hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ڡ / page 10 (14)

borrowing - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2016-07-25 Mon

#2646. Ѹ˴ؤ [loan_word][borrowing][dutch][flemish][afrikaans][statistics]

ε#2645. 줫Ѥ줿ߤΤñ ([2016-07-24-1]) ڤӡ#148. եޥȥ ([2009-09-22-1])#149. եޥȱѸˡ ([2009-09-23-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ褦ˡȴϢѼʥեޥ졤ϥɥĸ졤եꥫ󥹸ʤɤޤߡȤȤˤ٤ƹ碌 "Low Dutch" ȸƤФˤѸäѸϰƳ¿Durkin ˤ OED3 ˤʬŪĴˤСθ줫μѸˤޤĤȾȤˤޤȤȡʲΤ褦ˤʤ (Durkin, p. 355 "Loanwords from Dutch, Low German, and Afrikaans, as reflected by OED3 (A--ALZ and M-RZZ)" ꤹɽƸ)

Loanwords from Dutch, Low German, and Afrikaans, as reflected by OED3 (qtd. from Durkin 355)

Ѹˤ̤ƤŪʿǤСLow Dutch μѸϡ¤˸ťΥɸ줫μѸ¿ȤΤϰճ⤷ʤ#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1]) ɽǤϡDutch/Flemish θŪƶ "minimal" ɽƤ뤬ºݤˤϤ⤦ɾɽǤäƤ褵ťΥɸۤɱѸδܸä˾׷Ϳ櫓ǤϤʤξӤ뤳ȤˤդʤФʤʤLow Dutch θüѤ˴ؤƸħȤơ鸽ޤڤ뤳Ȥʤä򶡵뤷ƤϻŦƤ
̤ˤߤȡѸпǤιפ϶ḽιפ򲼲뤬ȤƤä˸Ѹ˼ѤäȤ褯狼롥Ѹ Low Dutch μѸȤϸ츻ŪŪ˶̤ΤĤʤȤ¿ºݤˤϸűѸǤ⾯ʤ̼ѤäǽȡLow Dutch ѸΤıѸ˾ŪʰյϾʤ褦˻פ롥
Low Dutch ѸפˤĤơDurkin (356--57) ϼΤ褦˵Ƥ롥

The fullest study of words of Dutch or Low German origin in English remains that of Bense (1939), who drew his data chiefly from the first edition of the the (sic) OED. Bense's study groups loanwords from Dutch and Low German together under the collective heading 'Low Dutch', although at the level of individual word histories he frequently distinguishes between input from each language. His companion work, Bense (1925), provides a summary of the main historical contexts of contact. Bense discusses over 5,000 words, for most of which he considers Low Dutch origin at least plausible; this is thus much higher than the OED's etymologies suggest. His total includes some words ultimately of Dutch origin that have definitely entered English via other languages, e.g. plaque (from a French word that ultimately has a Dutch origin), and also many semantic loans; OED3 has over 150 of these in parts so far revised, e.g. household (a. 1399) or field-cornet (1800, after South African Dutch veldkornet). Nonetheless, Bense does make a case for direct borrowing from Dutch for many words for which the OED does not posit a Dutch etymon; even if one agrees with the OED's (generally more conservative) approach in all cases, Bense's suggestions are by no means absurd, and his work highlights very well the difficulty of being certain about the extent of the Dutch contribution to the lexis of English.


5000ĶȤ Bense λϤ緶ǤäƤ⡤ȤƤϼƤʤΤǤϤʤȤ Durkin ɾ⡤ʤʤŪǤ롥

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
Bense, J. F. Anglo-Dutch Relations from the Earliest Times to the Death of William the Third. Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1925.

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2016-07-24 Sun

#2645. 줫Ѥ줿ߤΤñ [loan_word][borrowing][dutch][flemish][wycliffe][etymology][onomatopoeia]

#148. եޥȥ ([2009-09-22-1])#149. եޥȱѸˡ ([2009-09-23-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡѸˤˤƥϤȤӤνˡصŪ˴ϢѼ Low Dutch ȤޤȤƻؼ뤳ȤˤθüѤϡѸ줫Ѹޤڤ뤳Ȥʤ³ƤǤ12--13ˤϡ󥰥ɤȥեɥȤηкѴطӤιȤȼ濴˱ɤƤꡤХ (75) θ褦ˡ֥Ȥȥ֥塼Ȥϡ󥰥ɤȤӤ2Ĥ˼äס
ˤ⡤ͽ۰ʾᤤ饤󥰥ɤȥեɥ̾ϹԤʤƤǤ9ˡեå粦ϥեɥϤϻϼԥܡɥ2̼եꥹȷ뺧Ƥꥢϥܡɥ5̼ΥޥƥǤȷ뺧Ƥ롥ԤؤϡΥꥢ2ȥإ꡼1ޤ©Ҥޤ졤˥إ꡼1פѤ̤쥢ǥȤ̼ޤƤΤ褦˥󥰥ɤӤϡ׼Ԥδ֤ǤⲦ²δ֤Ǥ⡤Ť̩ܤʴطݤäƤΤǤ롥
ѸˤӤν줫¿μѸ줬ήñΤʤˤϡѸȤƤܸȤƤ߿ΤʤʤʲΥѸ򤤤Ĥ󤷤Ƥߤ13ˡֿƬפΰդäƤ poll ϡ17ȯãĴפΰ̣Ǻ̤ѤƤ롥clock ϡɥ1ξեɥλ׿ͤˤꡤ14˥󥰥ɤˤ⤿餵줿Ҥʤμ顤pickle ⤿餵졤ӡ˷礫ʤ hop ѸäطǤϡ13 buoy , 14 rover, skipper Ѥ졤15 deck, freight, hose ⤿餵줿ȴطǤϡgroat, sled 14ˡguilder, mart 15äƤ롥¾13 snatch, tackle 14 lollard 15 loiter, luck, groove, snap 줾ѸäΰȤʤä
ä󤲤פñ lollard ˤĤƿƤθϡ1300ǯ¿ͤϤ͡ä򤷤ƤΤؤƤ줬Τ򤳤ƥդҤˤŬѤ褦ˤʤä餬Ӥ䵧äƾƤΤ򵼲ˤ̾ˤΤȤ⤵Ƥ롥ѸǤνϥɤˤ񤬽Фľ1395ǯǤ롥

ݡ롦Х ס رѸθá١ҡʸ˥ӡ1976ǯ

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2016-07-15 Fri

#2636. ϰŪȻΰ [linguistic_area][geolinguistics][contact][language_change][causation][grammaticalisation][borrowing][sociolinguistics]

2֤εʡ#2634. 衼åѤˤ뱪λϰ (1) ([2016-07-13-1]) ȡ#2635. 衼åѤˤ뱪λϰ (2) ([2016-07-14-1])ˤǡλ졦̣ϰŪȻ (areal diffusion) ˤĤơDrinka ͤ夲Drinka ϰ̤ˤμθϰŪȻ̤νǤꡤܿ˵٤ѲͽۤʾˤǤȹͤƤ롥Drinka ϤΩΩäҤǤꡤ#1977. Ѳˤܿν (1) ([2014-09-25-1]) ̤ͤѤ褦ˡѲˤܿΰյ϶ĥƤ롥¾ҤȤơLuraghi (#1978. Ѳˤܿν (2) ([2014-09-26-1])) ⻲ȡ
λʸκǸǤ⡤Drinka (28) ϺǸϰŪȻΰŪĴƤ롥

   With regard to larger implications, the role of areal diffusion turns out to be essential in the development of the periphrastic perfect in Europe, throughout its history. The statement of Dahl on the role of areal phenomena is apt here:
   
Man kann wohl sagen, dass Sprachbundphänomene in Grammatikalisierungsproessen eher die Regel als eine Ausnahme sind---solche Prozesse verbreiten sich oft zu mehreren benachbarten Sprachen und schaffen dadurch Grammfamilien. (Dahl 1996:363)

Not only are areally-determined distributions frequent and widespread, but they constitute the essential explanation for the introduction of innovation in many cases.


Τ褦ϰŪȻȤϡ (linguistic_area) ȤǰȤ̩ܤʴطˤ롥ä˱λΤ褦Ūʼ (syntactic borrowing) ˤĤƤϡ#1503. 졤áȯμҲŪ ([2013-06-08-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡҲķɸ (the marker of cohesion in society) ªǽŦƤꡤҲؤˤʲͽ롥
ʤŪװȸ쳰Ūװϡܥ֥Ǥ¿夲Ƥ#2589. ѲưΤϷǽ (2) ([2016-05-29-1]) ˴ϢؤΥ󥯽󤲤ƤΤǡ򻲾Ȥ줿

Drinka, Bridget. "Areal Factors in the Development of the European Periphrastic Perfect." Word 54 (2003): 1--38.

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2016-07-04 Mon

#2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ [old_norse][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology]

ťΥɸ줫μѸˤϡŪŪʸä¿ޤޤƤ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥#340. ťΥɸ줬ѸͿƶ Jespersen ɾ ([2010-04-02-1]) Ǥϡλ¤Ūɽ Jespersen ʸϤѤ
ϡѸδøäƤȤߤʤȤΤǤťΥɸ줫μѸ󤷤褦ǤִøáפȤϡDurkin (213) "we can identify fairly impressionistically the following items as belonging to contemporary everyday vocabulary, familiar to the average speaker of modern English" ȽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡѸüԤľŪ˴ŪǧƤäΤȤǤ롥

pronouns: they, them, their
other function words: both, though, (probably) till; (archaic or regional) fro, (regional) mun
verbs that realize very basic meanings: die, get, give, hit, seem, take, want
other familiar items of everyday vocabulary (impressionistically assessed): anger, awe, awkward, axle, bait, bank (of earth), bask, bleak, bloom, bond, boon, booth, boulder, bound (for), brink, bulk, cake, calf (of the leg), call, cast, clip (= cut), club (= stick), cog, crawl, dank, daze, dirt, down (= feathers), dregs, droop, dump, egg, to egg (on), fellow, flat, flaw, fling, flit, gap, gape, gasp, gaze, gear, gift, gill, glitter, grime, guest, guild, hail (= greet), husband, ill, kettle, kid, law, leg, lift, link, loan, loose, low, lug, meek, mire, muck, odd, race (= rush, running), raft, rag, raise, ransack, rift, root, rotten, rug, rump, same, scab, scalp, scant, scare, score, scowl, scrap, scrape, scuffle, seat, sister, skill, skin, skirt, skulk, skull, sky, slant, slug, sly, snare, stack, steak, thrive, thrust, (perhaps) Thursday, thwart, ugly, wand, weak, whisk, window, wing, wisp, (perhaps) wrong.

ʤΰǤ Durkin (213) Ǥ񤭤դƤ"Of course, it must be remembered that in many of these cases it is probable that a native cognate has been directly replaced by a very similar-sounding Scandinavian form and we may only wish to see this as lexical borrowing in a rather limited sense."

ťΥɸ줫μѸϡФбѸȸťΥɸθܿθð򼨤ΤȤƾҲ𤵤뤬ܿ෿Ω줫ϡۤðۤǤϤʤȤ⤢롥ԤˤĤƤϡ#1182. ťΥɸȤθܿϤǤϤʤ ([2012-07-22-1])#1183. ťΥɸαƶɾܻؤơ ([2012-07-23-1])#1779. ܿ٤ȼͽ¬ɸ ([2014-03-11-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2016-06-30 Thu

#2621. ɥĸαѸؤܳŪ׸19 [loan_word][borrowing][statistics][german]

#2164. ѸˤǤޤΩʤɥĸ줫μѡ ([2015-03-31-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡɥĸαѸؤθŪƶϰƳʤ°桦 (20) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ɥĸ줬1824ǯ˻ޤǡѹͤˡۤȤɤޤäȤäƤ褤餤ܤߤʤäΤ⡤ä٤ȤǤ롥ɥĸ줫μѸ16餢ˤϤ뤬ե󥹸졤졤󥸥ʥʤɤμѸ٤ȡĤ˾ʤΤǤ롥20äƤǤ⡤ѹͤΥɥĸ˴ؤμ­٤ʳãƤʤ


ʤ1824ǯȤϡThomas Carlyle (1795--1881) Göthe Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship ǤǯǤ롥
OED3 ˤѸ򸦵椷 Durkin (362) ˤȡ19ˤϥɥļѸΩäƤʤä19Ⱦ˰쵤˿ĥȤ19ȾˤϤԡã20ȾȾ塤20ȾˤƲФȤʤ˻롥  *
ɥļѸΤȤѸ줬¿줬̤ΩʤͳDurkin (361) Pfeffer and Cannon Ը򻲾Ȥʤ顤ɥĸѤȻˤĤƼΤ褦󤷤Ƥ롥

Pfeffer and Cannon provide a broad analysis of their data into subject areas; those with the highest numbers of items are (in descending order) mineralogy, chemistry, biology, geology, botany; only after these do we find two areas not belonging to the natural sciences: politics and music. The remaining areas that have more than a hundred items each (including semantic borrowings) are medicine, biochemistry, philosophy, psychology, the military, zoology, food, physics, and linguistics. Nearly all of these semantic areas reflect the importance of German as a language of culture and knowledge, especially in the latter part of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century.


Ѹϥޥ (Germanic) θǤꡤɥĸ (German) ȡַ״طˤȤϸ뤬˸褦ξŪˡʶḽ˻äƤܿε񤬰ճ˳äˡֱƶ״ط϶ϾǤ롥ޤˡֱѸϥɥĸαƶƤפȸͤ뤬Ϸطȱƶط㤨Ƥ뤫뤤 Germanic German Ʊ뤷Ƥ뤫ˤ˴ŤƤ롥θˤĤƤϡ#369. ˤƶ ([2010-05-01-1])#1136. ۤʤδ֤줬 ([2012-06-06-1])#1930. ȱƶθ줿ɥ衼åѸ²δطޡ ([2014-08-09-1]) 򻲾ȡ

° ̭ ͡ΤäƤѸˡ١ҡ2014ǯ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2016-06-24 Fri

#2615. Ѹä [lexicology][loan_word][borrowing][statistics][link]

ѸäŪ (cosmopolitan) Ǥ롥350ʾθ줫äѤƤˤߤʤѤ³Ƥ롥ѸäȤˤˤĤơʲܥ֥ (http://user.keio.ac.jp/~rhotta/hellog/) δϢ뵭˥󥯤ĥäѸûˤ˴Ϣ󥯽ȤƤɤ

1ǤߤѸ
1.1äεϤ礭 (#45)
1.2äμ˭٤ (##756,309,202,429,845,1202,110,201,384)
2üѤȤϡ
2.1ʤäѤΤ (##46,1794)
2.2Ѥ5W1Hġɤǡï顤ɤΤ褦ˡʤڤꤿΤ (#37)
3ѸθüѤ (#1526)
3.1Φ (--449)
3.1.1ƥ (#1437)
3.2űѸ (449--1100)
3.2.1ȸ (##1216,2443)
3.2.2ƥ (#32)
3.2.3ťΥɸ (##340,818)
3.3Ѹ (1100--1500)
3.3.1ե󥹸 (##117,1210)
3.3.2ƥ (#120)
3.4Ѹ (1500--1700)
3.4.1ƥ (##114,478)
3.4.2ꥷ (#516)
3.4.3ޥ󥹽 (#2385)
3.5Ѹ (1700--1900) ȸѸ (1900--)
3.5.1ν (##874,2165)
4αѸäˤߤˤΰ仺
4.1ե󥹸ȥƥ줫μѸ (#2162)
4.2ưʪɽ魯ñ (##331,754)
4.3ä3ع¤ (##334,1296,335)
4.4Ѹθäζ (##1526,296,1630,1067)
5ߤ̤αѸ
5.1Ѱʳοθ (##873,875)
5.2äϻǤФ (##625,631,876,889)


[ ʸ ]

Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2016-06-04 Sat

#2595. Ѹ̾ˤߤ̾Ρּѡפλ [latin][etymology][borrowing][loan_word][loan_translation][mythology][calendar]

Ѹ̾ϡ褯ΤƤ褦ˡ۷ϤμפŷΤ뤤Ͽþ夽ȷӤĤ줿̾ȿǤƤ롥⡤ƥñȿǤǤꡤ̣ǡּѡפȤäƤ褤μѤλ3ĤΥѥ󤬤ߤ롥
Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday ˤĤƤϡơʣ1ǤȤơ޿ Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus б륲ޥ̾ͿƤ롥ϡ޿äο򥲥ޥäοηŪ˺ؤȤǡ"loan rendition" ȸƤ֤Τդ路Wednesday ˤĤƤϡ#1261. Wednesday ȯֻ츻 ([2012-10-09-1]) 򻲾ȡ
Sunday, Monday 1ǤˤĤƤϡ줾ۤȷȤŷΤ̾ƥ줫ѸΤȹͤ롥ؤȤϡǥ٥ "loan translation" ȤߤʤȤ
Ǹ Saturday 1Ǥϡ޿ä Saturnus Ȥƥñη֤򤽤Τޤ1ǤؼѤƤΤǡ1ǤΤߤ˸ꤹСȤ̾μ ("loan") ǤʣΤȤƹͤˤϡ1Ǥѡ2ǤʤΤ "loanblend" Ȥʤ롨see #901. ʬ ([2011-10-15-1]
Ѹ̾ˡ嵭Τ褦ˡּѡפΤĤΥѥ󤬤ߤ뤳ȤˤĤơDurkin (106) Τ褦˾Ҳ𤷤ƤΤǡѤƤ

The modern English names of six of the days of the week reflect Old English or (probably) earlier loan renditions of classical or post-classical Latin names; the seventh, Saturday, shows a borrowed first element. In the cases of Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday there is substitution of the names of roughly equivalent pagan Germanic deities for the Roman ones, with the names of Tiw, Woden, Thunder or Thor, and Frig substituted for Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, and Venus respectively; in the cases of Monday and Sunday the vernacular names of the celestial bodies Moon and Sun are substituted for the Latin ones. The first element of Saturday (found in Old English in the form types Sæternesdæġ, Sæterndæġ, Sætresdæġ, and Sæterdæġ) uniquely shows borrowing of the Latin name of the Roman deity, in this case Saturn.


Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-11-02-1]

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2016-05-18 Wed

#2578. ȸ̤ƱѸؼѤ줿찮Υƥñ [loan_word][latin][celtic][oe][borrowing][statistics]

֥ƥ礬43ǯ410ǯޤǤΤޤλ۲֤졤Ǥ٥ƥ줬äƤȤ¤顤λѤƤƥñ줬μ礿ȤʤѸˤ⡤ĤäƤϤǤϤʤ뤫⤷ʤΥƥñ¿ȸüԤ޲Ȥʤäơ˱Ѹˤ줿ΤǤϤʤȡºݤˤϤΤ褦ʾϵʤäBaugh and Cable (77) ˤȡ

It would be hardly too much to say that not five words outside of a few elements found in place-names can be really proved to owe their presence in English to the Roman occupation of Britain. It is probable that the use of Latin as a spoken language did not long survive the end of Roman rule in the island and that such vestiges as remained for a time were lost in the disorders that accompanied the Germanic invasions. There was thus no opportunity for direct contact between Latin and Old English in England, and such Latin words as could have found their way into English would have had to come in through Celtic transmission. The Celts, indeed, had adopted a considerable number of Latin words---more than 600 have been identified--- but the relations between the Celts and the English were such . . . that these words were not passed on.


Υȸˤ600᤯ƥñ줬äƤȤΤϡΤʤäơűѸäΤϤä5ˤʤȤäƤ뤬Baugh and Cable (77--78) 󤲤ƤΤϡceaster (< L castra "camp"), port (< L portus, porta "harbor, gate, town"), munt (< L mōns, montem "mountain"), torr (L turris "tower, rock"), wīc (< L vīcus "village") Ǥ롥Ǥ츻˰ΤΤ⤢ꡤȸͳǸűѸäƥѸγμ¤ȤϤʤʤ⤷ʤ¾̾ǤȤƤ street, wall, wine ʤɤäƤ뤬ˤ褽Τ褦ʥ롼ȤǸűѸäƥѸ찮ꤷʤ
#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])#1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1])#1945. űѸΥƥѤλʬ ([2014-08-24-1]) ʤɤǿ줿褦ˡѸˤˤƥƥñμѤȤȷϩϲ٤ä Baugh and Cable θƤ֤ȤΥƥñѤ1˴ؤƤϡ٤Τä˾ʤȸäƤBaugh and Cable (78) η

At best . . . the Latin influence of the First Period remains much the slightest of all the influences that Old English owed to contact with Roman civilization.


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2016-03-07 Mon

#2506. Ѹ2।ǥܸʸɤ [binomial][japanese][kanji][lexicology][borrowing][lexicology][collocation]

2।ǥȤƤФѸ word pair 뤤 binomial ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ#820. ʩƱ ([2011-07-26-1])#1443. ˡΧѸˤƱ ([2013-04-09-1])#2157. word pair μȸ̡ ([2015-03-24-1]) ϤᡤĤεˤƤ
θˡϡäѸʹߡե󥹸ƥ줫μѸ줬ƤȤˡˤ֤뽬ܸѸƱ褦ˡ졤ä˴줫μѤ򹭤ƤаޤΤǡŪ˻褦ʾä˰㤤ʤˤĤơƣ (10 fn.) ˴Ϣڤä

Cf. "The inaudible and noiseless foot of Time" (Shakespeare: All's Well That Ends Well, V. iii. 41)
   "The dark backward and abysm of Time" (Shakespeare: The Tempest, I. ii. 50)

Ρ郎γؼԤֻСפƬˤ
شȷڽʽ
򡤡֥󥯥ȤϤ餮ʤ륷祭ΤߤϡƥȤۤӤʤ륷奯¥Τ褭हפȡʸʤ󤼤ɤߡפ򤷤Τ˻Ƥ롥


ʸɤߤȤϡƱδ򲻤ȷ2ɤळȤǡϵ (饦) Τۤߡס (å) Τ꤮ꤹס˧ʥեݥ˥ȥХפʤɤ롥ʸɤͳ褹ɤǡʿ»ήԤμ¤˻ǯ֤λʸʸ٤ɤȤˤȤ櫓Ѥ줿Τǡ̾롥ѸˤȼѸΥڥˤϡԤΰ̣򤵤뤿Ԥ֤ȤưŤФФäʸɤߤǤƱͤˡ̤ˤ񤷤ߤ򤷤䤹뤿¸ηɤźȤȯãΤȻפ롥ޤˤƤʩñڥϡܸȯۤǤȡֲʣɡפȤ٤Τä櫓ξˤΤ褦Τ뤳Ȥϡޤ굤ŤƤʤȤ˭٤ʸüѤˤǤȤͤС٤ɬŪȤäƤ褤Τ⤷ʤʡܸظŵ p. 117 ⻲ȡˡ
ܸǤ "binomial" ˤĤƤϡ#1616. ʸ礹ߡ2 ([2013-09-29-1]) ǿ줿֥֡¸Ͽ͡ס֥եɥ󥻥ȡǼš͡ס֥󥰥롼ס̺͡פʤɤɽ⡤ΰȤʤ

ƣ ͦرʸػ˳١ҡ1963ǯ
ܸظŵ١ ʸۤ ԡ񱡡2007ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-06-26-1]

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2016-02-09 Tue

#2479. ѸθüѤФȿưȤƤθϤɤޤܵä [purism][lexicology][borrowing][emode][renaissance][inkhorn_term][cheke][aureate_diction]

#1408. ([2013-03-05-1]) #1410. Ƚ󵢡 ([2013-03-07-1]) ʤɤεǡѸ̸üѤȿưȤƤθ (purism) ˿줿Τ˽ԤȤ Sir John Cheke (1514--57), Roger Ascham (1515?--68), Sir Thomas Chaloner, Thomas Wilson (1528?--81) ʤɤθ̾󤬤뤬Görlach (163--64) ϡѹͥ󥹤ˤȿưŪˤĤƤϲɾƤȤ򼨤Ƥ롥ȤɬפʸäϼѤºݤ˼ѤΤǤꡤޤǥƥ䥮ꥷθä̵̤ʼѤѤ᤿ΤǤ롤ȡĹ⤷ʤΤǡΤޤްѤ褦

Purism, understood as resistance to foreign words and as awareness of the possibilities of the vernacular, presupposes a certain level of standardization of, and confidence in, the native tongue. It is no surprise that puristic tendencies are unrecorded before the end of the Middle Ages --- wherever native expressions were coined to replace foreign terms, they served a different purpose to help the uneducated understand better, especially sermons and biblical paraphrase. Tyndale's striving for the proper English expression was still motivated by the desire to enable the ploughboy to understand more of the Bible than the learned bishops.
   A puristic reaction was, then, provoked by fashionable eloquence, as is evident from aspects of fifteenth-century aureate diction and sixteenth-century inkhornism . . . . The humanists had rediscovered a classical form of Latin instituted by Roman writers who fought against Greek technical terms as well as fashionable Hellenization, but who could not do without terminologies for the disciplines dominated by Greek traditions. Ascham, Wilson and Cheke (all counted among the 'purists' in a loose application of the term) behaved exactly as Cicero had done: they wrote in the vernacular (no obvious choice around 1530--50), avoided fashionable loanwords and fanciful, rare expressions, but did not object to the borrowing of necessary terms.
   Cheke was as inconsistent a 'purist' as he was a reformer of EModE spelling . . . . On the one hand, he went further than most of his contemporaries in his efforts to preserve the English language "vnmixt and vnmangeled" . . ., but on the other hand he also borrowed beyond what was necessary and what his own tenets seemed to allow. (The problem of untranslatable terms, as in his renderings of biblical antiquities, was solved by marginal explanations.) The practice (and historical ineffectiveness) of other 'purists', too, who attempted translations of Latin terminologies --- Golding for medicine, Lever for philosophy and Puttenham for rhetoric . . . --- demonstrates that there was no such rigorous puristic movement in sixteenth-century England as there was in many other countries during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The purists' position and their influence on EModE has often been exaggerated; it is more to the point to speak of "different degrees of Latinity" . . . .


Görlach θϡȤϰۤʤȼλŦǤꡤ¿ѸΥե󥹼ѸȽ䡤ܸˤΥץڤΥʸήȤδطǻŦ⡤λ鸫ľƤߤΤ⤪⤷ (see #2147. ѸΥե󥹼ѸȽ ([2015-03-14-1])#1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1])#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1]

Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

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2016-01-29 Fri

#2468. ֱѸϸŪˤϤϤѸǤϤʤפɾ [lexicology][loan_word][borrowing][japanese][style][register]

Ѹθäʬ줫μѸ줫äƤ뤳ȡĤޤŪ (cosmopolitan) Ǥ뤳ȤϡĤȤ˻ŦƤ顤ѸϸŪˤϤϤѸȤϤʤ뤳Ȥ⽽ʬ˲ǽǤ褦˻פ롥ѸϡϤѸäʤǤϽʬ˵ǽʤΤǤϤʤȡ
Algeo and Pyles (293--94) ϡѸˤüѤŬڤڤǡʤ "English remains English" 뤳Ȥȼ˼ĥƤ롥Ḷ́ʸϤʤΤǤΤޤްѤ롥

   Enough has been written to indicate the cosmopolitanism of the present English vocabulary. Yet English remains English in every essential respect: the words that all of us use over and over again, the grammatical structures in which we couch our observations upon practically everything under the sun remain as distinctively English as they were in the days of Alfred the Great. What has been acquired from other languages has not always been particularly worth gaining: no one could prove by any set of objective standards that army is a "better" word than dright or here., which it displaced, or that advice is any better than the similarly displaced rede, or that to contend is any better than to flite. Those who think that manual is a better, or more beautiful, or more intellectual word than English handbook are, of course, entitled to their opinion. But such esthetic preferences are purely matters of style and have nothing to do with the subtle patternings that make one language different from another. The words we choose are nonetheless of tremendous interest in themselves, and they throw a good deal of light upon our cultural history.
   But with all its manifold new words from other tongues, English could never have become anything but English. And as such it has sent out to the world, among many other things, some of the best books the world has ever known. It is not unlikely, in the light of writings by English speakers in earlier times, that this could have been so even if we had never taken any words from outside the word hoard that has come down to us from those times. It is true that what we have borrowed has brought greater wealth to our word stock, but the true Englishness of our mother tongue has in no way been lessened by such loans, as those who speak and write it lovingly will always keep in mind.
   It is highly unlikely that many readers will have noted that the preceding paragraph contains not a single word of foreign origin. It was perhaps not worth the slight effort involved to write it so; it does show, however, that English would not be quite so impoverished as some commentators suppose it would be without its many accretions from other languages.


ѸƱ̤ͤμѸ줫ʤܸθäˤĤƤ⡤ۤƱȤΤǤϤʤ䥫ʸ줬դƤƤ⡤ܸϤ椨ܸ򸺤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤܸǤ뤳ȤϷ褷ƤƤʤΤȡ
ߡܤǤ¸դäȤ֡Ǥ롥ϡ1Ĥˤܤ餷ȯ褦Ȥ򺣤ĬήθŪʸȤäƤ褤ˤϡöŪˤ륫ʸؤȿȯѶŪˤХʸȤƤ¸κɾȤ̣礤ޤޤƤޤߥ˥δҲˤơդ礤߳˿ʤȤ¸줫ʤɽɾäƤƤȤ⤤롥ˤ衤ܸˤóؤäʸŪŪʻ롤ޤȤʤȤʤäƤ롥εȤ館ܸΤߤʤ餺ѸθäˤĤƲȤ⤷ΤǤ롥
Ϣơʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#153. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary Asset ([2009-09-27-1])
#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])
#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])
#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1])
#2072. Ѹäλع¤ ([2014-12-29-1])
#756. μѸ ([2011-05-23-1])
#390. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary Asset (2) ([2010-05-22-1])
#2359. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ (3) ([2015-10-12-1])

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-04-07-1]

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2015-12-18 Fri

#2426. York Memorandum Book ˤߤʩ¿¿ͤʺ [code-switching][borrowing][loan_word][french][anglo-norman][latin][bilingualism][hybrid][lexicology]

Ѹ code-switching macaronic ʸˤĤơ#1470. macaronic lyric ([2013-05-06-1])#1625. Ѹν񤭸դˤ code-switching ([2013-10-08-1])#1941. macaronic code-switching ȤƤθ츻Ūֻ ([2014-08-20-1])#2271. Ѹ macaronic ʲʸ ([2015-07-16-1])#2348. Ѹˤˤ code-switching ([2015-10-01-1]) ʤɤǼ夲ƤϢơʩκߤ15ηбġȤεϿʸĴ Rothwell ʸɤΤǡƤҲ𤹤롥
ĴоݤȤʤäʸ York Memorandum Book ȸƤФΤǡϼΤ褦ʸǤ (Rothwell 213)

The two substantial volumes of the York Memorandum Book provide some five hundred pages of records detailing the administrative and commercial life of the second city in England over the years between 1376 and 1493, setting down in full charters, ordinances of the various trade associations, legal cases involving citizens and so on.


York Memorandum Book ˤϡʩκߤ뤬ߤμ͡Ǥ롥Rothwell ʬˤС11κߤΤ롥Rothwell (215--16) ʸϤȴФơվ񤭤

(i) "English words inserted without modification into a Latin text"
(ii) "English words similarly introduced into a French text"
(iii) "French words used without modification into a Latin text"
(iv) "French words similarly used in an English text"
(v) "English words dressed up as Latin in a Latin text"
(vi) "English words dressed up as French in a French text"
(vii) "French words dressed up as Latin in a Latin text"
(viii) "French words are used in a specifically Anglo-French sense in a French text"
(ix) "French words may be found in a Latin text dressed up as Latin, but with an English meaning"
(x) "On occasion, a single word may be made up of parts taken from different languages . . . or a new word may be created by attaching a suffix to an existing word, either from the same language or from one language or another""
(xi) "Outside the area of word-formation there is also the question of grammatical endings to be considered"

3Ĥθ줬ؤꡤξ "dressed up" ̵̣ͭαʤɤθȡΤ褦ˤ٤ʬबȤȤ롥(x) Ϥ뺮 (hybrid) ˴ؤǤ (see #96. Ѹȥե󥹸Ǻ褫 ( hybrid ) ([2009-08-01-1])) Τ褦˸ȡüѡαƶˤ뿷ʸȯạ̃θ򴹡code-switching ʤɤν˸ߤ̩ܤ˴ϢƤ뤫ڤʬ˺񤫤롥
Rothwell ϷȤơΤμαʩκߤϡ̵Τʼ̻ˤλʪȤ "recognised policy" (230) äȤߤʤ٤ȼĥƤ롥ޤ14--15ˤϡȼפγˤбġȤεϿʸǰƤ¿ͲȼäŪʸä礷Ƥˤơ񤭼ϸߤθñߤڤꤹɬפ줿˰㤤ʤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥Rothwell (230) ۩

Before condemning the scribes of late medieval England for their ignorance, account must be taken of the situation in which they found themselves. On the one hand the recording of administrative documents steadily increasing in number and diversity called for an ever wider lexis, whilst on the other hand the conventions of the time demanded that such documents be couched in Latin or French. No one has ever remotely approached complete mastery of the lexis of his own language, let alone that of any other language, either in medieval or modern times.


Rothwell ȤԤˤĤƤϡ#1212. 󥰥ɤˤѸˤ붵λϤޤ (2) ([2012-08-21-1])#2348. Ѹˤˤ code-switching ([2015-10-01-1])#2349. Ѹ˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬ȯΤϤʤ (2) ([2015-10-02-1])#2350. Prioress Anglo-French ϰ̤Ϥۤ㤯ʤä ([2015-10-03-1])#2374. Anglo-French Ȥ (1) ([2015-10-27-1])#2375. Anglo-French Ȥ (2) ([2015-10-28-1]) Ǥ⿨ƤΤǡ⻲ȡ

Rothwell, William. "Aspects of Lexical and Morphosyntactical Mixing in the Languages of Medieval England." Multilingualism in Later Medieval Britain. Ed. D. A. Trotter. D. S. Brewer, 2000. 213--32.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-06-1]

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2015-11-18 Wed

#2396. ե󥹸줫ζμѤФ뿵 [french][loan_translation][borrowing][contact][phraseology][ormulum][old_norse][phrasal_verb]

#2351. ե󥹸줫ζưμѡ ([2015-10-04-1]) Ⱥε#2395. ե󥹸줫ζμѡ ([2015-11-17-1]) ˤ褦ˡѸѸ˥ե󥹸ñΤߤʤ餺ɽѤƤȼĥƤμĥФƿŤΩԤ⤤롥1ͤ Sypherd Ǥ롥Sypherd ϥե󥹸ˡĥ Sykes ˤʸ French Elements in Middle English (1899) 򸷤ȽŸ
Sypherd οʤǤ롥Sykes ե󥹸αƶȻŦƤѸζɽ¿Sykes μ夲Ƥʸᤤ˽񤫤줿 Ormulum ˸Ƥ뤳Ȥ򡤼¾Ū˼ΤǤ롥Ormulum ϡEast Midland 1200ǯ˽񤫤줿ȤĹʽǡŪˤŪˤե󥹸αƶʤȤƥȤǤ롥ΥƥȤϡषťΥɸθŪƶ򶯤ΤȤΤƤ롥ǡSypherd (6--7) ϡSykes Τ֥ե󥹸ˡפȤϡषťΥɸˡȤͤΤǤϤʤȡռ롥

Now, if in the Ormulum, a poem free from French influence, these phrases which Mr. Sykes ascribes to the Old French occur with considerable frequency, we are surely justified in denying the overwhelming French phrasal influence on Middle English. Furthermore, the justification of this denial is strengthened when we find that in Old-Norse literature anterior to or contemporary with Orm there exist in comparative abundance many of the identical phrases found in the Ormulum and in other Middle-English literature. And finally, though I do not urge it, the probability of considerable Old-Norse phrasal influence on Orm demands consideration, especially if we bear in mind the following facts: (1) the marked Old-Norse influence in general on Orm; (2) the Old-Norse literature in which these phrases occur in homiletic, sermonic; (3) much of the literature antedates the Ormulum.


Sypherd ϤθʸΤʤǡťΥɸʸαѸθˡˤ褽бɽФơ󼨤Ƥ椯оݤȤʤäΤ "bear witness", "take baptism", "take flesh, humanity", "take death", "take example", "take heed, take keep, take ȝeme", "take end", "take wife", "take rest", "take cross" ưǤꡤɬ¿ʤ㼨ΤȤФϤ롥
εǤҤ٤褦ˡμѤ¾ڤ뤳ȤϰƳ񤷤Sypherd ⡤ʸɸ崶ȤƤϡե󥹸줫μѤȤ⤽ΤΤԤȽƤ褦ʹ뤬餯ĥΤϡΤ褦ˤϿŤ˸礦٤Ǥꡤ̤βǽθ٤Ǥ롤ȤȤ

Sypherd, W. Owen. "Old French Influence on Middle English Phraseology." Modern Philology 5 (1907): 85--96.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-27-1] [2020-03-27-1]

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2015-11-17 Tue

#2395. ե󥹸줫ζμ [french][loan_translation][borrowing][contact][phraseology][proverb][methodology]

#2351. ե󥹸줫ζưμѡ ([2015-10-04-1]) ȴϢơPrins ʸ "French Influence in English Phrasing" Ҳ𤹤롥Prins Ϥʸǡե󥹸αƶꤵѸɽ¿뤳Ȥ˭٤ʶ󤲤ʤĥ롥Prins θդ򤽤Τޤ޼ڤȡ". . . besides the numerous isolated words which English has borrowed from French, there are also a great many cases in which complete phrases and turns of speech, proverbs and proverbial sayings were taken over from French and incorporated in the English language" (28) ȤȤǤ롥
ʸȾϡե󥹸ȱѸʸ齸᤿ʸ̮ĤбɽꥹȤǤ롥ܵǤϡΰƸΤϹPrins ȤƻŦƤ3󤹤ˤȤɤ᤿1ܤϡե󥹸ͳܤѸζ硦ɽ14˥ԡޤƤȤ¤Ǥ롥ε ([2015-10-04-1]) ǻȤ Iglesias-Rábade Ҥ٤Ƥ褦ˡñΤΥե󥹼ѸΥԡȻŪˤ褽礹Ȥ¤פǤ롥Iglesias-Rábade ϶μѤΥԡ14ȾȤߤƤΤФơPrins 14ȾȤߤƤȤ㤤롥Prins (81) 󤲤ƤɽƸƤ

PeriodItemsN. B.
1000--11001 
1100--12000 
1200--130013(3 of which ins S. E. Leg.. c 1290)
1300--140029(during the first half of the century twice as as many as during the second. Brunne comes in for 8, Cursor Mundi for 5, Chaucer for 4 items)
1400--150012(of which 5 in Caxton)
1500--16008 
1600--17003 
1700--18001 
1800--19001 


ˡǤɽ˼ζ¿ޤǻĤäƤȤ¤ŦƤ롥ߤޤǤѤ뤤ϸȤʤäƤΤ15ĤˤĤ53Ĥϸǡ"part and parcel of every day speech" (81--82) ǤȤ¸Ψ77.9%ȳΤ˹⤤
3ܤȤơѤ줿ΰ̣ΰܤȡ͡ǤϤ뤬礿Ȥ󤲤ط17ġƻ11ġˡΧ9ĤȤʤ롥ʸػŪˤϥե󥹸λʸʸΤѸ˲äͿΤ15ȾȤ뤳Ȥ¿ɽμѤʸŪʴޤߤ뤳ȤͤСβäϼºݤˤϤäᤤϤޤäƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
¿ζϡե󥹸ζ (loan_translation) Ȥ󼨤Ƥ롥ĤޤꡤѸ¦ɽˤϡե󥹼ѸǤϤʤѸδޤޤƤΤ¿Τ褦ʾˤϡ˥ե󥹸줫Ρ֤ʤפʤΤ뤤ϱѸǼǺ夲줿ɽʤΤꤹΤ񤷤ޤޤ롥ññΤǤϤʤʣñȤ߹碌ɽμѤ˴ؤ븦ϡʸˡŪʼѤθȤȤˡˡȤ񤷤Ȥ롥

Prins, A. A. "French Influence in English Phrasing." Neophilologus 32 (1948): 28--39, 73--83.

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2015-11-07 Sat

#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸä (2) [oed][statistics][lexicology][loan_word][borrowing][latin][greek][french][italian][spanish][portuguese][romancisation]

#2357. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸäס ([2015-10-10-1])#2369. Ѹˤˤ륤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ݥȥ줫θüѤˡ ([2015-10-22-1]) ǡCulpeper and Clapham (218) ˤ OED ١Υޥ󥹷ϼѸפҲ𤷤ʸδˡŪʿͤɽηǷǺܤƤΤǡˤ2ĥդʥǡϡHTML򻲾ȡˡ1Ĥ4ȾȤγƸ줫μѸ2ĤϤƱΤ򡤳ƻθФΤˤɴʬΨǼΤǤ롥

Classical and Romance Loanwords in OED

Classical and Romance Loanwords (%) in OED

ϢפȤơ#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1]) ǿ줿 Wordorigins.org "Where Do English Words Come From?" ⻲ȡ

Culpeper Jonathan and Phoebe Clapham. "The Borrowing of Classical and Romance Words into English: A Study Based on the Electronic Oxford English Dictionary." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 1.2 (1996): 199--218.

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2015-10-28 Wed

#2375. Anglo-French Ȥ (2) [semantics][semantic_change][semantic_borrowing][anglo-norman][french][lexicology][false_friend][methodology][borrowing][law_french]

ε ([2015-10-27-1]) ˰³Ѹ˸ Anglo-French κɾˤĤƤꡥRothwell ϡѸäѸʸθˤơAnglo-French äȽŻ뤷ʤФʤʤ⤹롥ƻȤƤ MED θ³ˤڤ֤ʤɡѸʸؼԤ˰ռפĥ٤֤ⷫ롥ե󥹸äΡּѡ (borrowing) ȤǰˤѳפäƤꡤİͤ롥ĤʸϤѤ

The MED reveals on virtually every page the massive and conventional sense and that in literally thousands of cases forms and meanings were adopted (not 'borrowed') into English from Insular, as opposed to Continental, French. The relationship of Anglo-French with Middle English was one of merger, not of borrowing, as a direct result of the bilingualism of the literate classes in mediaeval England. (174)

The linguistic situation in mediaeval England . . . produced . . . a transfer based on the fact that generations of educated Englishmen passed daily from English into French and back again in the course of their work. Very many of the French terms they used had been developing semantically on English soil since 1066, were absorbed quite naturally with all their semantic values into the native English of those who used them and then continued to evolve in their new environment of Middle English. This is a very long way from the traditional idea of 'linguistic borrowing'. (179--80)

[I]n England . . . the social status of French meant that it was used extensively in preference to English for written records of all kinds from the twelfth to the fifteenth century. As a result, given that English was the native language of the majority of those who wrote this form of French, many hundreds of words would have been in daily use in spoken English for generations without necessarily being committed to parchment or paper, the people who used them being bilingual in varying degrees, but using only one of their two vernaculars --- French --- to set down in writing their decisions, judgements, transactions, etc., for posterity. (185)


εǤ bachelor Ρȿפθ apparel Ρְפθ󤲤⤦1 Anglo-French DzǤȤơRothwell (184) ε󤲤Ƥ rape Ȥ夲褦MED ˤȡֶפΰ̣Ǥ rāpe (n.(2)) ϡѸǤ1425ǯ㤬ФǤ롥ΦΥե󥹸ǤϤθϸʤΤAnglo-French Ǥ rap ȤƤθˤ13ʸڤ롥

[A]s early as c. 1289 rape is defined in the French of the English lawyers as the forcible abduction of a woman; in c. 1292 the law defines it, again in French, as male violence against a woman's body. Therefore, for well over a century before the first attestation of 'rape' in Middle English, the law of England, expressed in French but executed by English justices, had been using these definitions throughout English society. rape is an Anglo-French term not found on the Continent. Admittedly, the Latin rapum is found even earlier than the French, but it was the widespread use of French in the actual pleading and detailed written accounts --- as distinct from the brief formal Latin record --- of cases in the English course of law from the second half of the thirteenth century onwards that has resulted in so very many English legal terms like rape having a French look about them. . . . As far as rape is concerned, there never was, in fact, a 'semantic vacuum' . . . .


Rothwell (184) ϡۤˤ larceny Ϥ¿ˡΧѸ˻褦ʾƤϤޤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ѸθäθˤĤơޤޤ٤Ȥ¿ĤƤ褦

Rothwell, W. "The Missing Link in English Etymology: Anglo-French." Medium Aevum 60 (1991): 173--96.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-04-1] [2015-12-18-1]

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2015-10-23 Fri

#2370. ݥȥ줫θü [portuguese][loan_word][borrowing][japanese]

ε#2369. Ѹˤˤ륤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ݥȥ줫θüѤˡ ([2015-10-22-1]) ˴ϢơϤȤ櫓ݥȥ줫μѸ˾Ƥ褦ݥȥ뤬ιȤȤ˲ڡ¸ߴ򼨤16ʹߤ濴ȤơʲΤ褦ʼѸ줬Ѹä (Strang 125, 켣 113) 롼Ĥ򴶤뤳ȤǤ롥

Φꡧ coco(-nut) ʥ䥷ڡʤμ¡ˡ, macaw ʥ󥴥󥳡, molasses ̪κΥåסϡ, sargasso ʥۥγ
եꥫꡧ assagai/assegai ʡեꥫ轻̱ΡϺٿȤꤲ, guinea ʥˡʶߡˡ1663--1813ǯ֥ꥹ¤줿ߡ21 shillings 襢եꥫ Guinea ζǤĤäϡ, madeira ʥޥǥ磻Υݥȥ Madeira 縶ζŸ磻ϡ, palaver ʸġ, yam ʥޥ
ɤꡧ buffalo ʥ奦, cast(e) ʥȡΥɤ١ϡ, emu ʥҥɥ, joss ʿ, tank ʡ˥󥯡, typhoo ˥ꥷαƶѷ, verandah ʥ٥
mandarin ʡī (1616--1912) Ρ˹鴱, pagoda ʥѥ
ܤꡧ bonze ˷硤Ρ

ݥȥڤͳ褹Ѹˤ moidore ʥ⥤ɡΥݥȥ롦ڥΤζߡ18ѹѡϡ, port ʥݡȡʥ磻ˡˤʤɤ뤬षǤ롥Ϣơ#1411. Ѹä "oversea language" ([2013-03-08-1]) #756. μѸ ([2011-05-23-1]) ǵ󤲤⻲ȡ
ʤܸ줫ݥȥͳƱѸä bonze 16μѸƱˡݥȥ줫ܸؤθüѤⵯäƤȤդѸϡ#1896. ܸäθ ([2014-07-06-1]) ǵ󤲤ȤǤ롥⡤ΥݥȥŪʳưǤФǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2015-10-25-1] [2015-10-24-1]

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2015-10-22 Thu

#2369. Ѹˤˤ륤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ݥȥ줫θüѤ [italian][spanish][portuguese][loan_word][borrowing][statistics][lexicology]

#2357. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸäס ([2015-10-10-1]) Ǿ줿褦ˡѸ˾塤ե󥹸椷¾3ĤΥޥ󥹽줫θüѤϱƤꥢ졤ڥ졤ݥȥγƸ줫μѸϡ˶ʹߤˤĤơ#1411. Ѹä "oversea language" ([2013-03-08-1]) #756. μѸ ([2011-05-23-1]) ǿ줿Ѹˤ⡤褽ե󥹸ͳǤϤ뤬ꥢݥȥ˵ĸμѤä (#2329. ѸμѸ ([2015-09-12-1]))
Culpeper and Clapham (210) ϡŪޥʡʤΥޥ󥹽줫θüѤˤˤĤơOED ˤפȤˡΤ褦üŪˤޤȤƤ롥

The effect of Italian borrowing can be seen from the 15th century onwards. Italy was, and still is, famous for style in architecture and dress. It was also perceived an authority in matters to do with etiquette. Travellers to Italy --- often young sons dispatched to acquire some manners --- inevitably brought back Italian words. Italian borrowing is strongest in the 18th century (1.7% of recorded vocabulary), and is mostly related to musical terminology. Spanish and Portuguese borrowing commences in the 16th century, reflecting warfare, commerce, and colonisation, but at no point exceeds 1% of vocabulary recorded within a particular period.


ޤꥢ줫μѸ줬ʤΤϡ15Ǥ롥#1530. 󥰥ɻʾɽƤ Compa ([2013-07-05-1]) Ǹڤ褦ˡ13Ⱦʹߡ16ޤǡꥢŪʾȡͻϥ󥰥ɷкѤ礭ʱƶͿƤ줬Ū;ȤȤʤäƸƤΤ15դ꤫Ȳ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥θ塤ꥢѸ18βѸήˤäƥԡޤ
ڥȥݥȥϡꥢ⤵ΩΤʤŪȤΤ16˸ꤵ롥ιȤȤ̾ڤξͺθŪʸȤ
Ƹ줫θüѤͻҤϡŪˤߤаʾ̤Ūʰ㤤󤹤ȼ̤ˤʤ (Strang 124--26)

(1) ꥢͤ󤷤꿢̱ꤹԤǤϤʤޤǥ衼åιͤǤääơꥢ줬󶡤ä⡤衼åŪʤΤ˸ꤵȤäƤ褤ͥ󥹤ȯϤȤȤ⤢ꡤݽѡڡʸءۤʬθä¿󶡤ȤϤޤǤʤʸʪ̤ƤȤϹ̣ǤιͤθͳơθäѸήȤߤ٤ȤƤϡե󥹸ͳ褦ʷ֤äƤ뤳Ȥ¿
(2) ڥήϡ󥰥ɽ Mary ȥڥ Philip II η뺧ˤξ̩ʴط餦Ȥ¿ڥڤΤߤʤ餺Φͳ褹äξʤʤȤħǤ롥
(3) ڥʾŪʼѸ󶡤Τϡ15--16˹ҳѤȯãؤŸݥȥθǤ롥ݥȥϡΦΤߤʤ餺եꥫ䥢¿θä衼åѤ˻ꡤ줬̤ȤƱѸˤ⤿餵줿

ŪʼѸϡ#1411. Ѹä "oversea language" ([2013-03-08-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Culpeper Jonathan and Phoebe Clapham. "The Borrowing of Classical and Romance Words into English: A Study Based on the Electronic Oxford English Dictionary." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 1.2 (1996): 199--218.
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.

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2015-10-13 Tue

#2360. 20Υե󥹼Ѹ [french][loan_word][borrowing][statistics][norman_french][creole][oed]

ѸΥե󥹸Ȥդ礤ϸűѸڤ뤳Ȥʤ³Ƥ롥ե󥹸üѤΥԡϡ#2357. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸäס ([2015-10-10-1]) #117. ե󥹼Ѹǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1]) Ǹ褦1251--1375ǯθ⡤Ϥ̾ʤ⡤ѤϢʤ³ƤƤ롥ѸʹߤγƻΥե󥹸äμѤˤĤƤϡ#1210. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹΰ ([2012-08-19-1])#1411. Ѹä "oversea language" ([2013-03-08-1])#594. ѸʹߤΥե󥹼Ѹħ ([2010-12-12-1]), #678. ƥ衼åŪ18Υե󥹼Ѹ ([2011-03-06-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ϡѸˤե󥹼Ѹ夲Schultz ϡOED Online Ѥơ1900ǯʹߤ˱ѸäƤե󥹸äĴSchultz ե󥹼ѸȤƼФǧꤷΤϡ1677Ǥ롥Schultz ʸǤϡ14Ĥΰ̣ʬʤȤʤ벼̶ʬˤȤץ󤷤Ƥ뤬Ǥ12ʬ줾°οȳΤߤ򼨤 (Shultz 4--6)

(1) Anthropology (11 borrowings, i.e. 0.7%)
(2) Metapsychics and parapsychology (11 borrowings, i.e. 0.7%)
(3) Archaeology (30 borrowings, i.e. 1.8%)
(4) Miscellaneous (46 borrowings, i.e. 2.7%)
(5) Technology (62 borrowings, i.e. 3.7%)
(6) La Francophonie (63 borrowings, i.e. 3.8%)
(7) Fashion and lifestyle (77 borrowings, i.e. 4.6%)
(8) Entertainment and leisure activities (86 borrowings, i.e. 5.1%)
(9) Mathematics and the humanities (92 borrowings, i.e. 5.5%)
(10) People and everyday life (154 borrowings, i.e. 9.2%)
(11) Civilization and politics (156 borrowings, i.e. 9.3%)
(12) Gastronomy (179 borrowings, i.e. 10.7%)
(13) Fine arts and crafts (260 borrowings, i.e. 15.5%)
(14) The natural sciences (450 borrowings, i.e. 26.8%)

20Υե󥹼Ѹħϲ1ĤϡSchultz "the vocabulary recently adopted from French is characterized by its great variety, ranging from words related to everyday matters to highly specific terms in technology and science" (8) ȤޤȤƤ褦ˡ̣ʬ󤲤롥ݽѡʳؤŪ˶ΤȤƤϥޥȤäƤ褤ޥǤ뤳ȤѸΥե󥹼ѸħˤƤϤޤ뤳Ȥ顤ϱѸˤˤե󥹸üѤƻŪˤߤħȤäƤ褤⤷ʤ
ܤ٤ϡѸΥȤơɸե󥹸Τߤʤ餺ե󥹸νѼ䥯쥪ʤɤޤޤƤ뤳Ȥֽ硤ʥ륤ʡեꥫʤɤΥե󥹸Ѽ狼μѸ줬ʤʤѸˤ⡤ե󥹸Τߤʤ餺Ȥ櫓˥Υޥ󡦥ե󥹸 (norman_french) äήƤʹߡ֥ե󥹸פλؤϰϤȤȤȤˡѸѼ¿ͲƤȤȤ
μѸȤƤαѸͤƤߤƤ⡤ϥꥹɸѸ䥢ꥫɸѸ줬ۤͣμѸѼä⤷ʤߤǤϥԥ䥯쥪ޤ᤿ƼαѸѼ郎ѸѼȤʤäƤ¤롥ƱȤե󥹸ˤĤƤȤȤʤΤǤϤʤ

Schultz, Julia. "Twentieth-Century Borrowings from french into English --- An Overview." English Today 28.2 (2012): 3--9.

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2015-10-12 Mon

#2359. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ (3) [history][loan_word][lexicology][borrowing][linguistic_imperialism][language_myth][purism]

ɸȴϢơ#134. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2009-09-08-1])#1366. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2013-01-22-1])#1845. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ (2) ([2014-05-16-1]) ͡ʸҲ𤷤ƤϡȤƱѸ줬Ū¾줫¿θäѤƤ¤˾Ȥ餷ơѸ̱̱ˤĤƹͤƤߤ
Ѹ줬¿θ줫餪ӤäѤƤȤϡŪ (purism) Ω줫Ƚ̵ǤϤʤˤ衤̤ϹŪ˸롥ѸθüѹϡۤȤɤ٤ƤαѸ˵ҤǤ⶯ĴħǤꡤؤ "cosmopolitan vocabulary" ʤɤȻ夲뤳Ȥ¿³ơѸ졤ƱѸ̱ϡˤȡФƳƤꡤ¿Ť󤸤ͭȲᤵ뤳Ȥ¿Ū˱ѸǤϸ륢ǥߡΩˤäȤ⤳ιŪʵ˰äƤޤ⤦1ĤιݸǤե󥹸줬嵭DZѸȿФħ򼨤Ȥ⡤Ū˱ѸΡ̱פ⤭Ħˤʤ롥
Ѹ̱˴ؤŪʥ᡼Ϥ켫Τ줿᡼ǤꡤüѤΤ¦̤ȿǤƤʤȤBailey (91) ˤС̱αѹͤϡοͼŪͥ۴椨ˡ줫θäߤ˼줿櫓ǤϤʤषǤ¾Υ衼åѿͤƤäˤĤƤΤ߼θؼ뤳ȤȤ줬¤ȤСѸʹ̱ˤϤष̱ŪǤȸ뤫⤷ʤ

Far from its conventional image as a language congenial to borrowing from remote languages, English displays a tendency to accept exotic loanwords mainly when they have first been adopted by other European languages or when presented with marginal social practices or trivial objects. Anglophones who have ventured abroad have done so confident of the superiority of their culture and persuaded of their capacity for adaptation, usually without accepting the obligations of adapting. Extensive linguistic borrowing and language mixing arise only when there is some degree of equality between or among languages (and their speakers) in a multilingual setting. For the English abroad, this sense of equality was rare. Whether it is a language more "friendly to change than other languages" has hardly been questioned; those who embrace the language are convinced that English is a capacious, cosmopolitan language superior to all others.


Bailey ˤСֳ줿̱ŪʱѸפΥ᡼ϡ켫Τ̱ϼλʪǤꡤ̱ϼθüѤλ¤ȿȤȤˤʤ롥
Bailey ο̱ϼȸüѤεϡȤƶʹߤˤ˴ؤǤꡤѸ줬Ʊ餤ˤ˸üѤԤäƤλεˤľܿƤʤȤդ٤ѸϡѸϥƥե󥹸줫¿θäڤʤФʤʤҲŪ˲̤θäΤǤꡤ̱Ū̱ŪޤǤʤäΤ顥

Bailey, R. Images of English. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1991.

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