#5948. crocodile αѸ --- lacolaco Υԥ졼 ([2025-08-09-1]) ³crocodile θֻܤ롥ޤ OED crocodile (n.)θ츻ΤƤߤ롥
Middle English cocodrille, cokadrill, etc. < Old French cocodrille (13--17th cent.) = Provençal cocodrilh, Spanish cocodrilo, Italian coccodrillo, medieval Latin cocodrillus, corruption of Latin crocodīlus (also corcodilus), < Greek κροκόδειλος, found from Herodotus downward. The original form after Greek and Latin was restored in most of the modern languages in the 16--17th cent.: French crocodile (in Paré), Italian crocodillo (in Florio), Spanish crocodilo (in Percival).
ŵΥꥷƥˤƤ crocodīlus ϤθäƥˤƸ cocodrillus ϤȤʤꡤ줬ޥˤƤ夷ѸؤեͳƤηθäƤȤζȾˤơ16--17θ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) δˤꡤcrocodile ϤزȤΤޤήǤ롥
ñȤƤ crocodile νиϡľܤˤϥե cocodrille Ѹ˼ѤȤ̤롥OED ν1300ǯȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ4
c1300 What best is the cokadrille. (Kyng Alisaunder 6597)
1382 A cokedril..that is a beest of foure feete, hauynge the nether cheke lap vnmeuable, and meuynge the ouere. (Bible (Wycliffite, early version) Leviticus xi. 29)
c1400 In that contre..ben gret plentee of Cokadrilles..Theise Serpentes slen men, and thei eten hem wepynge. (Mandeville's Travels (1839) xxviii. 288)
1483 The cockadrylle is so stronge and so grete a serpent. (W. Caxton, translation of Caton E viii b)
θ塤16ȾʹߤǤϡ٤ crocodile ֻѤƤ

77μͼkhelfʷѸ˥եˤˤرѸ˿ʹ٥12椬־ǸޤPDFǼͳ˱ɤǤޤ
顤ͼᡤɮؤԽؤϤƽʤƤޤˤäƸϤ꤮ޤǺǽĴɤƤޤǤä̤ˤĤƤϡɤ¿̤ΥƥĤܤǤ衤ɮԽȺ˴ؤä٤Ƥ khelf СˡޤϫȴդθդҤ٤Ȼפޤ褯ĥäƤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ơ4̹ȤʤäƤޤɤΤ褦ʵǺܤƤ뤫Ū˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ礦ޤ1̤ϡͼθ˹碌ʤ츻ᤰפꤹޥåʴƬǤɮԤϡܥ֥ heldio Ǥ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ˴ؤ븦ǤߤΡkhelf ߷Ǥɧʤ路¤Υ륿ˤȿɱʤȺ¤Υ٥ˤˤʤߡ2Ĥ¤ˤޤĤñˤɤޤ֤Ⱥ¡ (Lyra) ˴ؤƤϡlyre ֤꤬Ѹ lire 顤츻Υꥷ˶Ť뤿16 y Ѥѹ줿Ȥ츻ŪֻμˤƤꡤɮԤμ褫줿ȤʤäƤޤ
³2̤εϡwh Ϥޤط̾ˡפǤϳ4ǯ Y. T. ˤܳŪʱѸ˥ƥĤǤ䤿Τ褦˻ȤäƤ who which ϡűѸλˤϡïס֤ɤפ̣뵿ǤޤǤط̾ȤƤϻؼͳ褹 that ʤɤѤƤޤѸʹߡwhich ڤ wh 줬ط̾ˡƤޤwho ˤĤƤϡط̾Ȥ夹Τϰճˤ17äƤȡŪ٤ΤǤβϴˤϡShakespeare κʤǡͤԻˤȤ which Ūʸ̮ѤƤޤط̾ᤰˤˤϡñʤʸˡ§ѲˤȤɤޤʤҲŪ˥ʥߥåѲβؤäƤΤǤ
3̤ξˤߤΤϡֱѸ˥饦 by khelfפϢܥʡǤϡĻرؤλ߷ؤΥӥ塼θԤϤޤɮԤ khelf ĹڵǤ߷Ρֿ䤷ܡפȤơʸͺرѸȯãˡ٤ H. Bradley رѸȯãˡ٤ʤɡѸ˸ˤŵŪ̾ʣҲ𤵤ޤޤѸˤؤ̥ϤˤĤơפǽ餺֤ʤפ䤤³뤳Ȥν⤫ƤꡤԤ֤ˤä˼٤ƤȤʤäƤޤ
ơ3̤βǤϡ2̤ǤäȽꤵƤֱѸ˥ BASICפȾܤɤळȤǤޤѸθäˤѸγ˴ؤ륯Ǥ䤤⡤ҵɤƤСɮԤϡرξĹʿǤ
Ǹ4̤ˤϡرɥij̴ˤܳŪʱѸˤεNot ΡֶĴ!?~Jespersen's Cycle ȡָԡפȤƤθ~פǺܤƤޤϡѸʸȯã "Jespersen's Cycle" ˴ؤͤǤǾҲ𤵤꼭μ岽ĴɲâĴ꼭פȤϥեɥĸǤ⸫븽ݤǤǤϤˡ奢ꥫѸΥ squat (: Claudia saw squat.) λ夲Υ뤬塤̤ؤ³ƤǽƤޤ
Τ褦ˡ⤹٤Ƥε khelf СǮդõ濴η뾽ǤѸˤ椹ܵǺ夲رѸ˿ʹ12ҤäȤɤߤйǤ
Ǹˡhellog ɼԤγ1ޤ⤷عμȤʤɤθŪʵʤ뤤ϡ¾νऺ뵡ˤˤơرѸ˿ʹ٤ѤˤϡҾ嵭 heldio ۿΥꡤ뤤Υե̤ƤޤȹǤkhelf γưӤȤʤۤԽѰˤȤäƤߤȤʤޤΤǡϤΤۤɤꤤޤϤع̾Ŀ̾ʤɤξˤĤޤƤϡkhelf μİŪΤߤ˸¤ꡤԤεĤʤ̤˸ʤɤι٤ϰڹԤʤʤݡޤեɥХå̤khelf ˤֱѸˤδ֤ˡפαѸ˳ưhelˤؤλƱޤȹǤ
ǸˡرѸ˿ʹ٤ΥХåʥСʹ泰ޤˤҲ𤷤Ƥޤ碌Ƥɤkhelf HP ΥڡˤХåʥСޤˡ
رѸ˿ʹ1ϴ2022ǯ41
رѸ˿ʹٹ泰12022ǯ410
رѸ˿ʹ22022ǯ711
رѸ˿ʹٹ泰22022ǯ718
رѸ˿ʹ32022ǯ103
رѸ˿ʹ42023ǯ111
رѸ˿ʹ52023ǯ410
رѸ˿ʹ62023ǯ814
رѸ˿ʹ72023ǯ1030
رѸ˿ʹ82024ǯ34
رѸ˿ʹ92024ǯ512
رѸ˿ʹ102024ǯ98
رѸ˿ʹٹ泰32024ǯ98
رѸ˿ʹ112024ǯ1230
621ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ3Ȥơautumn --- ³ƤפɶˤƳ֤ޤVoicy heldio ˤ#1478. 621īֺ¤Ǥϵܤޤ --- ȯľΡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Ϥͽ𤷤̤Ǥ
3ֺ¤Ƥ markmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײޤѤˤȤС

ʤīֺ¤Υ12ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤޤ#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1]) ӡ#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1]) ε
4ϡ726ڡˤˡbut --- Ĥ¿³פꤷƳ֤ޤؿΤϡī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧξ塤ߤС
ƱνʼʷءˤȱĤƤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥϡ§Ȥ轵θ6˺ǿۿƤޤ¿ˤƤޤ꤬ȤޤޤǸطϤΥͥȤƾΤ褦ˤʤäƤޤʥͥϿԤܲ1.42͡ˡ
1ۿ줿#333. ѲȤѲƤʤȤ⤷˸ءפΤۤ褯İƤޤ20ʬۤɤưǤҤİС
βΥơޤϡܥ֥Ǥ濴Ū˼夲ƤѲ (language_change) ǤϾɤưȤȤˤλѤѤƤޤΰǡѲʤǤ¸ߤޤưǤϡθѲΥʥߥȡα˾Ƥޤ
ޤѲθѤ˸ (historical_linguistics) ˤŪʻҲ𤷤ƤޤŪˡ˸ؤϡܤˤɤªƤޤˤªǽפʤΤϡѲݤǤʤϢʤȼѤƤĤޤѤʤäݤˤܤ뤳ȤǤޤ
Ҳʸ礭ưݤˡޤƶȯƤꡤäޤ줿ꡤ¸θΰ̣Ѥäꡤ뤤ʸˡѲꤷޤΰǡҲѲˤ⤫餺ηݻ³ܤ¸ߤޤưǤϡΡѲפνˤĤơŪʤŸޤ
ä˶̣Ȥƴñ˿줿ΤѸˤ God ȤñǤűѸɤ˥ꥹȶƩǡ¿ΥꥹȶϢѸ줬ƥ줫ƳޤֿפȤǤ⺬Ūʳǰɽ魯ñϡбƥ deus ڤʤɤǤϤʤޥ쵯 god Ĥޤʤ¾¿Ѹ줬ƥˤä֤줿ˤ⤫餺ñˤĤƤϸ˻ޤǤηݤ³ƤΤǤ礦䤤õ뤳Ȥϡñʤ츻ˤȤɤޤޤ춦ƱΤʸˤȤߤǤ⤢ޤʲ˴ϢƤޤ
#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#865. ѸƤˤΰϲ ([2011-09-09-1])
#1619. ʤ deus Ѥ줺 God ݤ줿Τ ([2013-10-02-1])
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ưǤϡ¾ˤ⡤ԡѲظˤϳؤˤĤƿƤޤϡήΤ褦˾ѲƤޤˤϡĶѤʤפΤ褦Ǥ¸ߤƤΤǤѲȤݤ¿ŪªǤΤǤйǤ
ε#5849. Helvillian 5ˤĤƸAI̡ ([2025-05-02-1]) ǡGoogle NotebookLM κǿβ̲ӥҲ𤷤ޤ˳ŪıѲǽʤΤǡȤäͷǤȤǤ롥
Ѹû˳ιֵԤʤäȤιֵ Google NotebookLM ꤲߡʥץץȤDzꤷԤĤȿʬϤ줿եǧȡƶäۤܤΤޤ˽ФǤ6ʬ42äۤɤ̤ˡ90ʬֵΥåͤޤäƤ
ζä̤ȤҲ𤹤벻ۿ stand.fm ΡֱѸˤĤ֤䤭ͥ (heltalk)פֱѸû˳ by NotebookLMȤƸˤ YouTube Ż߲դˤǤۿ줬ǤưǤʴΥޤ11ʬ29áˡ
ܺ٤ʾ̤ȤȤAIεѤϡμˤȤɤޤ餺̤γؤӤˤ礭ǽ롥ѸˤβۿƤԤȤơҤǤ⤢뤬礭ʴ˾Ǥ⤢롥ˡܳŪõäƤ
#5826. رȤ helito ץ쥤ޤ --- ϡֱѸѸס ([2025-04-09-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ɥ ito ʥȡhel賦ήԤäƤƤޤ
heldio/helwa Υꥹʡ lacolaco note ֱѸˡߥܡɥ "helito" äƤߤ helwa ꥪղǤΥҲ𤵤줿塤䤬嵭 hellog ˥ꥹʡ夵 note ֹΡֱѸΤʤפäƤޤֳ̿1 itoɽޤǤ߷ѸμȤǻѤߡ umisio ito ƥХǤƤ֤ǤϳʹƤޤơ⤦1Ĥ̤μȤ helito 褦ȻװǤ
ito ϡץ쥤䡼Ƽۤ줿 (1--100) ˱äɽ礤ʹѤͭ礤ǤѸǤС֥ץȥס (prototype) ǧȤΤΤڤॲȤɽǤ뤫⤷ޤѸˤ helito ˤϡɤΤ褦ʤ꤬դ路AIϤڤʤ顤ĤƤͤƤߤޤ
(1) űѸäݤѸäݤ
ñΤʷϵȯֻʤɤ顤űѸ1˶ᤤˤѸ100˶ᤤˤȽǤޤ㤨С(ge)wyrd ʱ̿ˤϸűѸ餷1ˤglobalization ʥХ벽ˤϸѸ餷100ˤ뤫⤷ޤűѸѸμޤ
(2) Ѹ줬Ѥ줿
ѸäѸ (loan_word) ˤĤơμθŤȽꤷޤ㤨Сƥͳ street ťΥɸͳ sky ϸŤ1˶ᤤˡܸͳ sushi anime ˿100˶ᤤ˼ѤȤޤñθ츻μޤ
(3)
Ѹθäפʷʤʤˤ˴Ťʬषޤޥ (germanic)ե (french)ƥ (latin)ꥷ (greek)ʤɤҤȤޤꤷޤ礦man Τ褦ʥޥϤδܸǤ1˶justice Τ褦ʥեѸ50նᡤphilosophy Τ褦ʳؽѸ100˶Ťʤɤμ٤ͤޤѸäΡ3ع¤פƤɬפޤɬϢ³ΤˤʤʤΤǡȤƤϾ줷⤷ޤ
(4) ֿפ˴ؤ
(3) αԤȤ⤤ޤäΥơޤֿפ˹ʤäԤǤޥϤѤʿɽ魯bread ʤɡˤȡեͳ줿ʸθcuisine ʤɡˤ椵ޤ̾ cow (ưʪޥ) vs. beef (ե) Τ褦Ω⤳ΤǰǤΤ褦ʥơ̤θä˴Ť helito Ǥϡäȸ츻˭٤μɬפǤꡤ٤Ϥʤ⤤⤷ޤ
¾helito ˤϤɤΤ褦ʤ꤬ͤǤ礦
#5826. رȤ helito ץ쥤ޤ --- ϡֱѸѸס ([2025-04-09-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ɥ ito ʥȡhel賦ήԤäƤƤޤ
heldio/helwa Υꥹʡ lacolaco note ֱѸˡߥܡɥ "helito" äƤߤ helwa ꥪղǤΥҲ𤵤줿塤䤬嵭 hellog ˥ꥹʡ夵 note ֹΡֱѸΤʤפäƤޤֳ̿1 itoɽޤǤ߷ѸμȤǻѤߡ umisio ito ƥХǤƤ֤ǤϳʹƤޤơ⤦1Ĥ̤μȤ helito 褦ȻװǤ
ito ϡץ쥤䡼Ƽۤ줿 (1--100) ˱äɽ礤ʹѤͭ礤ǤѸǤС֥ץȥס (prototype) ǧȤΤΤڤॲȤɽǤ뤫⤷ޤѸˤ helito ˤϡɤΤ褦ʤ꤬դ路AIϤڤʤ顤ĤƤͤƤߤޤ
(1) űѸäݤѸäݤ
ñΤʷϵȯֻʤɤ顤űѸ1˶ᤤˤѸ100˶ᤤˤȽǤޤ㤨С(ge)wyrd ʱ̿ˤϸűѸ餷1ˤglobalization ʥХ벽ˤϸѸ餷100ˤ뤫⤷ޤűѸѸμޤ
(2) Ѹ줬Ѥ줿
ѸäѸ (loan_word) ˤĤơμθŤȽꤷޤ㤨Сƥͳ street ťΥɸͳ sky ϸŤ1˶ᤤˡܸͳ sushi anime ˿100˶ᤤ˼ѤȤޤñθ츻μޤ
(3)
Ѹθäפʷʤʤˤ˴Ťʬषޤޥ (germanic)ե (french)ƥ (latin)ꥷ (greek)ʤɤҤȤޤꤷޤ礦man Τ褦ʥޥϤδܸǤ1˶justice Τ褦ʥեѸ50նᡤphilosophy Τ褦ʳؽѸ100˶Ťʤɤμ٤ͤޤѸäΡ3ع¤פƤɬפޤɬϢ³ΤˤʤʤΤǡȤƤϾ줷⤷ޤ
(4) ֿפ˴ؤ
(3) αԤȤ⤤ޤäΥơޤֿפ˹ʤäԤǤޥϤѤʿɽ魯bread ʤɡˤȡեͳ줿ʸθcuisine ʤɡˤ椵ޤ̾ cow (ưʪޥ) vs. beef (ե) Τ褦Ω⤳ΤǰǤΤ褦ʥơ̤θä˴Ť helito Ǥϡäȸ츻˭٤μɬפǤꡤ٤Ϥʤ⤤⤷ޤ
¾helito ˤϤɤΤ褦ʤ꤬ͤǤ礦
B&C 61 helwa ˹ݲղˤƥإᥤ8̾ĶɤͻҤ륷3ơʺǽˤǤī Voicy heldio #1409. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (61-3) Effects of Christianity on English Civilizationۿޤդ礤ϡҥȤƤˤ褤ɤߤ夲Ƥޤ礦ʤ1Ƥ2ƤˤĤƤϡʲȤ
1ơۡ#5817. B&C 61 "Effects of Christianity on English Civilization" (1) --- Ķɲ˹ݲꤪϤ ([2025-03-31-1])
2ơۡ#5822. B&C 61 "Effects of Christianity on English Civilization" (2) --- Ķɲ˹ݲꤪϤ ([2025-04-05-1])
3ƤǤ61θȾʬɤޤ30ʬƤäפƤޤ
His most famous pupil was the Venerable Bede, a monk at Jarrow. Bede assimilated all the learning of his time. He wrote on grammar and prosody, science and chronology, and composed numerous commentaries on the books of the Old and New Testament. His most famous work is the Ecclesiastical History of the English People (731), from which we have already had occasion to quote / more than once and from which we derive a large part of our knowledge of the early history of England. Bede's spiritual grandchild was Alcuin, of York, whose fame as a scholar was so great that in 782 Charlemagne called him to be the head of his Palace School. In the eighth century, England held the intellectual leadership of Europe, and it owed this leadership to the church. In like manner, vernacular literature and the arts received a new impetus. Workers in stone and glass were brought from the continent for the improvement of church building. Rich embroidery, the illumination of manuscripts, and church music occupied others. Moreover, the monasteries cultivated their land by improved methods of agriculture and made numerous contributions to domestic economy. In short, the church as the carrier of Roman civilization influenced the course of English life in many directions, and, as is to be expected, numerous traces of this influence are to be seen in the vocabulary of Old English.
B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) äڡǤ³ƤޤܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤С

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ī Voicy heldio ۿ#1406. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (61-2) Effects of Christianity on English CivilizationȤϢưǤhelwa ˹ݲղˤơü8̾DZѽĶɲޤ1Ƥ331ε#5817. B&C 61 "Effects of Christianity on English Civilization" (1) --- Ķɲ˹ݲꤪϤ ([2025-03-31-1]) Ǥ̤Ǥ2ƤȤʤޤ
ܤΤϡ61ΰʲ8ʸʤ뤯ǤۤĹʤսǤ22ʬۤɤɤƤޤ
A decade or two later, Aldhelm carried on a similar work at Malmesbury. He was a remarkable classical scholar. He had an exceptional knowledge of Latin literature, and he wrote Latin verse with ease. In the north, the school at York became in time almost as famous as that of Canterbury. The two monasteries of Wearmouth and Jarrow were founded by Benedict Biscop, who had been with Theodore and Hadrian at Canterbury and who on five trips to Rome brought back a rich and valuable collection of books. His most famous pupil was the Venerable Bede, a monk at Jarrow. Bede assimilated all the learning of his time. He wrote on grammar and prosody, science and chronology, and composed numerous commentaries on the books of the Old and New Testament.
B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ī Voicy heldio #1401.ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (61-1) Effects of Christianity on English Civilizationۿޤ˳Ť줿 helwa ιꡦ˹ݲղưΰĤȤơī˹ݲνɤǼϿĶɲȾʬϤƤޤ
˰³ Taku ʳءˤ˻ʲꤤƤޤ7̾ΥإᥤȤȲɤĶɲȤΤϡʾʤ˭ʻ֤Ǥɽ90ʬĹȤʤäΤǡϿ3ۤɤʬƤϤƤȻפޤ1Ƥǡ45ʬۤɤۿȤʤޤ
61Ƥϡ7Ⱦ8ΥγؼȤ٤Τǡ˥ꥹȶؤɮƬȤ䤬λΥɤ˲ֺ餭ΦŪư˱ƶͿޤǤ˻äƤޤʸΤΤɤ߱ꡤ¥ƤޤƱ֤ȤȤ˵ǤΤӤǤ
īۿоݤȤʬΥƥȡBaugh and Cable, p. 80) ʲ˷ǺܤޤΤǡĶɤˤդ礤
61. Effects of Christianity on English Civilization.
The introduction of Christianity meant the building of churches and the establishment of monasteries. Latin, the language of the services and of ecclesiastical learning, was once more heard in England. Schools were established in most of the monasteries and larger churches. Some of these became famous through their great teachers, and from them trained men went out to set up other schools at other centers. The beginning of this movement was in 669, when a Greek bishop, Theodore of Tarsus, was made archbishop of Canterbury. He was accompanied by Hadrian, an African by birth, a man described by Bede as "of the greatest skill in both the Greek and Latin tongues." They devoted considerable time and energy to teaching. "And because," says Bede, "they were abundantly learned in sacred and profane literature, they gathered a crowd of disciples ... and together with the books of Holy Writ, they also taught the arts of poetry, astronomy, and computation of the church calendar; a testimony of which is that there are still living at this day some of their scholars, who are as well versed in the Greek and Latin tongues as in their own, in which they were born."
B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

*
220Ҥηؤդ2025ǯ3Ԥޤǯ١ƱϢֱܵѸˤįեפƤƤޤǽȤʤޤǤϥե줫ѸؤαƶܤƤޤǸϱѸ줫եؤαƶȤήݤ˸ƤȻפޤȥϡ֥եäñפǤʲ˳γפޤ
1. Ѹ줫եؤθü
Ѹ줫եؤθäήϡ18ʹߤ˸ˤʤäƤޤμҲŪʸŪطʤȾȤ餷碌ơüѤƤޤ礦кѡݡġѤȤäʬñ줬Ѹ줫եؼѤ졤夷ޤ
2. 18Υꥹؤδؿ
եǤ18˥ꥹȡ͢ͼФؿޤޤαƶ bill, committee, jockey ʤɤαñ줬ե˼ޤbudget ȤѸˤȤ櫓ܤޤ
3. 19αѸ줫αƶ
19ˤʤȡեϱѸ줫αƶ˷ٲǡȡ㡼ʥꥺࡦݡĤʬθäѸ줫¿Ѥ夵ޤ㤨 interview ticket Ȥäñ줬եήƤޤ
4. 21³ƤΤ
ʩδطǯʾˤ錄ǤХ벽ʤǤϡѸαƶ˳礷ͥåȤ䥽ǥ̤ƥե˿Ʃ³ƤޤѸ줫θüѤϷ³ƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
Ǹ˿줿褦ˡʩθήȤ櫓øήϺ³Ƥǽ⤤ȹͤƤޤˤ϶줤ˤ⤢ޤɤⰭӤǷФ줿֤Ǥξκδطˤ⥢ƥʤĥäƤȻפޤϢܵɤߤ⡤Ҥ˸äƤޤ礦
ˤĤƤ hellog furansu_rensai ˤޤȤޤäƤޤΤǡ1ǯ֤ˤ錄Ѹȥեˤιҿ֤äƤС1ǯ֤Τդ礤꤬Ȥޤ
ʰʲ嵭2025/02/01(Sat)
ȴϢơheldio Ǥ#1375. եäñ --- ؤդ٤Ϣܵ12ơꤷƤäƤޤΤǡ⤪İ
δ졡ֱѸˤįե졡12ΥեѸסؤդ2025ǯ3桤ҡ2025ǯ22052--53ǡ
28ˡǯ٤ī㡼ɶǤΥֺ¡ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ11֤ޤϡֱѸˤߤ븽οפꤷơ͡ʿƳˡƳĤġŪʸοҲ𤷤ޤޤŪʴ鸽ѸοƳü˿ޤ
οƳ¾줫μ (borrowing) ˤۤɰ¸ʤȤǡѸ˾ðۤ褷ޤѸϡû (shortening) Ȥηؤΰ¸٤Ƥޤľ100ǯۤɤǡƳΥȥɤѤäƤȹͤޤ21αѸäϡɤΤ褦ŸƤΤǤ礦
ιֺ¤ϡ̤ǻä줿Ĥʾ¿饤ǻä줿ʤɡȯǥԥ졼٤Ȥʤޤդޤ11Ƥ markmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײޤʲȤƤɤˡѤˤȤС

28ڡ 17:30--19:00
ꡧī㡼ɶ
̡饤Υϥ֥åɷ1֤θƨۿ
ߡī㡼֥
ǯ٤ī륷ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ˰٤ΥڡǽĴ˿ʤǤޤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡȤʤ顤ѸûˤɤäƤǤ
28ڡˤͼ˳֤11ϡֱѸˤߤ븽οפꤷơ褤踽Ѹ졤ʤ20--21αѸθä˾Ƥޤ
ѸϡιȤäȯŪäλޤƤޤǥ뵻ѤȯŸҲε®ѲȼñɽƤޤظˤŪ˰Ӥη¸ߤޤƬɲäˤסʣñȤ߹碌ʣס¸ñΡû̡סե졼ƬʸƬפʤɤǤ
ιֺ¤ǤϡѸˤγƻηˤդʧʤ顤Ѹˤ뿷Ƴħ⤭ĦˤƤޤä˾ҤΤ褦ʸ¿ͤˡܤɤΤ褦˸ҲѲʸŪĬήȿǤƤΤõޤθΥץ뤳ȤϡѸθäΥʥߥɤ߲ȤʤϤǤĤΤ褦ˡرѸ츻ŵ٤ʤɤȤʤʤƤޤ
ܥֺ¤γƲΩƤޤΤǡؤλáԻäˤ餺餴äȤǤޤ10ʬˤĤƤϡơפޥɥޥåפˤޤȤƤޤΤǡʲε
#5625. ī륷ֺ¤1ֱѸ츻ŵڤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-20-1])
#5629. ī륷ֺ¤2ֱѸäˤѤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-24-1])
#5631. ī륷ֺ¤3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-26-1])
#5639. ī륷ֺ¤4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-04-1])
#5646. ī륷ֺ¤5ֱѸ졤ƥȽвפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-11-1])
#5650. ī륷ֺ¤6ֱѸ졤θȸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-15-1])
#5669. ī륷ֺ¤7ֱѸ졤ե˿פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-11-03-1])
#5704. ī륷ֺ¤8ֱѸ졤ȸήפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-12-08-1])
#5723. ī륷ֺ¤9ֱѸ졤ƥꥷƴפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-12-27-1])
#5760. ī륷ֺ¤10ֱѸ졤νܿפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-02-02-1])
ֺܹ¤ξܺ٤ȤߤɤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡϡ˵֤Ĥļ֤Ф¸ޤʴϢդޤΤǡŵʤȤ֤ˤꤢޤˡ

11ˤĤƤϡVoicy heldio Ǥ#1345. 28ڡˤīֺ¡ֱѸˤߤ븽οפ˸ơȤƤ⤷ƤޤΤǡҤİ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
125ˡǯ٤ī㡼ɶǤΥֺ¡ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ10֤ޤϡֱѸ졤νܿפꤷơ˶Ѹ¿¿ͤʸ줫θüѤܤޤ
Ѹꥹ¾٤ʤʽФ̤ޤꥹηǡθȤܿˤʡŪá (cosmopolitan_vocabulary) 뤳ȤˤʤꡤѸäϳʤ˭ˤʤޤθŪȯŸơ19ȾФΥꥹ Oxford English Dictionary ԻϤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ιֺ¤Ǥ⡤̤ӥ饤¿ˤäޤ꤬Ȥޤ10Ƥ markmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײޤʲȤƤɤˡʤɤˤѤ
OED 1975ǯʹߤ˱ѸäܸͳñФƤߤ̩ܸͳñΤߤʤ餺餫ηܸͳƤܸȴطäƤñȤȤǡˤǽФΤޤΤǡ餺 *
73줬줿ޤ10ǯߤñƤߤ褦
1970ǯ25ˡۡBetamax, gaman, money politics, reiki, sashiko, shishito, tsutsumu, katsu, katsu curry, mechatronics, shosha, kanban, karaoke, tamari, tonkotsu, butoh, Ginsu, hamachi, Midori, shuriken, uncanny valley, washi, mokume gane, nikkeijin, omakase
1980ǯ22ˡۡomotenashi, shojo, Pac-Man, okadaic, shonen, skin lady, softnomics, ankimo, bukkake, kaiju eiga, Kumon, anime, kaizen, tokkin, mecha, zaitech, izakaya, Nintendo, omurice, karoshi, manhwa, functional food
1990ǯ17ˡۡhentai, chindogu, otaku, cosplay, santoku, fan service, mangaka, compensated dating, enjo kosai, bokeh, emoji, Tamagotchi, cosplayer, hikikomori, keitai, visual kei, Tabata
2000ǯ5ˡۡSudoku, hallyu, tokusatsu, amigurumi, kintsugi
2010ǯ4ˡۡwashi tape, chimaek, mukbang, isekai
ǯ头ȤηɬΤǤϤʤѤʸϤޤꡤʸݥåץ㡼֥㡼ӥͥϢͥåȴϢؤήƤäƤ褦ˤߤ롥ΤȤƹΰСƤ뤬Ȥ櫓¿ΤϿʸϢǡ10ۤɤͿƤ롥
ʻȤƤϡͽ̤ۤꡤۤܤ٤Ƥ̾gaman ֲפưȤơokadaic ֥ʻˤΡפϷƻȤäƤƤʤλǽñΥ줿ưʪγ̾ Halichondria okadai ͳ褹Ȥˡ٤ˤĤƤϺǹӤ5ĤƤΤ emoji Τߤ32碌52ʤ˱Ѹä夷ƤȤ⤤롥
ܸñαѸؤήθˤԡϤĤȤ䤤ˤĤƤϡOED κϿ˴ؤˤͿƤΤǰ쳵ˤϸʤĴ줿ͤΤߤȽǺȤʤС1970ǯ夫1990ǯˤƤȤäƤ褤
ϢˤĤƤϡҰʲΥƥĤ⤴Ȥ
hellog #5467. OED 3åץǡȤܸ줫μѸ줬23ää (2024/04/15)
inohota OEDOxford English Dictionaryˤκǯ3ΥåץǡȤΥơޤܸͳαѸ졪 (2024/05/26)
heldio #60. Ѹäܸ줿 (2021/07/31)
heldio #1331. īǤϱѸäܸ夲ޤ --- 50ǯDZѸä⥷ѸĤҲ (2025/01/20)

*
123Ҥηؤդ2025ǯ2Ԥޤǯ١ƱϢֱܵѸˤįեפƤƤޤ11ֶΥեѸפǤ
1. ˥եñ줬Ѥ줿ط
ե줫μѤѸʹߤ³Ū˹Ԥ졤ä17--18ˤϥե줬衼åѤŪ̸ȤƤϰ̤ΩλɤǤϥեѸؤȿǼ줿ΤΡ礭˳װȤϤʤʤä
2. ե餷ȤɤμѸ
μѸϸηۤݻޤ夷¿ϵ²ŪŪʰݤñ췲äޤѻΰ㤤ñζѥˤȿǤ졤1ᡤʹߤϥեΰ֤˶֤뷹ä
3. ޥ줫μѤȤƤΥե
եľܤμѸȤƤǤʤꥢ䥹ڥʤ¾Υޥ줫θäѸƳȤƤⵡǽޥϸƤ뤿ᡤѸͳꤹ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ѸΥեѤϡ18ʹߡäեåʸݽʬǸȤʤꡤμѸϴ¸αѸθä˿ʥ˥奢ä
4. 20ʹߤΥեѸ
20ʹߤ garage montage ʤ¿θ줬Ѥ³Ƥꡤ21äƤ parkour Τ褦ʿѸ줬о줷Ƥ롥ǯˤ錄եȱѸθŪʴطϡ³Ƥͽۤ롥
˾ܤϡľܡؤդ2˼äƤɤߤФȻפޤ10Ϣܵ hellog furansu_rensai ǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡ⤴Ȥ
ޤ11ˤ錄äơǯʾˤ錄ѸʩȤθܿˤįƤޤϤ褤ǽȤʤޤڤߤˡ
ʰʲ嵭2025/02/01(Sat)
ȴϢơheldio Ǥ#1343. ΥեѸ --- ؤդ٤Ϣܵ11ơꤷƤäƤޤΤǡ⤪İ
-->
δ졡ֱѸˤįե졡11ΥեѸסؤդ2025ǯ2桤ҡ2025ǯ12352--53ǡ

125ڡ 17:30--19:00
ꡧī㡼ɶ
̡饤Υϥ֥åɷ1֤θƨۿ
ߡī㡼֥
ǯ٤ī륷ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ˰٤ΥڡǽĴ˿ʤǤޤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡȤʤ顤ѸûˤɤäƤǤ
125ڡˤͼ˳֤10ϡߥ3ʬˤλϤޤȤơֱѸ졤νܿפꤷơѸˤν줫μѸ˥եޤ
衼åѤζѸϡҳ뤬ޤꥹϡڥݥȥʤɤˤ٤줿ΤΡȤŸĤߡ2Ⱦۤɤλ֤ƥꥹ夲ޤĤγۤꥹϡβ̤θܿ뤳ȤˤʤꡤŪ (cosmopolitan_vocabulary) ȤܤѸȤ̤ήǤ뤳ȤˤʤޤѸäϡ츻ɤƤǤۤɤ˭ΤǤѸ쳦μǤ OED (= Oxford English Dictionary) Ի褬Ǥ夲줿Τϡ嵭ενϤꥹĺ塤19ȾΤȤǤιֺ¤ǤϡѸû˾Ȥ櫓ưλȤ٤ζѸˤܿܤޤ
ܥֺ¤γƲΩƤޤΤǡؤλáԻäˤ餺餴äȤǤޤ9ʬˤĤƤϡơפޥɥޥåפˤޤȤƤޤΤǡʲε
#5625. ī륷ֺ¤1ֱѸ츻ŵڤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-20-1])
#5629. ī륷ֺ¤2ֱѸäˤѤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-24-1])
#5631. ī륷ֺ¤3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-26-1])
#5639. ī륷ֺ¤4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-04-1])
#5646. ī륷ֺ¤5ֱѸ졤ƥȽвפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-11-1])
#5650. ī륷ֺ¤6ֱѸ졤θȸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-15-1])
#5669. ī륷ֺ¤7ֱѸ졤ե˿פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-11-03-1])
#5704. ī륷ֺ¤8ֱѸ졤ȸήפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-12-08-1])
#5723. ī륷ֺ¤9ֱѸ졤ƥꥷƴפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-12-27-1])
ֺܹ¤ξܺ٤ȤߤɤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡϡ˵֤Ĥļ֤Ф¸ޤʴϢդޤΤǡŵʤȤ֤ˤꤢޤˡ

10ˤĤƤϡVoicy heldio Ǥ#1325. 125ڡˤīֺ¡ֱѸ졤νܿȤƤ⤷ƤޤΤǡҤİ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
ī Voicy heldio #1318. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (60-3) Latin Influence of the Second Period --- Taku ɼ¶ѡۿޤϺǯ1226ڡˤͼۿɼ¶ѤΥǤǤ
̲ϥإᥤȤȤ˺ǯͤƤΤǡ䤫Ǥϡ˰³ Taku ʳءˤ˻ʲꤤޤˡȤȤϽؤʾءˤ˲ääƤޤإᥤȤȤƤϡGrace ykagata , lacolaco , Lilimi פäĤäޤ8̾ǤΤؤ¤ɲȤʤޤ
ɲս60 "Latin Influence of the Second Period: The Christianizing of Britain" 3ǤۤĹʤ1Ǥ55ʬۤɤƳǡĶɤޤʸ̤ˡ˭ʡ֤Ȥʤޤä gradual Ȥܸΰ̣ᤰäơϤؤ礭ʳؤӤ뤳ȤǤޤ֤ΤȤˡоݤΥƥȤȤʤ1ʬʸϡBaugh and Cable, pp. 79--80 ʲ˷ǺܡˤɤĤġĶɤˤդ礤
The conversion of the rest of England was a gradual process. In 635 Aidan, a monk from the Scottish monastery of Iona, independently undertook the reconversion of Northumbria at the invitation of King Oswald. Northumbria had been Christianized earlier by Paulinus but had reverted to paganism after the defeat of King Edwin by the Welsh and the Mercians in 632. Aidan was a man of great sympathy and tact. With a small band of followers he journeyed from town to town, and wherever he preached he drew crowds to hear him. Within twenty years, he had made all Northumbria Christian. There were periods of reversion to paganism and some clashes between the Celtic and the Roman leaders over doctrine and authority, but England was slowly won over to the faith. It is significant that the Christian missionaries were allowed considerable freedom in their labors. There is not a single instance recorded in which any of them suffered *martyrdom* in the cause they espoused. Within a hundred years of the landing of Augustine in Kent, all England was Christian.
ȴϢο hellog heldio ƥĤϡ#5686. B&C 60 "Latin Influence of the Second Period" 1ɼ¶Ѥޤ ([2024-11-20-1]) ˵ꤴȤB&C ɼ¶Ѥϡ»ܤƤȻפޤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
16--17νѸϡʬѹͥκꡤŵʥƥȥꥷˤºФ졤̤ñ줬Ѹä˼ޤ줿Ǥ롥ƱɽŪʸͤ Shakespeare ʤΤDurkin ˤФηȤΤߤܤȤƤ⡤û֤Υƥͳο ("latinate neologisms") ѸήȤǧȤ
The peak period of the Literary Renaissance was C.1590--1600. The Primary author was Shakespeare who, between 1591 and 1611, introduced no fewer than six hundred latinate neologisms, fifty-three of which occur in Hamlet alone. Many of these became everyday words, e.g. addiction, assassination, compulsive, domineering, obscene, sanctimonious, traditional. (226--27)
Shakespeare ƱŪ¤ϤθƤȤ뤬˽פʤΤϡθοŵ֡ͿȤӤʤΤǤϤʤShakespeare ɽͥ˲ФΤĤŵ줫θüѤδϡ³ˤˤޤɤषĥĤļѤƤäǤ롥Durkin Ϥ³Ƥ롥
After the Renaissance, a vast amount of technical and scientific vocabulary flooded into English from both Greek and Latin, hence words like carnivorous, clitoris, formula, hymen, nucleus. In the next century, Linnaeus [1707--78] introduced numerous biological terms, like chrysanthemums and rhododendron. The Scientific period, which peaked C.1830, featured many Neolatin terms like am(o)eba, bacterium, flagellum. Finally, the modern technical/technological period featured words like floccilation. (227)
Shakespeare Ѹû˾˲̤1ĤȤߤƤ褤
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ꥷ줬ѸͿŪƶϡƥեΤ٤ȸꤹ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤºݤˤϤ礭äΤΤȤꡤष (word_formation) Ϳƶ礭ȤäۤŬڤ⤷ʤȤ櫓Ϣ (combining_form) ѤʳطϤʣηϡꥷΰʹǤ롥
Durkin (231) ϡѸˤˤ륮ꥷαƶˤĤơ鼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Between C5 and C8-9, the Greek liberal arts education was revived, first by the Ostrogoths, later by the Carolingians, and Greek gained special prestige. Writers liberally sprinkled their woks with Greek words, many of which found their way into other languages of Europe, including Old English. Particularly noteworthy are the glossarial poems from Canterbury with words like apoplexis, liturgia, spasmus. Since then, Greek medical doctrine and the terms associated with it became the major part of English medical lexis . . . . More general scientific vocabulary from Greek has mushroomed since C18 . . . .
. . . .
Greek influence on English, then, is restricted to the lexicon, (limited) derivation, and compounding. Words entered English initially through Roman borrowings, then through direct borrowing from Ancient Greek writers, more recently through word formation (combining roots and affixes) in English.
ꥷαѸؤαƶˤϡ3ѥ뤤3ʳäȤޤȤƤ褤
(1) ƥͳơ
(2) ľܥꥷ줫ʶʹߡ
(3) ꥷǡפѤѸǤ¤ʶʹߡä18ʹߡֲʳѸ쿷ŵŪʣ (neo-classical compounds) 뤤ϡֱפȸƤǤ褤
ΥѥˤĤƤ⡤ꥷդ줿ҿ (prestige) ȿǤƳؽѸ¤줬ŪǤ롥ϢȤơʲ hellog ⻲ȡ
#516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1])
#552. combining form ([2010-10-31-1])
#616. Ѹβʳظäȯ ([2011-01-03-1])
#617. Ѹ5ʬθä̻ʬۡ ([2011-01-04-1])
#1694. ʳظäˤƥꥷǤ˱ɤͳ ([2013-12-16-1])
#3014. Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷο¸ߴ19 ([2017-07-28-1])
#3013. 19줿ŵŪʣ ([2017-07-27-1])
#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1])
#3179. ֿŵŪʣפֱפ ([2018-01-09-1])
#3368. ֥ƥϡüѤλȷϩ ([2018-07-17-1])
#4191. ʳѸΰ̣νؤŤˤĤơ ([2020-10-17-1])
#4449. ꥷαѸؤΥѥȡ ([2021-07-02-1])
#5718. ꥷͳμƬϢ ([2024-12-22-1])
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
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