Ȱε (##883,884) ǼꤢƤAlgeo ˤ word-making ξܺʬ³ԡAlgeo ʸ (129--31) ˤϡब9Ĥδ (CR1--CR9) ˤߤ37饹 (CLASS) ȡƥ饹Ӥβ̥饹ɽ63 (NEW_ITEM) ɽηǼƤ롥ϡɽ MAJOR_CLASS ʤʬ (root creation, conversion, clipping, composite, blending, borrowing) ξäΤǺܤ롥word-making ʬκݤΤˡ
9ĤδʬˤĤƤϡưʲƤ
CR1: Does the new item have an etymon?
CR2: Does the new item have a borrowed etymon?
CR3: Does the new item combine two or more etyma?
CR4: Does the new item shorten an etymon?
CR5: Does the new item have an etymon that lacks a formal exponent in the item?
CR6: Does the new item have a phonological motivation?
CR7: Do the etyma include more than one base? (More precisely: If there is only one etymon, does it consist of more than one base; or if there are several etyma, do at least two contain bases?)
CR8: Does the new item derive from written rather than spoken etyma?
CR9: Does the new item add new morphs to the language?
| ITEM NO. | NEW_ITEM | CR1 | CR2 | CR3 | CR4 | CR5 | CR6 | CR7 | CR8 | CR9 | ETYMA | TRADITIONAL_CLASS | CLASS | MAJOR_CLASS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | googol | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | + | --- | arbitrary coinage | 1 | root creation |
| 2 | miaow | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | + | --- | onomatopoeia | 2 | root creation |
| 3 | fun (adj) | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | fun (n) | functional shift | 3 | conversion |
| 4 | watt | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (James) Watt | commonization | 3 | conversion |
| 5 | grudge | + | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | + | grutch | analogical reformation | 4 | conversion |
| 6 | splosh | + | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | + | splash | analogical reformation | 4 | conversion |
| 7 | cónstrùct | + | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | + | constrúct | analogical reformation | 4 | conversion |
| 8 | mho | + | - | - | - | - | + | - | + | + | ohm | reverse form | 5 | conversion |
| 9 | bassackwards | + | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | + | assbackwards | spoonerism | 6 | conversion |
| 10 | cab | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | + | cabriolet | back clipping (stump word) | 7 | clipping |
| 11 | 'fessor | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | + | professor | aphaeresis | 7 | clipping |
| 12 | curtsy | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | + | courtesy | syncope | 7 | clipping |
| 13 | flu | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | + | influenza | front & back clipping | 7 | clipping |
| 14 | H | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | + | horse, heroin | initialism | 8 | clipping |
| 15 | prof | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | + | professor | front clipping | 8 | clipping |
| 16 | Dr. | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | Doctor | abbreviation | 9 | clipping |
| 17 | jet | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | - | - | jet-propelled airplane | clipped compound | 10 | clipping |
| 18 | show biz | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | - | + | show business | clipped compound | 11 | clipping |
| 19 | sitch com | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | - | + | situation comedy | clipped compound | 11 | clipping |
| 20 | CO | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | commanding officer | initialism | 12 | clipping |
| 21 | scuba | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | self contained underwater breathing apparatus | acronym, 1st order | 12 | clipping |
| 22 | radar | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | radio detecting and ranging | acronym, 2nd order | 12 | clipping |
| 23 | Inbex | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | Industrialized Building Exposition | acronym, 2nd order | 12 | clipping |
| 24 | Nabisco | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | National Biscuit Company | acronym, 2nd order | 12 | clipping |
| 25 | bit | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | binary digit | blend (acronym, 3rd order; acrouronym) | 12 | clipping |
| 26 | Amerindian | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | American Indian | blend | 12 | clipping |
| 27 | bus ad | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | business administration | clipped compound (acronym, 4th order) | 12 | clipping |
| 28 | sit com | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | situation comedy | clipped compound (acronym, 4th order) | 12 | clipping |
| 29 | vroom | + | - | - | + | - | + | - | - | + | boom | onomatopoeia & phonestheme | 13 | clipping |
| 30 | morphonemics | + | - | - | + | - | + | + | - | + | morphophonemics | haplology | 14 | clipping |
| 31 | riddle | + | - | - | + | + | + | - | - | + | riddles & -s | back formation | 15 | clipping |
| 32 | burger | + | - | - | + | + | + | + | - | + | hamburger & ham | back formation | 16 | clipping |
| 33 | slowly | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | slow & -ly | suffixation | 17 | composite |
| 34 | unloose | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | un- & loose | prefixation | 17 | composite |
| 35 | funhouse | + | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | fun & house | compound | 18 | composite |
| 36 | abso-damn-lutely | + | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | absolutely & damn | sandwich term | 18 | composite |
| 37 | dice | + | - | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | die & -s | metanalysis | 19 | composite |
| 38 | ofay | + | - | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | foe & ay | Pig Latin | 19 | composite |
| 39 | hotshot | + | - | + | - | - | + | + | - | - | hot & shot | rime compound | 20 | composite |
| 40 | tiptop | + | - | + | - | - | + | + | - | - | tip & top | ablaut compound | 20 | composite |
| 41 | funny farm | + | - | + | - | - | + | + | - | - | funny & farm | alliterative compound | 20 | composite |
| 42 | bye bye | + | - | + | - | - | + | + | - | - | bye & bye | reduplication | 20 | composite |
| 43 | goodschmood | + | - | + | - | - | + | + | - | + | good & schm- & good | reduplication with onset substitution | 21 | composite |
| 44 | trouble and strife ("wife") | + | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | - | trouble & and & strife & wife | riming slang | 22 | composite |
| 45 | buxom ("busty") | + | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | - | buxom & bosom | clang association | 22 | composite |
| 46 | hanky | + | - | + | + | - | - | - | - | + | handkerchief & -y | clipping & suffix | 23 | blending |
| 47 | happenstance | + | - | + | + | - | - | + | - | - | happening & circumstance | blend | 24 | blending |
| 48 | smog | + | - | + | + | - | - | + | - | + | smoke & fog | blend | 25 | blending |
| 49 | scrunch | + | - | + | + | - | - | + | - | + | scram/screw/scrimp & bunch/crunch/hunch | phonesthemes | 25 | blending |
| 50 | bridegroom | + | - | + | + | - | + | + | - | - | bridegoom & groom | folk etymology | 26 | blending |
| 51 | guesstimate | + | - | + | + | - | + | + | - | + | guess & estimate | blend | 27 | blending |
| 52 | meld | + | - | + | + | - | + | + | - | + | melt & weld | blend | 27 | blending |
| 53 | prepocerous | + | - | + | + | - | + | + | - | + | preposterous & rhinoceros | forced rime | 27 | blending |
| 54 | sayonada | + | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | sayonara | popular adoption | 28 | borrowing |
| 55 | sayonara | + | + | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | sayonara | learned adoption | 29 | borrowing |
| 56 | disc | + | + | - | + | - | - | - | + | + | discus | adaptation | 30 | borrowing |
| 57 | foot ("metrical unit") | + | + | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | foot & pēs | calque | 31 | borrowing |
| 58 | superman | + | + | + | - | + | - | + | - | - | super & man & &Uum;bermensch | loan translation | 32 | borrowing |
| 59 | foe paw | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | - | - | foe & paw & faux pas | folk etymology | 33 | borrowing |
| 60 | fox pass | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | - | fox & pass & faux pas | folk etymology | 34 | borrowing |
| 61 | coffee klatch | + | + | + | + | - | - | + | - | + | coffee & Kaffee Klatsch | loanblend | 35 | borrowing |
| 62 | chaise lounge | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | chaise longue & lounge | loanblend & folk etymology | 36 | borrowing |
| 63 | tamale | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | - | + | tamal-es & -s | metanalysis | 37 | borrowing |
ε#883. Algeo ο쥽ʬ (1) ([2011-09-27-1]) ³ԡAlgeo ˤ word-making 9Ĥδϡʲ䤤ɽ蘆롥
(1) Does the new item have an etymon?
¸θ줫Ƥ뤫ɤۤȤɤοˤĤ Yes ǤʤʥǤ캬 (root creation) ԤʤƤȹͤ롥㤨С10100οɽ魯 googol ϡҶˤ캬Ȥ롥
(2) Does the new item have a borrowed etymon?
δϡ(1) Yes ξˡδ¸θ줬ʲ줿ˤΤΤǤ뤫¾줫Ѥ줿ΤǤ뤫 (borrowing) ̤롥㤨Сinfluenza ϼѸflu influenza 첽ˤ˴Ťƺ줿ȹͤΤǡδ䤤 No Ȥʤ롥
(3) Does the new item combine two or more etyma?
(4) Does the new item shorten an etymon?
2Ĥδݤ碌ȡʲ4ζ̤롥
| 1 etymon | 2+ etyma | |
|---|---|---|
| unshortened | fun (conversion) | funhouse (composite) |
| shortened | cab (clipping) | smog (blending) |
[2011-09-21-1], [2011-09-22-1], [2011-09-23-1]ε Algeo ˤ븽Ѹο쥽ĴҲ𤷤Ƥब word-making ȸƤǤ뿷Υ [word formation] Ȥȡ̾ѸޤޤʤΤǤΤ褦˾Τȹͤˤ˺٤ʬषȤϡä[2011-09-21-1]ε#877. Algeo θѸο쥽Ĵפǿ줿̤ǤꡤºݤΥڡˡȤȤʬɽǤϡ word-making ʬŪʺϲʬˡˤĤƤϡAlgeo Ȥ̤ʸ "The Taxonomy of Word Making" Ƥ롥
word-making ʬˤĤƤϡΤ˸¤äƤ奮ꥷλˤޤ̤Ť롥㤨СPlato (427?--327?BC) compounding, derivation by ablaut, loanwords, clipping, phonesthetics ̤Ƥ (Jowett 394, 400, 409, 420, 426) ޤꥷʸˡȤ Dionysius Thrax (c100BC) ̾72ʣǧƤ (Davidson, Section 14)
θŤϡߤηλͽΤʤˤϢʤ³Ƥ롥Ūʬ˴ŤƸŽƤ٥ȤƤϡ㤨мΤ褦ʤΤǧ롥compounding, affixation, blending, acronymy, clipping, back formation, functional shift, sound substitution, borrowing, folk etymology, onomatopoeia, reduplication, etc. ¿ŪʽѸϡܥ֥ǺǶ夲ƤϢΡֿ쥽פεǤ¿ѤƤ
ŪʬѸ줬ͭǤ뤳Ȥϡ˴Ť¿θ˴ؤ븦ˤäơƻλˤäƤ¾ڤƤȸäƤ褤Dz ad hoc ʰݤͿΤΤǤ롥⤽Τ褦ʰݤȤäƤAlgeo ƱݤΤȤҤ٤Ƥ
The traditional taxonomy of word-making is messy because the classes have not been defined by any consistent set of criteria. Indeed, the taxonomy was formed, not according to logical order, but rather by accidental accretion. It was not planned. It just happened. Could it speak, it might say with Topsy, "I 'spect I growed. Don't think nobody never made me." Nobody ever made the familiar taxonomy of word formation. It just grew. (123)
Algeo Ϥռ顤"Taxonomy" ʸǼŪ word-making ʬԤ߽ФȻߤ9Ĥδ˾Ȥ餷ƴबץ饹ĤޥʥĤˤäơword-making Һ٤ʬषγפϡεǾҲ𤷤
Algeo, John. "The Taxonomy of Word Making." Word 29 (1978): 122--31.
Algeo, John. "Where Do the New Words Come From?" American Speech 55 (1980): 264--77.
Jowett, B., ed. The Dialogues of Plato. 4 vols. New York: Scribner, 1873.
Davidson, Thomas, trans. "The Grammar of Dionysios Thrax." Journal of Speculative Philosophy 8 (1874): 326--39.
ߤǡ֤ʤ¾줫ѤΤפˤĤƳǥ֥쥤ȡषƤߤ˱ѸܸؤμѤǰƬˤ֥쥹Ȥä͡ͳͤ졤¤ˤʰոФ̤Ƥߤ롥

֤˻פĤͳϡֿΤ褷ƤȤˡΥΤ̾˼פȤȤǤºݤ˥֥쥤ȡߥǤ⡤ǽˤ줬ФʿޤαˡΤǤʤ̾˼ळȤɬפȤɬפϳΤ˽פѤͳΤ٤ƤǤϤʤΤäƤȤˡθ줫餽̾ѤΤǤϤʤñФꡤ¸ñήѤȤ꤫äƤϤǤ롥
ޤᡤӡơʤɡܤμ翩ñϤǤ˽ʬˤȤءɲŪ˱ѸΡ֥饤פѤƤ֤С̾ɬפפȤ⤬٤ƤǤʤȤϤʬ롥οǤϡ֤ӡפǤϤʤ֥饤פȸƤ֤Τդ路ȤͳǼѸ줬ѤΤǤʿޤαˡ
¾ˤɤͳοޤդäƤߤߤ
Ѹˤؤ ( borrowing ) 夲ȤˡˡΤ褦˷֤â롧ָˤѤϰ̤ΥΤμѤȤϰۤʤꡤڤꤿ֤ɬפϤʤѤȤǰ䤹ƤΤǡܽǤϤѸȤ³뤳Ȥˤ롥
äȤʤȤǤ롥ߤʡΤˤȤʤ̤ΥΤμѤȸμѤκۤˤĤơʾĤäǵ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤʤεǤϡ⤦겼Ƥߤ
ΤμѤȸμѤΰ㤤Ƥߤ褦
(1) ΤڤȤˤϤƤĤ뤬ڤȤˤϵĤʤʤΤʤʤȤ˾ˡּڤפȤǤ롥
(2) Τξ硤ߤߤȤǧ뤬ξ硤ߤߤȤǧʤ
(3) Τߤ餽ߤμ긵ʤʤ뤬ߤȤƤ⡤ȤƤߤμ긵˻ĤäƤ롥ĤޤꡤξˤϰưǤϤʤԡäƤ롥
(4) ߤ(2)(3)ΤȤꡤߤӼʤʤΤǡڤä֤ɬפʤȤ֤Ȥǡߤμ긵ˤƱΤǤˤΤΤξˤϡߤˤӼ뤫⤷ʤ
嵭ΥݥȤϡǽפǤ롥¾줫ѤȤϡïˤǤˡΡȤǼ˿ʹܤղäȤǤ롥μѲܼưǤϤʤԡǤ뤳ȤǽˤƤ롥ưξˤϡǥΤ̤ѤԡξˤϡǥΤ̤롥
ʪǤϡ¾Ѳ12ˤ뤳ȤԲǽǤ롥⤷2ˤʤäȤ顤ɬ褽1åäƤϤǤ롥ФơǤϤȤñ12ˤ뤳ȤǤ롥κݡïˤӼϤʤ˽Ǥ롥
ΤȤϡ줬뤤ϸĤɤ̵ͤ¤βǽƤ뤳ȤƤΤǤϤʤ
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