֤إ饸פ餳hellog~Ѹ˥֥Ǥ줿
(1) ܥ֥Υȥå500
(2) note Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ͵50
(3) note ֤٥ ֤إ饸סߡְʼδѸظإͥסߡVoicy Ѹθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ס
(4) ֤إ饸פ˴طε
718ʲСˤˡYouTube/Podcast ֤ͥإ饸κǿåפޤޤ3ȤȤƽб餵Ƥޤơ4ܤȤʤޤֱñĢθ츻Τ뤿ˡԤƤӤޤڥå1900 with #247Ǥɤ
ǸΤۤǤ⤷Ƥ褦ˡֱѸˡפϷ褷ƶΰǤϤʤѸؤֳѸΤۤȤɤˤĤơ٤ȤäƤ⤷¸ߤǤҤε˱Ѹˤ¸ߤʺơǧƤС
3νб碌Ƥİ
1ơ#227. ˸ؼԤ츻ˤĤƸä顤ܰڤȯڴܰñ1ۡ56
2ơ#228. ֱѸˤȤ through ֤515̤ꤢäáڴܰñ2ۡ59
3ơ#234. ѸˤȤȼɤ餹٤Ƥε䤬֤Dz褷530
ƻ졦ӵ顦Ǿκˤϡ -er/-est դŪˡ more/most ֤Ūˡ롥줾ֶӡפȡֶӡפȸƤǤˤĤƤϡhellogheldio¾Ǥ͡˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ#4834. ӵ顦Ǿˡ ([2022-07-22-1]) ˴ϢޤȤƤΤǻȤ줿
ѸޥˤǤϡӤӤؤѲƤ²˰̤˴ѻ礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) Ĭή˱äȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿ѲϡӹʸΩȤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) 1ȤȤ館롥
Heine and Kuteva ˤܿ˴ؤҲ𤷤Ѹ䤤ĤθˤŪ˶Ӥȯã1װȤơޥȤθܿطƤΤǤϤʤȤѸ줬եƥαƶΤȤ˶ӤȯãȤ⼫ΤϸŤ餢ꡤ嵭ΥǤƤ̤Ǥ롥Heine and Kuteva ϡѸΤߤʤ餺¾θˤƤܿθ̤ȤܿŪװäȤϸ鷺Ȥ "an accelerating factor" (96) ȹͤ뤳ȤϲǽǤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ѹޤ4Ĥλ㤬Ƥ (96)
a. Analytic forms were still rare in Northern English in the fifteenth century, while in Southern English, which was more strongly exposed to French influence, these forms had become current at least a century earlier . . . .
b. In German, the synthetic comparative construction is still well established, e.g. schön 'beautiful', schön-er ('beautiful-COMP') 'more beautiful'. But in the dialect of Luxembourg, which has a history of centuries of intense contact with French, instances of an analytic comparative can be found, e.g. mehr schön ('more beautiful', presumably on the model of French plus beau ('more beautiful') . . . .
c. The Dutch varieties spoken in Flanders, including Algemeen Nederlands, have been massively influenced by French, and this influence has also had the effect that the analytic pattern with the particle meer 'more' is used increasingly on the model of French plus, at the expense of the inherited synthetic construction using the comparative suffix -er . . . .
d. Molisean has a 500-years history of intense contact with the host language Italian, and one of the results of contact was that the speakers of Molisean have given up the conventional Slavic synthetic construction by replicating the analytic Italian construction, using veče on the model of Italian più 'more' as degree marker. Thus, while Standard Croatian uses the synthetic form lyepši 'more beautiful', Molisean has più lip ('more beautiful') instead . . . .
Τ褦ʥǤϡȯãȯãϡܿˤäɬ ("propel") 줿ȤϸʤΤΡ® ("accelerate") ȤϸΤǤϤʤȤΤ Heine and Kuteva θǤ롥
Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva. "Contact and Grammaticalization." Chapter 4 of The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 86--107.
ǯٻϤǤΤǡѸˤγؤӤ岡뵭Ȥ¿ʤäƤޤǯβƤˡ#4873. ѸˤؤӻϤ褦ȻפäƤء ([2022-08-30-1]) εϤȽŤʤȤ¿ΤǤ2023ǯǤȤȤǡѸˤγؤӤΩ hellog~Ѹ˥֥ε Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ؤΥޤȤƤߤޤ
Ρ⤽ܥ֥μɮԡδˤϲԡ
heldio #408. ʾҲ𡧱Ѹ˸ԤδǤ (2022/07/13)
note Υץե⤴
Ρhellog heldio ⤭
hellog #5097. hellog ɤ2023ǯǡˡ ([2023-04-11-1])
hellog #5093. heldio İ2023ǯǡˡ ([2023-04-07-1])
ΡޤϱѸˤγؤӤΥ١åפ顡
heldio #444. Ѹˤؤ֤ȤʤɤȤ롪 (2022/08/18)
heldio #650. Ѹˤηä AI 餱ʤ3Ĥͳ (2023/03/12)
heldio #112. ѸˤäƲΤᡩ (2021/09/21)
hellog #4728. 2022ǯ١ֱѸˡֵν --- ʸʸ칶ɬܡֱѸˡפϤޤޤ ([2022-04-07-1])
hellog #5096. رѸ˿ʹ5椬ȯԤޤ ([2023-04-10-1])
hellog #4556. Ѹˤˤ褦 ([2021-10-17-1])
heldio #139. Ѹˤˤ褦 (2021/10/17)
hellog #24. ʤѸˤؤ֤ ([2009-05-22-1])
heldio #112. ѸˤäƲΤᡩ (2021/09/21)
hellog #4361. ѸˤϡֱѸˡפȤֱѸˡס ([2021-04-05-1])
hellog #1199. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (2) ([2012-08-08-1])
hellog #1200. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (3) ([2012-08-09-1])
hellog #1367. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (4) ([2013-01-23-1])
hellog #2984. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (5) ([2017-06-28-1])
hellog #4021. ʤѸˤؤ֤ --- Ū ([2020-04-30-1])
hellog #3641. ѸˤΤ (1) --- Ѹˤ϶Ūʳΰ ([2019-04-16-1])
hellog #3642. ѸˤΤ (2) --- Ѹˤ϶Ūʳΰ ([2019-04-17-1])
hellog #4073. ϹαѸˤۥƥαѸˤء ([2020-06-21-1])
ΡѸʸ⡡
heldio #140. ̡Ѹˤ (2021/10/18)
hellog #5094. Ѹ˳ν2023ǯǡˡ ([2023-04-08-1])
hellog #4557. ֱѸˤؤξԡ10ס ([2021-10-18-1])
hellog #4731. رѸ˿ʹٿǯٹ泰 --- Ѹǽ줿Ѹ˳3Ҳ ([2022-04-10-1])
heldio #313. ྰȤ̡˼äߤαѸ˳3 (2022/04/09)
hellog #3636. ǯٽرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ٤Ҳ ([2019-04-11-1])
heldio #315. ǦȤ̡Baugh and Cable αѸ˳ (2022/04/10)
hellog #4133. OED ˤѸ˳ ([2020-08-20-1])
ΡĤƱѸˤ礷ڡפΥȡ
heldio #607. 1ǯ֤ΡֱѸˡפιֵơ (2023/01/28)
hellog #5020. 2022ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2023-01-24-1])
hellog #4661. 2021ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2022-01-30-1])
hellog #3922. 2019ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2020-01-22-1])
hellog #3566. 2018ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2019-01-31-1])
hellog #2470. 2015ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2016-01-31-1])
ΡȤ櫓츻˴ؿء
hellog #3546. Ѹˤ츻ñؤӤʤ顤줬μ ([2019-01-11-1])
hellog #3698. 츻ؽˡΤ ([2019-06-12-1])
hellog #4360. ñθ츻Ĵ٤ؤӤȤˤϡ ([2021-04-04-1])
hellog #3381. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻ס ([2018-07-30-1])
hellog #600. Ѹ츻ν ([2010-12-18-1])
ΡȤ櫓Ѹ춵˴ؿء
heldio #310. ܻȤ̡Ѹ춵ܻؤؤαѸˤΤ (2022/04/06)
hellog #4329. ֱѸˤθ褫Ѹ춵פˤĤƻʸĤ ([2021-03-04-1])
hellog #4619. ֱѸ˶פȤϡ ([2021-12-19-1])
ΡȤ櫓եؽ˴ؿء
heldio #327. ǯ٤˥եؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ (2022/04/23)
heldio #329. եؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơ (2022/04/25)
heldio #368. ѸȥեǻƤñ줬5ĤΥѥ (2022/06/03)
hellog #4787. Ѹȥեδ֤ˤϻƤñ줬ޤ ([2022-06-05-1])
heldio #370. ѸäΤʤΥեѸγϡ --- ꥹʡμ (2022/06/05)
heldio #26. Ѹä1/3ϥե졪 (2021/06/27)
heldio #486. Ѹ¾μפʥ衼åѸȤδطʩȸ (2022/09/29)
ε#5076. ꥹȶڤȴܤܤ --- ԡˡνʪˤؤ٤ ([2023-03-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤髙ԡˡνʪˤؤ٤ꡤ publish ʸˤϤ롥
publish ϥƥηƻ pūblicus (public) ư pūblicāre ͳ褷եˤѷФ14˱ѸäƤ̣ϸ츻˽äơָˤפǤꡤ줬ֽʪȤƸˤפФơŪʡֽǤפؤȯŸ
䤿ϡpublish ʹȤޤʪפ⤫٤ñϼºݤˤϰѤȯˤѤƤȤȤϡष˽ФʸϤɤ߾夲ϯʸȷӤĤƤ髙 (75--76) Ѥ롥
Υ衼åѼҲˤäƤϡͤȤˤ뿷ϯɤϡֽǡפȤǰȷӤĤƤǤˤѸư publish Ǥ뤬ϤȤȰոʪ (public) ˤȤ̣ǤꡤѤѤƱʤ¿ǰ٤˽Ǥ¸ߤԤƤϯɤˤѥȥž̤εĺפ뤳ȤνǷ֤äȤäƤ褤㤨СΥɲإ˻Ť˲Ȥλʺץɥ֥ʥ륺ΥɡˤϡҤ˿ԤθȤˡȬȬǯˡإϻ١ڼҡϻˤޤʤϡ٤β꤬лϤեɤǡ֤䤷ƥƥ츶Ƥɤ³¸ܤˤϡʸϯˡפȤʸȡ֥إŲؤΤפȤνʸդƤ롥
Ĥޤꡤpublish ϡֽǤפȤ֤Ϫܤפ˶ᤫäȤȤˤʤ롥ǤϼƥĤ͡Τ publish Ǥ褦ˤʤäƤ뤬ñΤȤȤθ츻طʤƤ̣襤
髙 ԡνʪˤؤ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2023ǯ
1֤ hellog Ǥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥֻ (preposition) ܤ뵡ޤ¿椫ֻ쥦פȸƤȯƤޤֻˤؿΤϡҤο֤ε֤äƤФȻפޤ
ƱήǡճΤֻȤ sans Ҳ𤷤ޤwithout եֻǥեǤ sans /sɑ̃/ ȯޤѸȤƤֻ̤ /sænz/ ȯޤե줫餽Τޤ줿ɽֻϡ㤨 sans doute ֵʤ /sɑ̃ duːt/ Τ褦ˡեȯޤǤʤˤϱѸ첽 /sænz/ ȯޤѸʸ̮ǤϡƤ뤤Ͼ̤ᤫ connotation ѤޤʸƤߤޤ礦
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything. ֡Ϸܤơ˻ʤܤʤ̣ʤвʤסShakespeare, As You Like It II. vii)
a wallet sans cash
There were no potatoes so we had fish and chips sans the chips.
He came to the door sans shirt.
She went to the party sans her husband.
She would not be happy with people seeing her sans makeup.
He was wearing running shoes, sans socks.
ƤߤȡʤʤȤäƤߤʤֻǤ͡
OED sans, prep. ˤȡѸǤνФϽѸ Kyng Alisaunder Ǥ
c1300 K. Alis. 134 Of gold he made a table Al ful of steorren, saun fable.
Shakespeare ˡϤŪȤƥեñȼäƤꡤХեδɽΤޤޱѸ˼ΤΤ褦Ǥ (ex. sans delay, sans doubt, sans fable, sans pity, sans return)ѸˤŪֻȤȯãΤϡθͷӤŷͤ桼⥢ƺƳȤäƤ褵Ǥ
ε#5063. ֻ̾ʳʸ뤷ָֻפˤʤ ([2023-03-08-1]) Ǽ夲ֻ notwithstanding ~ˤ⤫餺פˤĤơ⤦겼Ƥߤֻ (preposition) ǤʤŪθ֤뤳Ȥ⤢ȤѤnotwithstanding + NP NP + notwithstanding ʸơƤߤ褦
Notwithstanding some members' objections, I think we must go ahead with the plan.
Notwithstanding his love of luxury, his house was simple inside.
They started notwithstanding the bad weather.
His relations with colleagues, differences of opinion notwithstanding, were unfailingly friendly.
Injuries notwithstanding, he won the semi-final match.
She is an intolerable person, her excellent work notwithstanding.
̣ȤƤϡin spite of despite ѶŪǶȿФްդΤФnotwithstanding Ͼ㳲뤳Ȥż٤Ǽ夤ޤʼĥäġ
Ȥ Notwithstanding, the problem is a significant one. Τ褦ñΤѤۤ³Ȥ I went notwithstanding (that) he told me not to. Τ褦ʻȤ⤢롥
OED ˤȡñ1400ǯ˽ФΥޥťե non obstant뤤ϸŵʹߤΥƥ non obstante ΤʤȤ롥פˡʬΩʬ칽ʸȤơ֡㳲Ȥʤ櫓ǤϤʤפۤɤ̣ɽʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ֻȤȤΩȤаޤǤ롥ֻŪϡͳȤƤϤȤʬ칽ʸμ뤿ˡ֤뤳Ȥ⤢Ȥ櫓
ֻΤۤ졤³ȤƤˡ餫鸽Ƥ롥ĤƤߤ褦
c1400 Bk. to Mother (Bodl.) 113 (MED) And ȝut notwiþstondinge al þis..religiouse men and wommen trauelen..to make hem semliche to cursed proude folk.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos vi. 23 This notwystondyng, alwaye they be in awayte.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. 5474 Not-wiþstondynge þat he trouþe ment, ȝit for a worde he to exile went.
?a1425 tr. Catherine of Siena Orcherd of Syon (Harl.) (1966) 22 (MED) Which synne worþily askide and disceruede a peyne þat schulde haue noon eende, notwiþstondynge þe deede of synne had eende.
1425 Rolls of Parl. IV. 274/1 Which proves notwithstondyng, yat hie and myghti Prince my Lord of Glouc'..and your oyer Lordes..will not take upon hem declaration for my said place.
ʤֻΤȤȤʤư withstand Ƭ with ϡ̤Ρ~Ȥäˡפΰ̣ǤϤʤŤ~йơפۤɤΰ̣ɽ路Ƥ롥
ͳɽ魯Ƴ because ϱѸؽᤤʳdzؤ֡Ūǹ٤θǤ롥ȶ̤᤹ʴͯƤʤɽˤ⤷ˤƤ뤳Ȥʤʤ
because ʬ by + cause Ȥʤ롥ԤϸűѸ줫³ŤֻǤꡤԤϥե줫μѸǤ롥ȤȤ2줫ʤֻä줬ŪˤⵡǽŪˤ줷ΤñǤ롥δ餹ȡ1κ (blend) ȤߤƤ褤
ʲ OED Ȥơbecause Ҳ𤷤褦θαѸǤνФ14ΤȤǤ롥Bi cause whi (= "because why") Τ褦ѤƤΤ⤷
c1305 Deo Gratias 37 in Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 125 Þou hast herd al my deuyse, Bi cause whi, hit is clerkes wise.
ۤ because that Τ褦 that ³ޡȤ;ŪѤ⡤Ѹ줫Ѹˤƿ¿ߤʡ#2314. °³ȤƤ that ([2015-08-28-1])ˡ⤽ cause ̾ˤʤΤǡƳˤƱʤ that λ٤ɬפʤΤǤ롥because that 3ĵ褦
c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 253 By cause that he was hir neghebour.
1611 Bible (King James) John vii. 39 The Holy Ghost was not yet giuen; because that Iesus was not yet glorified.
1822 Ld. Byron Heaven & Earth i. iii, in Liberal 1 190 I abhor death, because that thou must die.
³ȤƤ because ³ˤĤ because of ȤƶƳˡ14ȾФʸڤ롥 Wyclif Ǥ롥
1356 J. Wyclif Last Age Ch. (1840) 31 Þe synnes bi cause of whiche suche persecucioun schal be in Goddis Chirche.
⤦1Ķ̣Τϡbecause θ to 줬³¤Ǥ롥ǤϻĤäƤʤ¤162㤬Ƥ롥̣ͳפǤϤʤŪפäȤΤ⤪⤷
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccxxxix. 346 Bycause to gyue ensample to his subgettes..he caused the..erle of Auser to be putte in prison.
1546 T. Langley tr. P. Vergil Abridgem. Notable Worke i. xv. 28 a Arithmetike was imagyned by the Phenicians, because to vtter theyr Merchaundyse.
because ϤŪ˿ꤷƤñǤ롥ޤǤʲεǤñ˿ƤΤǡȤ
#1542. ³ȤƤ for ([2013-07-17-1])
#1744. 2013ǯαѸήԸޡ ([2014-02-04-1])
#2314. °³Ū that ([2015-08-28-1])
#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1])
#4569. because ɽ魯3ͳ ([2021-10-30-1])
Ѹ줬ˤ̤¿θܿ (contact) ƤȤϡѸˤδŪμǤ롥ܿκפϡˤǾäƤޤäΤ⤢뤬ߤޤǻĤäƤΤ¿פΤʤܤ䤹ΤϼѸäʸˡȯʤɸðʳǤܿΥѥȤ뤳ȤǰƬ֤Ƥ
ѸθܿˤûΤϻζȤSchneider (334) ˤ븷8ʻ¤٤Ƥˤͤˤʤ롥
continental contacts with Latin, even before the settlement of the British Isles (i.e., roughly between the second and fourth centuries AD);
contact with Celts who were the resident population when the Germanic tribes crossed the channel (in the fifth century and thereafter);
the impact of Latin through Christianization (beginning in the late sixth and seventh centuries);
contact with Scandinavian raiders and later settlers (between the seventh and tenth centuries);
the strong exposure to French as the language of political power after 1066;
the massive exposure to written Latin during the Renaissance;
influences from other European languages beginning in the Early Modern English period; and
the impact of colonial contacts and borrowings.
褯ФƤ8ȻפȤƤϤ3ۤդä1ĤϡŪʱѸˤǤ礭夲ʤΤΡѸʹߤĹˤ錄äƷ³ȤܿǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#4445. ʤѸˤˤϽ줫αƶᾮɾƤΤ ([2021-06-28-1]) 䤽δϢȤ줿
2ܤϡ嵭ǤϥͥθܿȤƥƥʽաˤΤߤƤ뤬ŵꥷʽաˤθƥۤΩʤΤϻ¤ͥʹߡꥷαѸؤΥѥȤ礭#516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1]) ӡ#4449. ꥷαѸؤΥѥȡ ([2021-07-02-1]) ȡ
ǸܸüԤȤƤΤҤܤǤ뤳ȤǧĤĤ⡤19ȾʹߡѸ줬ܸȰճǻܿƤ¤θ줿ˤĤƤϡ#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])#2165. 20ȾμѸ쥽 ([2015-04-01-1])#3872. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸμǯ ([2019-12-03-1])#4140. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸΡ֤ġפȡ֤ɤΤ餤ס ([2020-08-27-1]) ȡ
Schneider 8ˡ3äǤθ11δ
Schneider, Edgar W. "Perspectives on Language Contact." Chapter 13 of English Historical Linguistics: Approaches and Perspectives. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton. Cambridge: CUP, 332--59.
줿 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥκǿǤϡѸˤδܸɽ뤿ΥˤĤơȤ櫓إܥˤĤƸäƤޤֺǶ褯 shichiji ʤɤΥɽϡ¤ϱѸŪǤϤʤǤ17ʬưȤʤäƤޤɤİ
͵Ѥ˴ؤǡϡǯ930ʸģ줿2021ǯ٤ֹ˴ؤĴη̤Ǥܺ٤3ǯ١ֹ˴ؤĴפη̤ˤĤơ (PDF) ꤴǧޤ
ܸɽ뤿ΥλѤˤĤƤϡޤǤ͡ʵꡤܥ֥Ǥ romaji ε¿夲Ƥޤ YouTube ưȤȤ櫓ϢοؤΥĥäƤޤΤǡ碌ƤȤ
#3427. ἰܼإܥΥĤŤоɽ ([2018-09-14-1])
#1892. ֥ΤĤŤס ([2014-07-02-1])
#1879. ܸˤˡ ([2014-06-19-1])
#2550. 붵եɥå褬ȯ줿 ([2016-04-20-1])
#4905. ְΡפ Aichi Aiti ([2022-10-01-1])
#4925. ɽɤȱѸ쥹ڥ ([2022-10-21-1])
#1893. إܥ <sh>, <ch>, <j> ϤɤΤ餤Ѹ ([2014-07-03-1])
#3251. <chi> ϡ֥פ֥פ֥פ֥ҡפ ([2018-03-22-1])
ܸҲˤƥȤե٥åʸηϤƤѤʤ褦ȤƤ֤뤳Ȥϡ줫ѸϤȤθʸȤɤդäƤͤǤʤȤȹͤޤư̤ơܸɽ뤿ΥѤˤĤƲƹͤƤߤƤϤǤ礦
Ѹ -ism Ȥ (suffix) Ϲ⤤äƤ롥racism, sexism, ageism, lookism ʤɼҲ̤˴ؤ븽Ūǿȶñ¿Ȥ褯 Buddhism, Calvinism, Catholicism, Judaism ʤɤ뤫ȻפСۤȤ Liberalism, Machiavellism, Platonism, Puritanism ʤɤ롥
嵭Τ褦ˡּפΰ̣Τäñ줬¿ǡaphorism, criticism, mechanism, parallelism ʤɤ̾̾⤢ǤϤʤޤ Americanism Britishism ʤɤΡ֡ˡפΰ̣ñ¿cf. #2241. Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles ([2015-06-16-1])ˡơǤǤϤʤΩȤƤ ism ¸ߤcf. #2576. æʸˡȸò ([2016-05-16-1])ˡ
-ism θ츻ϥꥷ -ismos Ǥ롥ꥷư -izein ʱѸ -ize θˤб̾Ǥ롥Ѹʸ̮Ǥϡư -ize б̾Ȥ -ization פ⤫֤츻Ūˤ -ism Τۤͳ̾ȤȤˤʤ롥ʱѸ -ize/-ise ˤĤƤϡεåȡ
ꥷ -ismos ƥ졤եˤ줾 -ismus, -isme ȤƼѤ졤줬ѸˤäƤơѸʹߤ¿Ѥ褦ˤʤäȤ櫓Ѹˡޤꡤ¿ο줬иGörlach (121) -ism ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The 19th century can be seen as a battleground of ideologies and factions; at least, such is the impression created by the frequency of derivatives ending in -ism (often from a personal name, and accompanied by -ist for the adherent, and -istic/-ian for adjectival uses). The year 1831 alone saw the new words animism, dynamism, humorism, industrialism, narcotism, philistinism, servilism, socialism and spiritualism (CED).
λ۾ʬǤʹԤƤ21 -ism ꤨ뤳ȤϤʤ
Görlach, Manfred. English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 1999.
˸줿 YouTube ְͥʼδѸظإͥκǿϡʥȥ뤬ĹƤߤޤ֤ĤƱѸˤϡֲơפȡߡפʤäֽաפֽפϤɤäƤޤ줿Ǥ20ʬۤɤưȤʤäƤޤɤ
αѸεϡܥ֥ޤ̤ΥǥDz٤֤ⷫ夲ƤΤǡä˿ȥԥåǤϤޤŪʾϢޤơ͡ʳ٤ܤƤޤΤǡǥƤȻפޤ
hellog #1221. ˡ ([2012-08-30-1])
hellog #1438. Sumer is icumen in ([2013-04-04-1])
hellog #2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1])
֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪͤΤʡϢܡָѸѸˤλͤ4
hellog #2925. autumn vs fall, zed vs zee ([2017-04-30-1])
hellog #3448. autumn vs fall --- Johnson Pickering ([2018-10-05-1])
Voicy heldio #69. winter ϡߡפǤʤǯפɽ魯
Voicy heldio #532. إ˥¼ŵ6ǤνǵǰˡֱѸQ&Aץ spring äޤ
Voicy heldio #533. ˡ
⤦1ĴϢƥեˤ뵨˻ˤĤơƲΤȤФΥΥˤեʸˡʥե춵顡ʸˡɡˡ39եε̾θ츻ϤʤˡǤ
-age ̾ (suffix) Ȥư츫ΩʤճȴŪñˤѤƤ롥㤨 percentage, marriage, usage, passage, storage, shortage, mileage, voltage, baggage, postage, luggage, breakage, bondage, anchorage, shrinkage, orphanage ߤ
츻ȤƤϡŵʹߤΥƥ -agium ̤⤢СƱŵʹߤΥƥ̤θ -aticumʸŵƥηƻ -āticus ˤե -age ȤäΤͳ褹⤢롥Ȥ̾ȤƵǽƤ
ñѸ˥եƥ줫ѤƤѸˤʤ peerage, mockage ʤɱѸǸ줿Τ⸽졤η϶ѸˤʤȤȤ櫓ʤäѸˤƤ⤢٤ܼͭǡ1949ǯˤ signage ʤɤθ줬Ƥ롥
μʰ̣ȤȤ˵Ƥߤ褦
1. 硧 cellarage, leafage, luggage, surplusage, trackage, wordage
2. ư coverage, haulage, stoppage
3. ̡ breakage, shrinkage, usage
4. Ψ̡ acreage, dosage, leakage, mileage, outage, slippage
5. ȡꡧ orphanage, parsonage, steerage
6. ֡ bondage, marriage, peonage
7. ⡧ postage, towage, wharfage
Τ褦 -age ϱѸǤϸ§Ȥ̾ƥηƻ -āticus 굡ǽѤƻȤƥեäƤ savage ȤƤ
ε#4990. ư -ize/-ise ˡ ([2022-12-25-1])ӰΡ#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1]) εȹ碌ơ -ise -ize ˤĤƹͤʸȤ̤2Ĥۤɲä롥
εǡOED -ize ֻܤȤƺѤƤݤҲ𤷤<z> Ѥۤꥷθ츻¤Ǥꡤ <z> /z/ δطȥ졼Ȥ顤ȤΤѤͳǤ롥 OED μĥˤĤơCarney (433) -ise/-ize ⤷Ƥսǵ褷Ƥ롥ͭѤʤΤDzΤѤƤ
17 /aɪz/ in verbs as <-ise>, <-ize>
The <-ize> spelling reflects a Greek verbal ending in English words, such as baptize, organize, which represent actual Greek verbs. There are also words that have been made up to imitate Greek, in later Latin or in French (humanise), or within English itself (bowdlerise). Some printers adopt a purist approach and spell the first group with <-ize> and the second group with <-ise>, others have <-ize> for both.
Since this difference is opaque to the ordinary speller, there is pressure to standardize on the <s> spelling, as French has done. To standardize with a <z> spelling as American spelling has done has disadvantages, because there are §Latinate verbs ending in <-ise> which have historically nothing to do with this suffix: advertise, apprise, circumcise, comprise, supervise, surmise, surprise. If you opt for a scholarly <organize>, you are likely to get an unscholarly *<supervize>. The OED argues that the pronunciation is /z/ and that this justifies the <z> spelling. But this ignores the fact that <s>/z/ happens to be the commonest spelling of /z/. To introduce more <z> spellings would probably complicate matters for the speller.
⤦1ĤϡꥹѸ -ise ϥե켰ֻΤƤ褤Ūʾܺ٤ˤĤƤĴɬפȤȤΤϡեǤĹ餯 -ize ϻȤƤ褦ǡեǤĤɤΤ褦 -ise ֻ̲ΤȤʤ롥ޤʥꥹ˱Ѹ줬ĤɤΤ褦ˡΤ褦ʥեǤ -ise ؤΰ̲˹碌-ise 褦ˤʤäΤפ䤤Ȥʤ롥Upward and Davidson (170--71) βΰҥȤˤʤ롥
The suffix -IZE/-ISE
There are some 200 verbs in general use ending in the suffix -ISE/-IZE, spelt with Z in American usage and s or z in British usage. The ending originated in Gr with z, which was transmitted through Lat and OFr to Eng beginning in the ME period.
Three factors interfered with the straightforward adoption of z for all the words ending in /aɪz/:
- The increasing variation of z/s in OFr and ME.
- The competing model of words like surprise, always spelt with s (-ISE in those words being not the Gr suffix but part of a Franco-Lat stem).
- Developments in Fr which undermined the z-spelling of the Gr -IZE suffix; for example, the 1694 edition of the authoritative dictionary of the Académie Française standardized the spelling of the Gr suffix with s (e.g. baptiser, organiser, réaliser) for ModFr in accordance with the general Fr rule for the spelling of /z/ between vowels as s, and the consistent use of -ISE by ModFr from then on gave weight to a widespread preference for it in British usage. American usage, on the other hand, came down steadfastly on the side of -IZE, and BrE now allows either spelling.
Ѹ -ise/-ize α˥ǥߡեƯäȤΤϤ⤷ɵᤷƤߤ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
ư -ize/-ise ˤĤơΥڥѤ뤫Ȥ顤#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1]) ˤƤ OED εҤʤ顤ˤ⤹롥
-ize/-ise ϥꥷư -ƦŦɦ ̤롥̱ͤ²ɽ魯̾ˤĤơ~̱͡²ˤȤơʤΤ褦ˡ˿פΰ̣ư뤳Ȥ¿äѸбǤ barbarianize, tyrannize, Atticize, Hellenize Τ褦
34ˤϥƥ -izāre ȤƼޤ졤Ϥ夷ƤäꥹȶůؤѸȤ baptizāre, euangelizāre, catechiizāre, canōnizāre, daemonizāre ʤɤ߽Ф줿䤬ơꥷưѤꡤ路ư¤줹ݤΰŪʷȤ夷
ϡƥʥ顼ˤơ䤬ưŪ˥ƥηƻ̾줫ư뵡ǽȯãεǽΰ̲Ϥ餯եˤƺǽǤ -iser ֤褦ˤʤäciviliser, cicatriser, humaniser ʤɤǤ롥
ѸѸե줫 -iser ưѤݤˡե켰˴Ť -ise ֤뤳Ȥ¿äϡ˱ѸǤȼκݤ˥ƥեǤΤȤưˤ -ise ꥷǤ˴Ťˤϥꥷ츻ºŤ -ize Ѥʤɤη⸽줿ηϤޤȾüʤΤäˡ-ize -ise Τ䤳꤬˻롥OED ˤȤƤϡ츻ŪǤꡤ /z/ ʸ̤ɽ魯ڥȤ -ize 줷ƤȤ
ʤѸΤ2첻뤳ȤˤĤơOED ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
In the Greek -ιζ-, the i was short, so originally in Latin, but the double consonant z (= dz, ts) made the syllable long; when the z became a simple consonant, /-idz/ became īz, whence English /-aɪz/.
δñѸ in English٤1椬ȯ䤵ޤϢܡˤѸΥܥʵפ22Ȥơ֤ʤ衼åѤοͤϱѸ줬ʤΡפƤޤ

Ѥʵϡ绨Ĥǥʥ䤤˶⤷ޤ衼åѿͤߤʱѸ줬ʤ櫓ǤϤޤ䥢եꥫޤγϤ˱Ѹ줬ʿͤϤޤΤȤϾΤξǡεʤ٤¿ϤȤפ顤ƤΤ褦ɽǤǤ
˱ѸؽᤤʳǤҤȤΤäƤ餤פʤȤޤϡѸȥ衼åѤμȤδطǤؤʤɤ˿ʳؤƱѸʳθؤ֤ȤˤʤäȤ뤤ȳؤ¾ĩǤߤ褦ȻפΩäȤ⤷衼åѤνǰƬˤƤΤǤСұѸ졤ɥĸ졤졤ե졤ڥ졤ꥢʤɤߴطˤĤƸءŪʴƤƤؽǡȤƤμǤ
ضǤŪդäƤޤΤʤˤϡѸˤμȤʤɤDZѸȥ衼åѤνȤδطΤȡ2ȤơǤϤʤե졿ɥĸƤФ褫äʤɤȸˤޤ⤦1ǯ2ǯ֤δطΤäƤ颤ǤΤˡȸƤ褦ʤΤǤ
γϡѸʳθؤֲǽΤǤСѸ¾θȤδطˤĤΤäƤۤǤŪ˳ؽǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ǤǽŪˤɤθ֤ˤ衤¿ξäƤ˱ۤȤϤޤ
Ѹ衼åѤμϡ⥤ɥ衼åѸ²ȸƤФ²ΰǤޤˤи줬ߤ˻ƤΤǤѸӤƤɤǤɤΤ餤ƤΤ뤤ϻƤʤΤϡ줴Ȥ˰ۤʤޤ
ɥĸȥϡѸȤȤ˥ɥ衼åѸ²ΤʤǤ⥲ޥɤȤȶ°ƤꡤʸˡȯˤƸߤ˻ƤȤޤºݤ˥ɥĸ䥪˿ƤߤȡѸƱȶ°ƤˤϡۤɻƤʤȤݤ뤫⤷ޤƤ뤱ɤƤʤƤʤɤƤ롤Ȥä̯ʵΥǤ
ե졤ڥ졤ꥢʤɤϡĹ餯衼åѤζ̸äƥȤȤ˥ɥ衼åѸ²ΤʤǤ⥤åɤȤȶ°ƤޤѸȤ礭ۤʤȶʤΤǤѸˤ̤ƥեƥ줫¿ñڤƤаޤ뤿ᡤä˴ؤƤϼ¤϶̤ƤΤ¿ΤǤäơθؤǤߤȡɽŪˤϱѸȤ褯ƤȤݤޤ
Ѹϡޥɤ˥롼ĤĤɤ⥤åɤαƶ礭ʤȯŸƤʤΤǤñ㲽ƤСѸϥ衼åѤΤĤθ碌褦ʺȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦Ѹμ˳ؤָݤˤϡҤΤȤͤˤƤߤƤ
ȴϢ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ȤƤ#486. Ѹ¾μפʥ衼åѸȤδطʩȸǤҤİ
goblin mode: a type of behaviour which is unapologetically self-indulgent, lazy, slovenly, or greedy, typically in a way that rejects social norms or expectations.
ǯ Oxford Word of the Year ˵Τ goblin mode ʤʣ̾ˤäThe Guardian ®ϰɼդƤä褦ǡ34ͤĶѸüԤɼ礭ͤƤΰäȤΤȡʼ Metaverse, #IStandWithˡ
2022ǯĹʲҤˤ뵬Ͻ̤Ƥ͡SNSʤɤۤμʬλѤåפΤ˰ष餷ʤμʬ餱Ф졤Ƥˤϥ饤ƤȤƤ뤫⤷ʤ"goblin mode" äʿ͡λѤ͵夬Ȥϡ
θ2009ǯ˥ĥå˽ФƤǯ2˰쵤˥ХɤȤʤäOxford University Press ϡθήԤطʤˤĤƼΤ褦˥ȤƤ궽̣ǤȤ櫓
Seemingly, it captured the prevailing mood of individuals who rejected the idea of returning to 'normal life', or rebelled against the increasingly unattainable aesthetic standards and unsustainable lifestyles exhibited on social media.
goblin Ͽʹ֤ˤƯͤΤȤǤ롥ήԸϡ־ʪǤ뼫ѡפ goblin ˽Ť碌ȤǤ褤˥֥ˤʤäƤޤ櫓ǤϤʤ֥Υ⡼ɤ˰ŪäƤȤޤߤꡤ˾ʤʤ
goblin Τθ츻ˤϽ⤢褦OED θ츻ɤǤߤ褦
Apparently < Old French gobelin (late 12th cent. in an isolated attestation; subsequently in Middle French (a1506 as gobellin); French gobelin), apparently ultimately < ancient Greek ʏ¦˦Ϗ rogue, knave, ʏ¦˦Ϧ (plural) mischievous sprites invoked by rogues, probably via an unattested post-classical Latin form; the suffix is probably either Old French -in or its etymon classical Latin -nus -INE suffix1. Compare later (apparently < Greek) post-classical Latin cobalus, covalus, kind of demon (16th cent.).
Compare (apparently < French) post-classical Latin gobelinus (first half of the 12th cent. in a British source).
餯ŪˤϥꥷΡ֤Ĥפ̣̤ꡤʥƥФơ˥ե줫ѸäƤΤȤѸǤνФ1350ǯ
رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤȡȤȤˤ⤷⤬ͿƤ롥
1100ǯեĮ Evreux ˽פȤϡƥ gobelnus ̾դ줿 (O)F gobelin ˤ¤Ȥͤ롥ۤˡ̾ Gobel (cobalt Ʊˤ˻ؾ -et ΤĤΤȤ䡤MHG kobolt (G Kobold) 'kobold' OF ̤ƼѤ줿Ȥʤɤ롥
ޤΥ֥⸽οʹֳǥХɤˤʤȤϻפäƤʤäʤ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
ҲؤΥɤǤҿ (prestige) ˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ⥿ȤꤷƤꡤΤ褦ѤƤǧƤߤ褦ȻפΩäŪˤϡ֥餵ס֥å褵פĶƤΤǰΤߤȻפä补
Ȥ긵μҲطϤѸ콸ʤɤϤȤճȸФΩäƤʤʬäơǽ˰ääΤ Lyle and Mixco ˸ؤѸ콸äʬˤΤ꤬ߤΤǡѤ뤳Ȥˤ褦 (155--56)
prestige In sociolinguistics, the positive value judgment or high status accorded certain languages, certain varieties and certain variables favored over other less prestigious languages, varieties or variables. The prestige accorded linguistic variables is a factor that often leads to linguistic change. The prestige of a language can lead speakers of other languages to take loanwords from it or to adopt the language outright in language shift. Overt prestige is the most common; it is the positive or high value attributed to variables, varieties and languages typically widely recognized as prestigious among the speakers of a language. The prestige varieties and variables are usually those recognized as belonging to the standard language or that are used by highly educated or influential people. Covert prestige refers to the positive evaluation given to non-standard, low-status or 'incorrect' forms of speech by some speakers, a hidden or unacknowledged prestige for non-standard variables that leads speakers to continue using them and sometimes causes such forms to spread to other speakers.
ʤۤɡprestige ȤϡѼ (variety) ˤĤƤȡѹ (variable) ˤĤƤ礬ȤΤϡΤˤѼˤĤƤ prestige ϥޥŪʳǰǤꡤ (language_shift) üѤ˴Ϳ롥ѹˤĤƤ prestige ϥߥŪǤꡤġθѲθưϤȤʤװǤ롥2Ĥϳǰ̤Ƥɬפ
ͤƤߤ prestige Ȥ켫Τե /prɛsˈtiːʒ/ ȯ졤prestigious ʶ롥ºݡե prestige ڤꤿΤǡΥեñ켫Τϥƥ praest(r)īgia(illusion) ͳ褹롥켫ΤαѸǤνФϡ17μԻ T. Blount Glossographia ǡǤθϡְҿפǤϤʤΡֺСפǤ ("deceits, impostures, delusions, cousening tricks") ְҿפȤǺǽѤ줿Τϡä٤1829ǯΤȤǤ롥
prestige ΤȤǤƥñθʪŪˡֶդפۤɤǤꡤǧŪŪʡָǡСפФơǸˡְҿפȤʤä«ŪްŪϤ۵̣ѲȤäƤ褯ηаΤ̣ĹǤ롥
Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 2007.
ϡѸؤ˥եؤˤϤߤ꤫Ȼפޤե histoire ϡˡפȡʪפξΰ̣ޤѸǤ history ˡ, story ʪפ2ĤΰۤʤñʬƤʬôϤä̤Ƥޤ
ưפǤȻפޤhistory story θ츻ƱǤե histoire, estoire ͳ褷켫Ȥϥƥ hitoria˥ꥷ hístoríā ̤ޤ캬ȤƤ *weid- "to see" ˤޤ̤ޤ
ޤѸ story ϡ13˥ե estoire ڤꤿΤǤȤȤϡʪספʤɤΰ̣Ѥ졤16鸽Ūʡʪפΰ̣ޤѸǤϡŪ "story" "history" ΰ̣ζ̤ΤǤϤʤä褦Ǥ
츻Ʊ history ȤϡϤե줫14Ⱦ˱ѸäƤޤʤƥűѸǤʸڤƤΤǡ̤β;Ϥ⤢ޤˡΰ̣ϡʪפǤꡤ15ˤʤäƤˡפθʬƤޤ
ޤȤСˤơŪˤϥꥷ hístoríā ̤Ū˾ۤʤ2Ĥñ줬եͳDZѸäƤơˡסʪפξѤƤȤѸˤợȷ֤ʬѸ history story ȤۤʤñỌ̇̄夷ȤȤǤ
ˤϻ¤˴Ťʪ1ǧǤޤ٤Ƥʪ줬ˤȤϸ¤ޤϸǤϾQŪȯۤǤŤˤʪζܤä褦ǤŪˤѤǤΤե histoire ȤȤˤʤꤽǤ
ɼ̤ɽʤǤ sirloin ʥˡñϡ16˸ťե *surloigne ѤΤǤ롥sur ʾ + loigne ʹˤȤ
Ȥե뤯ʤѸüԤϡloin ϤǤΤäƤȤƤ sur ΤȤʤΤʬʤäǡ뤢ޤꡤͤ sir ξιͿȤʪǤä夲ñ褦Ȥ17ʹ sirloin ֻ̲ƤäطʤˤϤΤ褦ʤǤä夲ä餷ָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ŵǤ롥
OED ˤϡʪΤǤä夲ʸ3ĵƤ롥
1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. vi. 299 A Sir-loyne of beef was set before Him (so Knighted, saith tradition, by this King Henry [VIII]).
1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. 121 Miss. But, pray, why is it call'd a Sir-loyn? Ld. Sparkish. Why,..our King James the First,..being invited to Dinner by one of his Nobles, and seeing a large Loyn of Beef at his Table, he drew out his Sword, and..knighted it.
1822 Cook's Oracle 163 Sir-Loin of Beef. This joint is said to owe its name to King Charles the Second, who dining upon a Loin of Beef,..said for its merit it should be knighted, and henceforth called Sir-Loin.
˥ʥȼ̤߰Ϳʲϡإ8ॺ1뤤ϥ㡼륺2ȤȤˤʤäƤ뤬ʸǯȤȡŪ˱Υ줹ƤʤΤ⤷
ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ#524. deal part ΥϡʬͿƶͭסäޤ˸츻Ǥܥӥ̣Ǥɤİ
Τʤǥƥ pars "part" ͳ褹ñĤޤ֤ partner ˤĤƤ褦ȻפäƤȤǤǤϿʤäΤ hellog ˤޤ
ǶǤܸǤ֥ѡȥʡפȤ줬褯Ѥޤء͡ƱԡӥͥʤɡͭƤ͡餫λȤ˶Ʊǻ褷ƤͤؤդǤñ partner Ʊ褦˹ѤޤϤϤֲͭƤ͡פǤ
OED θ츻εҤˤȡpartner ľ part ȴطȤϡϢ̤ñ parcener ѷǤϤʤȤΤȤǤ
Etymology: Probably an alteration of PARCENER n. (although this is only attested slightly later), under the influence of PART n.1 Perhaps compare Old French partenier (1266), Dutch regional (West Flanders) partenier.
It is much less likely that the word arose from scribal error (with the letters c and t being confused).
Ѹ parcener ϡֶƱ³͡פ̣ˡΧѸǤθϡֲͭƤ͡פȤեñѤΤǡŪˤϥƥ partītiō(n-) ̤ꡤƥ pars ֤ȤϤޤθ줬Ѹ¦ѷƤǤΤpartner ʤΤǤϤʤȤ츻ǤϩϤäȤ䤳Ǥpart δϢǤ뤳ȤϳΤʤ褦Ǥ
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