ϡѸؤ˥եؤˤϤߤ꤫Ȼפޤե histoire ϡˡפȡʪפξΰ̣ޤѸǤ history ˡ, story ʪפ2ĤΰۤʤñʬƤʬôϤä̤Ƥޤ
ưפǤȻפޤhistory story θ츻ƱǤե histoire, estoire ͳ褷켫Ȥϥƥ hitoria˥ꥷ hístoríā ̤ޤ캬ȤƤ *weid- "to see" ˤޤ̤ޤ
ޤѸ story ϡ13˥ե estoire ڤꤿΤǤȤȤϡʪספʤɤΰ̣Ѥ졤16鸽Ūʡʪפΰ̣ޤѸǤϡŪ "story" "history" ΰ̣ζ̤ΤǤϤʤä褦Ǥ
츻Ʊ history ȤϡϤե줫14Ⱦ˱ѸäƤޤʤƥűѸǤʸڤƤΤǡ̤β;Ϥ⤢ޤˡΰ̣ϡʪפǤꡤ15ˤʤäƤˡפθʬƤޤ
ޤȤСˤơŪˤϥꥷ hístoríā ̤Ū˾ۤʤ2Ĥñ줬եͳDZѸäƤơˡסʪפξѤƤȤѸˤợȷ֤ʬѸ history story ȤۤʤñỌ̇̄夷ȤȤǤ
ˤϻ¤˴Ťʪ1ǧǤޤ٤Ƥʪ줬ˤȤϸ¤ޤϸǤϾQŪȯۤǤŤˤʪζܤä褦ǤŪˤѤǤΤե histoire ȤȤˤʤꤽǤ
ɼ̤ɽʤǤ sirloin ʥˡñϡ16˸ťե *surloigne ѤΤǤ롥sur ʾ + loigne ʹˤȤ
Ȥե뤯ʤѸüԤϡloin ϤǤΤäƤȤƤ sur ΤȤʤΤʬʤäǡ뤢ޤꡤͤ sir ξιͿȤʪǤä夲ñ褦Ȥ17ʹ sirloin ֻ̲ƤäطʤˤϤΤ褦ʤǤä夲ä餷ָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ŵǤ롥
OED ˤϡʪΤǤä夲ʸ3ĵƤ롥
1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. vi. 299 A Sir-loyne of beef was set before Him (so Knighted, saith tradition, by this King Henry [VIII]).
1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. 121 Miss. But, pray, why is it call'd a Sir-loyn? Ld. Sparkish. Why,..our King James the First,..being invited to Dinner by one of his Nobles, and seeing a large Loyn of Beef at his Table, he drew out his Sword, and..knighted it.
1822 Cook's Oracle 163 Sir-Loin of Beef. This joint is said to owe its name to King Charles the Second, who dining upon a Loin of Beef,..said for its merit it should be knighted, and henceforth called Sir-Loin.
˥ʥȼ̤߰Ϳʲϡإ8ॺ1뤤ϥ㡼륺2ȤȤˤʤäƤ뤬ʸǯȤȡŪ˱Υ줹ƤʤΤ⤷
ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ#524. deal part ΥϡʬͿƶͭסäޤ˸츻Ǥܥӥ̣Ǥɤİ
Τʤǥƥ pars "part" ͳ褹ñĤޤ֤ partner ˤĤƤ褦ȻפäƤȤǤǤϿʤäΤ hellog ˤޤ
ǶǤܸǤ֥ѡȥʡפȤ줬褯Ѥޤء͡ƱԡӥͥʤɡͭƤ͡餫λȤ˶Ʊǻ褷ƤͤؤդǤñ partner Ʊ褦˹ѤޤϤϤֲͭƤ͡פǤ
OED θ츻εҤˤȡpartner ľ part ȴطȤϡϢ̤ñ parcener ѷǤϤʤȤΤȤǤ
Etymology: Probably an alteration of PARCENER n. (although this is only attested slightly later), under the influence of PART n.1 Perhaps compare Old French partenier (1266), Dutch regional (West Flanders) partenier.
It is much less likely that the word arose from scribal error (with the letters c and t being confused).
Ѹ parcener ϡֶƱ³͡פ̣ˡΧѸǤθϡֲͭƤ͡פȤեñѤΤǡŪˤϥƥ partītiō(n-) ̤ꡤƥ pars ֤ȤϤޤθ줬Ѹ¦ѷƤǤΤpartner ʤΤǤϤʤȤ츻ǤϩϤäȤ䤳Ǥpart δϢǤ뤳ȤϳΤʤ褦Ǥ
Twitter ǡեؼԤǰƬ2ΥĥȤΤ褦Ƥޤ
1: شǥեؤܤȤ¿ȻפޤٱѸٶʩפ¿ȻפޤƤïⶵƤޤޤ줿ȻפäơֱѸˡפäƤߤƤʩؽθΨ3ܤϥåפޤѸ10Ǥ http://user.keio.ac.jp/~rhotta/hellog/2021-10-18-1.html
2: ʤեؤ֤ΤˡֱѸˡפͭѤʤΤѸ˸ԤȤ3Ŧޤ(1) Ѹä3ޤǤʩΤˤϥƥʩϡˤǤ(2) Ѹϥåޥ졤ʩϥޥåǤ(3) Ѹֻ̯β䤫ʩֻΤǤ
ΥĥȤ¿ȿƤޤƤؤǿشϤޤꡤ2ʤɤȤƥեؤӻϤ롤뤤ϳؤӤʤ¿ΤǤϤʤȿ¬Ƥޤ
եȱѸοطˤĤƤϡޤǤ⤳Ρhellog~Ѹ˥֥פ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǤӤȯƤޤξδطɽŪˤǤϤʤΰ̣ˤϡɤƤѸˤμɬפǤѸˤΡȤ櫓̻ˤˤĤŪμСեʳؽˤȤ⤷ʤޤäƱѸʳؽˤ⤪⤷ʤޤʤʩˡ衼åѻˡˤ˳ؤ٤ޤѲѰۤΤȤʤ䤫ʸѤȤˤĤޤĻɤǤϤޤ
ǡ˥եؤӻϤ롿ʤǰƬˡϢ뵭ؤΥޤȤƤߤޤ
1. 嵭μݤˤĤ heldio 2ƸäƤޤޤϤ2Ĥİ#327. ǯ٤˥եؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ#329. եؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơǤʤեؤܤȤƤΤˡֱѸˡפʤΤȤ䤬褷ޤ
2. Ȥ櫓եñؽ츻˴ؿϡǤˤäƤñμѤʤϤޤ#4787. Ѹȥեδ֤ˤϻƤñ줬ޤ ([2022-06-05-1]) εȤΥѤƤμݤ heldio ȴȡ3ޤ
#26. Ѹä1/3ϥե졪
#368. ѸȥեǻƤñ줬5ĤΥѥ
#370. ѸäΤʤΥեѸγϡ --- ꥹʡμ
3. ֱѸˡפϤ⤷Ȼפä顤˼äƤߤƤꥹȤȤơ#4557. ֱѸˤؤξԡ10ס ([2021-10-18-1]) ӡ#4727. Ѹ˳ν2022ǯǡˡ ([2022-04-06-1]) ɤ
ʩ "false friends" (= "faux amis") ŵ1Ĥ˱Ѹ magazine ʻˤʩ magasin Źˤ롥餫˴طƤ褦˸Τ˰̣ޤǰ㤦ΤǡξؽƤ̿äƤޤȤʤեˤֻפ̣ magazine ȤñϤˡ
OED ˤ츻ɤäƤߤ褦ñϤȤɤȥӥǡҸˡפ̣ mákhzan ˹Ԥ夯ʣ makhāˊzin ޤࡼͤΥ٥ꥢȾ翯η̡ڥݥȥäҸˡפ̣륹ڥ almacénݥȥ armazém ϡƬ˥ӥ괧 al-, ar- դǼѤ줿ΤǤ롥ڥǤνФ1225ǯᤤ
ñ줬̾롼ȤФơ괧ʬ줿ǡ1348ǯ˥ꥢ magazzino Ȥơ1409ǯ˥ե magasin ȤƼޤ줿1389ǯ maguesin ⤢ˡơѸϥեͳ16ȾˡҸˡפ̣뤳ñäФ1583ǯǡ˽ФƤꥹͤμΤʤ Magosine ȤֻǸƤ롥
1583 J. Newbery Let. in Purchas Pilgrims (1625) II. 1643 That the Bashaw, neither any other Officer shall meddle with the goods, but that it may be kept in a Magosine.
Ѹäᤤʳ顤ΡҸˡפǤϤʤҸˡˡפʤɤηỤ̄ȯãƤꡤҸˤ˳Ǽ¢ʪפΤΤ̣褦ˤʤä
ΰ̣Ѳ⤸˵ä1639ǯ˷طΥȥȤơĤޤפۤɤΰ̣ "Animadversions of Warre; or, a Militarie Magazine of the trvest rvles..for the Managing of Warre." Ѥ줿ΤǤ롥ַμҸˡפۤɤΤĤʤΤ
ơ1塤Ĥ˻䤿Τֻפΰ̣Ф롥1731ǯ˻ΥȥȤ "The Gentleman's magazine; or, Trader's monthly intelligencer." ǧ롥ֻפΰ̣ȯãϱѸȼΤΤǤꡤ줬ե1650ǯ magasin Ȥơ1776ǯ magazine ȤƼޤ줿ʤߤˡեǤΡŹפΰ̣ϥեǤȼȯãΤ褦
ʩδ֤Ԥä褿ꤷơ˳Ƹȼΰ̣Ѳ뤲ʤɤơǤϤ䤳ˤʤäƤ롥ֻפˤŹפˤ衤ǻʽȤüȯȤϡĴ٤ƤߤޤǤޤäΤʤääǤ롥
δñѸ in English٤10椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤѸΥܥʵפ19ϡ֤ʤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȥΰ֤ޤäƤΡפǤ

ñΥǤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȱ֤ޤäƤޤˤ100%ε§ʤǤʵ§ʤȤǡͽ¬ǤȤΤ¤ʤΤǤϤǤϤޤ
㤨Сnature mature 1ʸ㤤Ǥʤȯʤ˰ۤʤΤǤפȤ̣Ȥޤ hellog ǡ#3652. nature mature 1ʸ㤤Ǥʤȯʤ˰ۤʤΤǤ ([2019-04-27-1]) εƤޤλϤȤƤ⤪⤷ΤǺϢܵΤʤǤ夲Ǥ
ñʥεϥΥޥǤθűѸǤϡȤΰ֤ϸ§Ȥ1˸ǡΤʵ§ޤΥޥ˻ϤޤѸ³Ѹˤơեƥ줫̤ñ줬ѤƤޤμѸϡħѤơɬ1˥Ȥ⤿ʤΤ¿äᡤˤѸΥηϤϺ˴٤뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ϢܵǤϡդλפߺդƲ⤷ޤ10ƥȤ˼äƤФȻפޤ
ѸΥȰ֤ˤĤƤϡhellog εå stress γƵɤߤ
hellog~Ѹ˥֥ǤϡŪɼԤγ˱ѸˤγؤӤ夷ƤޤβƤδ֤˱ѸʳءˤγؤӤᡤѸˤˤؿͯϤȤ⤤뤫ȻפޤΤǡΥߥDzƱѸˤγؤӤᤷȻפޤʤߤܥ֥μɮԡδˤԤˤĤƤΥץե
ޤ hellog Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ξǥ濴ˡֱѸˤΤפ˴ؤ륳ƥĤѤƤޤʲ˥ƥ̤˥ƤޤƥƥǤϡ褽פʽ˥ƥĤ¤٤ƤޤΤǡ夫İ衦ƤȸŪȻפޤ
ΡޤϱѸˤγؤӤΥ١åפ顪
heldio #444. Ѹˤؤ֤ȤʤɤȤ롪 (2022/08/18)
hellog #4728. 2022ǯ١ֱѸˡֵν --- ʸʸ칶ɬܡֱѸˡפϤޤޤ ([2022-04-07-1])
hellog #4729. ұѸ˳ؽΤ hellog γѤ2022ǯǡˡ ([2022-04-08-1])
hellog #4556. Ѹˤˤ褦 ([2021-10-17-1])
heldio #139. Ѹˤˤ褦 (2021/10/17)
hellog #24. ʤѸˤؤ֤ ([2009-05-22-1])
heldio #112. ѸˤäƲΤᡩ (2021/09/21)
hellog #4361. ѸˤϡֱѸˡפȤֱѸˡס ([2021-04-05-1])
hellog #1199. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (2) ([2012-08-08-1])
hellog #1200. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (3) ([2012-08-09-1])
hellog #1367. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (4) ([2013-01-23-1])
hellog #2984. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (5) ([2017-06-28-1])
hellog #4021. ʤѸˤؤ֤ --- Ū ([2020-04-30-1])
hellog #3641. ѸˤΤ (1) --- Ѹˤ϶Ūʳΰ ([2019-04-16-1])
hellog #3642. ѸˤΤ (2) --- Ѹˤ϶Ūʳΰ ([2019-04-17-1])
hellog #4073. ϹαѸˤۥƥαѸˤء ([2020-06-21-1])
ΡѸʸ⡡
hellog #4727. Ѹ˳ν2022ǯǡˡ ([2022-04-06-1])
hellog #4557. ֱѸˤؤξԡ10ס ([2021-10-18-1])
heldio #140. ̡Ѹˤ (2021/10/18)
hellog #4731. رѸ˿ʹٿǯٹ泰 --- Ѹǽ줿Ѹ˳3Ҳ ([2022-04-10-1])
heldio #313. ྰȤ̡˼äߤαѸ˳3 (2022/04/09)
hellog #3636. ǯٽرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ٤Ҳ ([2019-04-11-1])
heldio #315. ǦȤ̡Baugh and Cable αѸ˳ (2022/04/10)
hellog #4133. OED ˤѸ˳ ([2020-08-20-1])
ΡĤƱѸˤ礷ڡפΥȡ
hellog #2470. 2015ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2016-01-31-1])
hellog #3566. 2018ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2019-01-31-1])
hellog #3922. 2019ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2020-01-22-1])
hellog #4661. 2021ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2022-01-30-1])
ΡȤ櫓츻˴ؿء
hellog #3546. Ѹˤ츻ñؤӤʤ顤줬μ ([2019-01-11-1])
hellog #3698. 츻ؽˡΤ ([2019-06-12-1])
hellog #4360. ñθ츻Ĵ٤ؤӤȤˤϡ ([2021-04-04-1])
hellog #3381. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻ס ([2018-07-30-1])
hellog #600. Ѹ츻ν ([2010-12-18-1])
ΡȤ櫓Ѹ춵˴ؿء
heldio #310. ܻȤ̡Ѹ춵ܻؤؤαѸˤΤ (2022/04/06)
hellog #4619. ֱѸ˶פȤϡ ([2021-12-19-1])
hellog #4329. ֱѸˤθ褫Ѹ춵פˤĤƻʸĤ ([2021-03-04-1])
ΡȤ櫓եؽ˴ؿء
heldio #327. ǯ٤˥եؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ (2022/04/23)
heldio #329. եؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơ (2022/04/25)
heldio #368. ѸȥեǻƤñ줬5ĤΥѥ (2022/06/03)
hellog #4787. Ѹȥեδ֤ˤϻƤñ줬ޤ ([2022-06-05-1])
heldio #370. ѸäΤʤΥեѸγϡ --- ꥹʡμ (2022/06/05)
heldio #26. Ѹä1/3ϥե졪 (2021/06/27)
δñѸ in English٤9椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤѸΥܥʵפ18ϡ֤ʤѸˤ줬¿ΡפǤ

Ѹˤ ask -- inquire -- interrogate Τ褦줬¿ޤ¿ξ硤äγؽϰŵ˿ԤȤΤϻ¤ǤΤǡ줬¿ȤΤϱѸؽ礭ʾɤȤʤޤϱѸ˸¤ääǤϤʤܸǤֿҤͤסּ䤹סֿ䤹פʤˤϻ礫ʤ櫓ʤΤǡɤäɤäǤϤΤǤŪˤϱѸؽԤˤȤäƹ⤤ϡɥˤϤޤ
ѸˡʤƼ¤ܸˤ줬¿Τϡˤ̤͡ʸܿƤǤѸˤȤäƤȤ櫓פܿϥեȥƥǤѸϡ̣ɽ魯Ǥ˼ˤäƤˤ⤫餺ƱΥեñƥñѤƤȤаޤޤ̤Ȥơ줬Ѥ߽Ťͤ졤ؤΤ褦ؾȤʤäƺ˻ĤäƤΤǤθäؤϡŵŪ˲ءαѸס֥եס֥ƥפ3ؤѤ߾夲ƤΤǡѸäΡ3ع¤פȸƤǤޤ
3ع¤ˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ֤ⷫ夲Ƥޤå lexical_stratification γƵɤߤ
ϢܵǤϡˤʬ褦˰פ⤷ƤޤҼ˼äƤФȻפޤ
711 khelfʷѸ˥եˤˤرѸ˿ʹ2ȯԤ줿Ȥϡ#4824. رѸ˿ʹ2 ([2022-07-12-1]) ǤΤ餻ޤ24̤4αѸ˥ꤵƤޤôԤ碌Ȳ2022ǯ7泰Ȥư̸ޤɤ

伫Ȥ⺣ΥȴϢƤˤĤƵƤޤΤǡʲ˥ĥäƤޤŪˤȤ
ΡQ1 Ƥ뵬ʸˡΩǯˤĤơ
hellog #2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1])
hellog #2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1])
hellog #4753. ֱʸˡפ250ǯۤ˵Ū˺夲줿 ([2022-05-02-1])
YouTube ֱʸˡʤߤʤˤȿͤ18εʸˡȤǤڰʼδѸظإͥ # 19 ۡ
heldio 18ȾФ˱ʸˡ夲 Robert Lowth ȤϤäԡ
ΡQ2 ƤǰλϤޤäǯˤĤơ
hellog #241. Caxton αѸ1475ǯ ([2009-12-24-1])
hellog #297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1])
hellog #871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1])
hellog #1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1])
hellog #1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])
hellog #3243. Caxton ֻɸಽˤɤΤ褦˹ ([2018-03-14-1])
hellog #3120. ²˱Ѹΰʪ뤳Ȥˤ Caxton ([2017-11-11-1])
hellog #3121. ְѤȯȱѸפΤޤȤ ([2017-11-12-1])
hellog #337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1])
hellog #4600. egges or eyrenʤ egges եȴ㤤ΤǤ礦 ([2021-11-30-1])
heldio #183. egges/eyren륭㥯ȥͭ̾ʰá
ΡQ3 Ƥ뿩̾ˤĤơ
ֱѸ˥ƥ50פ#23. äư
hellog #85. It's time for the meal --- time meal δط ([2009-07-21-1])
hellog #221. dinner ([2009-12-04-1])
ΡQ4 Ƥưʪפ̣ñˤĤơ
ֱѸ˥ƥ50פ#4. deer ̣Ѳء̣ѲѸˤء
hellog #127. deer, beast, and animal ([2009-09-01-1])
hellog #128. deer Ρưʪפΰ̣ϤĤޤǻĤäƤ ([2009-09-02-1])
hellog #1462. animal νǯˤĤơ ([2013-04-28-1])
heldio #117. ưʪפ̣ deer, beast, animal
ι泰ޤرѸ˿ʹ2ˤĤơոۡޤ顤khelf ĥå @khelf_keio ꤪȤΥեꤤޤ
˥ο褯ɤࡥήθԤʬΥåƤ뤳Ȥ¿ؤӤθΨ褤Ǥ롥ʬʬˤȤäʬǤ졤ߤʬǤ졤Ť¿ӾӰˡزͤǤɤ륤ꥹˡ٤⤽Τ褦ʰǤ롥
ƱǤϥꥹˤΥå¿Ƥ뤬ʤǤŪʡ֥ꥹ̱פΥǥƥƥ줿ȷаޤˤĤƤ1ݤ˻ĤäƤ롥pp. 125--26 Ѥ롥
֥ꥹ̱פη
Ȥ奤ꥹ˲Ȥϡ켷ǯΥɤȥ륺ؤΥåȥɹʻƱˡȥꥢ夬˻ϤޤȬǯޤǤˤλˡ֥ꥹ̱פΥǥƥƥ줿ȽҤ٤Ƥޤ
Ƥι̱ռηϡեȤδ֤컰ǯδ֡³Ūʥڥ衤ȥꥢѾ衤ǯ衤ʥݥ쥪褽¾ˤɽ롤ŨдäƤȤƤޤ
ĤޤեȤΩꥹͤι̱ռϤȤȤˡɶԡΨŪŪʺ̳ƥपӵ緳ϤäȤҤ١ˤΥեȤŨФƱ˥ץƥХȥåνǤ⤢ꡤñȤ䵢°ǤϤʤ罰ƱդѶŪϤǴн褹뤷ʤʤäȤλ˥졼ȥ֥ƥν̱ĤΡֹ̱פȤʤäŪװȤƤޤ
ʸŪˤ̱²ŪˤԶѼĤɤưƤǥƥƥäȡǶΥȥåйơĤäƤץƥȤȤƼʵꤷפΤǤϤĹॹѥǹͤȤвʤƤϤʤʤ⤷ޤλεŨեǤꡤ奤ꥹʸҲȿեʸҲȤեαˤۤʤʤäȤΤϡ̤Ǥ礦ʸ奤ꥹϡեֵĤĿ̱˾ˤϡ֥ѥå֥˥סʥꥹۤˤʿ¡ˡۤƤޤ
̱ȸڡӤ뤳ȤϤǤʤꥹ̱ΥǥƥƥΤߤʤ餺ḽѸμҲŪ֤ŤޤĹ18פ˥եʸˤȤзȾ̤ƷꤵƤȤߤ뤳Ȥǽ⤷ʤ
Ĺ18αʩΩϡ2ɴǯפȸƤФ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬Ūˤ3--4ۤΡ1ɴǯ (hundred_years_war) Ƥ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤơѸȥեθήΩˤ⡤Ʊ褦ˤΤܤ롥Ѹ줬ȿեȤեαǤȤͤͤꤽ
Ӿ Ӱ졡زͤǤɤ륤ꥹˡ١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2017ǯ
ᴩ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯξҲȴϢơФ餯δ֡ɸಽ (standardisation) ˤĤƵ뵡¿ʤäƤƤ롥⤽ standard θ츻ϲʤΤޤ hellog Ǽ夲ƤȤʤäΤǡܤƤߤ
OED standard, n., adj., and int. Ƥߤȡ츻ӸŪ¡ƸҤ˻ޤǾܺ٤ʾͿƤ뤳Ȥ˰ݤ롥ɤ߲ǤϫѸȤȳƮƤ OED ԼԤΡθؤλפζҤҤäƤ롥ˤȤä standard ͡ʰ̣ǡֽŤñʤΤ *
standard ϸʩ줫ᤤѸǡѸǤνФ12ȾФΤȤǤ롥ѸκǽʸȤ The Peterborough Chronicle (pchron) The Final Continuation ꡤ1138ǯεҤΤʤǡַפΰ̣ǽФ롥
?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1138 Him [sc. the king of Scotland] com togænes Willelm eorl of Albamar..& to [read te] other æuez men mid fæu men & fuhten wid heom & flemden þe king æt te Standard.
ʩ졿Υޥ estandart, standarde ѤΤȤȤΥեñ켫Τθ츻˽⤢ꡤʣʤ褦Ǥ롥OED θ츻Ѥ롥
Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French standarde, estandart.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman standarde, Anglo-Norman and Old French estandart, Old French estendart (Middle French estandart, estendart, French étendard) military flag or banner, also as a (fortified) rallying point in battle (c1100), (figuratively) person worth following (c1170), upright post (a1240), large candle (a1339, only in Anglo-Norman), of uncertain origin, probably either (a) < a West Germanic compound with the literal sense 'something that stands firm' < the Germanic base of STAND v. + the Germanic base of HARD adv., or (b) < classical Latin extendere to stretch out (see EXTEND v.), or (c) < a Romance reflex of classical Latin stant-, stāns, present participle of stāre to stand (see STAND v.) + Old French -ard -ARD suffix.
3Ĥθ츻⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ뤬(a) ȤСޥ stand + hard եꡤ줬˲ƱѸäȤȤˤʤ롥ޤδ餤СľΩƤΡפֿӤƤΡפȤ2Ĥθ츻⤬뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ѸɤǤȡit ˡѸƸǤȤ롥㤨 there is ʸΤ褦¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ˤ there it Ѥ뤳Ȥcf. ե il y a, ɥĸ es gibtˡMustanoja (132) ʸư줬 it ǤϤʤ̣μ˰פƤ뤳Ȥա
In many instances it occurs in a pleonastic function carried out by there in Pres. E: --- of hise mouth it stod a stem, Als it were a sunnebem (Havelok 591); --- of þe erth it groues tres and gress (Cursor 545, Cotton MS); --- it es na land þat man kan neven ... þat he ne sal do þam to be soght (Cursor 22169, Cotton MS); --- bot it were a fre wymmon þat muche of love had fonde (Harley Lyr. xxxii 3); --- hit arn aboute on þis bench bot berdles chylder (Gaw. & GK 280); --- bot hit ar ladyes innoȝe (Gaw. & GK 1251).
Ϣơ#1565. existential there ε (1) ([2013-08-09-1])#1566. existential there ε (2) ([2013-08-10-1])#4473. ¸ʸˤμỌ̇̄μ ([2021-07-26-1]) ȡ
⤦1Ĥϡ¾ they 褦 it ˡ Mustanoja (132--33)
Another aspect in the ME use of the formal it is seen in the following cases where it is virtually equivalent to 'they:' --- holi men hit were beiene (Lawman B 14811; cf. hali men heo weoren bæien, A); --- it ben aires of hevene alle þat ben crounede (PPl. C vi 59); --- thoo atte last aspyed y That pursevantes and heraudes ... Hyt weren alle (Ch. HF 1323). --- to þe gentyl Lomb hit arn anioynt (Pearl 895); --- hit arn fettled in on forme, þe forme and þe laste ... And als ... hit arn of on kynde (Patience 38--40); --- þei ... cownseld hyr to folwyn hyr mevynggys and hyr steringgys and trustly belevyn it weren of þe Holy Gost and of noon evyl spyryt (MKempe 3). This use goes back to OE. Cf. also German es sind ... and French ce sont ...
եɥĸʸʤɶ̣Ѹιʸϡե줫θܿȤǽϤ뤬षŪ˴ŤΤǤϤʤˤǤ롥ɤ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ˤ#368. ѸȥեǻƤñ줬5ĤΥѥȤǤäޤ˴줿ǡ#370. ѸäΤʤΥեѸγϡ --- ꥹʡμޤΤǡҤİ
ѸȥեξؤǤ¿ȻפޤVoicy Ǥⲿ٤Ҥ٤ƤޤȤƤξ˳ؤ֤ȤᤷޤˡξμĤʤΤȤơֱѸˡפͭѤǤȤȤ⡤ȻפޤѸˤؤ٤гؤ֤ۤɡեˤؿͯޤĤĥեؤ֤ȡѸ褯Ǥ褦ˤʤޤơˤäƥե줬狼äƤȡξ֤δط˰ռ褦ˤʤꡤϤ̡˹ͤ뤳ȤԲǽʶϡʡˤ˻ޤѸؽեؽ⡤Ȥ˳ڤʤ뤳礤Ǥ
ºݡä˴ؤ¤ꡤѸä1/3ۤɤեַϡפñˤäޤեַϡפȤΤϡեȡߤοƤǤƥ碌ˤǤ˥եλǤݥȥ졤ڥ졤ꥢʤɤμѸäʤСΤΤʤǤΥեַϡפγϤ⤦ޤޤ
ơ1/3ΤʤǤξǤƥ줬եäƤ 2:1 뤤 3:2 ۤɤǤ礦ξƱʤΤǸۤȤƱȤñ¿Ѹ줬θ줫ѤΤȽȤʤ⤷ФиޤǼºݾϡեַϡסʤ뤤ϥƥַϡסˤθäȤƴˤäƤΤȤ櫓Ǥ
Τ褦ʱʩθä˴ؿΤϡҴϢ heldio β hellog ̤ƴؿƤФȻפޤʲ˼פؤΥĥäƤޤ¤ꤢξ줪ӱѸˤγؤӤ
heldio β
#26. Ѹä1/3ϥե졪
#329. եؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơ
#327. ǯ٤˥եؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ
#368. ѸȥեǻƤñ줬5ĤΥѥ
hellog βʰ祢
#202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ ([2009-11-15-1])
#429. ѸκѸ10000εȳ ([2010-06-30-1])
#845. Ѹθäεȳ ([2011-08-20-1])
#1202. Ѹθäεȳ (2) ([2012-08-11-1])
#874. Ѹοˤ륽ʬۡ ([2011-09-18-1])
#2162. OED ˤե졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1])
#2357. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ줫μѸäס ([2015-10-10-1])
#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ줫μѸä (2) ([2015-11-07-1])
#117. եѸǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1])
#4138. եѸΤѸ˼ڤ줿Τ4䶯ǡĽ ([2020-08-25-1])
#660. ѸΥեѸηƻΨ ([2011-02-16-1])
#1209. 1250ǯȤեѸζʬ ([2012-08-18-1])
#594. ѸʹߤΥեѸħ ([2010-12-12-1])
#1225. եѸʬۤð ([2012-09-03-1])
#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1])
#1205. Ѹ˥եѸ줬ȯΤϤʤ ([2012-08-14-1])
#2349. Ѹ˥եѸ줬ȯΤϤʤ (2) ([2015-10-02-1])
#4451. եѸΥԡ14 ([2021-07-04-1])
#1638. եȥƥ줫̸üѤΥߥζ ([2013-10-21-1])
#1295. եȥƥ2Ÿ ([2012-11-12-1])
#653. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1])
#848. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ (2) ([2011-08-23-1])
#3581. ѸΥեѸ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (1) ([2019-02-15-1])
#3582. ѸΥեѸ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (2) ([2019-02-16-1])
#4453. ե줫ѤñʤΤեñʤΤ ([2021-07-06-1])
#3180. ˹ٸ̤ƤեƥѸ ([2018-01-10-1])
ε#4764. Ūʷʬεȼ ([2022-05-13-1]) ³ʬεˤĤơ
ιʸ Jespersen (407) "dangling participle" "loose participle" ȸƤӡڡˤ錄äƵƤ롥Ȥ櫓 pp. 409--10 Ǥϡ"perfectly established" ΤȤ allowing for, talking of, speaking of, judging by, judging from, saving, begging your pardon, strictly speaking, generally speaking, counting, taking, considering 㤬Ƥ롥
pp. 410--11 Ǥϡ˴ֻ˶ʤäΤȤơѸʹߤ˭٤ʸȤȤ˵Ƥ롥ιͻΤˤ⡤˰ѤƤ
22.29. A loose participle sometimes approaches the value of a preposition. This use is with possibly doubtful justice ascribed to French influence by Ross, The Absolute Participle, 30. Examples: Ch B 4161 as touching daun Catoun | More U 64 Now as touchyng this question . . . But as concernyng this matter . . . | Caxton R 11 touchyng this complaint | Hawthorne S 247 I am utterly bewildered as touching the purport of your words | Caxton R 54 alle were there sauyng reynard | Gay BP 40 . . . a Jew; and bating their religion, to women they are a good sort of people | Hawthorne Sn 51 barring the casualties to which such a complicated piece of mechanism is liable | Quincey 116 one may bevouack decently, barring rain and wind, up to the end of October | Scott I 31 incapable of being removed, excepting by the use of the file | Di Do 239 Edith, saving for a curl of her lip, was motionless | Dreiser F 292 what chance would he have, presuming her faithfulness itself | Defoe R 2.190 his discourse was prettily deliver'd, considering his youth | Hope D 77 Considering his age, your conduct is scandalous | Thack N 5 there may be nothing new under and including the sun.
Cf. also regarding, respecting (e.g. Ruskin S 1.291) | according to (Caxton R 57, etc.) | owing to | granting (Stevenson JHF 103 even granting some impediments, why was this gentleman to be received by me in secret?).
Cf. pending, during, notwithstanding 6.34.
On the transition of seeing, granting, supposing, notwithstanding with or without that to use as conjunctions, see ch. XXI; on being see above 6.35.
ˤȡʬϥեбʸαƶη̤Ȥߤʤ⤢褦εǤߤȤűѸ˥롼Ĥõ뤳ȤǤʾ塤ʤȤե줫αƶΤߤ˰͵ǤϤʤ
ѤκǸʬˤ褦ˡޤǤ˴ֻ첽뤤³첽Τ㤢Τǡjudging from ͻäơΤ褦ʻˤܤۤäƤɬפ롥
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.
Ѹ줬ƻܿƤȤδط̤ƱѸθûˤȤϡѸˤΥɤ1ĤǤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1])#2615. Ѹä ([2016-06-24-1])#2966. Ѹä (2) ([2017-06-10-1])#3381. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻ס ([2018-07-30-1])#4130. Ѹä¿Ͳȳˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-17-1]) ʤɤǷ֤Ҳ𤷤Ƥ
Ȥ褽ϢưϤΤΩߤȤơѸ줬ƻܿƤȤδط̤ƱѸΥڥˤȤǤ롥ơλߤɬ⥹ɤǤϤʤѸˤΤʤǤΰϾäȤäƤ褤
ѸΥڥˤȸܿ ˤĤ Horobin (113) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
English spelling is a concoction of written forms drawn from a variety of languages through processes of inheritance and borrowing. At every period in its history, the English lexicon contains words inherited from earlier stages, as well as new words introduced from foreign languages. But this distinction should not be applied too straightforwardly, since inherited words have frequently been subjected to changes in their spelling over time. Similarly, while words drawn from foreign language may preserve their native spellings intact, they frequently undergo changes in order to accommodate to native English spelling patterns.
ûˤȥڥˤϡФϢư뤬§ȤΩˤǤ롤ȤªϤȤƤȻפHorobin ƱͤΤʤǡѸˤγƻ头Ȥ˥ڥ˱ƶڤܤ졦ˤĤƼΤ褦ʸޤƤ롥ͤΥȥȴФǤޤȤƤߤ褦
ιֱ "English" "Englishes" ءǤäˤʤäΩ̿ؤܹꡤؤ⤷Ƥ餤ޤWilliam Caxton (1422?--91) egges/eyren ΰäˤơʤפα¤ǤʤǤʤ֥եפȴ㤤ΤȤǤ
ñطʤ⤷Ƥޤȡ˾αѸΰȤǤ Caxton 1490ǯ˽Ǥ Eneydos νʸΤʤǡѸ˴ؤäҲ𤵤ƤޤпȤȤܤͤΥƥॺαΦ˾夬äơפα˿ȤäǤͤ egges ˤ˾ΤǤϤñեʬʤޤͤϾͤǥեʤäƤʤʤ egges ǤʤΤܤäȤ̤μԤäꡤͤäƤΡ egges ȤϡʱǤȤΡ eyren ΤȤȲ⤷ƤưȤääǤ
αѸŦƤȤȤơѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤäǤܥ֥Ǥ#337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1]) ǤΤѸθʸǰѤޤơʲ˰ѤƤޤ
And one of theym named Sheffelde, a mercer, cam in-to an hows and axed for mete; and specyally axed after eggys. And the goode wyf answerde, that she coude speke no frenshe. And the marchaunt was angry, for he also coude speke no frensche, but wolde have hadde egges, and she understode hym not. And thenne at laste a nother sayd that he wolde have eyren. Then the gode wyf sayd that she understode hym wel. Loo, what sholde a man in thyse dayes wryte, egges or eyren?
εϡʤפα¤ǤʤǤʤ֥եפȴ㤤ȤΤǤȤƤ⤪⤷Ȼפʤ˹ͤƤߤޤ
ޤŪǤΰäϻ¤˴ŤäȤϡCaxton ˤϺǤϤʤȤǰޤegges ˤ eyren ˤʬۤϻ¤ǤΤǡդʤǤϤʤȤϤäȤƤޤǤƤ봶ꡤ¿쾯ʤ Caxton äץͥǤǽ⤤ȹͤƤޤʸ촴ʣξǤ֤ۤʤ뤳ñտŪΤǤϤʤȤǡˡ⤷ϺȤƤ⡤ƱɼԤδ֤θ졦μͭƤ뤳ȤȤʤäƤϤʤΤǡ֥եפ礤ˤưäˤߤä褦ȤΤΤϡɤ߲ͤꤽǤ
Ǥϡʤ egges եȴ㤤ΤǤ礦餯ͤ¤ "Can I ask for eggs?" ȯΤǤϤʤޤϡο eggs ʬǤȤ⡤¾ʬ¤äƤ뤱ɤѸϱѸǧǤϤʤΤǡʤοͤϴοʬǽñɽΤȤ֤פä˰㤤ޤǡϡǽñΥɤˤɮƬǤեñ˰㤤ʤȵäƤߤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
egges ʹơǽ˱ѸñǤϤʤեñȴäդ꤬äȤƤϤ⤷ȤǤüԤαˤȤäơǤեѸΤۤǽäȤȤˤʤ뤫ǤۤɤޤǤ˱ѸϰۤʤΤȤȤCaxton ϼäΤǤϤʤǤ礦ĥȤиĥΤ褦ˤⴶޤ
ޤΰäϡѸΥɤˤɮƬ줬եäȤ⼨Ƥ褦˻פޤΥޥ3ʾФäƤꡤϤ䥤ɤˤƥեϸξȤ˼Ѹϰ̤ܴۤ˼Ѹ줬뤲ƤǤϤޤեϤޤʸȤƤΰҿݤäƤޤ礦ɸܤˤƱѸ줬ݸȤưҿݤäƤΤȻ褦ʾǤܤDZѸ줬ɮƬȤư֤ŤƤΤƱͤˡѸΥɤǤϥե줬ɮƬȤư֤ŤƤ櫓Ǥcf. #2622. 15˥ɿͤեؤͳ ([2016-07-01-1])ˡ⾦ͤեϤǤʤä褦Ǥե줬ɤ1ǤȤǧ϶ͭƤꡤ餳ե줬礤˽Ф줿ȤȤǤϤʤǤ礦
ʾ塤βǤߤʤǤ礦
ʤߤˡϢươֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơ嵭ΰäѸθʸɤ߾夲ƤߤޤҤİ
ȤȤǡäȤݤƱѸȤƥХȤȤΤϡϡ̤ϥե졤ϥڥƤޤ?
Х (Basque) ϡ²°Ƥʤ衼åѤθΩ1ĤǤ롥ե¦ˤȥڥ¦ˤιնΰѤ100ͤüԤˤäƤüԤ¿Ϥ褽ХǤꡤڥ¦ΥХ˵サƤ롥ϤǤϥڥեȤäŪ줬Ƥ뤿ᡤХŪʰ̣Ǿ̱²äȤߤʤƤ롥

ǤϡʤΤ褦ʥХ줬ƱѸȰäΤơʥꥫ罰ȥʥˤǼȤäƤϡ줿ѸǤ롥üԿǤϥХȤ٤褦ʤƱѸϡο̱ˤ˾Ȥ餹ȡʥΥ٥åɽե¦ˤȡᥭϤȤƤΥڥ¦ˤ˶ޤƤ롥ߤǤ⡤θŪĶƱѸ˾ʤ̥ѥȤͿ³ƤꡤʥѸϥե줫顤ꥫѸϥڥ줫龯ʤ̸ŪƶäƤcf. #4529. Ѹȥᥭ ([2021-09-20-1])ˡ
¾ʤԥ졼ϡHall-Lew (373) ɤǤƽвä1ʸҥȤΤǤ롥
Today, Spanish influence, versus French influence, is one major historical difference between Englishes in the Unite States and in Canada.
嵭ζСơ˱ѸȥХδطϤषۤȤɤʤȤäƤ褤
Hall-Lew, Lauren. "English in North America." Chapter 18 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 371--88.
ѸˤǤϡ8ȾФ11ޤǡˤˤѸȸťΥɸ (old_norse) ǻ̩ʸܿ (contact) ФȤʤ롥ܥ֥ǤϢ¿εƤȤƤΤξüԡˤ褽δطˤäȤȤ
2δؤܿ¿ΥǤϡҲŪʾ岼ζ̤ΤǤ롥Υ֥ƥ翯άαѸȥȸθܿǤϡѸ줬 (superstratum) ǥȸ줬 (substratum) äޤΥޥʸαѸȥեθܿǤϡѸ줬 (substratum) ǥե줬 (superstratum) ä
ҲŪʾ岼ΤǤϤʤ2Ĥθ줬¤ (adstratum) Ȥʤ륱⤢롥嵭αѸȸťΥɸθܿϡŵȤƵ뤳Ȥ¿
Τ褦⤦1ĵȤȡޥȸȥեθܿȤʤ롥츫ȻۼԤǤե줬̤ǡۼԤǤޥȸ줬̤ȤҲŪʴطΩƤȹͤ뤫⤷ʤMillar (4--5) ˤȲ¤ӤȹͤΤǤŬڤȤ
In post-Roman Gaul, for instance, the relationship between the military dominant Franks and the Romano-Celtic population whom they ruled was not one of a genuinely superstratal versus substratal type. Instead, the relationship between the two groupings are best described as adstratal. While the military power of the Franks was considerable, their administration for Roman tradition and lifestyle was perpetually present; they were often bilingual. By the same token, the Gallo-Roman elite appear to have been happy to take on aspects of Frankish culture --- in particularly, names --- from an early period. No doubt they were more than aware of the centre towards which power, influence and capital of various sorts was now flowing. The Frankish influence upon the ancestor of modern French are visible, therefore, but they tend to be concentrated in particular semantic fields, such as the technology and practice of warfare and fortification, where the Franks' primary expertise and power base lay. A good example of this is Modern French maréchal 'supreme war leader', but originally 'leader of the cavalry', borrowed early on from Frankish.
Ѹˤȥեˤ˴ؤ "adstratal relationship" 2ȤõƤ
Millar, Robert McColl. Contact: The Interaction of Closely Related Linguistic Varieties and the History of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2016.
Trudgill (23) 1763ǯѸŪǽפǯȤߤƤ롥1763ǯαѸ˾ΰյȤϲ
Then in 1763 a very significant event occurred: Britain gained control of the Cape Breton Island area of Nova Scotia, which had remained in French hands until then. This meant that for the first time the English language had effected a complete takeover of a very long contiguous stretch of the east coast of the North American continent: There was now an English-language presence all along the coast from Newfoundland in the north, right down to the border between Georgia and (Spanish-controlled) Florida in the south.
ꥹƱѸ줬δߤĹȥåǯäΤǤ롥ĹȥåפǧΤˤϡܥ̿ˡϿޤѤȤʤʤŪ ((C)ROOTS/Heibonsha.C.P.C)

ǯϡˤǤȤμǯ1756--1763ǯ; Seven Years' Warˤ뤷ǯǤ롥ꥹٱ礹ץȡȥꥢեʤɤȤδ֤ǡץΥեɥ2ιشʤɤˤԤˤϱƿ̱Ȥ¦̤⤢ꡤ̥ꥫȥɤˤξͤ
̥ꥫǤ襤ϥեǥ (French and Indian War) ȤƤФ뤬ʩγˤĤơɴʻŵ2ǡ٤β⤬ȤƤ狼䤹
ŪˤСʸˤĤʤʿϩˤȾ̾˥ꥹ̱ϤϤե̱Ϥȡ̡ϡˤγˤäƤΤߤ⤦ȤꥹϤȤϥήǾͤƵäžǡˤΥǥ²ޤޤ줿
ɤǤϥեȥǥηͥݤä1758ǯ˥ꥹΥԥåȼ꤬ϤʻƳϤȯ˵ڤӡɤϵžꥹ٥åȥꥪå褷Ԥ褻줿ơ1763ǯΥѥ²Ĥˤꡤե̥ꥫˤڤȤˤʤäƥꥹϥʥޤ̥ꥫʤδߤΤȤǤϤ뤬ˤλ۸
ˤ⡤ꥹ1713ǯ New Brunswick Ƥꡤ1732ǯ Georgia ο̱Ƥ롥1740--50ǯˤ Nova Scotia ܹ̱¿1758ǯˤ Prince Edward Island Ƥ롥ơǸ˾嵭Τ褦1763ǯ Nova Scotia Cape Breton Island 嵭ΡĹȥåפĤʤä櫓
嵭αʩ̱εȡ̤ȤƤγƸʬۤϡ褽פƤȹͤƤ褤ꥹλ۲ä٥åǤϡʸȤƤϥեŪǤǻѾ츽ߤ˻äƤʤɡ㳰ʤ櫓ǤϤʤ⤦1С#1733. Canada ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-24-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ嵭 Nova Scotia ʤɤ줿եϤο̱͡ꥫ Louisiana ʤɤذܽƤꡤߤǤλ¹ Louisiana Cajun (< Acadian) ȸƤФեѼäƤ롥
Trudgill, Peter. "The Spread of English." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 14--34.
ѸϡΥե (lingua_franca) Ȥʬۤ礵Ƥ롥ѸϤ̣ǤϡϤ뤫ΡΦꡤ֥ƥΥ̱²俷Φ轻̱Ϥ¿̱²θʬۤ̾ʬۤ礵Ƥˤġ
츫ȡ餱Τ餺פθΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤɬ⤽ǤϤʤ¾θȤζԤʬۤ̾ꡤȤԻѤȤʤ礹餢äߤ⤽Τ褦ʻ㤬ߤΤǤ롥ϡαѸʻˡˤΰճʻĤߤƤȤΤ Trudgill "English in Retreat" ꤹ (27--29) Ǥ롥
Ū˸ŤȤϤȡ12--15Υɤλ㤬롥Henry II ϡ1171ǯ˥Υޥǥɿΰ˱ѸüԤϤ䤬Ƹϲ˻ꡤѸ줬ŤȤϤʤäѸȤƤ˾ܳŪʬ۳˼ԤäȤcf. #1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1])#2361. ǯɽ ([2015-10-14-1])ˡ
ȸ˶Ť19ΤȤˤʤ뤬䤿ˤȤä˽פ --- ۤȤΤƤʤ --- Ѹ̤λ㤬롥ϤʤȾǤ롥ηϤȤ̵ͤä1543ǯ˥ڥͤˤȯ졤θ塤˲ƷϤο͡ˤʤߡ19ˤϱѸ١Ρ־ԥѸ (Bonin English) ŸƤ19ȾܤϤͭẖ̂ܤؤεʤ̡ܸ줬ͥȤʤꡤߤޤǤ˾ԥѸϤۤѤȤʤäƤ롥ܤϡ#2559. αѸ ([2016-04-29-1])#2596. ־ȤСפ ([2016-06-05-1])#3353. ִ50ǯ ([2018-07-02-1]) Ȥ줿
ߤλǤСʥΥ٥å롥ե줬ͥƱˤơѸ줬ΩƤ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤcf. #1733. Canada ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-24-1])ˡͤε°ռ꤬ؤäƤꡤαѸפȤɤñʬۤ櫓ǤϤʤȤ褯Ƥ롥
ޤޤΤƤʤꥫΥֳߤˤ⡤ѸüԽĤǤʤŪҲŪΩƤ͡νޤϤߤƤ롥Υ롼Ĥ19ȾꥸޥʤɤꥫΦϰŸ͡ǡФȤƼҲŪϰ̤㤤ĤȤߤʤƤߤǤ⡤ϢƹθѸǤ륹ڥΤۤҿ⤯ϤǤϱѸѤΥåƥ뤬ĥƤ롥Ϣ뵭Ȥơ#1679. The West Indies αѸ ([2013-12-01-1])#1702. ֳϰؤΰ̱νпϡ ([2013-12-24-1])#1711. ֳϰαѸγȻ ([2014-01-02-1])#1713. ƤαѸBay Islands ([2014-01-04-1])#1714. ƤαѸBluefields Puerto Limon ([2014-01-05-1])#1731. English as a Basal Language ([2014-01-22-1]) Ƥ
ۤˤ⡤19ȾФ˥ꥫԼԤȤʤä֥ͤ饸ƨ줿¹֥饸˱ѸüԽĤȤ餷Ƥ뤬ƱθѸǤݥȥ˲Ǥ롥ޤ1890ǯ˼ҲŪ桼ȥԥƥѥ饰˰ܽȥꥢͤλ¹餷Ƥ뤬Ԥδ֤ǤϤθǤ Guaraní ؤθؤʹǤ롥
Ѹϲˤ⸽ߤˤ餱Τ餺פä櫓ǤϤʤ
Trudgill, Peter. "The Spread of English." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 14--34.
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