pyrethrum]
rōse (or rose) 'rose' [L rosa]
rōsmarīm, rōsmarīnum 'rosemary' [L rosmarinum]
safine 'savine (type of plant)' [L sabina]
salfie, sealfie 'sage' [L salvia]
spīce, spīca 'aromatic herb, spice, spikenard' [L spica]
stōr 'incense, frankincense' [probably L storax]
sycomer 'sycamore' [L sycomorus]
ysope 'hyssop' [L hyssopus]

[ Animals ]

aspide 'asp, viper' [L aspid-, aspis]
basilisca 'basilisk' [L basiliscus]
camel, camell 'camel' [L camelus]
*delfīn 'dolphin' [L delfin]
fenix 'phoenic; (in one example) kind of tree' [L phoenix]
lēo 'lion' [L leo]
lopust 'locust' [L locusta]
loppestre, lopystre 'lobster' [probably L locusta]
pndher 'panther' [L panther]
pard 'panther, leopard' [L pardus]
pellican 'name of a bird of the wilderness' [L pellicanus]
tiger 'tiger' [L tigris]
ultur 'vulture' [L vultur]

[ Medicine ]

ātrum, atrum, attrum 'black vitriol; atrament; blackness' [L atramentum]
cancer 'ulcerous sore' [L cancer]
flanc 'flank' [L *flancum]
mamme 'teat' [L mamma]
pigment 'drug' [L pigmentum]
plaster 'plaster (medical dressing), plaster (building material)' [L plastrum, emplastrum]
sċrofell 'scrofula' [L scrofula]
tyriaca 'antidote to poison' [L tiriaca, theriaca]

[ Tools and implements ]

pāl 'stake, stave, post, pole; spade' [L palus]
(perhaps) paper '(probably) wick' [L papirus, papyrus]
pīc 'spike, pick, pike' [perhals L *pic-]
press 'press (specifically clothes-press)' [L pressa or French presse]

[ Building and construction; settlements ]

castel, cæstel 'village, small town; (in late manuscripts) castle' [L castellum]
foss 'ditch' [L fossa]
marman-, marmel- (in marmanstān, marmelstān 'marble' [L marmor]

[ Receptacles ]

purs, burse 'purse' [L bursa]

[ Money; units of measurement ]

cubit 'cubit, measure of length' [L cubitum]
mancus 'a money of account equivalent to thirty pence, a weight equivalent to thirty pence' [L mancus]
talente 'talent (as unit of weight or of money)' [L talentum]

[ Clothing ]

cæppe, also (in cantel-cāp 'cloak worn by a cantor') cāp 'cloak, hood, cap' (with uncertain relationship to cōp in the same meaning) [L cappa]
tuniċe, tuneċe 'undergarment, tunic, coat, toga' [L tunica]

[ Roles, ranks, and occupations (non-religious or not specifically religious) ]

centur, centurio, centurius 'centurion' [L centurion-, centurio]
cōc 'cook' [L *cocus, coquus]
consul 'consul' [L consul]
fiþela 'fiddler' (also fiþelere 'fiddler', fiþelestre '(female) fiddler') [probably L vitula]

[ Warfare ]

mīlite 'soldiers' [L milites, plural of miles]

[ Verbs ]

acordan 'to reconcile' [perhaps L accordare, although more likely a post-Conquest borrowing from French]
acūsan 'to accuse (someone)' [L accusare]
ġebrēfan 'to set down briefly in writing' [L breviare]
dēclīnian 'to decline or inflect' [L declinare]
offrian 'to offer, sacrifice' [L offerre]
*platian 'to make or beat into thin plates' (implied by platung 'metal plate' and ġeplatod and aplatod 'beaten into thin plates') [L plata, noun]
predician 'to preach' [L predicare, praedicare]
prōfian 'to assume to be, to take for' [L probare]
rabbian 'to rage' [L rabiare]
salletan 'to sing psalms, to play on the harp' [L psallere]
sċrūtnian, sċrūdnian 'to examine' [L scrutinare]
*spendan 'to spend' (recorded in Old English only in the derivatives spendung, aspendan, forspendan) [L expendere]
studdian 'to look after, be careful for' [L studere]
temprian 'to modify; to cure, heal; to control' [L temperare]
tonian 'to thunder' [L tonare]

[ Adjectives ]

fals 'false' [L falsus]
mechanisċ 'mechanical' [L mechanicus]

[ Miscellaneous ]

fals 'fraud, trickery' [L falsum]
rocc (only in stānrocc) 'cliff or crag' [L rocca]
sott 'fool', also adjective 'foolish' [L sottus]
tabele, tabul, tabule 'tablet, board; writing tablet; gaming table' [L tabula]

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-21-1] [2019-10-22-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-10-13 Sun

#3821. Old Saxon μѸ [loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][old_saxon][germanic][dutch][flemish][german][oe][germanic]

ѸˤˤơѸƱޥ췲λǤ Old Saxon ¸ߴǤϤʤε#3819. եå粦ˤ륤󥰥ɤγò ([2019-10-11-1]) ǿ줿եå粦ζפ˺ݤơJohn Ȥ̾θťͤ亴̳ƤȤϿ롥ޤGenesis B ȤΤűѻˤϡ9 Old Saxon 줿1᤬ޤޤƤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥
Genesis B ˤϡhearra (lord), sima (chain), landscipe (region), heodæg (today) ޤྯ Old Saxon ͳ褹Ȥܤ줬ǧ롥˼ѤʤäȤǤϡѸ˾ΰյϾȤ虜ʤɬפȤФȤñ¿줫ڤȤȯãѸλŪħűѸˤǤ˸ƤȤȤõƤƤ褤 (Crystal 27)
̤ˡѸˤˤơְŪ״طᤤޥ췲μѸ¿ϤʤŪطᤤΤǤС¤θܿ¿äϤǤϤʤ뤬ǤʤȤСʹϡ˥ɥĸ줫μѸϡ#2164. ѸˤǤޤΩʤɥĸ줫μѡ ([2015-03-31-1])#2621. ɥĸαѸؤܳŪ׸19 ([2016-06-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΤȤƤΩʤʤεϤDZѸ˱ƶͿȤΤϡեޥ줯餤Ͻ줫θŪƶˤĤƤϡ#149. եޥȱѸˡ ([2009-09-23-1])#2645. 줫Ѥ줿ߤΤñ ([2016-07-24-1])#2646. Ѹ˴ؤס ([2016-07-25-1])#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1])#3436. 󥰥ɤӤȤܿˡ ([2018-09-23-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2019.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-21-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-09-15 Sun

#3793. դ٤ʸ졦Ѹΰ [waseieigo][japanese][katakana][borrowing][semantic_change][word_formation][lexicology][false_friend]

ѸˤĤƤϡ#1624. Ѹΰ ([2013-10-07-1]) ϤȤ (waseieigo) γƵǼ夲ƤѸ˾ֱסֱʩסֱפʤɤǧƤꡤѸפϷ褷ܸΤߤΥäǤϤʤҤȤʤ̸üѤˤ򤿤ɤäƤˤϡФи븽ݤǤ롥
ǤεѸΰ򼨤شۤΡرѸŵ٤ӡդ٤ʸ졦Ѹ (pp. 450--53) ꤹ볺äΤǡƸƤܸȤƤŤΡʤȤ졩ˤʤʤ褦ʡ

ơground; ʱѡearth
åȥޡat sign
ɥХ륤advertising balloon
˥animation
ѡơapartment house; ʱѡblock of flats
եӥafter-sales service
ߥۥtinfoil; aluminum foil
󥫡anchor(man/woman)
amplifier
semi-tailored
ޥyes-man
ʥ᡼󥸡makeover
illustration
󥯥åȥץ󥿡ink-jet printer
󥿡ۥintercom
եޡʾ󥳥ޡinfo(r)mercial
եinfrastructure
󥫡ơturn signal; ʱѡindicator
ޥwomen's liberation
air conditioner
extract
ͥ륮åenergetic
󥲡engagement ring
󥸥󥭡ignition key
󥹥engine stall; engine failure
󥿥entertainment
custom-made; tailor-made; made to order
ȥХmotorcycle
ץ󥫡convertible
饦ɤΡŪơall-around; ʱѡall-round
եhydrogen peroxide
Хsacrifice bunt
ơsuspender; ʱѡgarter
ɥޥ(security) guard
ʥcar navigation system
ʥ˥졼racing driver
󥹥ơgas station; ʱѡpetrol station
ơcatalog; ʱѡcatalogue
åĥܡvictory pose
ޥʼ̿ȡphotographer
ޥʱDzʤɤΡcameraman
˥cheating
̥ӡcanned beer
åkeyboarding
ۥkey chain; key ring
ޡhickey; kiss mark
եȥɡʥեȷgift certificate
㥹ʲԡnewscaster
åܡ򤹤play catch
åۥtelephone with call waiting
顼˼֡air conditioner
(car) horn
ꥹޥ (X'mas)Xmas; Christmas
ॻ󥿡ơ(penny) arcade; amusement arcade
åcoin-operated locker
go-kart
ϥcoke highball
goggle
all-clear; green light
ȥåtraffic signal
ҡscoffee bar
ݥ饹condominium
ǥ󥢥prime time
ɥޡcold wave
Хrubber band; ʱѡelastic band
grounder
󥻥ơ(electrical) outlet; ʱѡ(wall) socket
party; get-together
ѥ˥ʰⷸescort; guide
combination
ӥconvenience store
soda
ɥӥͥʥХȡsideline
ɥߥ顼ơside(view) mirror; ʱѡwing mirror, door mirror
ʽ̾signature
ͭ̾ͤʤɤΡautograph
ȥsound track
󥪥off season
Хjeans
åȥroller coaster
system administrator
ƥ७åbuilt-in kitchen unit
㡼ʥס˥ڥơmechanical pencil; ʱѡpropelling pencil
jersey
塼꡼cream puff
Сʤǯsenior citizen
Сpriority seat
ѡʻٻԡsympathizer
åsquash
󥷥åphysical contact
ɥץ졼grandstand play
ƥå(walking) stick
ƥʥ쥹stainless steel
ȡheater
ѥơstudded tire; ʱѡstudded tyre
ԡɥslowdown
ԡɥ᡼speedometer
ڥߥspelling error; misspelling
ޡȤstylish; dashing
åmules; scuffs
եƥХdrag bunt
ϥsexual harassment
celeb(rity)
ơadhesive tape; Scotch tape
եȡʥԥ塼software
ץߥtypo; typographical error
ߥådeadline
time clock
ơdinner suit; ʱѡtuxedo
personality; star
ץơdump truck; ʱѡdumper truck
??????????fastener; ?米??zipper; ?????zip (fastener)
硼ʼ֤Ρchoke
ơ֥륹ԡafter-dinner speech
ơơtail light; ʱѡtail lamp
ǥdigital camera
ǥʼұưdemonstration
ƥۥ󥵡ӥtelephone information service
Żҥmicrowave oven
ɥܡdoorman
ɥإmedi-copter
ɥåȥץ󥿡dot matrix printer
ȥåץХålead-off batter; lead-off man
ȥ󥯡ʼ֤Ρơtrunk; ʱѡboot
ȥ(playing) card
????????????米??sweat pants; ?????track-suit trousers
ʥnight game
ʥСץ졼ơlicense plate; ʱѡnumber plate
˥塼㥹anchor(man/woman)
˥塼եnewcomer
͡¥塼recognition value
??????negative
Ρ꡼֡ʤΡsleeveless
ΡȡĢ̡notebook
Υquota
Υ󥹥ƥåץХkneeling bus
Хbuffet; buffet-style dinner; smorgasbord
Хmotorcycle; motorbike
ϥƥlate teens
??????????high tech(nology)
ϥӥhigh-definition TV system
ϥޥ̥sales clerk
Хơbathrobe; ʱѡdressing gown
ѥpersonal computer
Хååסʻٱbacking; support
Хåͥåbackstop
Хåޡkickback
Хåߥ塼åbackground music
Хåߥ顼rear-view mirror
Хå饤ơbackup light; ʱѡreversing light
Хåܥåbatter's box
ϥåԡhappy ending
ѥͥ顼panelist
Хꥫhair clippers
ϥơemployment agency; employment bureau
ѥơflat tire; ʱѡpuncture
ϥ󥹥hunger strike
ѥ󥹥ơpantyhose; ʱѡtights
ϥɥޥơbullhorn; ʱѡloudhailer
ϥɥʼ֤Ρsteering wheel
??????????green pepper
ԥå®١pace
ӥˡplastic bag
??????flyer; flier
ӥʷʪbuilding
եܡbase on balls
ץåۥpush-button phone; touch-tone phone
֥饤ɥåtouch typing
ץǥplastic model
֥ʪbrand-name goods
ե꡼one size fits all
ե꡼job-hopping part-timer worker
ե꡼ơtoll-free; ʱѡfreephone; freefone
ץpudding
ץ쥤ticket agency
֥졼brake light
֥쥹åbracelet
ץ쥼presentation
եåflexible working hours; flextime; flexible time
???????????prefabricated house
֥åblock signal
ץ쥹professional wrestling
եơfront desk; ʱѡreception
եȥ饹ơwindsheeld; ʱѡwindscreen
ڥdeposit insurance cap; deposit payoff
١åơ(pay) raise; ʱѡ(pay) rise
ڡѡƥwritten test
ڡѡɥ饤Сdriver in name only; driver on paper only
٥åɥbedroom scene
٥åɥbedroom suburb
ڥåȥܥȥplastic bottle; PETʥԡƥbottle
إåɥ饤ơheadlight; ʱѡheadlamp
٥ƥexpert
٥ӡơstroller; ʱѡpushchair
٥ӡ٥åbaby crib
إ륹᡼bathroom scales
ڥ󥷥resort inn
ۥ륭åhub cap
ܡʥۥƥʤɤΡpage; bellboy; bellhop
ۡʱؤΡplatform
ۡɥfamily doctor
ۡإѡơcaregiver; ʱѡcarer
ܡڥơball-point pen; ʱѡbiro
??????positive
ۥåstapler
ܥǥåbody search
ۥƥޥhotel employee
ܥͥåơhood; ʱѡbonnet
ޡcomputerized answer sheet
ޥowned car; private car
ޥåmug
ޥmother complex
ޥåmarker, marking pen, felt-tip (pen)
ޥmass communication(s), (mass) media,
ޥˡʤͤ߹ּpyramid selling
ޥ󥷥condominium
ߥsewing machine
ߥtype; typographical error
ߥ륯ƥtea with milk
᡼ʵơˡʱѡˤȤ meter
᡼ȥʵΥơmeter; ʱѡmetre
ɥsoap opera
⡼˥󥰥wake-up call
⡼˥󥰥ӥbreakfast special
ӥubiquitous
饱åȡʥԥݥΡơpaddle; ʱѡbat
դʡʥcasual; informal
ϥӥrehabilitation
ӥ󥰥åliving room with a kitchenette
եहʲȤʤɡremodel
ॸХlimousine
remote control
ȥretort
ƥtea with lemon
ƥearly teens
ץword processor
(dress) shirt
磻ɥ硼variety program
ܥåvan
ޥautocrat
롼ޥ󥷥studio apartment; one-room apartment


ش۳켭ŵԽԡˡرѸŵ١شۡ2006ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-11-19-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-09-12 Thu

#3790. 650ǯΥƥѸΰ [lexicology][latin][loan_word][oe][borrowing]

3֤εʡ#3787. 650ǯդ򶭤Ȥ롤ΥƥѸü ([2019-09-09-1])#3788. űѸΥƥѸΰճ ([2019-09-10-1])#3789. űѸäˤƥѸΨ1.75% ([2019-09-11-1])ˤǤ⿨줿褦ˡ650ǯդ˥ƥ줫ѸήñˤϡճŪʤΤ¿ޤޤƤ롥
ǧˤϡŪñįƤߤΤ֤Durkin (107--16) 򻲾Ȥơʲˡ̣ʬȤˡơñˤĤƸűѸμѷбʤ뤤ϸˡƥ򼨤Ƭ "?" դƤϡμѸǤȶäƤǧʤǤ롥

[ Religion and the Church ]

abbod, abbot 'abbot' [L abbat-, abbas]
abbodesse 'abbess' [L abbatissa]
antefn, also (later) antifon, antyfon 'antiphon (type of liturgical chant)' [L antifona, antefona]
ælmesse, ælmes 'alms, charity' [L *alimosina, variant of elemosina]
bisċeop 'bishop' [probably L episcopus]
cristen 'Christian' [L christianus]
dēofol, dīofol 'devil' [perhaps Latin diabulus]
draca 'dragon, monstrous beast; the devil' [L draco]
engel, angel 'angel' [probably L angelus]
mæsse, messe 'mass' (the religious ceremony) [L missa]
munuc 'monk' [L monachus]
mynster 'monastery; importan church' [L monasterium]
nunne 'nun' [L nonna]
prēost 'priest' [probably L *prebester, presbyter]
senoð, seonoð, sinoð, sionoð 'council, synod, assembly' [L synodus]
? ancra, ancor 'anchorite' [L anachoreta, perhaps via Old Irish anchara]
? ærċe-, erċe-, arce- 'arch-' (in titles) [L archi-]
? relic- (in relicgang (probably) 'bearing of relics in a procession') [clipping of L reliquiae or OE reliquias]
? reliquias 'relics' [L reliquiae]

[ Learning and scholarship ]

Læden 'Latin; any foreign language', also (later) lātin [L Latina]
sċolu, also (later) scōl 'troop, band; school' [L schola]
? græf 'stylus' [L graphium]
? stǣr (or stær) 'history' [probably ultimately L historia, perhaps via Celtic]
? traht 'text, passage, commentary' [L tractus]
? trahtað 'commentary' [L tractatus]

[ Plants, fruit, and products of plants ]

bēte 'beet, beetroot' [L beta]
billere denoting several water plants [L berula]
box 'box tree', later also 'box, receptable' [L buxus]
celendre, cellendre 'coriander' [L coliandrum]
ċerfille, ċerfelle 'chervil' [L caerefolium]
*ċiċeling 'chickpea' [L cicer]
ċīpe 'onion' [L cepe]
ċiris-(bēam) 'cherry tree' [L *ceresia, cerasium]
ċisten-, ċistel-, ċist-(bēam) 'chestnut tree' [L castinea or castanea]
coccel 'corn cockle, or other grain-field weed' [L *cocculus < coccum]
codd-(æppel) 'quince' [L cydonium, cotoneum, or cotonium]
consolde '(perhaps) daisy or comfrey' [L consolida]
corn-(trēo) 'cornel tree' [L cornus]
cost 'costmary' [L constum]
cymen 'cumin' [L cuminum]
cyrfet 'gourd' [L cucurbita]
earfe plant name, probably vetch [L ervum]
elehtre '(probably) lupin' [L electrum]
eofole 'dwarf elder, danewor' [L ebulus]
eolone, elene 'elecampane' (a plant) [L inula, helenium]
finol, finule, finugle 'fennel' [L fenuculum]
glædene a plant name (usually for a type of iris) [L gladiola]
humele 'hop plant' [L humulus]
lāser 'weed, tare' [L laser]
leahtric, leahtroc, also (later) lactuce 'lettuce' [L lactuca]
*lent 'lentil' [L lent-, lens]
lufestiċe 'lovage' [L luvesticum]
mealwe 'mallow' [L malva]
*mīl 'millet' [L milium]
minte, minta 'mint' [L mentha]
næp 'turnip' [L napus]
nefte 'catmint' [L nepeta]
oser or ōser 'osier' [L osaria]
persic 'peach' [L persicum]
peru 'pear' [L pirum, pera]
piċ 'pitch' (the resinous substance) [L pic-, pix]
pīn 'pine' [L pinus]
pipeneale 'pimpernel' [L pipinella]
pipor 'pepper' [L piper]
pieir 'pear tree' [L *pirea]
pise, *peose 'pea' [L pisum]
plūme 'plum; plum tree' and plȳme 'plum; plum tree' [both perhaps L pruna]
pollegie 'penny-royal' [L pulegium]
popiġ, papiġ 'poppy' [L papaver]
porr 'leek' [L porrum]
rǣdiċ 'radish' [L radic-, radix]
rūde 'rue' [L ruta]
syrfe 'service tree' [L *sorbea, sorbus]
ynne- (in ynnelēac) 'onion' [L unio]
? æbs 'fir tree' [L abies]
? croh, crog 'saffron; type of dye; saffron colour' [L crocus]
? fīċ 'fig tree, fig' [L ficus]
? plante 'young plant' [L planta]
? sæðerie, satureġe 'savory (plant name)' [L satureia]
? sæppe 'spruce fir' [L sappinus]
? sōlsēċe 'heliotrope' [L solsequium, with substitution of a derivative of OE sēċan 'to seek' for the second element]

[ Animals ]

assa 'ass' [L asinum perhaps via Celtic]
capun 'capon' [probably L capon-, capo]
cat, catte 'cat' [L cattus]
cocc 'cock, rooster' [L coccus]
*cocc (in sǣcocc) 'cockle' [perhaps L *coccum]
culfre 'dove' [perhals L columbra, columbula]
cypera 'salmon at the time of spawning' [L cyprinus]
elpend, ylpend 'elephant', also shortend to ylp [L elephant-, elephans]
eosol, esol 'ass' [L asellus]
lempedu, also (later) lamprede 'lamprey' [L lampreda]
mūl 'mule' [L mulus]
muscelle 'mussel' [L musculus]
olfend 'camel' [probably L elephant-, elephans, with the change in meaning arising from semantic confusion]
ostre 'oyster' [L ostrea]
pēa 'peafowl' [L pavon-, pavo]
*pine- (in *pinewincle, as suggested emendation of winewincle) 'wincle' [perhals L pina]
rēnġe 'spider' [L aranea]
strȳta 'ostrich' [L struthio]
trūht 'trout' [L tructa]
turtle, turtur 'turtle dove' [L turtur]

[ Food and drink (see also plants and animals) ]

ċȳse, ċēse 'cheese' [L caseus]
foca 'cake baked on the ashes of the hearth' (only attested with reference to Biblical contexts or antiquity) [L focus]
must 'wine must, new wine' [L mustum]
seim 'lard, fat' (only attested in figurative use) [L *sagimen, sagina]
senap, senep 'mustard' [L sinapis]
wīn 'wine' [L vinum]

[ Medicine ]

butere 'butter' [L butyrum, buturum]
ċeren 'wine reduced by boiling for extra sweetness' [L carenum]
eċed 'vinegar' [L acetum]
ele 'oil' [L oleum]
fēfer or fefer 'fever' [L febris]
flȳtme 'lancet' [L fletoma]

[ Transport; riding and horse gear ]

ancor, ancra 'anchor (also in figurative use)' [L ancora]
cæfester 'muzzle, halter, bit' [L capistrum, perhaps via Celtic]
ċæfl 'muzzle, halter, bit' [L capulus]
ċearricge (meaning very uncertain, perhaps 'carriage') [perhaps L carruca]
punt 'punt' [L ponton-, ponto]
sēam 'burden; harness; service which consisted in supplying beasts of burden' [L sauma, sagma]
stǣt 'road; paved road, street' [L strata]

[ Tools and implements ]

cucler 'spoon' [L coclear]
culter 'coulter; (once) dagger' [L culter]
fæċele 'torch' [L facula]
fann 'winnowing fan' [L vannus]
forc, forca 'fork' [L furca]
*fossere or fostere 'spade' [L fossorium]
inseġel, insiġle 'seal; signet' [L sigillum]
līne 'cable, rope, line, cord; series, row, rule, direction' [probably L linea]
mattuc, meottuc, mettoc 'mattock' [perhaps L *matteuca]
mortere 'mortar' [L mortarium]
panne 'pan' [perhaps L panna]
pæġel 'wine vessel; liquid measure' [L pagella]
pihten part of a loom [L pecten]
pīl 'pointed object; dart, shaft, arrow; spike, nail; stake' [L pilum]
pīle 'mortar' [L pila]
pinn 'pin, peg, pointer; pen' [probably L penna]
pīpe 'tube, pipe; pipe (= wind instrument); small stream' [L pipa]
pundur 'counterpoise; plumb line' [L ponder-, pondus]
seġne 'fishing net' [L sagena]
sicol 'sickle' [L *sicula, secul < secare 'to cut']
spynġe, also (later) sponge 'sponge' [L spongia, spongea]
timple instrument used in weaving [L templa]
turl 'ladele' [L trulla]
? stropp 'strap' [L stroppus or struppus]
? trefet 'trivet, tripod' [L tripes]

[ Warware and weapons ]

camp 'battle; war; field' [L campus]
cocer 'quiver' [perhaps L cucurum]

[ Buildings and parts of buildings; construction; towns and settlements ]

ċeafor-(tūn), cafer-(tūn) 'hall, court' [L capreus]
ċealc, calc 'chalk, plaster' [L calc-, calx]
ċeaster, ċæster 'fortification; city, town (especially one with a wall)' [L castra]
ċipp 'rod, stick, beam (especially in various specific contexts)' [probably L cippus]
clifa, cleofa, cliofa 'chamber, cell, den, lair' [perhaps L clibanus 'oven']
clūse, clause 'lock; confine, enclosure; fortified pass' [L clausa]
clūstor 'lock, bolt, bar, prison' [L claustrum]
cruft 'crypt, cave' [L crupta]
cyċene 'kitchen' [L coquina]
cylen 'kiln, oven' [L culina]
*cylene 'town' (only as place-name element) [L colonia]
mūr 'wall' [L murus]
mylen 'mill' [L molina]
pearroc 'enclosure; fence that forms an enclosure' [perhaps L parricus]
pīsle or pisle 'warm room' [L pensilis]
plætse, plæce, plæse 'open place in a town, square, street' [L platea]
port 'town with a harbour; harbour, port; town (especially one with a wall or a market)' [L portus]
post 'post; doorpost' [L postis]
pytt 'hole in the ground; excavated hole; pit; grave; hell' [pherlaps L puteus]
sċindel 'roof shingle' [L scindula]
solor 'upper room; hall, dwelling; raised platform' [L solarium]
tīġle, tīgele, tigele 'earthen vessel; potshert; tile, brick' [L tegula]
torr 'tower' [L turris]
weall 'wall, rampart, earthwork' [L vallum]
wīċ 'dwelling; village; camp, fortress' [L visum]
? port 'gate, gateway' [L porta]
? prtiċ 'porch, portico, vestibule, chapel' [L poorticus]

[ Containers, vessels, and receptacles ]

amber 'vessel, dry or liquid measure' [L amphora, ampora]
binn, binne 'basket, bin; manger' [L benna]
buteruc 'bottle' [perhaps from a derivative of L buttis]
byden 'vessel, container; cask, tub; tub-shaped geographical feature' [probably L *butina]
bytt 'bottle, flask, cask, wine skin' [L *buttia]
ċelċ, cælc, calic 'drinking vessel, cup' [L calic-, calix]
ċist, ċest 'chest, box, coffer; reliquary; coffin' [L cista]
cuppe 'cup', also copp 'cup, beaker; gloss for Latin spongia sponge' [L cuppa]
cȳf 'large jar, vessel, or tub' [L cupia < cupa]
cȳfl 'tub, bucket' [L cupellus]
cyll, cylle 'leather bottle, leather bag; ladele; oil lamp' [L culleus]
disċ 'dish, bowl, plate' [L discus]
earc, earce, earca, also arc, arce, arca 'ark (especially Noah's ark or the ark of the covenent), chest, coffer' [L arca]
gabote, gafote kind of dish or platter [L gabata]
ġellet 'jug, bowl, or basin' [L galleta]
læfel, lebil 'spoon, cup, bowl, vessel' [L labellum]
orc 'pitcher, crock, cup' [L orca]
pott 'pot' [perhaps L pottus]
sacc, also sæcc 'sack, bag' [L saccus]
sester 'jar, vessel; a measure' [L sextarius]
spyrte 'basket' [probably L sporta, *sportea]
? cæpse 'box' [L copsa]
? sċrīn 'chest; shrine' [L scrinium]
? sċutel 'dish, platter' [L scutella]
? tunne 'cask, tun, barrel' [L tunna]

[ Coins, money; wights and measures, units of measurement ]

dīner, dīnor type of coin, denarius [L denarius]
mīl 'mile' [L milia]
mydd 'a measure' [L modius]
mynet 'a coin; coinage, money' [L moneta]
oma 'a liquid measure' [L ama]
pund 'pound (in weight or money); pint' [L pondo]
trimes 'unit of weight, a dracm; name of a coin' [L tremissis]
ynċe 'inch' [L uncia]
yntse 'ounce' [L uncia]

[ Transactions and payments ]

ċēap 'perchase, sale, transaction, market, possessions, price' [L cauō or caupōnārī]
toll, also toln, tolne 'toll, tribute, rent, duty' [L toloneum]
trifet 'tribute' [L tributum]

[ Clothing; fabric ]

belt 'belt, girdle' [L balteus]
bīsæċċ 'pocket' [L bisaccium]
cælis 'foot-covering', also (later) calc 'sandal' [L calceus]
ċemes 'shirt, undergarment' [L camisia]
ġecorded 'having cords, corded (or perhaps fringed)' [L corda]
cugele '(monk's) cowl' [L cuculla]
fifele 'broach, clasp' [L fibula]
mentel 'cloak' [L mantellum]
pæll, pell 'fine or rich cloth; purple cloth; altar cloth rich robe' [L pallium]
pyleċe 'fur robe' [L pellicia]
seolc 'silk' [perhaps L sericum]
sīde 'silk' [L seta]
*sīric 'silk' [perhals L sericum]
socc 'light shoe' [L soccus]
swiftlēre 'slipper' [L subtalaris]
? orel, orl 'robe, garment, veil, mantle' [L orale, orarium]
? purpure, purpur 'deep crimson garment; deep crimson colour (imperial purple)' [L purpura]
? sabon 'sheet' [L sabanum]
? tæpped, teped 'cloth wall or floor covering' [L tapetum, tappetum]

[ Furniture and furnishing ]

meatte, matte 'mat; underlay for a bed' [L matta]
mēse, mīse 'table' [L mensa]
pyle, pylu 'pillow, cushion' [L pulvinus]
sċamol, sċemol, sċeomol, sċeamol 'stool, footstool, bench' [L *scamellum]
strǣl, strēaġl 'curtain; quilt, matting, bed' [L stragula]
strǣt 'bed' [L stratum]

[ Precious stones ]

ġimm 'gem, precious stone, jewel; also in figurative use' [L gemma]
meregrot 'pearl' [L margarita, but showing folk-etymological alteration after an English word for 'sea' and (probably) an English word for 'fragment, particple']
pærl '(very doubtfully) pearl' [perhals L *perla]

[ Roles, ranks, and occupations (non-religious or not specifically religious) ]

cāsere 'emperor; ruler' [L caesar]
fullere 'fuller' [L fullo]
mangere 'merchant, trader' [L mango]
mæġester, also (later) māgister or magister 'leader, master, teacher' [L magister]
myltestre 'prostitute' [L meretrix, with remodelling of the ending after the Old English feminine agent noun suffix -estre]
prafost, also profost 'head, chief, officer' [L praepositus, propositus]
sūtere 'shoumaker' [L sutor]

[ Punishment, judgement, codes of behaviour ]

pīn 'pain, fortune, anguish, punishment' [L poena]
regol, reogol 'rule; principle; code of rules; wooden ruler' [L regula]
sċrift 'something decreed as a penalty; penance; absolution; confessor; judge' [L scriptum]

[ Verbs ]

*cōfrian 'to recover' (implied by acōfrian in the same meaning) [L recuperare]
*cyrtan 'to shorten' (implied by cyrtel 'garment, tunic, cloak, gown' and (probably) ġecyrted 'cut off, shortened') [L curtus, adjective]
dīligian 'to erase, rub out; to destroy, obliterate' [L delere]
impian 'to graft; to busy oneself with' [L imputare]
*mūtian (implied by bemūtian 'to exchange' and mūtung 'exchange') [L mutare]
*nēomian 'to sound sweetly' or *nēome 'sound' [L neuma, noun]
pinsian 'to weigh, consider, reflect' [L pensare]
pīpian 'to play on a pipe' [L pipare]
pluccian 'to pluck' [perhaps L *piluccare]
*pundrian (implied by apyndrian, apundrian 'to weigh, to adjudge') [L ponderare, if not a derivative of OE punduru]
pynġan 'to prick' [L pungere]
sċrīfan 'to allot, prescribe, impose; to hear confession; to receive absolution; to have regard to' [L scribere]
seġlian 'to seal' [L sigillare]
seġnian 'to make the sign of the cross; to consecrate, bless' [L signare, if not < OE seġn]
*-stoppian (implied by forstoppian) 'to obstruct, stop up' [perhaps L *stuppare]
trifulian 'to break, bruise, stamp' [L tribulare]
tyrnan, turnian 'to turn, revolve' [L turnare]
? cystan 'to get the value of, exchange for the worth of' [L constare]
? dihtan, dihtian 'to direct, command, arrange, set forth' [L dictare]
? glēsan 'to gloss, explain' [L glossare (verb) or glossa (noun)]
? lafian 'to pour water on, to bathe, wash' [L lavare]
? *pilian 'to peel, strip, pluck' [L pilare]
? plantian 'to plant' [L plantare, or < OE plante]
? *pyltan 'to pelt' (implied by later pilt, pelt) [perhaps L *pultiare, alteration of pultare]
? sealtian 'to dance' [L saltare]
? trahtian 'to comment on, expound; to interpret' [L tractare, if not < OE traht]

[ Adjectives ]

cirps, crisp 'curly, curly haired' [L crispus]
cyrten 'beautiful' [perhals L *cortinus]
pīs 'heavy' [L pensus]
sicor 'sure, certain; secure' [L securus]
sȳfre 'clean, pure, sober' [L sobrius]
byxen 'of box wood' [probably L buxeus]
? cūsc 'virtuous, chaste' [L conscius, perhaps via Old Saxon kusko]

[ Miscellaneous ]

candel, condel 'candle, taper', (in figurative contexts) 'source of light' [L candela]
ċēas, ċēast 'quarrel, strife; reproof' [L causa]
ċeosol, ċesol 'hut; gullet; belly' [L casula, casella]
copor 'copper' [L cuprum]
derodine 'scarlet' [probably L dirodinum]
munt 'mountain, hill' [L mont-, mons]
plūm-, in plmfeðer '(inplural) down, feathers' [L pluma]
sælmeriġe 'brine' [L *salmuria]
sætern- (in sæterndæġ 'Saturday') [L Saturnus]
seġn 'mark, sign, banner' [L signum]
tasul, teosol 'dice; small square of stone' [L tessella, *tassellus]
tæfl 'piece used in a board game, dice; type of game played on a board, game of dice; board on which this is played' [L tabula]
-ere, forming agent nouns [probably L -arius; if so, borrowed early]
-estre, forming feminine agent nouns [perhaps L -istria]
? coron-(b&#275;ag) 'crown' [L corona]
? diht 'act of directing or arranging; direction, arrangement, command' [L dictum]
? *pill (perhaps shown by pillsāpe soap for removing hair, depilatory) [perhals L pilus 'hair']

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-09-11 Wed

#3789. űѸäˤƥѸΨ1.75% [latin][loan_word][borrowing][oe][lexicology][statistics]

Ѹ츻ؤͼ Durkin ˤСűѸޤǤ˱Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ƥñοϡʤȤ600ϤȤ650ǯդ򶭤ˡ300ۤɡ300ۤɤȤΩƤǤ롥600ȤűѸΤįƤߤȡ1.75%Ȥ礬ϤФ롥ΥƥѸñΤǤϤʤ˴Ťƺ줿ޤǤθȡűѸäˤ4.5%ķ;夬롥Durkin (100) βѤ褦

If we take an estimate of at least 600 words borrowed (immediately) from Latin, and a total of around 34,000 words in Old English, then, conservatively, around 1.75% of the total are borrowed from Latin. If we include all compounds and derivatives formed on Latin loanwords in Old English, then the total of Latin-derived vocabulary probably comes closer to 4.5% . . . , although this figure may be a little too high, since estimates of the total size of the Old English vocabulary (native and borrowed) probably rather underestimate the numbers of compounds and derivatives.


οͤɤɾ뤫ϻμǤ롥ˤˤѸθüѤεϤȤαƶͤСʳǤΥƥѸγʤɡ­ʤˤߤ줳ѸθüѤˤǤȤߤʤС0%ȯѸΨǤ˸űѸ1.75%ʤ뤤4.5%ˤãƤȤΤϡݤǤȤʤʤˤС¿ɴǯ֤ƤѸˤĤäƤꡤȤѤƤΤΩĤΤǤʺε#3788. űѸΥƥѸΰճ ([2019-09-10-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
űѸΥƥѸˤĤƤϱѸ˸ˤƤ⤵ۤܤƤ櫓ǤϤʤѤнʬ̥Ūʥȥԥåˤʤꤽ

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-21-1] [2019-09-12-1]

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2019-09-10 Tue

#3788. űѸΥƥѸΰճ [latin][loan_word][oe][lexicology][lexical_stratification][statistics][borrowing]

ε#3787. 650ǯդ򶭤Ȥ롤ΥƥѸü ([2019-09-09-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡűѸȤ櫓650ǯäƤǽΥƥѸˤϡߤǤŪѤƤΤ¿#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) ʤɤǸƤ褦ˡƥѸˤϥ٥ι⤤ñ줬¿Τϻ¤űѸμѸ˴ؤƤСΥƥ쥪פɬ¤ɽ路Ƥʤ
Durkin (138--39) ˤ붽̣ͤ롥Durkin ϡ#3400. Ѹ˸ä˼Ѹ줬ɤǤ뤫 ([2018-08-18-1]) Ǥ⼨Ȥꡤ"Leipzig-Jakarta list of basic vocabulary" ȸƤФ̸Ū˺ǤŪʰ̣ô100Ѹ줫ФΤʤˤɤۤɼѸ줬ޤޤƤ뤫ĴƤߤ̤ȤƤϡƥѸˤĤƤСˤ1ޤޤƤʤä
"the WOLD survey" ˤ1,460ĤδŪʰ̣ܤʤꥹȤĴƤߤȡ137ۤɡʤ褽10%ˤűѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥѸǧꤵΤä⡤ñϡ24ߤƤ̣Υƥ꡼Τ"Kinship", "Quantity", "Miscellaneous function words" 21ĤΥƥ꡼ˤ錄äƸФȤĤޤꡤѸ˾塤ǽäƤƥѸϡʬˤ錄ŪѤѸθäξʤʬƤȤ櫓űѸηǶ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ

butere "butter"
ele "oil"
cyċene "kitchen"
ċȳse, ċēse "cheese"
wīn "wine" (and its compounds)
sæterndæġ "Saturday"
mūl "mule"
ancor "anchor"
līn "line, continuous length"
mylen (and its compounds) "mill"
scōl, sċolu (and the compound leornungscōl) "school"
weall "wall"
pīpe "pipe, tube"
pīle "mortar"
disċ "plate/platter/bowel/dish"
candel "lamp, lantern, candle"
torr "tower"
prēost and sācerd "priest"
port "harbour"
munt "mountain or hill"

Τ褦˥ƥѸΤʤˤϰճ¿ִܸáפ⤢뤳ȤõƤϢơܸγƵ⻲ȡ

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-09-09 Mon

#3787. 650ǯդ򶭤Ȥ롤ΥƥѸü [latin][loan_word][oe][chronology][lexicology][borrowing][link]

ѸˤˤƥѸȤСűѸΥꥹȶѸ졤ѸΥͥߤθáʤ뤤ϡ֥Ѹ (inkhorn_term)ˡḽѸ濴Ȥ뿷ŵʣʤɤΥ᡼פˡַáפȤƥ쥪פܥ֥Ǥ⡤줾ʲεǼ夲Ƥ

#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ ([2010-02-17-1])
#1895. űѸΥƥѸֻȼѤ෿ ([2014-07-05-1])
#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])
#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1])
#1408. ([2013-03-05-1])
#1410. Ƚ󵢡 ([2013-03-07-1])
#1615. 礹ߡ2 ([2013-09-28-1])
#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1])
#3438. ʤѸΥƥѸΤ ([2018-09-25-1])
#3013. 19񤵤줿ŵŪʣ ([2017-07-27-1])
#3179. ֿŵŪʣפֱפ ([2018-01-09-1])

ŪˤСΥƥ쥪פϷ褷ƴְ㤤ǤϤʤŪܶȤ⤤ƥѸ¸ߤȤ¤˺ƤϤʤʤ绨Ĥˤе650ǯդĤޤΦ夫űѸˤƱѸʤ뤤ϥޥˤäƤƥñ¿ϡճʤȤˡ褽褽äǤϤʤˤʤƤϤʤʤäƤΤǤ롥λ¤ϡ֥ƥҿȶܤθפȤظ˱ƤΤǡ褯ǧƤȤɬפǤ롥
650ǯȤΤϤ褽ǯλäƤƥѸΥפϰۤʤäƤ롥ñ㲽ƤСϡֿƤߤΤ졤ʹߤϡ֤⤤׽ȳѸ줬äƤDurkin (103) ʸѤ褦

The context for most of the later borrowings is certain: they are nearly all words connected with the religious world or with learning, which were largely overlapping categories in the Anglo-Saxon world. Many of them are only very lightly assimilated into Old English, if at all. In fact it is debatable whether some of them should even be regarded as borrowed words, or instead as single-word switches to Latin in an Old English document, since it is not uncommon for words only ever to occur with their Latin case endings.
   The earlier borrowings include many more words that are of reasonably common occurrence in Old English and later, for instance names of some common plants and foodstuffs, as well as some very basic words to do with the religious life.


ǤϡŪΥƥѸȤϤɤΤ褦ñʤΤˤĤƤϺεǾҲ𤷤ƤͽǤ롥

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-08-07 Wed

#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤ [celtic][borrowing][syntax][contact][substratum_theory][celtic_hypothesis][do-periphrasis][reflexive_pronoun][be][nptr][fricative_voicing][cleft_sentence]

20ǯۤɤδ֤ˡ֥ȸ첾 ("the Celtic hypothesis") ˴ؤ븦椬ƤѸϸðʳˤƤ⡤ͤƤʾˡ֥ƥδظǤ륱Ƚ줫鶯ƶƤȤ1δظƶȤäƤ褤cf. #1342. ظƶؤȽ ([2012-12-29-1])ˡŪˤʤäƤŪˤɤΤ褦ʹ¤Ūʸबȸ줫αƶȤߤʤƤΤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦ʲDurkin (87--90) ˤڤˤ뤬Durkin Ȥ⥱ȸ첾ФƤϤȲŪ٤򼨤Ƥ뤳ȤҤ٤Ƥ

űѸˤ be ư bēon ̤ȿꡤ³򼨤Ѥˡ륺 be ư줬¸ߤ롥
-self κƵ̾ȯãcf. #1851. Ƶ̾ oneself ͳˤĤƤν ([2014-05-22-1])
be + -ing οʹԷ¤ȯã
do ѤŪ¤ (do-periphrasis) ȯã
ŪͭԹ¤ŪͭԹ¤ؤΰܹ (ex. he as a pimple on the nose he has a pimple on his nose)
"Northern Subject Rule" ȯãcf. #689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1])
ط줢뤤ܿ٤
it Ѥʬʸ (cleft sentence) ȯã (ex. It was a bike that he bought (not a car).) ʤե󥹸бʬʸ⥱ȸαƶȤȤ (Durkin 87)
/f/ /v/, /θ/ /ð/ βŪΩȯãݻcf. #3386. Ѹ˾μפʻҲѲ ([2018-08-04-1]) 2ܡ

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-08-06 Tue

#3753. ʩˤ륱ȼѸӡо [french][celtic][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][etymology][gaulish][language_shift][diglossia][sociolinguistics][contrastive_language_history]

ε#3752. ե󥹸ΥȼѸ ([2019-08-05-1]) ǡե󥹸ˤ륱ȼѸ򳵴ѤϤȱѸΥȼѸȤӡоȤ褦
ѸΥȼѸοۤΰ찮Ǥ뤳Ȥϡ#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1])#3750. Ƚ줫μѸ (2) ([2019-08-03-1]) ǸƤե󥹸ǤϺεǸ褦ˡʤȤ100ۤ륱ñ줬ѤƤŪˤϱʩδ֤˺Ȥ⤤ŪˤߤСۤ礭ʿǤϤʤʸ̤ꡤ޽ɴȤäƤ褤μҲˤƤ⡤ȸϼҲŪ˰ҿ㤤äȤȤǤ롥
ȼѸμŪʺۤˤܤ٤Τ롥ѸäƤñˤȤ٤ΤϤۤȤɤʤȤäƤ褤ե󥹸ΥȼѸˤϡDurkin (85) λŦ̤ꡤʲΤ褦˹ٸޤޤƤʤˡΤĤѸϥե󥹸줫ѤƤˡ

. . . changer is quite a high-frequency word, as are pièce and chemin (and its derivatives). If admitted to the list, petit belongs to a very basic level of the vocabulary. The meanings 'beaver', 'beer', 'boundary', 'change', 'fear' (albeit as noun), 'to flow', 'he-goat', 'oak', 'piece', 'plough' (albeit as verb), 'road', 'rock', 'sheep', 'small', and 'sow' all figure in the list of 1,460 basic meanings . . . . Ultimately, through borrowing from French, the impact is also visible in a number of high-frequency words in the vocabulary of modern English . . . beak, carpentry, change, cream, drape, piece, quay, vassal, and (ultimately reflecting the same borrowing as French char 'chariot') carry and car.


μŪʺۤϲˤΤʤΤŪʸˤС֥ƥΥ֥ȥͤϥ󥰥ͤοˤŪû֤Ƕव졤Ѹؤθ (language_shift) ®˿ʹԤȹͤƤ롥ꥢΥͤϡƥ졦ޥĸüԤ˰Ϥ򤫤줿ȤϤĹ֤ˤ錄궦¸ˤǤԻԤǤϥƥ첽ʤȤƤ⡤Ǥϥ줬ä³졤diglossia ξĹ³ϤޤǤäȿʹԤƤΤǤ롥θ塤ե󥹸ˤˤϥޥ⻲Ƥ뤬ǤŪʸϤʤäȤ롥ɤ顤ʩˤ륱ȼѸμκۤϸܿ (contact) ȸμҲŪΰ㤤˵褦ˤĤơDurkin (86) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . whereas in Gaul the Germanic conquerors arrived with relatively little disruption to the existing linguistic situation, in Britain we find a complete disruption, with English becoming the language in general use in (it seems) all contexts. Thus Gaul shows a very gradual switch from Gaulish to Latin/Romance, with some subsequent Germanic input, while Britain seems to show a much more rapid switch to English from Celtic and (maybe) Latin (that is, if Latin retained any vitality in Britain at the time of the Anglo-Saxon settlement).


αʩˤ뺹ۤϡܿ෿ǤȤΡ (borrowing) ܿˤ봳 (shift-induced interference) ζ̤۵ (see #1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1]), #1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])) ֥ƥǤ borrowing βꥢǤ shift-induced interference βơͿƤȤߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ
ե󥹸ˤθƤȡѸˤΥȼѸħ䤫⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥줳оȸˤ̥ϤǤ롥

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-08-05 Mon

#3752. ե󥹸ΥȼѸ [french][celtic][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][etymology][gaulish][hybrid][hfl]

ϢѸˤ륱Ƚ줫μѸˤƤ뤬򤫤ƥե󥹸ˤ륱ȼѸξDurkin (83--87) ˰͵򤷤ƤߤƤ
޻Υե󥹡ʥꥢˤǤϡƥ¤Υ (Gaulish) ĹѤƤԻǤϥƥʥޥĸȤ٤˥ե󥹸ȤȤäƤǤϥǴ궯ĤäƤ褦Ĺˤ錄ܿη̤ȤơΥե󥹸ˤϡѸξ¿ΥȼѸ줬ޤƤȤϤäƤ⡤100ۤ٤ǤϤʸˤä50--500ޤǤγˡ#3749. Ƚ줫μѸ˴Ϣ츻ؤ񤷤 ([2019-08-02-1]) DZѸξˤĤƵŸ褦ˡѤλ롼ȤưפǤϤʤ褦οˤϡƥ˼Ѥ줿Τ䡤ĤθФƴŪ˼Ѥ줿ΤʤɤޤޤƤꡤե󥹸üԤȥüԤľܤܿ˵٤ΤФǤϤʤ
嵭դĤġʲ˰̣ʬ̤ΥȼѸꥹȤΰ󤲤褦 (Durkin 84)

ưʪbièvre "beaver", blaireau "badger", bouc "billy goat", mouton "sheep", vautre "type of hunting dog"; chamois "chamois", palefroi "palfrey", truie "sow" ʺǸ3ĤϺ
Ļalouette "lark", chat-huant "tawny owl"
alose "shad", loche "loach", lotte "burbot", tanche "tench", vandoise "dace", brochet "pike"; limande "dab" ʥƬ򼨤

Ρ֥եñפΤ˱Ѹ˼Ѥ줿Τ⤢롥mutton, palfrey, loach, tench, chamois ʤɤαñϡ¤ϥȸ쵯äȤȤñ buck, beaver ʤɤϻ𤬰ۤʤꡤե󥹸 bièvre, bouc ȤϼѤˤΤǤϤʤȤ˰ĸˤΤܤ뤫brasserie ʥӡ¤ˤ cervoise ʸӡˤʤɤϡͤʬ򼨤Ƥ褦Ǥ⤷
ե󥹸ˤ륱ȼѸΤ¾θ򥢥ե٥åȽ˵󤲤Ƥߤ褦 (Durkin 84)

arpent'measure of land'
bec'beak'
béret'beret'
borne'boundary (marker)'
boue'mud'
bouge'hovel, dive' (earlier 'bag')
bruyère'heather, briar-root'
changer'to change'
char'chariot' (reflecting a borrowing which had occurred already in classical Latin, whence also charrue 'plough')
charpente'framework' (originally the name of a type of chariot)
chemin'road, way'
chêne'oak'
craindre (partly)'to fear'
crème'cream'
drap'sheet, cloth'
javelot'javelin'
lieue'league (measure of distance)'
marne'marl' (earlier marle, hence English marl)
pièce'piece'
ruche'beehive'
sillon'furrow'
soc'ploughshare'
suie'soot'
vassal'vassal'
barre'bar'
jaillir'to gush, spring, shoot out'
quai'quay'


ʩˤ륱ȼѸηκۤȤˤĤƤϡεǡ

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-06-1]

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2019-08-03 Sat

#3750. Ƚ줫μѸ (2) [celtic][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][etymology][toponymy][onomastics][irish]

ε#3749. Ƚ줫μѸ˴Ϣ츻ؤ񤷤 ([2019-08-02-1]) 褦ˡѸˤ륱ȼѸ͡ͳ񤷤Ȥ롥ϡ#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1]) ΥꥹȤʬŪ˽ŤʤΤΡȤˤɾФǡΤʥȼѸȤߤʤΤ󤲤ƤȤȤϡѸ츻ؤ1ͼ Durkin Ǥ롥
Durkin (77--81) ϡűѸΤʶŪˤλΤĤˤĤƤϾܤ餫ˤʤˤ˼Ѥ줿Ȥ Brythonic ϤΥȼѸ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ롥ޤbrock "badger" (OE brocc) ϼȼѸȤäƤ褤ϡ֥ʥޡפɽ魯ȤơѸ badger ˤμ礿ϰ̤åޤǡǤ̤θä
֤ФפϤȤƴؤ bin (OE binn) ᤤѤȤ졤ˤäƤΦ˼ڤ줿Τ⤷ʤ
coomb "valley" (OE cumb) μ¤ʥȼѸǡűѸ줫ߤ뤬Ȥ̾˸줿̾ǤȤƤθŤȼѸ¿űѸǤϤۤ luh "lake", torr "rock, hill", funta "fountain", pen "hill, promontory" ʤɤ󤲤롥
The Downs ˻ĤűѸ dūn "hill" ⡤ФХȼѸǧƤ롥#1395. up and down ([2013-02-20-1]) ǸȤꡤ䤿ˤʤ߿졦ֻ down ƱʤΤ⤷ȼѸȤȡ֤Ūʸ줬ڤƤΤǤ롥¾ޥˤߤ뤳Ȥ顤ΦμѤȿꤵ롥
֤ĤĤפ̣ crag Ͻ㤬Ѹ첻ȯãˤĤϻĤΤΡȼѸȤƤ롥coble ʿ쾮פƱͤǤ롥
hog (OE hogg) ϥȸͳȤ뤳Ȥ¿ŪˤϲΤ褦
ˡȵ⤬㴳路Ȥ򤤤Ĥ󤲤褦űѸη֤ bannuc "bit", becca "fork", bratt "cloak", carr "rock", dunn "dun, dull or dingy brown", gafeluc "spear", mattuc "mattock", toroc "bung", assen/assa "ass", stǣr/stær "history", stōr "incense", cæfester "halter" ʤɤ󤬤롥Ūʸˤȡgafeluc ϸťɸ쵯ǤϤʤȤƤ롥
ťɸ쵯ȤСۤˤ drȳ "magician", bratt "cloak", ancra/ancor "anchorite", cursung "cursing", clugge "bell", æstel "bookmark", ċine/ċīne "sheet of parchment folded in four", mind "a type of head ornament" ʤɤŦƤ롥तȤ⤦1Ĥνפʸ cross "cross" 󤲤Ƥ
ǶθǥȼѸβǽ⤤ȽΤȤƤϡwan "pale" (OE wann), jilt, twig 롥űѸ trum "strong", dēor "fierce, bold", syrce/syrc/serce "coat of mail" ⤳˲ä뤫⤷ʤ
˻¿פʸȤơrich, baby, gull, trousers, clan 󤲤Ƥ (Durkin 91)

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-08-02 Fri

#3749. Ƚ줫μѸ˴Ϣ츻ؤ񤷤 [celtic][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][contact][etymology][hydronymy]

#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1]) Ūʸ츻ؤθ򻲾ȤʤѸؤΥȼѸˤĤƹͤƤȤƻȤΤϡDurkin 5 "Old English in Contact with Celtic" (76--95) Ǥ롥
Ƚ줫ѸؤμѸ줬ʤȤ¤ϵ褦ʤȼѸȤƤġñˤĤƤϡ츻ˤξܺ٤ɬ餫ˤʤäƤʤΤ¿εǵ󤲤褦ʡ̤αѸ˽ǤФм夲ϢñŪּפΤ¿ˤ⤷ȲΤ뤫⤷ʤ˥ȸ줫μѸʤΤȤܼŪ꤫顤ɤλ˼Ѥ줿Τ뤤ϤΥȸ줫äƤΤȤäޤǡ͡
طʤˤϡѸˤȥȽθ츻ξ˾ܤȤʤȤŪʻ⤢롥ޤȸ츻ؤ䥱ȸӸؤΤΤ⡤ȯŸ;Ϥ򤪤˻ĤƤȤ¦̤⤢롥ȤС̾ʤɤ̾˴ؤơ#1188. 󥰥ɤβ̾ Thames, Humber, Stour ([2012-07-28-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡȸ츻򵿤⤢Τ
ˡ񤷤ѸüԤȥȽüԤȤܿϡԤΦˤ夫鸽˻ޤạ̇̄Ǥڤ뤳Ȥʤ³Ƥ롥θ줬Φ˥ޥ˼Ѥ줿ñʤΤ󥰥ͤΥ֥ƥؤޤäƤΤʤΤθˤƤΤˤήΤʤΤȽȤʤ⤢롥
Υȸ줫äƤȤˤĤƤϡ˺ݤơ#778. P-Celtic Q-Celtic ([2011-06-14-1]) ǿ줿Ūħ˻ͤˤʤ롥βȯãϵ1ǯŪ®˵äȤ졤礦ɥ󥰥ͤ夹ʤΤǡ츻ˤ̯ꤲ롥
奱ȸؤȯŸƤС嵭ˤΤθ̤ˤĤƤϡDurkin (80--81) ν긫򻲹ͤˤ줿

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-07-24 Wed

#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ [celtic][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][welsh][scottish_gaelic][irish]

Ūˡ󥰥ͤȥȿͤδطԤԤδطǤ롥̾夬ή뤳Ȥʤ褦ˡ§Ȥƥȸ줫ѸؤθäήʤäϤʸäήäȤƤ⡤ޤ㳰ŪȤߤ٤Ǥ롥
#1216. űѸΥȼѸ ([2012-08-25-1]) ǼΤȽŤʤ뤬С (58) ꡤ󥰥˱Ѹ˼Ѥ졤ĸߤޤĤäƤΤ󤲤ȡbin (basket), dun (gray), ass (ass < Latin asinus) ٤ΤΤǤ롥ޤȤΥꥹȶͳƱѸäƤΤȤƤ clugge (bell), drȳ (magician) ʤɤ롥
Ѹʹߤˤ⻶ȯŪ˥Ƚ줫μѤߤ줿ʲ̤ˤĤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦W = Welsh, G = Scottish Gaelic, Ir = Irish) ̤̣Ǥ롥

14 crag (G/Ir), flannel եͥ (W), loch (G).
15 bard ͷ (G), brog (Ir), clan ² (G), glen ë (G).
16 brogue ¤ (Ir/G), caber (G), cairn (G), coracle (W), gillie ²Ĺν (G), plaid ʻҼʤθݤ (G), shamrock ĥ᥯ (Ir), slogan (G), whisky (G), usquebaugh .
17 dun (G/Ir), tory ȡ꡼ (Ir), leprechaun ץۡ (Ir).
18 claymore Ϥη (G).
19 colleen (Ir), ceilidh (Ir/G), hooligan Ԥ(Ir).
20 corgi (W).
 (W).

ʾ塤С (58--59) ˵äϢơ#2443. 󥰥ɤˤ륱ȸ̾ʬۡ ([2016-01-04-1])#2578. ȸ̤ƱѸؼѤ줿찮Υƥñ ([2016-05-18-1]) 򻲾ȡ

 礦ҡرѸ˳١dzƼҡ2007ǯ

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2019-07-08 Mon

#3724. ܸä夲ƤŪʸ [japanese][lexicology][substratum_theory][contact][borrowing]

ˡܸ˳٤4ϡָûˡפˡܸΥ롼ĤƧ߹ܸäءפ˴ؤ꤬󶡤Ƥ롥ŵγơˤִøûͳءפ⤬Ҳ𤵤ƤꡤɽηǤޤȤƤΤǡǤ褦


                  ŵ                  

بŶ쥢              ߥ    
                                                  
      ī졦̸졦ܸ    ޤ˨
                                                  
      ʸˡŪŪ              ʸ    

بɥͥܥ  ߥ    
                                                  
      ʴøá                    ̲  

軰بӥ޷Ϲ                          
                                                  
      ʿθ졦졦̾졦ʪ̾˨    
                                                  
                                      
            
ب                                  
                                      ġġġġġĨ
      ʸŪá                    


ܤؤͳפΩӤƸŶ쥢ؤȤߤƤ롥³ơؤͳפ˽äƴøäؤȤȤ館Ƥ롥軰ؤˤϥӥ޷Ϲؤˤܸ줬ȤߤʤƤ롥ơؤ줫Ѥ줿ʸäؤǤȤΩ
Ūˤʤäߥ󾧤ʤ顤ؤޤꡤؤ̤ޤǥߥä뤵줿Ƥʰνۤʤ뤳Ȥաˡθ塤軰ؤȤʸäؤǧᡤ˶ʹߤν줫μѸǰƬˡؤꤷƤ롥
ܸä夲ƤŪʸؤ˴ؤĤįƤơѸξϤɤȴؿͯ褽Ťؤˡĸ졤ޥ졤ƥ졤ȸ졤ťΥɸ졤ե󥹸졤ꥷ졤¾νȤäȤʤʤˤܸȱѸθûˤӤǤƤޤ⤷ûˤ˴ؤƤϡξϤٻƤȤΤϢơ#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1]) ⻲ȡ

ˡ ϱҡ 󡦻 ˡܸ˳١īҽŹ2010ǯ

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