hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ڡ / page 6 (14)

borrowing - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2020-09-05 Sat

#4149. Խ뤵븽κ [hybrid][etymology][word_formation][combining_form][contact][waseieigo][borrowing][loan_word][waseieigo][purism][complaint_tradition]

#4145. ѸǤɤˤ뺮 ([2020-09-01-1]) ǡ (hybrid) 1פˤĤƤߤΥפ˸¤餺ϰ̤˸ʸ̤꺮ʤᡤԽפʸǤȤΥåƥŽ䤹ȤϤäƤ⡤ե󥹸졦ƥǤȱѸǤ礷Ť¸ߤ륿 (ex. bemuse, besiege, genuineness, nobleness, readable, breakage, fishery, disbelieve) Ͻʬ˱ѸäƱƤ뤿ᡤˤ
Խ뤵䤹Τϡ1920˷줿ŪʺǤ롥Ȥ amoral, automation, bi-weekly, bureaucracy, coastal, coloration, dandiacal, flotation, funniment, gullible, impedance, pacifist, speedometer ʤɤԤˤä̤˵󤲤뤳Ȥ롥μθϤȤ櫓20˳礷genocide, hydrofoil, hypermarket, megastar, microwave, photo-journalism, Rototiller, Strip-a-gram, volcanology ʤˤȤޤʤ (McArthur 490)
Fowler hybrid formations ι (369) Ǥϡ̤˵󤲤뤳Ȥ¿줬Ĥ󤵤Ƥ뤬θ³ĴҤϤϤ֤봲ƤǤꡤʤʤɤޤɾȤʤäƤ롥

If such words had been submitted for approval to an absolute monarch of etymology, some perhaps would not have been admitted to the language. But our language is governed not by an absolute monarch, nor by an academy, far less by a European Court of Human Rights, but by a stern reception committee, the users of the language themselves. Homogeneity of language origin comes low in their ranking of priorities; euphony, analogy, a sense of appropriateness, an instinctive belief that a word will settle in if there is a need for it and will disappear if there is not---these are the factors that operate when hybrids (like any other new words) are brought into the language. If the coupling of mixed-language elements seems too gross, some standard speakers write (now fax) severe letters to the newspapers. Attitudes are struck. This is all as it should be in a democratic country. But amoral, bureaucracy, and the other mixed-blood formations persist, and the language has suffered only invisible dents.


ʤϡǤʤȤ߹碌ȤǤϡѸ (waseieigo) ϤȤ֡פ˶ᤤȹͤ롥Խ뤵ɽʤǤǤ⡤ξԤϻƤ롥ơŪĹܿˤĸˤƤϡˤƼ̤ʸǤǤ⡤ϤξԤϻƤȻפǸˤĤƤϡ#3858. פֱפȤ̤θݡ ([2019-11-19-1]) 򻲾ȡ

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-09-10-1]

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2020-09-01 Tue

#4145. ѸǤɤˤ뺮 [hybrid][etymology][word_formation][combining_form][contact][waseieigo][borrowing][loan_word]

츻ΰۤʤǤȤ߹蘆äƷ줿ʣʤɤϺ (hybrid) ȸƤФ롥ɽȤƱѸˤĤƤϡ#96. Ѹȥե󥹸Ǻ褫 (hybrid) ([2009-08-01-1]) ǡܸˤĤƤϡ#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ ([2010-02-17-1]) ʤɤǵ󤲤Ƥ¾ȤܿˤǻĹȡñʤμѤ˰­ꤺǤѤƼͳ¤줹봷ȯãȤΤϼǤ롥Ѹޤ᤿֡פ⤷ꡤΡֺפ⤷
ˤȤˤϡ褽ǤǤȤ߹碌ͤ뤳Ȥ¿㤨Сcommonly murderous Ǥֻʬե󥹸ǡʳѸǤǤ롥ܸΡ֤ˡפˤƤϡֲפǡ֤פܸǤǤ롥
͡ʸ줫μѤ򷫤֤ƤˤäƤϡAμѸǤȸBμѸǤȤ߹蘆ä졤ĤޤǤޤޤʤפκȤΤ⤢롥ñǤСtelevision ϥꥷǤ tele- ȥƥǤ vision Ȥ߹蘆äǤޤޤʤפκǤ롥ǤѸǤˤϰ㤤ʤ츻ؼԤǤʤ¤꥽ΰ㤤ʤ̾ϼ̤ǤʤȤ⤢뤫ΥפκŪ٤㤤褦˻פ롥ΥפϼºݤˤϱѸäΤʤΤǤϤʤꥷƥͳ褹Ϣ (combining_form)ѤؽѸѸ㤬Ȥ櫓¿ǡ줬ǧ٤Ƥװ⤷ʤ
ʤȤפäΤϡر -philia ?ɡˤ -phobia ?ݾɡˤȤꥷͳ褹Ϣޤñ򽸤ᡤ֤Ƥ1ǤθĴ٤𤷤Ƥ줿ξ⡤1ǤȾͽۤȤꥮꥷǤä1/3ۤɤƥǤäȤ֥ƥǡܥꥷǡפȤʤ򤤤Ĥ󤲤СAnglophilia ʥ󥰥ˡcanophilia ʸˡclaustrophobia Ľ궲ݾɡˡverbophobia ñ춲ݾɡˤʤɤǤ롥ᤴ䤹פκ˸Ƥ졤ȤƤٶˤʤä
ʤؿѸؼŵ (313) ˡΥפκˤĤƼΤ褦˵ҤäϤ갷Ǥõʤ٤ˤȤɤޤäƤ

ȳηΤߤȤϸ¤ʤθܼˤĤƤߤ롧 hypercorrect (= overly correct; Gk + L), visualize (< LL visuālis + Gk -ize)


⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-09-10-1] [2020-09-05-1]

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2020-08-27 Thu

#4140. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸΡ֤ġפȡ֤ɤΤ餤 [oed][japanese][borrowing][loan_word][lexicology][statistics]

#3872. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸμǯ ([2019-12-03-1])#142. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸʬۡ ([2009-09-16-1]) ʤɤεǸƤ褦ˡѸˤϰճ¿ܸñ줬Ǥ롥ξܿ16ʹߤΤȤǤ (cf. #4131. ꥹ񲽤ˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-18-1]))ܸñμѤϱѸˤδ餹ŪݤȤϤ뤬¸ߴ򼨤ƤȤäƤ褤ΤȤϡ#45. ѸäˤޤĤ͡ ([2009-06-12-1])#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])#2165. 20ȾμѸ쥽 ([2015-04-01-1]) ʤɤǤ⿨Ƥ
OED Online ˤϡ͡ʥѥ᡼ˤꡤɤλˤɤΤ餤ñ줬Ѹä˲ääвƤ "Timelines" Ȥʵǽ롥ȤСܸ줬츻Ǥñפꤹȡܸ줫μѸ줬֤ġס֤ɤΤ餤ױѸήΤ¨¤˥ղƤ롥η̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ

Japanese Loanwords in English Chronologically by OED

ȤƤ19ȾȯŪϤᡤ˻뤳Ȥ狼롥19ȾȤС椬񤬱ƤޤνȤǻ̩ܿ򳫻ϤݿλǤ롥
դ򥯥åȡñΥꥹȤ롥ޤǴñǥղƤȤˤʤäʤ

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2020-08-25 Tue

#4138. ե󥹼ѸΤѸ˼ڤ줿Τ4䶯ǡĽ׸ [oed][french][latin][loan_word][statistics][lexicology][borrowing]

Ѹûˤˤơե󥹼ѸήΥԡѸˤäȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ΤȤϡ#117. ե󥹼Ѹǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1])#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1])#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸä (2) ([2015-11-07-1]) ʤɤΥդ򸫤СưפǤ
OED 󶡤Ƥ Middle English: an overview "Borrowing from Latin and/or French" ɤǤȤȴϢƶŪʿ󤲤ƤΤǾҲ𤷤Ƥ

By 1500, over 40 per cent of all of the words that English has borrowed from French had made a first appearance in the language, including a very high proportion of those French words which have come to play a central part in the vocabulary of modern English. By contrast, the greatest peak of borrowing from Latin was still to come, in the early modern period; by 1500, under 20 per cent of the Latin borrowings found in modern English had yet entered the language.


ե󥹼ѸήΥԡѸǤꡤƥѸΥԡ϶ѸäȤˤĤƤλŦϤ̤ܤΤϡѤκǽ˵󤲤Ƥ40%ȤǤ롥Ѹäˤե󥹼ѸΤ40%ѸμѤǤꡤ⸽ߤŪʸäȤƳƤȤ򤫤Сλ˼Ѥ줿եñϡųʤ⸽ߤ˻ޤͭݤ³ƤΤ¿ȤȤǤ롥¸Ψ⤤ȸäƤ褤
ФƥѸλ¸Ψϡǰʤɽ蘆Ƥʤե󥹸Τ⤺ä㤤ȹͤ롥ԤǤʤ顤ߤޤǻĤäƤʤʤ뤤ϾʤȤͭѤʸȤƻĤäƤʤˤΤ¿ΤǤcf. #478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])#1409. Ĥä졤ä ([2013-03-06-1])ˡѸˤˤơΥե󥹸ȥƥθŪƶκۤ϶̣
ȴϢơ#3180. ˹ٸ̤Ƥե󥹡ƥѸ ([2018-01-10-1])#2667. Chaucer Ѥä10--15%ե󥹼Ѹ ([2016-08-15-1])#2283. Shakespeare ΥƥѸäλ¸Ψ ([2015-07-28-1]) ʤɤ⻲Ȥ줿

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-05-1] [2021-07-04-1]

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2020-08-17 Mon

#4130. Ѹä¿Ͳȳˤв "The OED in two minutes" [oed][map][lexicology][borrowing][lexicography][philology][statistics][web_service][hel_education]

The OED in two minutes ˡѸλϤޤ1150ǯ2010ǯޤǤαѸʼѡ˸ûˤϿ޾ǻвƥȤǼƥĤɽƤ롥ƥġ¤ˤߤȤ˱Ѹä¿ͲȳˤɽƤꡤ⤤ʰ̣ǹͤ롥ɤ

Map of Loanwords in 1726 by OED



Ͽޤβˤ뿧դӤϡѸˤ老Ȥȡ٤ɽ路ƤظѤƤǡ١ Google Ngrams 1970--2008ǯʬȤˡ2010ǯߤϿޤ˼פߤƤߤȡȡ٤ˤơޥϤθáӡˤ49%ѸǤ˴Ťʣʤɡӡˤ26%ʤΤǡޤǤΤ3/4Ǥ롥ޥ󥹷Ϥθáӡˤ18%ƥ줬7%Ƥ¾0.2%ѸˤǤϸäˤϼѤˤǤȤΤ֤ȡ٤ǹͤ¤ꡤߤǤѸθäϰŪ˥󥰥ʤ뤤ϥޥŪǤȤäƤ褤Ȥˤʤ롥λ¤ˤĤƤϡ#3400. Ѹ˸ä˼Ѹ줬ɤǤ뤫 ([2018-08-18-1]) ȡĥäε򻲾ȡ
Ͽ޺ǯ˽ŤʤäƤ볥ΥХ֥ϡ٤¿ñ줬ääǯۤ礭ʤꡤ٤ľñ줬ääˤʤǯˤϾʤ롥17̤Ū礭äХ֥뤬18ˤƤܤǤͻҤⶽ̣ (cf. #2995. Augustan Age θŪݼ ([2017-07-09-1])#203. 1500--1900ǯˤѸäá ([2009-11-16-1])#4070. 18θŪ¤Τʤ ([2020-06-18-1]))
Ѹʸá˻ˤŤߤˤϡΤ褦ʥȤλХƥĤϤȯ롥

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2020-07-31 Fri

#4113. ܸΥʴϢϿ [japanese][neologism][waseieigo][katakana][borrowing][shortening][false_friend][semantic_change][lexicology][word_formation][sociolinguistics]

衤¤ʤɶλˤϡȤޤƤܲΥʲҤǤϸβѤΤǤˤĤ䤬󤲤褦ˤפ
ȤСѸǤС#4105. Ƽ˲űPCʪۡ ([2020-07-23-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡBLMưȤδϢǿͼﺹ̤򴭵θɽ̤ˤ줿ꡤŪִȤ֤Ƥ롥ϸ̩ˤХʲҤľŪʱƶˤΤǤϤʤ¸μҲ꤬ʲ԰¤ʰΤʤȯ̤ȤߤʤʤСŪˤϴͿƤȤ롥
ܸǤϡ͡ʥʴϢɽû֤Τޤ夷ƤȤϡȩȤ˴725ڡˤ俷ʹī̡11̡ˤˡ֥ʻθդפꤹýǺܤƤи˵󤲤Ȥ⤷֤ϰռ˰ǤƤߤ롥

3̩8︺10ߵաGo To ȥ٥롤PCRSkypeWHOZoomĿġӥ󡤥٥ΥޥޥӥޥӥСġʡܡ⡤å󥷥С塼ȡ饤ȡ饹롼 (COVID-18)ƥۡࡤڥ١㡼ءƥɥ饤֥롼˥塼Ρޥ롤ѥǥߥåեɡ饤֥ϥ⡼ȥޥåå󡤰ٹⴶϩˤߡٶ۵޻ޤưθươƤ롤ͷٻҲŪΥʥ롦ǥ󥹡ˡޥؾǡ«©иάͼͺݡǰ졤ܿǧץꡤܿȲġ㤴ꡤǥ롤2ȡ֤ۡ륫饪ž䡼顼ȡǻܿ㤤ᡤԵޤγм͡ʬй̵ѵҡγ׻ٹ


ʶˤηˡȤƤϡѸ줢ꡤѤꡤϸ줢ꡤάȡʤʤ˿ˡ򤸤ä䤫褷Ƥ롥ʶˤȤϡ¸θʶˤ˿ʸդä줿ꡤ˥奢󥹤ѲȤ̣Ѳλ¿ΰѤƸ̣δܤֵǤΤǤϤʤȤ鴶

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2020-07-14 Tue

#4096. 3Ÿ졤4Ÿ졤5Ÿ򤤤Ĥ [doublet][etymology][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][synonym]

ε#4094. 2Ÿʬ ([2020-07-13-1]) Ǽ夲2Ÿ (doublet) ξԤ3Ÿ졤4Ÿ졤5ŸʤɤΡ¿Ÿפ򡤡ؿѸؼŵ (344) ꤤĤ󤲤ܥ֥δϢ뵭ؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤ

(a) 3Ÿ (triplet)

hale (< ME hal, hale, hail < OE hāl), whole (< ME hol, hool, hole < OE hāl), hail ( ON heill) (cf. #3817. hale θ캬ͥåȥ ([2019-10-09-1]))
place ( OF place < L platēa), plaza ( Sp. plaza < L platēa), piazza ( It. piazza < L platēa)
hotel ( F hôtel < OF hostel < ML hospitāle), hostel ( OF hostel < ML hospitāle), hospital ( ML hospitāle) (cf. #171. guest host (2) ([2009-10-15-1]))
a, an, one (cf. #86. one ȯ ([2009-07-22-1]))

(b) 4Ÿ (quadruplet)

corpse ( MF corps < OF cors < L corpus), corps ( MF corps < OF cors < L corpus), corpus ( L corpus), corse ( OF cors < L corpus)

(c) 5Ÿ (quintuplet)

palaver ( Port palavra < L parabola), parable ( OF parabole < L parabola), parabola ( L parabola), parley ( OF parlée < L parabola), parole ( F parole < L parabola)
discus, disk, dish, desk, dais (cf. #569. discus --- 6Ÿ߽Фðۤθ캬 ([2010-11-17-1]))
senior, sire, sir, seigneur, signor

ʤܸ줫4ŸȤơɡ륿ơ㡼Ȥ󤲤Ƥ (cf. #1027. åפȥåס ([2012-02-18-1]))

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-17-1]

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2020-07-13 Mon

#4095. 2Ÿʬ [doublet][etymology][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][synonym]

Ʊ츻ˤΤܤ뤬餫ͳǷ֤Ọ̇̄ۤʤ˻ä1Ȥθ2Ÿ (doublet) ȸƤ֡ܥ֥Ǥ͡ʼ2Ÿ󤲤Ƥä˾ܺ٤ʰϡ#1723. åץ꡼ˤ2Ÿ ([2014-01-14-1]) ȡ#1724. Skeat ˤ2Ÿ ([2014-01-15-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ2ŸˤϤĤΥפ뤬ؿѸؼŵ (343--44) ˽äơ˸ŪʴʬषƼ

(1) ѷϩΰۤʤΡ

sure ( OF sur < L sēcūrus), secure ( L sēcūrus)
poorʢ OF povre, poure < L pauper), pauper ( L pauper)
filibuster ( Sp. filibustero Du. vrijbuiter), freebooter ( Du. vrijbuiter)
caste ( Port. casta < L castus), chaste ( OF chaste < L castus)
madam(e) ( OF ma dame < L mea domina), Madonna ( It. ma donna < L mea domina)

(2) ȳˤΡ

shirt (< OE scyrte < *skurtjōn-), skirt ( ON skyrta < *skurtjōn-)
naked (< OE nacod, næcad), nude ( L nūdus)
brother (< OE brōðor), friar ( OF frere < L frāter)
name (< OE nama), noun ( AN noun < L nōmen)
kin (< OE cynn), genus ( L genus)

(3) Ʊ줫ۤʤ˰ۤʤ֤뤤ϰ̣ǼѤ줿Ρ

cipher ( OF cyfre Arab. ṣifr), zero ( F zéro It. zero Arab. ṣifr)
count ( OF conter < L computāre), compute ( MF compoter < L computāre)
annoy ( OF anuier, anoier < L in odio), ennui ( F ennui < OF enui < L in odio)

(4) ƱΰۤʤμѤˤΡ(cf. #76. Norman French vs Central French ([2009-07-13-1])#95. ޤ롪 Norman French Central French Ÿ ([2009-07-31-1])#388. äȤ롪 Norman French Central French Ÿ ([2010-05-20-1]))

catch ( ONF cachier), chase ( OF chacier)
wage ( ONF wagier), gage ( OF guage)
warden ( ONF wardein), guardian ( OF guardien)
warrant ( ONF warantir), guarantee ( OF guarantie)
treason ( AN treyson < OF traison < L traditionis), traditiion ( OF tradicion < L traditionis) (cf. #944. ration reason ([2011-11-27-1]))

(5) ѸˤƱ줬ƼηѲˤʬ (split) ĤΰۤʤˤʤäΤ롥ˤѸˤǧ롥

outermost, uttermost
thresh, thrash
of, off
than, then (cf. #1038. then than ([2012-02-29-1]))
through, thorough (cf. #55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1]))
wight, whit
worked, wrought (cf. #2117. playwright ([2015-02-12-1]))
later, latter (cf. #3616. 촴첻ûפӵͳ褹 latter, last, utter ([2019-03-22-1])#3622. latter η֤űѸ졦Ѹ "Pre-Cluster Shortening" ([2019-03-28-1]))
to, too
mead, meadow
shade, shadow (cf. #194. shadow shade ([2009-11-07-1]))
twain, two (cf. #1916. ˡȽˡǰۤʤ֤ķƻ ([2014-07-26-1]))
fox, vixen

acute, cute
example, sample (cf. #548. example, ensample, sample 3Ÿ ([2010-10-27-1]))
history, story
mode, mood (cf. #3984. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (2) ([2020-03-24-1]))
parson, person (cf. #179. person parson ([2009-10-23-1]))
fancy, fantasy
van, caravan
varsity, university
flour, flower (cf. #183. flower flour ([2009-10-27-1]))
travail, travel

嵭2ŸΤĤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ⵭Ǽ夲Τꡤ󥯤ĥäƤ¾2ŸˤĤƤξ򸡺ХҥåȤ뤫⤷ʤ

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-03-25-1] [2020-07-14-1]

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2020-07-10 Fri

#4092. shit, ordure, excrement --- ä3ع¤κǶ [lexicology][synonym][loan_word][borrowing][french][latin][lexical_stratification][swearing][taboo][slang][euphemism]

Ǥ礦ǤѸ3ع¤ͭͺۤʪǶ1ĤǤϤʤȻפäƤޤܸθ촶ȤƤϡ֥סʵǢסʪפۤɤǤ礦
Ѹä3ع¤ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#3885. رѸ춵٤Ϣ10֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Τס ([2019-12-16-1]) 䤽ĥäεޤ (lexical_stratification) ʤɤǡ֤ƤޤŪ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ǵ󤲤Ƥޤ
äȵ󤲤ƤߤȸƤʤʤ񤷤ŵŪ ask, question, interrogate help, aid, assistance ʤɤ󤲤ƺѤޤƤޤΤǤ褷­ϤƤ餺äȸ碌̥ŪõᤤޤǡĤɸ˽Ф路ΤǤWalker swearing ˴ؤ뵭ҤɤǤȤǤ (32)

A few taboo words describing body parts started out as the 'normal' forms in Old English; one of the markers of the status difference between Anglo-Norman and Old English is the way the 'English' version became unacceptable, while the 'French' version became the polite or scientific term. The Old English 'scitte' gave way to the Anglo-Norman 'ordure' and later the Latin-via-French 'excrement'.


˽вäȤϡɡĤޤǡˤϤä©ݤߡܤ򵱤Ƥޤޤ
shit ϸűѸ scitte ˤΤܤǤűѸǤΰ̣ϡ֡ʲܤΡ˲ΡפǤ ưȤƤƬĤ bescītan ʱˤΤ褦Ĺ첻򼨤Ƥޤ̾줫αƶ⤢äûѸ s(c)hite(n) ʵ򤹤ˤƤޤ̾ΡʵפθȤƤϰճȿѸνФǤ
ordure ϡťե󥹸 ordure ѸäΤǡֱʪסФʸաסʵפ̣ޤ캬 horrid ʶˤȤⶦ̤ޤ
excrement ϽѸ˥ƥ excrēmentum ʤ뤤бե󥹸 excrémentˤѤޤ
ߤǤ shit ¯졦֡ŪʡפնɽȤƤϡפ¤줿ե󥹸 ordure Ѥޤƥ excrement ϡ˷ĥäؽŪʶޤۤȤɡפޤ
ʾ塤餷ޤ

Walker, Julian. Evolving English Explored. London: The British Library, 2010.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-30-1]

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2020-04-19 Sun

#4010. ѸˤλϤޤϤĤ --- 600ǯ [periodisation][anglo-saxon][christianity][history][latin][borrowing][alphabet][oe]

ε#4009. ѸˤλϤޤϤĤ --- 449ǯ ([2020-04-18-1]) ˰³Ѹˤγϻϡ¤ϤޤʹȤΤʤä600ǯˤĤƹͤƤߤ
597ǯ St. Augustine ꥹȶ붵Τ˶ Gregory I ˤäƥޤ Kent ɸ줿Ȥϱѹ˾̾⤤ν󥰥μҲʸѤȤȤϡħŪʰ̣Ǥ褯ʬ롥ҲʸΤߤʤ餺ѸȤˤ⤽αƶڤȤϡ#3102. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-24-1])#3845. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ5֥ꥹȶפ򽪤ޤ ([2019-11-06-1])#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ ([2010-02-17-1]) ǤӤܤƤΤ˱Ѹ˾夭ƽʻ郎600ǯ˵äȤϤMengden ε˼򷹤Ƥߤ褦

. . . because the conversion is the first major change in the society and culture of the Anglo-Saxons that is not shared by the related tribes on the Continent, it is similarly significant for (the beginning of) an independent linguistic history of English as the settlement in Britain. Moreover, the immediate impact of the conversion on the language of the Anglo-Saxons is much more obvious than that of the migration: first, the Latin influence on English grows in intensity and, perhaps more crucially, enters new domains of social life; second, a new writing system, the Latin alphabet, is introduced, and third, a new medium of (linguistic) communication comes to be used --- the book.


600ǯ3Ĥ롥1Ĥϡ˸üѤΤȤҤ٤ƤΤȻפ뤬ƥ줫饭ꥹȶ濴ȤʸθʬμѸ줬ήȡ2Ĥϥޥ󡦥ե٥åȤƳ3ĤܤȤǥ⤿餵줿ȡ
ѸľܡܤαƶڤܤפʥݥȤǤꡤơθ̤˸䤹ȤåȤ⤢롥

Mengden, Ferdinand von. "Periods: Old English." Chapter 2 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 19--32.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-04-20-1]

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2020-04-10 Fri

#4001. want αѸ --- t [old_norse][loan_word][borrowing][inflection][adjective][gender][impersonal_verb]

Ϣ want ȤѸŪ˷겼뵭񤤤Ƥʲ [2020-04-08-1] [2020-04-09-1]ˡϸ t ˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ѸˤζʽʤɤǤϡwant Τ褦Ūñ줬ťΥɸ줫μѸǤȤΤ϶ä٤ȤȤƤФиڤ롥ޤ t ťΥɸηƻǤ뤳ȤŦcf. #1253. ťΥɸαƶܡ ([2012-10-01-1]t äƤϰճȹä𤬤롥
#3999. want αѸ --- 츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ ([2020-04-08-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸ̾ want ư want Ȥϸ촴ΤƱäƤϩϰۤʤ롥̾ want ϡťΥɸηƻ vanr ʷ礤ˤ˶ޤ vant Ȥ֤̾ŪѤ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥ư want ϸťΥɸư vanta ʷ礯礤Ƥˤͳ褹롥Ĥޤꡤ캬б wan ʬ̤ȤߤƤ褤 t ˴ؤƤϡ̾ξˤϷƻͳ褹ȤʤФʤ餺ưξˤϡ̤Ĵˤޤ̤ͳ褬ȤȤˤʤ롥äơwant t ϷƻǤȤʽŪʻŦϡ̾ȤƤ want ˤΤƤϤޤȤȤ
ư t ˤĤƤĴ٤뤳ȤˤǤ϶ʽǸڤ롤̾ t ƻͳ褹ˤĤƷ겼Ǥ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡťΥɸ vanr Ϸƻǡ?礤Ƥ (lacking) ̣ʸűѸηƻ wana ƱˡťΥɸǤϡ줬 be ưȤ߹蘆ä;ιʸOED want, adj. and n.2 θ츻ˡΤ褦˵Ҥ롥

Old Icelandic vant (neuter singular adjective) is used predicatively in expressions of the type vera vant to be lacking, typically with the person lacking something in the dative and the thing that is lacking in the genitive and with vant thus behaving similarly to a noun (compare e.g. var þeim vettugis vant they were lacking nothing, they had want of nothing, or var vant kýr a cow was missing, there was want of a cow).


ƻȤƤ vanr vantˤϡĤޤ "was VANT to them of nothing" ˤȤäƲ礱ƤʤäˤΤ褦˼Τʤ;ιʸˤѤƤȤȤǤ롥ˡۤɹ٤äΤťΥɸüԤܿѸüԤϡ˶ޤ vant 켫Τ촴Ǥ뤫Τ褦˲ᤷƬҲѸ첽Ĥ t ߤ want ַ˳­פ̣̾ȤƼƤȹͤ롥
μѤˤƤϡ¦üԤʸˡ̤Ƥʤꡤ޸ޤƸ촴ȴ㤤ơָפȤƼǤޤϤǤ⤢äºݡƻͳ褹 t ¾Ȥơscant ˳, thwart ʲڤäơ, wight ͦʡˡquart ʷ򹯤ʡˤʤɤ󤲤롥
Ϣơե󥹸 -er ޤޤޱѸ˼ޤ줿 cesser, detainer, dinner, merger, misnomer, remainder, surrender ʤɤ⡤̣ȤˤĤƤϡ#220. supper ([2009-12-03-1])#221. dinner ([2009-12-04-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-04-11-1]

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2020-03-28 Sat

#3988. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ6֥󥰤οפ򽪤ޤ [asacul][notice][slide][link][old_norse][lexicology][loan_word][borrowing][contact][history]

#3977. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ6֥󥰤οפΤ ([2020-03-17-1]) ǤΤ餻褦ˡ321ڡˤ15:15?18:30ˡī㡼󥿡ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻6󥰤οꤹֱԤʤޤʥ륹ҤΤʤDzȿۤޤޤϻ֤Ķ᤹ۤɤμ򤤤ޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ֺ¤Ѥ饤ɻ֤Ƥޤʲ˥饤ɤγƥڡؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤ

1. Ѹˤȸ츻6 ֥󥰤ο
2. 6󡡥󥰤ο
3. ܼ
4. 1. 󥰻
5. Viking θ츻
6. 󥰤Υ֥ƥ罱
7. 2. ѸȸťΥɸδط
8. 3. ťΥɸ줫Ѥ줿ñ
9. ťΥɼѸ
10. ťΥɼѸβŪħ
11. ĤŪʸťΥɼѸˤĤ
12. 󥰥ɤ̾θťΥɸ
13. Ѹ̾θťΥɸ
14. ťΥɸ줫ΰ̣
15. 4. ťΥɸθðʳؤαƶ
16. ʤѸθϡּưŪפʤΤ
17. 5. ܿǻ̩
18. ܿμΥǥ
19. ޤȤ
20. ʸ

418ڡˤ15:30?18:45ͽꤷƤޤʿʥ륹αƶޤޤۤǤˡ֥ΥޥȥΥޥīפꤷơ1066ǯλαѸ˾ΰյͤޤܺ٤ɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-08-1] [2022-03-12-1]

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2020-03-22 Sun

#3982. ťΥɸѸβŪħ [old_norse][loan_word][borrowing][phonology][cognate][doublet][palatalisation][link]

ɸȴϢơDurkin (191--92) 󤲤ƤťΥɸѸ󤲤롥󤬸űѸƱ졤󤬸ťΥɸƱʤĸѸ˼Ѥ줿ˡ󤬻ͤޤǤ˸ťɸǤθǤ롥Ȥ櫓β֤ӤƤ餤

OEScandinavianCf. Old Icelandic
sċyrta (> shirt)skirtskyrta
sċ(e)aða, sċ(e)aðianscatheskaði, skaða 'it hurts'
sċiell, sċell (> shell)(northern) skell 'shell'skel
ċietel, ċetel (> ME chetel)kettleketill
ċiriċe (> church)(northern) kirkkirkja
ċist, ċest (> chest)(northern) kistkista
ċeorl (> churl)(northern) carlkarl
hlenċelinkhlekkr
ġietangetgeta
ġiefangivegeva (OSw. giva)
ġiftgiftgipt (OSw. gipt, gift)
ġeard (> yard)(northern) garthgarðr
ġearwegeargervi
bǣtanbait 'to bait'beita
hāl (> whole)hail 'healthy'heill
lācnorthern laik 'game'leikr
rǣran (> rear)raisereisa
swānswainsveinn
(> no)naynei
blācbleakbleikr
wācweakveikr
þēahthoughþó
lēaslooselouss, lauss
ǣġ (> ME ei)eggegg
sweoster, swustersistersystir
fram, from (> from)frofrá


űѸȸťΥɸˤĤơĤħŪʲб⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥ϡĸ줫ʬ줿˳ƸȼβѲ̤ȤƤβбǤ롥βѲܤƲվ񤭤褦 (Durkin 193--98)

(1) űѸǤ /sk/ > /ʃ/ äƤ뤬ťΥɸǤϵäƤʤ
(2) űѸǤ /k/ > /tʃ/ äƤ뤬ťΥɸǤϵäƤʤ
(3) űѸǤ /g/ > /j/ /gg/ > /ddʒ/ äƤ뤬ťΥɸǤϵäƤʤ
(4) űѸǤϥޥĸ *ai > ā äťΥɸǤϵäƤʤ
(5) űѸǤϥޥĸ *au > ēa äťΥɸǤϵäƤʤ
(6) ťΥɸǤ *jj > gg äƤ뤬űѸǤϵäƤʤ
(7) ťΥɸǤ *ui > y äƤ뤬űѸǤϵäƤʤ
(8) ťΥɸǤϸɡüűѸǤϾüƤʤ

ѲˤϾΤĤΤ¿Τǡ嵭Ǥ٤Ƥ򤭤줤Ǥ櫓ǤϤʤΤäƤȸѸθ˴ؤ͡椬򤭤䤹ʤ롥Ϣ뵭󤲤Ƥ

#2730. palatalisation ([2016-10-17-1])
#1511. űѸ sc θ ([2013-06-16-1])
#2015. seek beseech θҲ ([2014-11-02-1])
#2054. seek beseech θҲ (2) ([2014-12-11-1])
#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1])
#170. guest host ([2009-10-14-1])
#169. get give Ϥʤ /g/ äƤΤ ([2009-10-13-1])
#3817. hale θ캬ͥåȥ ([2019-10-09-1])
#3699. ʤ careless ȿФ *caremore ǤϤʤcareful ʤΤǤ ([2019-06-13-1])
#337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1])

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2020-03-17 Tue

#3977. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ6֥󥰤οפΤ [asacul][notice][old_norse][history][oe][anglo-saxon][borrowing][contact][loan_word][link]

321ڡˤ15:15?18:30ˡī㡼󥿡ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻6󥰤οꤹֱԤʤޤݤϰʲ̤Ǥ

8Ⱦ󥰥ͤϥ󥰤νޤߤ̲ǤťΥɸȤƤ󥰤ϡθ奤󥰥꽻ޤϤǸťΥɸȱѸϷ㤷ܿ뤳ȤˤʤޤƸťΥɸαƶޤ줿Ѹϸäʸˡˤ礭ѼκפϸѸˤ⿼ޤƤޤ󥰤ʤä顤ߤαѸλѤϤʤΤǤϡ󥰤γưȸťΥɸˤĤƳѤĤġ̤ܿεФǡѸˤߤťΥɸθŪʰ仺ܤޤ


󥰤ťΥɸ (old_norse) ˤĤơܥ֥ǤϢ¿äƤޤʲפʵ˥󥯤ĥäƤޤ

#59. ѸˤˤťΥɸΰյ򶵤ä ([2009-06-26-1])
#111. ѸˤˤťΥɸȸťե󥹸αƶӤ ([2009-08-16-1])
#169. get give Ϥʤ /g/ äƤΤ ([2009-10-13-1])
#170. guest host ([2009-10-14-1])
#340. ťΥɸ줬ѸͿƶ Jespersen ɾ ([2010-04-02-1])
#818. 󥰥ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1])
#827. she θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1])
#881. ťΥɸǤ͡ ([2011-09-25-1])
#931. űѸȸťΥɸζ޸κۡ ([2011-11-14-1])
#1146. ɥ衼åѸ²ηޡFortsonǡˡ ([2012-06-16-1])
#1167. ܿʿǤϤʤˤ㤷 ([2012-07-07-1])
#1170. ťΥɸȤθܿȶޤο ([2012-07-10-1])
#1179. ťΥɸȤܿȡּ夤嫡ס ([2012-07-19-1])
#1182. ťΥɸȤθܿϤǤϤʤ ([2012-07-22-1])
#1183. ťΥɸαƶɾܻؤơ ([2012-07-23-1])
#1253. ťΥɸαƶܡ ([2012-10-01-1])
#1611. 깾ⳤ糤ء ([2013-09-24-1])
#1937. Ϣ -son ˤΤϸťΥɸͳ ([2014-08-16-1])
#1938. Ϣ -by ˤ̾ϸťΥɸΤΤ ([2014-08-17-1])
#2354. ťΥɸαƶŪե󥹸αƶʸŪ ([2015-10-07-1])
#2591. ťΥɸϤĤޤǥ󥰥ɤǻȤƤ ([2016-05-31-1])
#2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ ([2016-07-04-1])
#2692. ťΥɸѸ˴ؤ Gersum Project ([2016-09-09-1])
#2693. ťΥɸѸס ([2016-09-10-1])
#2869. ťΥɸ줫μѤϸűѸǤäƤ⡤ʸڤѸ ([2017-03-05-1])
#2889. 󥰤ΰưθưϡ ([2017-03-25-1])
#3001. ʤűѸϸťΥɸִʤäΤ ([2017-07-15-1])
#3263. ʤťΥɸ줫μѸ¿Ѹ˽ФΤ ([2018-04-03-1])
#3969. ƥ졤ťΥɸ졤ȸ졤ե󥹸줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶӤ ([2020-03-09-1])
#3972. űѸȸťΥɸܿη̤ koineisation ([2020-03-12-1])
#3606. ֺ¡̲󥰤ȱѸס ([2019-03-12-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-28-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2020-03-09 Mon

#3969. ƥ졤ťΥɸ졤ȸ졤ե󥹸줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶӤ [contact][borrowing][sociolinguistics][latin][old_norse][celtic][french][celtic_hypothesis][prestige]

ε#3968. ܿ2סimitation adaptation ([2020-03-08-1]) Ƴܿ (contact) ʬ뿷ʽѸѤơѸˤˤƸܿμפʻ󶡤Ƥ4ΡʼҲ˸ŪƶӡоȤƤߤȤϤäƤ⡤ΥꥸʥǤϤʤFischer et al. (55) ޤȤƤƤΤƸƤˤʤ4Ȥϥƥ졤ťΥɸ졤ȸ졤ե󥹸Ǥ롥

Parameters (social and linguistic)Latin Contact --- OE/ME period and RenaissanceScandinavian Contact --- OE(/ME) periodCeltic Contact --- OE/ME period and beyond (in Celtic varieties of English)French Contact --- mainly ME period
(1) Type of language agentivity (primary mechanism)Recipient (imitation)Source (adaptation)Source (adaptation)Recipient (imitation)
(2) Type of communicationIndirectDirectDirect(In)direct
(3) Length and intensity of communicationLowHighAverage (?)Average
(4) Percentage of population speaking the contact languageSmallRelatively largeRelatively largeSmall
(5) Socio-economic statusHighEqualLowHigh
(6) Language prestigeHighEqualLowHigh
(7) Bilingual speakers (among the English speakers)Yes (but less direct)NoNoSome
(8) Schooling (providing access to target language)YesNoNo (only in later periods)Some
(9) Existence of standard in source/target languageYes/YesNo/NoNo/No (only in later periods)Yes/No
(10) Influence on the lexicon of the target language (types of loanword)Small (formal)Large in the Danelaw area (informal)Small (except in Celtic varieties of English) (informal)Very large (mostly formal)
(11) Influence on the phonology of the target languageNoYesYes? (clearly in Celtic varieties of English)Some
(12) Linguistic similarity with target languageNoYesNoNo


ƥѥ᡼ͤˤĤƤϡȤɽ ? դƤ뤳Ȥʬ̤ꡤ;Ϥ⤢ȤСFischer et al. ϥ֥ƥδظȤƤΥȸ줬˿ƤѸ˾ʤ̸ŪƶͿȤ֥ȸ첾 ("the Celtic hypothesis") ˾ʤ餺ͿƤ褦Ωˤϰ⤢롥
Τ褦͡ʥѥ᡼4αƶħŤƤߤȡơθ줫αƶ˸ŪǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ơΤ褦¿¿ͤʱƶۤʤ˼ǤѸȤλƳǧ
Ѹ˱ƶͿƤӡоȤˤĤƤϡʲεɤ

#37. ֥ƥؿ5̱²θȤαѸؤαƶ ([2009-06-04-1])
#111. ѸˤˤťΥɸȸťե󥹸αƶӤ ([2009-08-16-1])
#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])
#1930. ȱƶθ줿ɥ衼åѸ²δطޡ ([2014-08-09-1])
#2354. ťΥɸαƶŪե󥹸αƶʸŪ ([2015-10-07-1])

Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.

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2020-03-08 Sun

#3968. ܿ2סimitation adaptation [contact][borrowing][language_shift][terminology][sociolinguistics]

ܿ (contact) ʬह͡뤬 (borrowing) ȸˤ봳 (shift-induced interference) ̤ˡΤƤ롥#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])#1781. ܿ෿ ([2014-03-13-1])#1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1]) ǤߤȤ褽Ԥ L2 θŪ L1 ذư븽ݡԤ L1 θŪ L2 ذư븽ݤ򤷤Ƥ褤
ΩϢưΤȤơimitation adaptation Ȥ̤ͤ롥ѸˤˤܿλͤƤߤ褦Ѹ͡ʸ줫ƶƤξˤϱѸ켫ȤϱƶμǤ뤫 recipient-language ȤȤǤ롥θϱƶθǤ뤫 source-language ȤȤǤ롥
ơѸüԡʽġˤŪ source-language üԡʽġˤ鲿餫θäȤγư (imitation) ȸƤФ롥source-language üԡʽġˤѸظ夹Ȥβ餫θѸػۤȤȤ뤬ˤȤäƤϱѸؤν뤤Ŭ (adaptation) ȸƤǤ褤ư̤γ٤ߤСξѸϱƶμǤϤΤΡɤ¦ѶṲ̄Ƥ뤫ˤꡤrecipient-language agentivity source-language agentivity Ȥʬ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ϡ¦ dominant ȤˤؤäƤ
Van Coetsem ϤνǰӤĤƹͤFischer et al. (52) ڤơVan Coetsem θƤߤ褦

One important distinction is between 'shift-induced interference' or 'imposition' ... and 'contact-induced changes' (often termed 'borrowing' in a more narrow sense). Contact-induced changes are especially prevalent when there is full bilingualism, and where code-switching is also common, while shift-induced interference is usually the result of imperfect learning (i.e. in cases where a first language interferes in the learning of a later adopted language). To distinguish between contact-induced change and shift-induced interference, Van Coetsem (1877: 7ff.) uses the terms 'recipient-language agentivity' versus 'source-language agentivity', respectively, and in doing so links them to aspects of 'dominance'. Concerning dominance, he refers to (i) the relative freedom speakers have in using items from the source language in their own (recipient) language (here the 'recipient' language is dominant), and (ii) the almost inevitable or passive use that we see with imperfect learners, when they adopt patterns of their own (source) language into the new, recipient language, which makes the source language dominant. In (i), the primary mechanism is 'imitation', which only superficially affects speakers' utterances and does not involve their native code, while in (ii), the primary mechanism is 'adaptation', where the changes in utterances are a result of speakers' (= imperfect learners) native code. Not surprisingly, Van Coetsem (ibid: 12) describes recipient-language agentivity as 'more deliberate', and source-language agentivity as something of which speakers are not necessarily conscious. In source-language agentivity, the more stable or structured domains of language are involved (phonology and syntax), while in recipient-language agentivity, it is mostly the lexicon that is involved, where obligatoriness decreases and 'creative action' increases (ibid.: 26).


Ѹ졦ǰмΤ褦ˤʤ

imitation   vs   adaptation
recipient-language agentivity   vs   source-language agentivity
borrowing or contact-induced change   vs   shift-induced interference
full bilingualism   vs   imperfect learning
mostly lexicon   vs   phonology and syntax


ܿ෿˴ؤƤϡʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#430. Ѳ˳װ ([2010-07-01-1])
#902. Ѥ䤹ܡ ([2011-10-16-1])
#903. Ѥ¿Ⱦʤ ([2011-10-17-1])
#934. Ѥ¿Ⱦʤ (2) ([2011-11-17-1])
#1779. ܿ٤ȼͽ¬ɸ ([2014-03-11-1])
#1989. ǽŪʴߤѤμ١ ([2014-10-07-1])
#2009. ؤˤܿġ2ѡѡ ([2014-10-27-1])
#2010. Ѥϸʣ狼 ([2014-10-28-1])
#2011. Moravcsik ˤѤ ([2014-10-29-1])
#2061. ȯäˤ봳Ĥȸˤ봳ġ ([2014-12-18-1])
#2064. ʸμѼ (1) ([2014-12-21-1])
#2065. ʸμѼ (2) ([2014-12-22-1])
#2067. Weinreich ˤ촳Ĥηװ ([2014-12-24-1])
#3753. ʩˤ륱ȼѸӡоȡ ([2019-08-06-1])

Van Coetsem, F. Loan Phonology and the Two Transfer Types in Language Contact. Dordrecht: Foris, 1988.
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.

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2020-02-19 Wed

#3950. ǥåüԤΥꥫܽѸβηϤ˵ڤܤƶ [yiddish][loan_word][phonology][phoneme][phonemicisation][phonotactics][consonant][phonotactics][contact][borrowing][phonaestheme]

ε#3949. ȤѸβηϤ˵ڤܤƶ ([2020-02-18-1]) ˰³褦 Minkova (148--149) 󶡤εǡŪʸݤȤƸƬ [ts-] ȤҲΩļѸҲ𤷤˺Ƕܤ٤ƬλҲȤ [ʃm-, ʃl-, ʃt-] 󤲤롥Ѹ˵ĤȤѸŪʻҲϢǤϤ뤬͡ʸ򥽡Ȥ [ts-] Ȥϰۤʤꡤۤꤵ롥ΥϤο͡ѤƤ륤ǥå (yiddish) Ǥ롥ǥåϡ#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1]) ΥޥɤηޤǼ褦ˡȤޥ췲°Ǥ롥
2塤ꥫ罰ϤȤѸ˹ܽǥåüԤθäȤȤˡ嵭ħŪʻҲϢѸ˻ơüԽĤʸŪʱƶϤ椨ˡλҲϢѸΤʤǡֻ̱פƤȤǤ롥Ρֻ̱פ䡤褦ʡɤ褦äδߤĤġŪ̥ϤäƤΤǤ롥Ȥ schmaltz ʲ٤δ, schmooze (٤, schmuck , shtetl ʾʥĮ, shtick ʤäʾ̡, shtum ۤä, shtup ʥåˤʤɡschm- [ʃm-] ˻äƤϡäβ (phonaesthesia) 򼨤ŪǤȤʤäƤ롥
Minkova (148--149) βѤ褦

After World War II, Yiddish is spoken by more people in English-speaking countries --- US, Canada, Australia and Great Britain together --- than in Continental Europe or Israel. Large Yiddish communities in New York, Los Angeles, Melbourne and Montreal have contributed to the recognition and integration of new vocabulary and new consonant clusters: [ʃm-, ʃl-, ʃt-], which have become productive phonaesthemes in PDE. With at least a quarter of a million Yiddish speakers in North America, and a strong presence of Yiddish culture in film, TV and literature, familiarity with these clusters is to be expected and there is no attempt to assimilate them to some native sequence. What is more, the onset <schm-> [ʃm-], treated as a 'combining form' since 1929 by the OED, is clearly productive in playful reduplication, generating mildly disparaging or comic attention-getters: madam-shmadam, able-shmable, holy-shmoly, the Libros Shmibros lending library in Los Angeles.


夲 [ts-] ˤƤ⡤ [ʃm-, ʃl-, ʃt-] ˤƤ⡤Ѹ줬͡ʸܿäƱˡտ魯äʲǤаޤ褯ʬ롥ܿ (contact) ε¿СŪʷDzηϤˤ⤽αƶڤ֤Ȥ򼨤Ȥ

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2020-01-17 Fri

#3917. رѸ춵٤Ϣ11֤ʤѸˤϾά줬¿Τ [rensai][notice][sobokunagimon][shortening][abbreviation][blend][acronym][compound][compounding][derivation][derivative][conversion][disguised_compound][word_formation][lexicology][borrowing][link]

114ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ2ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ11Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤѸˤϾά줬¿ΤפȤǤ

رѸ춵2020ǯ2



ϢܵϡȥȤƤϾά˾ƤƤ褦ˤߤޤºݤˤϱѸθˤγѤܻؤƤޤʣ (compounding) (derivation) ʤɤ¿ѤűѸ졥¾줫 (borrowing) 뤳ȤܳФ᤿Ѹ졥ʻž (conversion) 뤤ϥ (zero-derivation) ȸƤФ븼ŪʵФѸ졥ơḽѸˤƬƤά (abbreviation) û (shortening) Ǥ
Ѹˤ̤͡ȯŸƤθ (word_formation) ή򡤻§׻ˤʤ館绨ĤˤޤȤȡ(1) ­ݤθűѸ졤(2) θѸ졤(3) 껻ζḽѸȤʤޤϾάṳ̂˱ɤƤ껻λȤȤˤʤޤ
Ѹθˤ嵭Τ褦˻§׻ˤʤ館ŤߤƼΤϡϢܵƤǤӺǤϤޤʤȤѸˤήƬˡ1ĤȤƤͭȻפäƤޤҸʸɤߤФȻפޤ
άṳ̂ˤĤơϢܵȴϢ֥إ󥯤򽸤Ƥߤޤ碌Ƥɤ

#631. blending γ ([2011-01-18-1])
#876. Ѹˤ뤫Ф˹⤤ ([2011-09-20-1])
#887. acronym ʬ ([2011-10-01-1])
#889. acronym 20 ([2011-10-03-1])
#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1])
#894. shortening ʬ (2) ([2011-10-08-1])
#1946. ǽŪʴߤû ([2014-08-25-1])
#2624. Brexit, Breget, Regrexit ([2016-07-03-1])
#2982. ܸ˰륢ե٥åƬ ([2017-06-26-1])
#3075. άȰŹ ([2017-09-27-1])
#3329. ʤϾάʸˤ¿Τ ([2018-06-08-1])
#3708. άṳ̂Ϸ־Τߤʤ餺ǽˡǤ ([2019-06-22-1])

ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ11󡡤ʤѸˤϾά줬¿ΤסرѸ춵2020ǯ2桤罤۽Ź2020ǯ11462--63ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-21-1]

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2020-01-09 Thu

#3909. Ʊ (homology) (analogy) [biology][evolution][terminology][onomatopoeia][arbitrariness][borrowing]

#3905. ؤ˸ؤؤŬѤˤĤ (1) ([2020-01-05-1]) ȡ#3906. ؤ˸ؤؤŬѤˤĤ (2) ([2020-01-06-1]) ǡʪؤȸؤϢȲǽ˿줿ʪʲʬǵˤʤäƤѸ졦ǰˡƱ (homology) (analogy) 롥2ĤΤΤߤˡֻƤפȤƤͳˤ2बȤƶ (11) ˤ⤬ʷפƤ롥

A α äƤȤͳǻ¹ B C α ݻƤΤǤСη α ƱǤȤ롥¾ A α äƤ餺¹ B C 줾̸ĤĶŬƷ α Ƥ硤ηǤȤ롥


Encyclopaedia Britannica β󤲤Ƥ

Homologous structures develop from similar embryonic substances and thus have similar basic structural and developmental patterns, reflecting common genetic endowments and evolutionary relationships. In marked contrast, analogous structures are superficially similar and serve similar functions but have quite different structural and developmental patterns. The arm of a man, the wing of a bird, and the pectoral fins of a whale are homologous structures in that all have similar patterns of bones, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and similar embryonic origins; each, however, has a different function. The wings of birds and those of butterflies, in contrast, are analogous structures---i.e., both allow flight but have no developmental processes in common.


2ΡֻƤפƤϤȤɤʤ2ĤθˤƷǽȤ˻ƤʤȤñˤߤ硤ϤƱ2ब̤롥Ʊ츻ˤΤܤ뤬椨˻Ƥ硤ȤбѸ one ȥե󥹸 un ϡƱǤ롥Ѹ bow-wow ȥե󥹸 ouah-ouah ϸĤ (cf. onomatopoeia) ΩϤ̡Ƥ륱ȹͤΤǡȤ롥
ʪˤϤۤȤɤߤ줺ˤ̤ˤߤ3ΡֻƤפ롥 (borrowing) ʤʪˤָ򻨡פλϤˤϤˡѸ people ȥե󥹸 peuple ϻƤ뤬ԤԤѤǤ롥Ѥˤְפ1ѥȤȤ館ΤǤаƱطȤ⤤ʤϤʤˤϰ⤢ѤǤϤʤƱȤ⤤ˤͭΡֻƤפ
Ϣơ#1136. ۤʤδ֤줬 ([2012-06-06-1]) ⻲ȡ

ʸβ뤳ȡʸʲΥѥȥץסʸؤؤξԡ ԡˡҦ˼2012ǯ1--16ǡ

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2019-12-16 Mon

#3885. رѸ춵٤Ϣ10֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Τ [rensai][notice][lexicology][synonym][loan_word][borrowing][french][latin][lexical_stratification][sobokunagimon][link]

1213ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ1ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ10Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤѸˤ줬¿ΤפȤ򰷤äƤޤ

رѸ춵2020ǯ1



Ѹˤϡ־夬פ̣ưȤ risemountascend ʤɤ줬ޤֳȯʡפɽ魯ƻˤ lively, vivacious, animated ʤɤޤֿ̾͡פˤĤƤ folk, people, population ʤɤ󤬤ޤϡֱѸä3ع¤פŵǤꡤѸ줬ɤäƤܿˤΰ仺Ȥ٤ΤǤϢܵǤϡѸäħŪ˭¸ߤ1066ǯΥΥޥ16Υͥ󥹤ΤޤΤǤꡤ˶äȤˡܸˤ礦ɻ褦Ū𤬤뤳ȤŦƤޤ
ֱѸä3ع¤פˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤϢ¿夲Ƥޤʲ

#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])
#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1])
#2072. Ѹäλع¤ ([2014-12-29-1])
#2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1])
#2643. Ѹäλع¤οá ([2016-07-22-1])
#387. trisociation triset ([2010-05-19-1])
#2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1])
#3374. ּáס ([2018-07-23-1])

#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])
#3357. ܸäλع¤ (2) ([2018-07-06-1])
#1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1])
#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1])

δ졡֤ʤѸˤ줬¿ΤסرѸ춵2020ǯ1桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ121362--63ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-30-1] [2020-07-10-1]

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