hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 / page 14 (14)

borrowing - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-29 20:50

2011-09-29 Thu

#885. Algeo ο쥽ʬ (3) [word_formation][morphology][borrowing][terminology]

Ȱε (##883,884) ǼꤢƤAlgeo ˤ word-making ξܺʬ³ԡAlgeo ʸ (129--31) ˤϡब9Ĥδ (CR1--CR9) ˤߤ37饹 (CLASS) ȡƥ饹Ӥβ̥饹ɽ63 (NEW_ITEM) ɽηǼƤ롥ϡɽ MAJOR_CLASS ʤʬ (root creation, conversion, clipping, composite, blending, borrowing) ξäΤǺܤ롥word-making ʬκݤΤˡ
9ĤδʬˤĤƤϡưʲ󤷤Ƥ

CR1: Does the new item have an etymon?
CR2: Does the new item have a borrowed etymon?
CR3: Does the new item combine two or more etyma?
CR4: Does the new item shorten an etymon?
CR5: Does the new item have an etymon that lacks a formal exponent in the item?
CR6: Does the new item have a phonological motivation?
CR7: Do the etyma include more than one base? (More precisely: If there is only one etymon, does it consist of more than one base; or if there are several etyma, do at least two contain bases?)
CR8: Does the new item derive from written rather than spoken etyma?
CR9: Does the new item add new morphs to the language?

ITEM NO.NEW_ITEMCR1CR2CR3CR4CR5CR6CR7CR8CR9ETYMATRADITIONAL_CLASSCLASSMAJOR_CLASS
1googol-0000-00+---arbitrary coinage1root creation
2miaow-0000+00+---onomatopoeia2root creation
3fun (adj)+--------fun (n)functional shift3conversion
4watt+--------(James) Wattcommonization3conversion
5grudge+----+--+grutchanalogical reformation4conversion
6splosh+----+--+splashanalogical reformation4conversion
7cónstrùct+----+--+constrúctanalogical reformation4conversion
8mho+----+-++ohmreverse form5conversion
9bassackwards+----++-+assbackwardsspoonerism6conversion
10cab+--+----+cabrioletback clipping (stump word)7clipping
11'fessor+--+----+professoraphaeresis7clipping
12curtsy+--+----+courtesysyncope7clipping
13flu+--+----+influenzafront & back clipping7clipping
14H+--+---++horse, heroininitialism8clipping
15prof+--+---++professorfront clipping8clipping
16Dr.+--+---+-Doctorabbreviation9clipping
17jet+--+--+--jet-propelled airplaneclipped compound10clipping
18show biz+--+--+-+show businessclipped compound11clipping
19sitch com+--+--+-+situation comedyclipped compound11clipping
20CO+--+--+++commanding officerinitialism12clipping
21scuba+--+--+++self contained underwater breathing apparatusacronym, 1st order12clipping
22radar+--+--+++radio detecting and rangingacronym, 2nd order12clipping
23Inbex+--+--+++Industrialized Building Expositionacronym, 2nd order12clipping
24Nabisco+--+--+++National Biscuit Companyacronym, 2nd order12clipping
25bit+--+--+++binary digitblend (acronym, 3rd order; acrouronym)12clipping
26Amerindian+--+--+++American Indianblend12clipping
27bus ad+--+--+++business administrationclipped compound (acronym, 4th order)12clipping
28sit com+--+--+++situation comedyclipped compound (acronym, 4th order)12clipping
29vroom+--+-+--+boomonomatopoeia & phonestheme13clipping
30morphonemics+--+-++-+morphophonemicshaplology14clipping
31riddle+--+++--+riddles & -sback formation15clipping
32burger+--++++-+hamburger & hamback formation16clipping
33slowly+-+------slow & -lysuffixation17composite
34unloose+-+------un- & looseprefixation17composite
35funhouse+-+---+--fun & housecompound18composite
36abso-damn-lutely+-+---+--absolutely & damnsandwich term18composite
37dice+-+--+--+die & -smetanalysis19composite
38ofay+-+--+--+foe & ayPig Latin19composite
39hotshot+-+--++--hot & shotrime compound20composite
40tiptop+-+--++--tip & topablaut compound20composite
41funny farm+-+--++--funny & farmalliterative compound20composite
42bye bye+-+--++--bye & byereduplication20composite
43goodschmood+-+--++-+good & schm- & goodreduplication with onset substitution21composite
44trouble and strife ("wife")+-+-+++--trouble & and & strife & wiferiming slang22composite
45buxom ("busty")+-+-+++--buxom & bosomclang association22composite
46hanky+-++----+handkerchief & -yclipping & suffix23blending
47happenstance+-++--+--happening & circumstanceblend24blending
48smog+-++--+-+smoke & fogblend25blending
49scrunch+-++--+-+scram/screw/scrimp & bunch/crunch/hunchphonesthemes25blending
50bridegroom+-++-++--bridegoom & groomfolk etymology26blending
51guesstimate+-++-++-+guess & estimateblend27blending
52meld+-++-++-+melt & weldblend27blending
53prepocerous+-++-++-+preposterous & rhinocerosforced rime27blending
54sayonada++------+sayonarapopular adoption28borrowing
55sayonara++-----++sayonaralearned adoption29borrowing
56disc++-+---++discusadaptation30borrowing
57foot ("metrical unit")+++-+----foot & pēscalque31borrowing
58superman+++-+-+--super & man & &Uum;bermenschloan translation32borrowing
59foe paw+++-+++--foe & paw & faux pasfolk etymology33borrowing
60fox pass+++-++++-fox & pass & faux pasfolk etymology34borrowing
61coffee klatch++++--+-+coffee & Kaffee Klatschloanblend35borrowing
62chaise lounge++++-++++chaise longue & loungeloanblend & folk etymology36borrowing
63tamale++++++--+tamal-es & -smetanalysis37borrowing


Algeo, John. "The Taxonomy of Word Making." Word 29 (1978): 122--31.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-05-25-1] [2011-10-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-09-28 Wed

#884. Algeo ο쥽ʬ (2) [word_formation][morphology][borrowing][terminology]

ε#883. Algeo ο쥽ʬ (1) ([2011-09-27-1]) ³ԡAlgeo ˤ word-making 9Ĥδϡʲ䤤ɽ蘆롥

(1) Does the new item have an etymon?
¸θ줫Ƥ뤫ɤۤȤɤοˤĤ Yes ǤʤʥǤ (root creation) ԤʤƤȹͤ롥㤨С10100οɽ魯 googol ϡҶˤ캬Ȥ롥
(2) Does the new item have a borrowed etymon?
δϡ(1) Yes ξˡδ¸θ줬ʲ줿ˤΤΤǤ뤫¾줫Ѥ줿ΤǤ뤫 (borrowing) ̤롥㤨Сinfluenza ϼѸflu influenza 첽ˤ˴Ťƺ줿ȹͤΤǡδ䤤 No Ȥʤ롥
(3) Does the new item combine two or more etyma?
(4) Does the new item shorten an etymon?
2Ĥδݤ碌ȡʲ4ζ̤롥
 1 etymon2+ etyma
unshortenedfun (conversion)funhouse (composite)
shortenedcab (clipping)smog (blending)

̾ fun ƻ fun 褦ϡʻž (conversion), ǽž (functional shift), (zero-derivation) ʤɤȸƤФ롥ηϤ˿ä櫓ǤϤʤȤǡðۤǤ롥
(5) Does the new item have an etymon that lacks a formal exponent in the item?
smog ˤƤϡȤʤäƤ smoke fog η֤줾ʬŪˤǤϤ뤬ȿǤƤ롥ʤˤϸȤʤäƤǤ־ޤäȿǤƤʤ㤬롥㤨Сsuperman Übermensch (loan translation or calque) Ȥ뤬־塤˸ǤȿǤƤʤCockney riming slang trouble and strife (= wife) ƱͤǤʤޤäȿǤƤʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤ񤷤ˡ
(6) Does the new item have a phonological motivation?
grutch θҲִˤ grudgemorphophonemics Ųæˤ morphonemics ꤹʤɤ롥
(7) Do the etyma include more than one base? (More precisely: If there is only one etymon, does it consist of more than one base; or if there are several etyma, do at least two contain bases?)
funhouse Ǥ Yes Ǥ slowly Ǥ No Ǥ롥Ĥޤꡤδϡʣ (compounding) ܼź (affixation) ̤롥ʳˤ⡤jet-propelled airplane ڤˤȹͤ jet ȡcabriolet ڤˤ cab Ȥ̤ΤˤͿ롥
(8) Does the new item derive from written rather than spoken etyma?
situation comedy ṳ̂Ȥ sitch com sit com ̤ǤΤϡsituation ֻؤΰ¸礭Ǥ롥Ƭ ( acronym ) ʤɤ񤭸դ˰¸Ƥ롥
(9) Does the new item add new morphs to the language?
funhouse ϸϿ˿֤ɲäʤfun house ¸η֤Ǥˤsmog ϿϿ˲ääȤäƤ褤

9Ĥδ򤫤碌Сword-making ŪȤ߹碌μȤʤ롥ºŪˤϡAlgeo ʸ󼨤Ƥ37Υ饹ʬǽʬʰʾˤѤ­
ޤʬहΤˡºݾ夳ޤǾܺ٤ʶʬ§ɬפΤ뤤ϤƤʬǺѤΤϡʬŪˤäƤѤäƤΤ褦ŪŪʶʬռƤȤˤ롥1ĤˤϡAlgeo (127) ŦƤ褦ˡ츫Ʊ blending ȹͤ guesstimate Amerindian Ǥ⡤Ԥ paradigmatic ʴطˤ2Ĥ etyma (guess estimate) ιǤꡤԤ syntagmatic ʴطˤ1ĤζȤƤ etymon (American Indian) ṳ̂Ǥ롤Ȥ褦ľŪˤˤ̤褦ˤʤȤ롥¾ˤϡ word-making ʬ¤硤줬ǺͤʤΤ뤤ŪˤⰷˤΤȤäƳʤ뤫٤ꤹؿˤͿƤȤºŪ⤢롥
word-making ϶֤̻֤Ǥ⤢롥"etymon" ȤѸ줬ƤȤꡤ嵭9ĤδϤ̻ŪǤ롥ˤäƿʬष褦ȤŪΤΤ϶Ūword-making Τ⤷ȱϡˤ⤢ΤȻפ
̵ϳΤʤʬˡ뤳ȤԲǽ˶ᤤ嵭δǤΤ˶ʬʤ¿뤳ȤȤ

Algeo, John. "The Taxonomy of Word Making." Word 29 (1978): 122--31.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-09-27 Tue

#883. Algeo ο쥽ʬ (1) [word_formation][morphology][borrowing]

[2011-09-21-1], [2011-09-22-1], [2011-09-23-1]ε Algeo ˤ븽Ѹο쥽ĴҲ𤷤Ƥब word-making ȸƤǤ뿷Υ [word formation] Ȥȡ̾ѸޤޤʤΤǤΤ褦˾Τȹͤˤ˺٤ʬषȤϡä[2011-09-21-1]ε#877. Algeo θѸο쥽Ĵפǿ줿̤ǤꡤºݤΥڡˡȤȤʬɽ򼨤Ǥϡ word-making ʬŪʺϲʬˡˤĤƤϡAlgeo Ȥ̤ʸ "The Taxonomy of Word Making" Ƥ롥
word-making ʬˤĤƤϡΤ˸¤äƤ奮ꥷλˤޤ̤Ť롥㤨СPlato (427?--327?BC) compounding, derivation by ablaut, loanwords, clipping, phonesthetics ̤Ƥ (Jowett 394, 400, 409, 420, 426) ޤꥷʸˡȤ Dionysius Thrax (c100BC) ̾72ʣǧƤ (Davidson, Section 14)
θŤϡߤηλͽΤʤˤϢʤ³Ƥ롥Ūʬ˴ŤƸŽƤ٥ȤƤϡ㤨мΤ褦ʤΤǧ롥compounding, affixation, blending, acronymy, clipping, back formation, functional shift, sound substitution, borrowing, folk etymology, onomatopoeia, reduplication, etc. ¿ŪʽѸϡܥ֥ǺǶ夲ƤϢΡֿ쥽פεǤ¿ѤƤ
ŪʬѸ줬ͭǤ뤳Ȥϡ˴Ť¿θ˴ؤ븦ˤäơƻλˤäƤ¾ڤƤȸäƤ褤Dz ad hoc ʰݤͿΤΤǤ롥⤽Τ褦ʰݤȤäƤAlgeo ƱݤΤȤҤ٤Ƥ

The traditional taxonomy of word-making is messy because the classes have not been defined by any consistent set of criteria. Indeed, the taxonomy was formed, not according to logical order, but rather by accidental accretion. It was not planned. It just happened. Could it speak, it might say with Topsy, "I 'spect I growed. Don't think nobody never made me." Nobody ever made the familiar taxonomy of word formation. It just grew. (123)


Algeo Ϥռ顤"Taxonomy" ʸǼŪ word-making ʬԤ߽ФȻߤ9Ĥδ˾Ȥ餷ƴबץ饹ĤޥʥĤˤäơword-making Һ٤ʬषγפϡεǾҲ𤷤

Algeo, John. "The Taxonomy of Word Making." Word 29 (1978): 122--31.
Algeo, John. "Where Do the New Words Come From?" American Speech 55 (1980): 264--77.
Jowett, B., ed. The Dialogues of Plato. 4 vols. New York: Scribner, 1873.
Davidson, Thomas, trans. "The Grammar of Dionysios Thrax." Journal of Speculative Philosophy 8 (1874): 326--39.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2009-06-13 Sat

#46. ѤϤʤ뤫 [borrowing][loan_word][brainstorm]

ߤǡ֤ʤ¾줫ѤΤפˤĤƳǥ֥쥤󥹥ȡषƤߤ˱ѸܸؤμѤǰƬˤ֥쥹Ȥä͡ͳͤ졤¤ˤʰոФ̤󼨤Ƥߤ롥

why borrow words?

֤˻פĤͳϡֿΤ褷ƤȤˡΥΤ̾˼פȤȤǤºݤ˥֥쥤󥹥ȡߥ󥰤Ǥ⡤ǽˤ줬ФʿޤαˡΤǤʤ̾˼ळȤɬפȤɬפϳΤ˽פѤͳΤ٤ƤǤϤʤΤäƤȤˡθ줫餽̾ѤΤǤϤʤñФꡤ¸ñήѤȤ꤫äƤϤǤ롥
ޤᡤӡơʤɡܤμ翩򤵤ñϤǤ˽ʬˤȤءɲŪ˱ѸΡ֥饤פѤƤ֤򸫤С̾ɬפפȤ⤬٤ƤǤʤȤϤʬ롥οǤϡ֤ӡפǤϤʤ֥饤פȸƤ֤Τդ路ȤͳǼѸ줬ѤΤǤʿޤαˡ
¾ˤɤͳοޤդäƤߤߤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2009-06-11 Thu

#44. ּѡפˤߤ [borrowing][loan_word][contact][terminology]

Ѹˤؤ ( borrowing ) 夲ȤˡˡΤ褦˷֤â񤭤롧ָˤѤϰ̤ΥΤμѤȤϰۤʤꡤڤꤿ֤ɬפϤʤѤȤǰ򤷤䤹ƤΤǡܽǤϤѸȤ³뤳Ȥˤ롥
äȤʤȤǤ롥ߤʡΤˤȤʤ̤ΥΤμѤȸμѤκۤˤĤơʾĤäǵ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤʤεǤϡ⤦겼Ƥߤ
ΤμѤȸμѤΰ㤤󤲤Ƥߤ褦

(1) ΤڤȤˤϤƤĤ뤬ڤȤˤϵĤʤʤΤ򹥤ʤʤȤ˾ˡּڤפȤǤ롥
(2) Τξ硤ߤߤȤǧ뤬ξ硤ߤߤȤǧʤ
(3) Τߤ餽ߤμ긵ʤʤ뤬ߤȤƤ⡤ȤƤߤμ긵˻ĤäƤ롥ĤޤꡤξˤϰưǤϤʤԡäƤ롥
(4) ߤ(2)(3)ΤȤꡤߤӼʤʤΤǡڤä֤ɬפʤȤ֤Ȥǡߤμ긵ˤƱΤǤˤΤΤξˤϡߤˤӼ뤫⤷ʤ

嵭ΥݥȤϡǽפǤ롥¾줫ѤȤϡïˤǤ򤫤ˡΡȤǼ˿ʹܤղäȤǤ롥μѲܼưǤϤʤԡǤ뤳ȤǽˤƤ롥ưξˤϡǥΤ̤ѤԡξˤϡǥΤ̤롥
ʪǤϡ¾Ѳ12ˤ뤳ȤԲǽǤ롥⤷2ˤʤäȤ顤ɬ褽1åäƤϤǤ롥ФơǤϤȤñ12ˤ뤳ȤǤ롥κݡïˤӼϤʤ˽Ǥ롥
ΤȤϡ줬뤤ϸĤɤ̵ͤ¤βǽƤ뤳Ȥ򼨺ƤΤǤϤʤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow