#3162. Ű ([2017-12-23-1]) #3172. 饤ҥ㡼ηŪȯۤϥǤϤʤʸؤ ([2018-01-02-1]) ǻȤƤˤСʹ֤ιԤʤʪʬˡϡʬ͡ (group thinking) ȡַ͡ (tree thinking) ̤ȤȤʬहȽļηطȤʬहΤ (107) Ϥ줾˴ŤʳؤʬʳءפȡָŰʳءפȸƤӡξԤΤ褦оȤƤ롥
| ʬʳ | ʬ | ե | 硿 | ǧΥƥ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Űʳ | | ȥ˥ߡ | Ρʬ | ˡʥ֥ |
| ǰŪ | Ū | |
|---|---|---|
| ηϳ (Systematik) | (Phylogenetik) | |
| (Formverwandtschaft) | ط (Blutsverwandtschaft) | |
| (Metamorphose) | ȯ (Stammesentwicklung) | |
| ηϳŪʳ (systematischen Stufenreihen) | (Ahnenreihen) | |
| (Typus) | (Stammform) | |
| (typischen Zuständen) | Ū (ursprüngliche Zuständen) | |
| Ū (atypischen Zuständen) | Ū (abgeänderte Zuständen) |
| ʬʳ | Űʳ |
|---|---|
| ¤ (structural linguistics) | Ӹ (comparative linguistics) |
| (typology) | ˸ (historical linguistics) |
| (linguistic area) | ² (language family) |
| ܿ (contact, borrowing) | (inheritance) |
| (space) | (time) |
| (synchrony) | ̻ (diachrony) |
| ط (paradigm) | Ϣط (syntagm) |
| ѥ (pattern) | ץ (process) |
| ???? (variation) | ???? (change) |
| (type) | ȡ (token) |
| ե (metaphor) | ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) |
| How | Why |
ʲͤƴĤȤƹ⤯Ǥ뤿ˤϡ䤿ʬͤйϤĤ⤦ĤλȤȤƥԡ뤹ɬפ롥ȤСܤˤΤ֤ɤΤ褦ˡƤΤʻװˤ˴ؤ뵿ϼºݤ̿ץʬʪؤؤȤߤʤ롥ФơΤ֤ʤפΤ褦ˤäΤʵװˤ˴ؤ뵿ϿʲʪؤȤ٤
ѲΡ֤ɤΤ褦ˡפȡ֤ʤפ (how_and_why) ˤĤƤϡ#2123. Ѳڤ ([2015-02-18-1])#2255. Ѳθɵ椹ͤˤĤơ ([2015-06-30-1])#2642. ѲμȻȤߤν̡ ([2016-07-21-1])#3133. Ѳ "how" "why" ([2017-11-24-1]) ǰäƤʪؤθˤ꿷ȯۤ줿롥
ؿʲͤҥȤϿݤɤηϲ뤫١NHKǡ2010ǯ
ɸȴϢϡ#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1])#1927. ʩ ([2014-08-06-1])#2979. Chibanian ϥƥ졩 ([2017-06-23-1]) 䡤waseieigo γƵǼ夲Ƥ
Baugh and Cable (222) ǡ˱Ѹ줬ƥñݤ˻ܤŬ (adaptation) Ƥ뤬Τ褦1ʸä
. . . the Latin ending -us in adjectives was changed to -ous (conspicu-us > conspicuous) or was replaced by -al as in external (L. externus).
αñϡ̣ǤϼѤ줿Ȥ⤤뤬̣ǤϱѸ줬Ȥ⤤롥ֱפȸƤ֤Τդ路ǤϤʤ
OED ˤСconspicuous ϡƥ conspicuus ˴ŤѸ¦ǤϤƥͳηƻ -ous դȤˤäƿ˷Ǥ롥16ȾФ˽ФƤ롥
1545 T. Raynald tr. E. Roesslin Byrth of Mankynde Hh vij These vaynes doo appeare more conspicuous and notable to the eyes.
¤ϤΡʼȤƥƥͳ¾θξ⤢ˤղäƼͳ˿ʷƻѥϥޥ˹줿Τǡե -eus դΤ14--15濴ȤƱѸˤ -ous η̤äƤĤޤꡤޤäʩȤ٤Τ졤줬ѸˤήǤȤ櫓Ȥơdangerous, orgulous, adventurous, courageous, grievous, hideous, joyous, riotous, melodious, pompous, rageous, advantageous, gelatinous ʤɤOED -ous, suffix ˡ
ޤѸǤե˽ǤΥѥѶŪѤ conspicuous Τ褦ʱ褦ˤʤäƤƱȤơguilous, noyous, beauteous, slumberous, timeous, tyrannous, blusterous, burdenous, murderous, poisonous, thunderous, adiaphorous, leguminous, delirious, felicitous, complicitous, glamorous, pulchritudinous, serendipitous ʤɤOED -ous, suffix ˡ
ɸΤ⤦1Ĥñ external conspicuous Ȥ褯ѥñϡƥ externus ˴ŤѸ¦ǥƥͳηƻ -al դȤˤäƷǤ롥Ф Shakespeare
a1616 Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) v. vii. 3 Her vertues graced with externall gifts.
a1616 Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) v. ii. 340 If they had swallow'd poyson, 'twould appeare By externall swelling.
ȿո internal Ʊͤλ𤫤Ȼפ䡤ϰΤȤ post-classical Latin Ȥ internalis ǧȤθΥƥȤƤλѤ "14th cent. in a British source" ȤȤʤΤǡϤϤפפ롥ѸǤνϡ15 Polychronicon
?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 53 The begynnenge of the grete see is..at the pyllers of Hercules..; after that hit is diffusede in to sees internalle [a1387 J. Trevisa tr. þe ynnere sees; L. maria interna].
֡פϷ褷ʤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1]) εǡͥΥƥ줫֤βɽñ1ĤȤ splendidious θϸߤǤѤȤʤäƤ뤬ΰ̣ϸǤ̤Ѥ splendid ƱֲʡڤʡפǤ롥Ԥϥͥڤ䤫ʤꤷ15ѤƤꡤԤñȤƤ17ȾˤϽФƤʤˤäƽǯ夬ۤʤˡ15--17ˤϡ캬̣Ʊ splendid Ϥñ줬Ĥ⸽ƤϾäƤäΤǤ롥HTOED splendid ιƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥
02.04.05.03 (adj.) Splendid
þurhbeorht OE geatolic OE torht OE torhtlic OE wrætlic OE orgulous/orgillous a1400 splendidious 1432/50--1653 splendiferous c1460--1546 splendent 1509-- splendant 1590-- splendorous 1591-- splendidous 1605--1640 transplendent 1622; 1854 florid 1642--1725 splendious 1654 splendid 1815-- splendescent 1848-- nifty 1868-- ducky 1897-- (colloq.) many-splendoured a1907--
Ū splendidious, splendiferous, splendent, splendant, splendorous, splendidous, splendious, splendid, splendescent, splendoured 10줬ߤŪܤ˸졤糵ϸ˾äƤʤα¼Ǥϡsplendiferous, splendent, splendorous ϸФΩƤƤˡ
Ρʥƥ줢뤤ϥեͳˤ̣Ʊ (synonym) Τ褦ʣäȤǡϤʤ¿θ줬礷ǤƤäΤ
Kay and Allan (15) ⡤θ췲˸ڤĤļΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Sometimes there was a degree of experimentation over the form of a new word. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the OED records the following forms meaning 'splendid': splendant, splendicant, splendidious, splendidous, splendiferous, splendious and splendorous. Splendid itself is first recorded in 1624. Unsurprisingly, most of these forms were short-lived; no language needs quite so many similar words for the same concept.
б̾ˤĤƤ HTOED ȴФȡ"splendency a1591--1607 splendancy 1591 splendence 1604 splendour 1774-- splendiferousness 1934--" ȤϤ˭٤Ǥ롥
Kay, Christian and Kathryn Allan. English Historical Semantics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.
#2103. Basic Color Terms ([2015-01-29-1]) Ӻε#3153. Ѹˤˤ̸ܿȯŸ ([2017-12-14-1]) ǡ̸ܿ (Basic Colour Terms) ŪȯŸϩ˿줿ѸˤˤƤ⡤BCTs μϡŪȯŸϩͽ̤ۤνǡűѸ줫ѸءѸ줫Ѹؤ¤äƤơBCTs Τߤʤ餺 non-BCTs ȤȤˤμƤο̸äϲääΤ
Biggam (123--24) ˤСűѸ줫ѸˤƤäϡΥޥΥեѸ˵ȤBCTs ˴ؤƤСѸDzä줿bleu ϳΤ˥եͳbrun ϸűѸȤƤΤ Anglo-French brun ˤѤ줿Ȥ⤢äޤ硤ǻø ١٤礵űѸ BCCs ȰۤʤꡤѸˤȤ櫓Ż뤹 BCCs बƤΤϡ뻺ȵѾο˵ΤǤϤʤȤŦ⤢롥
The dominance of hue in certain ME terms, especially in BCTs, was at least encouraged by certain cultural innovations of the later Middle Ages such as banners, livery, and the display of heraldry on coats-of-arms, all of which encouraged the development and use of strong dyes and paints. (125)
ѸˤʤȡPURPLE, ORANGE, PINK BCCs ˲äꡤḽŪ11बФȤˤʤäλˤϤʳˤ⤪Ӥ non-BCTs и뤳Ȥˤʤä⡤μҲʸѲϢưƤȤ
From EModE onwards, the colour vocabulary of English increased enormously, as a glance at the HTOED colour categories reveals. Travellers to the New World discovered dyes such as logwood and some types of cochineal, while Renaissance artists experimented with pigments to introduce new effects to their paintings. Much later, synthetic dyes were introduced, beginning with so-called 'mauveine', a purple shade, in 1856. In the same century, the development of industrial processes capable of producing identical items which could only be distinguished by their colours encouraged the proliferation of colour terms to identify and market such products. The twentieth century saw the rise of the mass fashion industry with its regular announcements of 'this year's colours'. In periods like the 1960s, colour, especially vivid hues, seemed to dominate the cultural scene. All of these factors motivated the coining of new colour terms. The burgeoning of the interior décor industry, which has a never-ending supply of subtle mixes of hues and tones, also brought colour to the forefront of modern minds, resulting in a torrent of new colour words and phrases. It has been estimated that Modern British English has at least 8,000 colour terms . . . . (126)
Ѹο̸ˤ̤ơäȤѸ쳰̻ˤǤ롥
Kay, Christian and Kathryn Allan. English Historical Semantics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.
Biggam, C. P. "English Colour Terms: A Case Study." Chapter 7 of English Historical Semantics. Christian Kay and Kathryn Allan. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015. 113--31.
˸ؤˤơĸĸ֤ȯȯãط "genetic relationship" ȸƤФ롥ʪؤ° "genetics" ȤѸžѤ뤳ȤϹԤʤ졤ΤΤȤƼƤ˹ͤФȡ줬̣뤫ϡޤäǤϤʤѸ츯طʤˤ͡Ƥꡤ⤽ԤˤäۤʤäƤ롥ˤĤơNoonan (48--49) ŪܤƤΤǡȤƤߤεǤϡˤŪطȤϲȤ⡤ǤϤʤȤȤ餫ˤ
ޤ⤹٤ϡΰŪطȤϡüԽĤʪŪʰŪطȤ̵ȤȤǤ롥μήɸؤǤϡͼʤɤΰŪʪŪʬȸʬȤ̵طǤ뤳ȤȤƤ롥ĿͤϡɤοͼΤȤޤ줿ȤƤ⡤ʤ⽬뤳ȤǤ롥ĿͤνϡΰŪħˤꤵ櫓ǤϤʤޤ餷ҲθĶˤꤵ롥äơΰŪطεˡüԤʪŪʰ꤬;ϤϤʤ
ޤ (linguistic typology) ϡ֤ˤõꡤ餫δطФȤʬǤϤ뤬ϤޤǶŪʴطɵǤꡤŪطˤĤƲҤ٤褦ȤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ2ΤΰŪطС줬¤ŪƤȤǽϳΤˤ뤬Ǥʤ¿롥դˡ¤ŪƤ2Ĥθ줬ۤʤ°ȤȤϤǤ⤢롥⤽μ (borrowing) ϡʤ֤ˤäƤǽǤꡤѤ̤ƶŪɤƤˤʤȤϡź¿Ĥ뤳ȤǤ롥
ǤϡˤŪطȤϡüԽĤʪŪʰŪطΤȤǤϤʤŦ褦ʶŪ˴ŤطΤȤǤʤȤСäΤȤؤΤ䤤ϡ˸ؤˤƤۤȤŪ줿ȤʤΤǤϤʤˤ⤫餺ŪˤѸ줬Ȥ³ƤΤȤСۤΤȤƤȤˤʤ롥ѸϰŪˤϥޥɤ°ȤܸˤϰŪطΤָ줬ʤʤɤȸȤˤϤʤؾޤޤƤΤˤĤơεǹͤ
Noonan, Michael. "Genetic Classification and Language Contact." The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. 2013. 48--65.
ε#3113. ͤ˥ɤΤ ([2017-11-04-1]) ǡܿɤμҲŪʴطҤˡʸʬƹͤȸڤ®Ѹ˾μפʸܿƤϤƤߤȡ褽Τ褦ʿ롥
ŪͥʸŪƱʸŪͥʸŪͥ ƥ졡 ѡ졡ե졡or ꥷ졡 ѡ졡ťΥɸ졡 ȡѡ졡ѡ졡
ʡ (33) ˤСʸؤɥʸؤƶϤΤϡCarlyle μФƤ19ΤȤǤꡤˤϤۤȤɤʤäܿˤĤƤ⡤#2164. ѸˤǤޤΩʤɥĸ줫μѡ ([2015-03-31-1])#2621. ɥĸαѸؤܳŪ19 ([2016-06-30-1]) ǿ줿ȤꡤѸϥɥĸ줫αƶŪǶޤǼƤʤäѸʸء줬ɥĤθ졦ʸؤĹ餯⤿ʤäȤϡ̤˱ѸʸؤǤϤʤ鼢ܤȤäƤˤȿǤƤ롥ʡ (33--34) ϡʸؤˤ뤳ŪˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ʸܤȤդΤϡɤ鼢ܤĤƤΤǡʸܤϤޤʳҤޤˤĤƥץԤޤ줫顤ˤʤޤơʸܤĤƻޤɤ⡤ɤ˹Ϥʤ餷ȥ륹ȥɥȥե⽽ʬòʤ䤦Ǥޤάͤʤ櫓̤Ȥ˽ϡեצɤʸܤ˶ĤͧãڽФޤ̸ά͡
ѸˡȤ櫓Ѹθüѻˤ˾Ȥ餷Ƥ⡤͡פθʥե졤ƥ졤ꥷʤɡˤ鼢ܤȤäƤȤϻ¤Ǥ롥Τ˸ťΥɸ졤θʤɡפΥޥ줫μѸ⤢äʤȤŪʴߤ餫ˡײ¿ȤäƤ褤
ʸؤˤˤ衤ŪŪμäƤȤˡŪŪʼܤǡߤ褦 English ǤäƤϡʸػˤȱѸˤ礭פǤ롥
ʡ Ϻرʸ١Ͻн˼1951ǯ
ؤμȤǡˤ borrowing ȤϲȤˤĤơä˼Ѹ (loan_word) ǰƬ֤ĤĥǥåƤߤˤƱ褦ʥǥåȤꡤܥ֥Ǥ#44. ּѡפˤߤ ([2009-06-11-1])#2010. Ѥϸʣ狼 ([2014-10-28-1]) ʤɤƤ餿ƼηäڤƹͤȤƶ줿Τ𤷤
μѤͤȤǵäƤ뤳Ȥϸ̩ˤСּڤײǤϤʤäơּѡפȤɽϤդ路ʤȤȤϤ褯ΤƤǡεǤϡʣ (copying) (imitation)ֺ¤ (re-creation) ̤γǰФơ¤ѸΥåפ褦ȤΥǥådzӽФƶϡ꤯Ȥ߹碌ֻͤˤǤ¤פȤǤ롥ñ˼ڤ櫓Ǥ⡤ԡ櫓Ǥ⡤魯櫓Ǥʤˤǥͤˤǡˤƿ¤줹롤ȤϸѼԤμŪѶŪʸưŤ롤 (neolinguistics) ϩ˱äѤɽ路Ƥ롥
ѶȤΤϡ٤Ǥ롥줬˶ᤱл¾ΡʣפפȤߤʤ¤ȯС¤פ¤פɽ٤Ѹ䳵ǰŪʤۤʤΤǡֻͤˤǤ¤פȤּѡפŬڤȻפŪĹΤ㴳̤Ǥ롥
ˤͭפʥǥåä
Ѹˤ̤͡ʸ줫¿ñѤƤλ¤ˤĤơǶǤϡ#2966. Ѹä (2) ([2017-06-10-1]) 礷ˤơѸϸäμڤ¦Ȥ⡤षߤФ¦ȤƤΤۤΩäƤ롥ǯܸˤ̵αñ줬ʸȤήƤ뤷νϤƤ⡤Ѹ줫鲿餫θŪƶäƤʤϤ̵ۤܳʥʸˤĤƤϡ#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1]) ȡˡ
ȼɸ줬Ū˳ΩƤ衼åѽǤ顤ѸθŪƶʲϡ衼åѤ¿θǤΤޤѤѸǤ (Crystal 272)
[ Sport ]
baseball, bobsleigh, clinch, comeback, deuce, football, goalie, jockey, offside, photo-finish, semi-final, volley, walkover
[ Tourism, transport etc. ]
antifreeze, camping, hijack, hitch-hike, jeep, joy-ride, motel, parking, picnic, runway, scooter, sightseeing, stewardess, stop (sign), tanker, taxi
[ Politics, commerce ]
big business, boom, briefing, dollar, good-will, marketing, new deal, senator, sterling, top secret
[ Culture, entertainment ]
cowboy, group, happy ending, heavy metal, hi-fi, jam session, jazz, juke-box, Miss World (etc.), musical, night-club, pimp, ping-pong, pop, rock, showbiz, soul, striptease, top twenty, Western, yeah-yeah-yeah
[ People and behaviour ]
AIDS, angry young man, baby-sitter, boy friend, boy scout, callgirl, cool, cover girl, crack (drugs), crazy, dancing, gangster, hash, hold-up, jogging, mob, OK, pin-up, reporter, sex-appeal, sexy, smart, snob, snow, teenager
[ Consumer society ]
air conditioner, all rights reserved, aspirin, bar, best-seller, bulldozer, camera, chewing gum, Coca Cola, cocktail, coke, drive-in, eye-liner, film, hamburger, hoover, jumper, ketchup, kingsize, Kleenex, layout, Levis, LP, make-up, sandwich, science fiction, Scrabble, self-service, smoking, snackbar, supermarket, tape, thriller, up-to-date, WC, weekend
θˤϡ衼åѤΤߤʤ餺ܸǤ⥫ʸȤѤƤΤ¿ΰ̣ǤϡŪʸ (cosmopolitan vocabulary) ܶᤷƤȸ뤫⤷ʤ
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ6ε֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥΥƥ줫֤ȥޤ
äϡѸäؤֺݤξɤȤʤäƤ¿쥻åȤ˹¤ʤƤꡤʤΤ褦ʹ¤¸ߤΤȤѤʵˡŪʴäΤǤطʤˤϡѸ줬λμҲŪʸ̮ΤʤθܿƤаޤޤޤѸûˤҤȤƤȡ̣ȤˡܸûˤȤʿ⸫ƤޤоȸŪѸӤˤƤϡξΰ㤤Ĵ뷹ޤо˸ؤδߤȡȸûˤ˴ؤ¤ꡤξϤȤƤ褯ƤޤϢܵθȾǤϡƤޤ
Ѹáʤܸáˤ3ع¤ˤĤƤϡرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡΤ5.1֤ʤ Help me! Ȥ϶֤ Aid me! Ȥ϶ФʤΤפ5.2֤ʤ Assist me! ȤϤʤ鶫ФʤΤפǤⰷäƤޤܥ֥Ǥ͡˵ƤΤǡΥʲĥäƤޤ碌ƤޤƱͤˤĤơ#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1]) ǾҲ𤷤餴
#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])
#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1])
#2072. Ѹäλع¤ ([2014-12-29-1])
#2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1])
#2643. Ѹäλع¤οá ([2016-07-22-1])
#387. trisociation triset ([2010-05-19-1])
#1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1])
#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#1945. űѸΥƥѤλʬ ([2014-08-24-1])
#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1])
#1211. ѸΥƥѸΰ ([2012-08-20-1])
#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])
#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])
#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1])
#2162. OED ˤե졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1])
#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ줫μѸä (2) ([2015-11-07-1])
#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1])
#1408. ([2013-03-05-1])
#1409. Ĥä졤ä ([2013-03-06-1])
#1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1])
#1615. 礹ߡ2 ([2013-09-28-1])
#609. 켭17 ([2010-12-27-1])
#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])
#1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1])
#1629. ([2013-10-12-1])
#1067. Ѹȸܸθüѡ ([2012-03-29-1])
#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ ([2010-02-17-1])
#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1])
ѸäˤĤơ1ǯۤε ([2016-06-24-1]) ͡ʥĥäθ⤢ΤǡåץǡȤƤɤ߿ʤƤСѸûˤγפʬ롥
1ǤߤѸ
1.1äεϤ礭 (#898)
1.2äμ˭٤ (##756,309,202,429,845,1202,110,201,384)
1.3Ѹûˤγά (##37,1526,126,45)
2üѤȤϡ
2.1ʤäѤΤ (##46,1794)
2.2Ѥ5W1Hġɤǡï顤ɤΤ褦ˡʤڤꤿΤ (#37)
3ѸθüѤ (#1526)
3.1Φ (--449)
3.1.1ƥ (#1437)
3.2űѸ (449--1100)
3.2.1ȸ (##1216,2443)
3.2.2ƥ (#32)
3.2.3ťΥɸ (##2625,2693,340,818)
3.2.4űѸΤθ (##450,2556,648)
3.3Ѹ (1100--1500)
3.3.1ե (##117,1210)
3.3.2ƥ (##120,1211)
3.3.3Ѹθäεȳ (#985)
3.4Ѹ (1500--1700)
3.4.1ƥ (##478,114,1226)
3.4.2ꥷ (#516)
3.4.3ޥ (##2385,2162,1411,1638)
3.5Ѹ (1700--1900) ȸѸ (1900--)
3.5.1äȯ (##203,616)
3.5.2ν (##874,2165,2164)
4αѸäˤߤˤΰ仺
4.1եȥƥ줫μѸ (#2162)
4.2ưʪɽ魯ñ (##331,754)
4.3ä3ع¤ (##334,1296,335,1960)
4.4Ѹθäζ (##1645,296,1630,1067)
5ߤ̤αѸ
5.1Ѱʳοθ (##873,874,875)
5.2äϻǤФ (##625,631,876,889)
ѸûˤŤߤǺǽפȤʤ3ŦƤ
(1) ѸûˤϡѸ¾θήˤϢưƤ
(2) üѤưŤϡɬפΤߤǤϤʤ
(3) üѤˤ줬Ѥ߾夲Ƥ̤Ȥ3ع¤
üԤ̤θ줫ѤȤ٤ȡθѤȤȤϡʪǤ롥ԤϤޤˡּڤפȤ٤ԤʤƤȤ̣ưŪ borrowing ǤꡤԤϤ줬ηϤǼޤäŪ loan_word ѤǤ롥2Ԥΰ㤤ڵ (evidence) ȤҤ٤Сʸ塤Ԥ "borrowing" βϳǧ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤԤ "loan word" ѤȤƤξΤߤȿǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ΰ㤤ѸˤθťΥɸμѡʸˤˤƹͤƤߤ褦Ѹ줬ťΥɸθäѤϡξ줬ܿǤ뤫顤濴ϸűѸǤ롥ˤäƤ¿ʤȤѸޤǤȤƤ⡤ܤϸűѸǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤʡ#2591. ťΥɸϤĤޤǥɤǻȤƤ ([2016-05-31-1])ˡ
ѤȤ٤űѸνǤäȤƤ⡤Τ褦˼Ѥ줿Ѹ줬λκȤܤʤɤʸƱŪȿǤƤ뤫ɤǤ롥̾ѸϼҲŪˤٹǧΤ褦ˤʤäƤդ˽ȤΤǤꡤѤʤ줿ȼѸ줬ʸڤδ֤ˤϥåפ롥Ȥ櫓¸űѸʸΤۤȤɤϡŪ˸ťΥɸαƶǤⴶˤ West-Saxon ɸŪʱѸˤǽƤ뤿ᡤťΥɸ줫μѸξڵۤȤɼʤťΥɸαƶǻäϡɸŪȤơȤ뵡ʤäΤǡڵȤʤʸΤΤĤäƤʤˡΥޥʹߡѸϡɤǤ졤ʸ˽Ȥ뵡ΤΤ㸺ᡤѸˤƤťΥɸ줫μѸλѤǧǤʸɬ¿ʤäơ¿θťΥɸѸ줬ʸư̾ڵȤƳǧΤϡƤѸ졤٤иѸʹߤȤȤˤʤ롥ťΥɸμѡʸˤݤˡϤȤƤפʤΤǡõƤ
Crowley (101) ˡˤĤüŪƤս꤬ΤǡƤ
[T]he Scandinavian influence on English dialects, which began after c. 850 and outside the tradition of writing, does not show up in any significant way in the records of Old English. The substantial pre-1066 texts from the Danelaw areas show either the local Old English dialect without Scandinavian influence or standard Late West Saxon. So, despite the circumstantial evidence and Middle English attestation of a significant Scandinavian influence, not much can be made of it for Old English.
Crowley, Joseph P. "The Study of Old English Dialects." English Studies 67 (1986): 97--104.
ܿȼ (borrowing) ϡá֡졤̣γƤꡤ͡˸椵Ƥ#1988. Ѹ츦 to-do list (2) ([2014-10-06-1]) ǿ줿褦˸ŪѤˤĤƤϤޤ椬ѤƤʤ#1989. ǽŪʴߤѤμ١ ([2014-10-07-1]) 褦ˡɸ (discourse_marker) ٤ɽ魯μѤʤɤϤ뤷ष䤹餢뤫⤷ʤȸ뤬ŪʸϾʤ
ʤǥ1ĤȤơPrince ʸɤYiddish طʤıѸѼ (Yiddish English) ˤơŪʤɤʸƬˤäƤ 礬ɸѸˤεǽȤϰۤʤ뵡ǽѤƤ¤ꡤ Yiddish ˤбΤõǽѤ줿ΤǤϤʤȤ
ɸѸǤϡŪƬ˽Ф Focus-Movement ʸˡŪǤ롥㤨С
(1) Let's assume there's a device which can do it --- a parser let's call it.
Ǥϡlet's call it ʬȤȤƤꡤ¤δ鿷 a parser ʸƬ˰ươƤ롥
Yiddish English Ǥߤбư (Yiddish-Movement) Ǥ⡤褦Ⱦϳǧ뤬ͻҤۤʤäƤ롥㤨СYiddish English 鼡Τ褦ʸƤߤ褦
(2) "Look who's here,' his wife shouted at him the moment he entered the door, the day's dirt still under his fingernails. "Sol's boy." The soldier popped up from his chair and extended his hand. "How do you do, Uncle Louis?" "A Gregory Peck," Epstein's wife said, "a Montgomery Clift your brother has. He's been here only 3 hours, already he has a date."
a Montgomery Clift your brother has ȰưäƤ뤬ɸѸ (1) ξȰۤʤȤ롥ξʸȤˡ٤κϤεǽƯƤȲǤ뤬(1) Ǥʬʹΰռˤ롤ʤ (salient) ǤΤФơ(2) ǤʬǤʤäơɸѸλȤˤȤäơ(2) ϸʸˡȤưȿϤƤʤʤǤʤʸ̮ˤŪ虜虜Ƭ˽ФΤȡüԤΰտޤˤΤǤ롥ɸŪ Focus-Movement Yiddish English ͭ Yiddish-Movement Ǥϡõǽ㴳ۤʤäƤΤǤ롥
Yiddish-Movement õǽħϡʬ salient ǤʤƤ⡤ȤˤȤѤˤ롥Ǥϡ Yiddish-Movement õǽϤɤƤΤȤСޤǤʤ Yiddish ǤȤPrince (515) ۩". . . Yiddish-English bilinguals presumably found English Focus-Movement to be syntactically analogous to Yiddish Focus-Movement and associated with the former the discourse function of the latter."
Τ褦õǽμѤ꼰ȡΤ褦ˤʤ (Prince 517)
Given S1, a syntactic construction in one language, L1, and S2, a syntactic construction in another language, L2, the discourse function DF1 associated with S1 may be borrowed into L2 and associated with S2, just in case S1 and S2 can be construed as syntactically 'analogous' in terms of string order.
졦ŪʼѤȤǤ⤤٤Τñˤ̣ (semantic_borrowing) ȻƤʤʤˤƸԤѻ褦ˡԤ⾯ʤʤΤ⤷ʤ
Prince, E. F. "On Pragmatic Change: The Borrowing of Discourse Functions." Journal of Pragmatics 12 (1988): 505--18.
ε ([2016-08-11-1]) Ƴ֥ץѡפȡ֤äĤѡפΩϡHaugen ѸǤ importation substitution Ω˴롥#901. ʬ ([2011-10-15-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡimportation ȤϼѸη褽Τޤ˼ळȤǤꡤsubstitution ȤϼѸηб뼫ηѤ뤳ȤǤ롥 (borrowing) ȸƤФ뤫ˤϡɬεΰ̣Ƥ롥ǤϡץѤäĤѤۤʤȤʤ
ơ2μˡΩǰƬˡüѤŪ¿ȤѸܸʤɤθȡŪʤȤ륢ɸʤɤθκˤĤƹͤƤߤ褦θθäӤȡʤۤɡ㤨бѸˤϷŪ¾ͳ褹Τ¿ɸˤϤΤ褦ʤΤʤȤϳΤǤ롥ץѤ¿ɤȤ˸¤СѸϼѤ¿ɸϼѤʤȤˤʤ롥äĤѤĴȤɤ⤷ȡɸϰƳ¿ʤäĤ˼ѤƤǽΤǤϤʤäĤѤϡɽ̾塤ѤǤ뤳ȤʬˤȤħ뤿ᡤܤ츻ĴƤߤʤȤϤäꤷȤʤβǽϽʬˤ롥#903. Ѥ¿Ⱦʤ ([2011-10-17-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ㤨мѤ¿ȸѸȾʤȸ륢ɸκϡ¤ΤȤѤ¿ɤΤΤκǤϤʤ2ĤμѤˡ (importation and substitution) ΨκǤǽ뤳ȤˤʡפꡤξˡˤѤä碌ΤθμѤ̤ȹͤΤǤС̤˸Ƥۤɽ֤Ѥ¿ɤϤʤΤ⤷ʤפȤ뤫⤷ʤҤäȤȡ줬٤μळۤʤ졤ɤΤȤ빽١ʼѹˤʤΤǤϤʤ֤˥١ʼѹˤ٤κޤäʤȤޤǤϸʤ
ˡ2μˡȤ顤¾줫μѤŪ (purism) ˤĤƹͤƤߤѸˤˤܸˤˤ⡤Ԥ¾줫θüѤȽ夬äָŤɤѸסܸ褵פʤɤȶӤʤ顤ˤ褦볰뤳ȤˤΤʤ1٤Ȥʤ֤줿Τ褦ʽԤƤΤϥץѤФƤǤꡤ¤鼫ȤˤƤäĤѤƤܸξȤСΩ줫֥롼ספȸ鷺ˡֺפȸ٤ȤͤȤȡοͤϱѸ working group Ȥ signifiant μڤˤƤΤΡsignifié ˤĤƤ̵Ƚ˼Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ʊ٤ʤܤ˸륹٤褤Ȥո⤢СƱ٤Ǥ٤ݤäΩʤΩפǤȤո⤢μѤȥ٤ȤϤĤŤƤȻפ
ȸüѤˤĤƤϡ#1408. ([2013-03-05-1]) #1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1])#1545. "lexical cleansing" ([2013-07-20-1])#1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1])#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1])ˡ#2068. ؤ ([2014-12-25-1])#2069. ؤءˡ ([2014-12-26-1])#2147. ѸΥեѸȽ ([2015-03-14-1])#2479. ѸθüѤФȿưȤƤθϤɤޤܵä ([2016-02-09-1]) ʤɤȡ
Haugen, Einar. "The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing." Language 26 (1950): 210--31.
ɸϻξ˺äѸä˸ùܡˤμѤˤ礭ʬơ֥ץѡפȡ֤äĤѡפ2बȹͤƤ롥
ñˤ뤿ˡܿ˺ݤƺǤ褯ѻñ٥μѤ˸ꤷƹͤ褦̾¾줫ñڤƤȤȤ˵뤳Ȥϡ¦θñȤ (sign) ¿ѹϤˤ衤褽Τޤ˥ԡ졤ùܤȤ夹뤳ȤǤ롥ȤϡüŪ˸и (signifié) ȸ (signifiant) ΥåȤǤ뤫顤ΥåȤΤޤޥԡƤȤȤˤʤ (ֵפˤĤƤϡ#2213. 塼ε桤˥ե˥ե ([2015-05-19-1]) ) 㤨СѸϥե줫 uncle ֤פȤȸΥåȤڤꤿܸϥݥȥ줫 tabaco ʥХˡֱפΥåȤڤꤿ
ΤˡȸΥåȤǼڤΤǤ̤μѤȹͤ뤬ϼڤꤺ˸ΤڤƤ̣ (semantic_borrowing) (loan_translation) Ȥ⤷Фи롥㤨СűѸ god ϸ֥ޥοפ̣ꥹȶ˿˵ڤӡбƥ deus ΤäƤ֥ꥹȶοפΰ̣ڤ졤˿ʸդädeus Ȥƥε椫ڤꤿΤϡΤߤǤꡤ god Ѥ³櫓Ǥʡ#2149. ̣ ([2015-03-16-1])#1619. ʤ deus Ѥ줺 God ݤ줿Τ ([2013-10-02-1]) ȡˡϰ̣ѤȤ롥ޤűѸ줬ƥ trinitas Ǥʤ Þrines "three-ness" ؤȡפƼ줿Ȥ⡤ƥ줫ϸҼڤȤƤϥƥޤǴʤ褦ʶ˼줿ΤǤ롥
̤μѤỌ̇̄ѤѤʤɤΤüʼѤȤδ֤Ƕ̤ƤΤϡʤȤ줫ڤƤȤȤǤ롥ɤ⤷ʤ⤷ʤˤƤ줫ڤƤΤǤ롥#901. ʬ ([2011-10-15-1]) Ǥդ̤ꡤϽפǤ롥ˤƤ¾ͤڤƤȤǡ٤Ǥ롥㤦Τϡθȼѡ̾μѡˤǤϼѡʥ١ˤǤ뤳Ȥθȼʤѡʰ̣ѤѡˤǤϼѡʥ١ˤǤ뤳ȤɽŪˤʬʤȤǤ롥顤Ԥ֥ץѡסԤ֤äĤѡפȸƤ֡
Ϥơɤ餬ꥹ٤Ǥ礦ƳϤɤΥפΥ٤ߤǤ礦
ε#2645. 줫Ѥ줿ߤΤñ ([2016-07-24-1]) ڤӡ#148. եޥȥ ([2009-09-22-1])#149. եޥȱѸˡ ([2009-09-23-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ褦ˡȴϢѼʥեޥ졤ϥɥĸ졤եꥫʤɤޤߡȤȤˤ٤ƹ碌 "Low Dutch" ȸƤФˤѸäѸϰƳ¿Durkin ˤ OED3 ˤʬŪĴˤСθ줫μѸˤޤĤȾȤˤޤȤȡʲΤ褦ˤʤ (Durkin, p. 355 "Loanwords from Dutch, Low German, and Afrikaans, as reflected by OED3 (A--ALZ and M-RZZ)" ꤹɽƸ)

Ѹˤ̤ƤŪʿǤСLow Dutch μѸϡ¤˸ťΥɸ줫μѸ¿ȤΤϰճ⤷ʤ#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1]) ɽǤϡDutch/Flemish θŪƶ "minimal" ɽƤ뤬ºݤˤϤ⤦ɾɽǤäƤ褵ťΥɸۤɱѸδܸä˾Ϳ櫓ǤϤʤξӤ뤳ȤˤդʤФʤʤLow Dutch θüѤ˴ؤƸħȤơ鸽ޤڤ뤳Ȥʤä뤷ƤϻŦƤ
̤ˤߤȡѸпǤιפ϶ḽιפ뤬ȤƤä˸Ѹ˼ѤäȤ褯狼롥Ѹ Low Dutch μѸȤϸ츻ŪŪ˶̤ΤĤʤȤ¿ºݤˤϸűѸǤ⾯ʤ̼ѤäǽȡLow Dutch ѸΤıѸ˾ŪʰյϾʤ褦˻פ롥
Low Dutch ѸפˤĤơDurkin (356--57) ϼΤ褦˵Ƥ롥
The fullest study of words of Dutch or Low German origin in English remains that of Bense (1939), who drew his data chiefly from the first edition of the the (sic) OED. Bense's study groups loanwords from Dutch and Low German together under the collective heading 'Low Dutch', although at the level of individual word histories he frequently distinguishes between input from each language. His companion work, Bense (1925), provides a summary of the main historical contexts of contact. Bense discusses over 5,000 words, for most of which he considers Low Dutch origin at least plausible; this is thus much higher than the OED's etymologies suggest. His total includes some words ultimately of Dutch origin that have definitely entered English via other languages, e.g. plaque (from a French word that ultimately has a Dutch origin), and also many semantic loans; OED3 has over 150 of these in parts so far revised, e.g. household (a. 1399) or field-cornet (1800, after South African Dutch veldkornet). Nonetheless, Bense does make a case for direct borrowing from Dutch for many words for which the OED does not posit a Dutch etymon; even if one agrees with the OED's (generally more conservative) approach in all cases, Bense's suggestions are by no means absurd, and his work highlights very well the difficulty of being certain about the extent of the Dutch contribution to the lexis of English.
5000ĶȤ Bense λϤ緶ǤäƤ⡤ȤƤϼƤʤΤǤϤʤȤ Durkin ɾ⡤ʤʤŪǤ롥
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
Bense, J. F. Anglo-Dutch Relations from the Earliest Times to the Death of William the Third. Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1925.
#148. եޥȥ ([2009-09-22-1])#149. եޥȱѸˡ ([2009-09-23-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡѸˤˤƥϤȤӤνˡصŪ˴ϢѼ Low Dutch ȤޤȤƻؼ뤳ȤˤθüѤϡѸ줫Ѹޤڤ뤳Ȥʤ³ƤǤ12--13ˤϡɤȥեɥȤηкѴطӤιȤȼ濴˱ɤƤꡤХ (75) θ褦ˡ֥Ȥȥ֥塼ȤϡɤȤӤ2Ĥ˼äס
ˤ⡤ͽ۰ʾᤤ饤ɤȥեɥ̾ϹԤʤƤǤ9ˡեå粦ϥեɥϤϻϼԥܡɥ2̼եꥹȷ뺧Ƥꥢϥܡɥ5̼ΥޥƥǤȷ뺧Ƥ롥ԤؤϡΥꥢ2ȥإ1ޤ©Ҥޤ졤˥إ1פѤ̤쥢ǥȤ̼ޤƤΤ褦˥ɤӤϡԤδ֤ǤⲦ²δ֤Ǥ⡤Ť̩ܤʴطݤäƤΤǤ롥
ѸˤӤν줫¿μѸ줬ήñΤʤˤϡѸȤƤܸȤƤ߿ΤʤʤʲΥѸĤƤߤ13ˡֿƬפΰդäƤ poll ϡ17ȯãĴפΰ̣Ǻ̤ѤƤ롥clock ϡɥ1ξեɥλͤˤꡤ14˥ɤˤ⤿餵줿Ҥʤμ顤pickle ⤿餵졤ӡ˷礫ʤ hop ѸäطǤϡ13 buoy , 14 rover, skipper Ѥ졤15 deck, freight, hose ⤿餵줿ȴطǤϡgroat, sled 14ˡguilder, mart 15äƤ롥¾13 snatch, tackle 14 lollard 15 loiter, luck, groove, snap 줾ѸäΰȤʤä
äפñ lollard ˤĤƿƤθϡ1300ǯ¿ͤϤ͡äƤΤؤƤ줬ΤƥդҤˤŬѤ褦ˤʤä餬Ӥ䵧äƾƤΤˤ̾ˤΤȤ⤵Ƥ롥ѸǤνϥɤˤФľ1395ǯǤ롥
ݡ롦Х ס رѸθá١ҡʸ˥ӡ1976ǯ
2֤εʡ#2634. 衼åѤˤ뱪λϰ (1) ([2016-07-13-1]) ȡ#2635. 衼åѤˤ뱪λϰ (2) ([2016-07-14-1])ˤǡλ졦̣ϰŪȻ (areal diffusion) ˤĤơDrinka ͤ夲Drinka ϰ̤ˤμθϰŪȻ̤νǤꡤܿ˵٤ѲͽۤʾˤǤȹͤƤ롥Drinka ϤΩΩäҤǤꡤ#1977. Ѳˤܿν (1) ([2014-09-25-1]) ̤ͤѤ褦ˡѲˤܿΰյ϶ĥƤ롥¾ҤȤơLuraghi (#1978. Ѳˤܿν (2) ([2014-09-26-1])) ⻲ȡ
λʸκǸǤ⡤Drinka (28) ϺǸϰŪȻΰŪĴƤ롥
With regard to larger implications, the role of areal diffusion turns out to be essential in the development of the periphrastic perfect in Europe, throughout its history. The statement of Dahl on the role of areal phenomena is apt here:
Man kann wohl sagen, dass Sprachbundphänomene in Grammatikalisierungsproessen eher die Regel als eine Ausnahme sind---solche Prozesse verbreiten sich oft zu mehreren benachbarten Sprachen und schaffen dadurch Grammfamilien. (Dahl 1996:363)
Not only are areally-determined distributions frequent and widespread, but they constitute the essential explanation for the introduction of innovation in many cases.
Τ褦ϰŪȻȤϡ (linguistic_area) ȤǰȤ̩ܤʴطˤ롥ä˱λΤ褦Ūʼ (syntactic borrowing) ˤĤƤϡ#1503. 졤áȯμҲŪ ([2013-06-08-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡҲķɸ (the marker of cohesion in society) ªǽŦƤꡤҲؤˤʲͽ롥
ʤŪװȸ쳰Ūװϡܥ֥Ǥ¿夲Ƥ#2589. ѲưΤϷǽ (2) ([2016-05-29-1]) ˴ϢؤΥƤΤǡȤ줿
Drinka, Bridget. "Areal Factors in the Development of the European Periphrastic Perfect." Word 54 (2003): 1--38.
ťΥɸ줫μѸˤϡŪŪʸä¿ޤޤƤ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥#340. ťΥɸ줬ѸͿƶ Jespersen ɾ ([2010-04-02-1]) Ǥϡλ¤Ūɽ Jespersen ʸϤѤ
ϡѸδøäƤȤߤʤȤΤǤťΥɸ줫μѸ褦ǤִøáפȤϡDurkin (213) "we can identify fairly impressionistically the following items as belonging to contemporary everyday vocabulary, familiar to the average speaker of modern English" ȽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡѸüԤľŪ˴ŪǧƤäΤȤǤ롥
pronouns: they, them, their
other function words: both, though, (probably) till; (archaic or regional) fro, (regional) mun
verbs that realize very basic meanings: die, get, give, hit, seem, take, want
other familiar items of everyday vocabulary (impressionistically assessed): anger, awe, awkward, axle, bait, bank (of earth), bask, bleak, bloom, bond, boon, booth, boulder, bound (for), brink, bulk, cake, calf (of the leg), call, cast, clip (= cut), club (= stick), cog, crawl, dank, daze, dirt, down (= feathers), dregs, droop, dump, egg, to egg (on), fellow, flat, flaw, fling, flit, gap, gape, gasp, gaze, gear, gift, gill, glitter, grime, guest, guild, hail (= greet), husband, ill, kettle, kid, law, leg, lift, link, loan, loose, low, lug, meek, mire, muck, odd, race (= rush, running), raft, rag, raise, ransack, rift, root, rotten, rug, rump, same, scab, scalp, scant, scare, score, scowl, scrap, scrape, scuffle, seat, sister, skill, skin, skirt, skulk, skull, sky, slant, slug, sly, snare, stack, steak, thrive, thrust, (perhaps) Thursday, thwart, ugly, wand, weak, whisk, window, wing, wisp, (perhaps) wrong.
ʤΰǤ Durkin (213) ǤդƤ"Of course, it must be remembered that in many of these cases it is probable that a native cognate has been directly replaced by a very similar-sounding Scandinavian form and we may only wish to see this as lexical borrowing in a rather limited sense."
ťΥɸ줫μѸϡФбѸȸťΥɸθܿθðΤȤƾҲ𤵤뤬ܿΩ줫ϡۤðۤǤϤʤȤ⤢롥ԤˤĤƤϡ#1182. ťΥɸȤθܿϤǤϤʤ ([2012-07-22-1])#1183. ťΥɸαƶɾܻؤơ ([2012-07-23-1])#1779. ܿ٤ȼͽ¬ɸ ([2014-03-11-1]) Ȥ줿
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
#2164. ѸˤǤޤΩʤɥĸ줫μѡ ([2015-03-31-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡɥĸαѸؤθŪƶϰƳʤ°桦 (20) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ɥĸ줬1824ǯ˻ޤǡѹͤˡۤȤɤޤäȤäƤ褤餤ܤߤʤäΤ⡤ä٤ȤǤ롥ɥĸ줫μѸ16餢ˤϤ뤬ե졤졤ʥʤɤμѸ٤ȡĤ˾ʤΤǤ롥20äƤǤ⡤ѹͤΥɥĸ˴ؤμ٤ʳãƤʤ
ʤ1824ǯȤϡThomas Carlyle (1795--1881) Göthe Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship ǤǯǤ롥
OED3 ˤѸ椷 Durkin (362) ˤȡ19ˤϥɥļѸΩäƤʤä19Ⱦ˰쵤˿ĥȤ19ȾˤϤԡã20ȾȾ塤20ȾˤƲФȤʤ˻롥 *
ɥļѸΤȤѸ줬¿줬̤ΩʤͳDurkin (361) Pfeffer and Cannon ԸȤʤ顤ɥĸѤȻˤĤƼΤ褦Ƥ롥
Pfeffer and Cannon provide a broad analysis of their data into subject areas; those with the highest numbers of items are (in descending order) mineralogy, chemistry, biology, geology, botany; only after these do we find two areas not belonging to the natural sciences: politics and music. The remaining areas that have more than a hundred items each (including semantic borrowings) are medicine, biochemistry, philosophy, psychology, the military, zoology, food, physics, and linguistics. Nearly all of these semantic areas reflect the importance of German as a language of culture and knowledge, especially in the latter part of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century.
Ѹϥޥ (Germanic) θǤꡤɥĸ (German) ȡַ״طˤȤϸ뤬˸褦ξŪˡʶḽ˻äƤܿεճ˳äˡֱƶ״ط϶ϾǤ롥ޤˡֱѸϥɥĸαƶƤפȸͤ뤬Ϸطȱƶط㤨Ƥ뤫뤤 Germanic German Ʊ뤷Ƥ뤫ˤ˴ŤƤ롥θˤĤƤϡ#369. ˤƶ ([2010-05-01-1])#1136. ۤʤδ֤줬 ([2012-06-06-1])#1930. ȱƶθ줿ɥ衼åѸ²δطޡ ([2014-08-09-1]) ȡ
° ̭ ͡ΤäƤѸˡ١ҡ2014ǯ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
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