hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ڡ / page 5 (19)

french - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-29 20:50

2022-11-13 Sun

#4948. history ϡˡפǤ⤢ʪפǤ⤢ [etymology][french][loan_word][semantic_change]

ϡѸؤ˥ե󥹸ؤˤϤߤ꤫Ȼפޤե󥹸 histoire ϡˡפȡʪפξΰ̣ޤѸǤ history ˡ, story ʪפ2ĤΰۤʤñʬƤʬôϤä̤Ƥޤ
ưפǤȻפޤhistory story θ츻ƱǤե󥹸 histoire, estoire ͳ褷켫Ȥϥƥ hitoria˥ꥷ hístoríā ̤ޤ캬ȤƤ *weid- "to see" ˤޤ̤ޤ
ޤѸ story ϡ13˥ե󥹸 estoire ڤꤿΤǤȤȤϡʪספʤɤΰ̣Ѥ졤16鸽Ūʡʪפΰ̣ޤѸǤϡŪ "story" "history" ΰ̣ζ̤ΤǤϤʤä褦Ǥ
츻Ʊ history ȤϡϤե󥹸줫14Ⱦ˱ѸäƤޤʤƥűѸǤʸڤƤΤǡ̤β;Ϥ⤢ޤˡΰ̣ϡʪפǤꡤ15ˤʤäƤˡפθʬƤޤ
ޤȤСˤơŪˤϥꥷ hístoríā ̤Ū˾ۤʤ2Ĥñ줬ե󥹸ͳDZѸäƤơˡסʪפξѤƤȤѸˤợȷ֤ʬѸ history story ȤۤʤñỌ̇̄夷ȤȤǤ
ˤϻ¤˴Ťʪ1ǧǤޤ٤Ƥʪ줬ˤȤϸ¤ޤ󡥤ϸǤϾQŪȯۤǤŤˤʪζܤä褦ǤŪˤѤǤΤե󥹸 histoire ȤȤˤʤꤽǤ

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2022-11-07 Mon

#4942. sirloin ָ̱츻 --- sir ξιͿ줿 [folk_etymology][french][loan_word][spelling]

ɼ̤ɽʤǤ sirloin ʥˡñϡ16˸ťե󥹸 *surloigne ѤΤǤ롥sur ʾ + loigne ʹˤȤ
Ȥե󥹸뤯ʤѸüԤϡloin ϤǤΤäƤȤƤ sur ΤȤʤΤʬʤäǡ뤢ޤꡤͤ sir ξιͿȤʪǤä夲ñ򤷤褦Ȥ17ʹ sirloin ֻ̲ƤäطʤˤϤΤ褦ʤǤä夲ä餷ָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ŵǤ롥
OED ˤϡʪΤǤä夲ʸ3ĵ󤲤Ƥ롥

1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. vi. 299 A Sir-loyne of beef was set before Him (so Knighted, saith tradition, by this King Henry [VIII]).
1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. 121 Miss. But, pray, why is it call'd a Sir-loyn? Ld. Sparkish. Why,..our King James the First,..being invited to Dinner by one of his Nobles, and seeing a large Loyn of Beef at his Table, he drew out his Sword, and..knighted it.
1822 Cook's Oracle 163 Sir-Loin of Beef. This joint is said to owe its name to King Charles the Second, who dining upon a Loin of Beef,..said for its merit it should be knighted, and henceforth called Sir-Loin.


˥ʥȼ̤߰Ϳʲϡإ꡼8ॺ1뤤ϥ㡼륺2ȤȤˤʤäƤ뤬ʸǯ򻲾ȤȡŪ˱Υ줹ƤʤΤ⤷

Referrer (Inside): [2024-08-20-1] [2023-07-03-1]

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2022-11-06 Sun

#4941. partner parcener [folk_etymology][french][loan_word][etymology][doublet]

ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ#524. deal part Υ᡼ϡʬͿƶͭסäޤ˸츻Ǥܥӥ̣Ǥɤİ



Τʤǥƥ pars "part" ͳ褹ñ򤤤Ĥ󤲤ޤ֤ partner ˤĤƤ⿨褦ȻפäƤȤǤǤϿʤäΤ hellog ˤ­ޤ
ǶǤܸǤ֥ѡȥʡפȤ줬褯Ѥޤء͡ƱԡӥͥʤɡͭƤ͡餫λȤ˶Ʊǻ褷Ƥͤ򹭤ؤդǤñ partner Ʊ褦˹ѤޤϤϤֲͭƤ͡פǤ
OED θ츻εҤˤȡpartner ľ part ȴطȤϡϢ̤ñ parcener ѷǤϤʤȤΤȤǤ

Etymology: Probably an alteration of PARCENER n. (although this is only attested slightly later), under the influence of PART n.1 Perhaps compare Old French partenier (1266), Dutch regional (West Flanders) partenier.
It is much less likely that the word arose from scribal error (with the letters c and t being confused).


Ѹ parcener ϡֶƱ³͡פ̣ˡΧѸǤθϡֲͭƤ͡פ򸶵ȤեñѤΤǡŪˤϥƥ partītiō(n-) ̤ꡤƥ pars ֤ȤϤޤθ줬Ѹ¦ѷƤǤΤpartner ʤΤǤϤʤȤ츻ǤϩϤäȤ䤳Ǥpart δϢǤ뤳ȤϳΤʤ褦Ǥ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-08-29-1]

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2022-09-27 Tue

#4901. ե󥹸ؤ֤ˤϡֱѸˡפȤƤͭѤǤ [hel_education][french][notice][link][voicy][heldio]

Twitter ǡե󥹸ؼԤǰƬ2ΥĥȤ򼡤Τ褦Ƥޤ

1: شǥե󥹸ؤܤȤ¿ȻפޤٱѸٶʩפ¿ȻפޤƤïⶵƤޤ󤬡ޤ줿ȻפäơֱѸˡפ򤫤äƤߤƤʩؽθΨ3ܤϥåפޤѸ10Ǥ http://user.keio.ac.jp/~rhotta/hellog/2021-10-18-1.html

2: ʤե󥹸ؤ֤ΤˡֱѸˡפͭѤʤΤѸ˸ԤȤ3Ŧޤ(1) Ѹä3ޤǤʩΤˤϥƥʩϡˤǤ(2) Ѹϥåޥ졤ʩϥޥ󲽤åǤ(3) Ѹֻ̯β䤫ʩֻ򿿻ΤǤ


ΥĥȤ¿ȿ򤤤ƤޤƤؤǿشϤޤꡤ2ʤɤȤƥե󥹸ؤӻϤ롤뤤ϳؤӤʤ¿ΤǤϤʤȿ¬Ƥޤ
ե󥹸ȱѸοطˤĤƤϡޤǤ⤳Ρhellog~Ѹ˥֥פ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǤӤȯƤޤξδطɽŪˤǤϤʤΰ̣򤹤ˤϡɤƤѸˤμɬפǤѸˤΡȤ櫓̻ˤˤĤŪμСե󥹸ʳؽˤȤ⤷ʤޤäƱѸʳؽˤ⤪⤷ʤޤʤʩˡ衼åѻˡˤ˳ؤ٤ޤѲѰۤΤȤʤ䤫ʸѤȤˤĤޤĻɤǤϤޤ
ǡ˥ե󥹸ؤӻϤ롿ʤǰƬˡϢ뵭ؤΥ󥯤ޤȤƤߤޤ

1. 嵭μݤˤĤ heldio 2󤫤ƸäƤޤޤϤ2Ĥİ#327. ǯ٤˥ե󥹸ؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ#329. ե󥹸ؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơǤʤե󥹸ؤܤȤƤΤˡֱѸˡפʤΤȤ䤬褷ޤ



2. Ȥ櫓ե󥹸ñؽ츻˴ؿϡǤˤäƤñμѤʤϤޤ󡥡#4787. Ѹȥե󥹸δ֤ˤϻƤñ줬󤢤ޤ ([2022-06-05-1]) εȤΥ󥯽ѤƤμݤ heldio ȴȡ3󤬤ޤ

#26. Ѹä1/3ϥե󥹸졪
#368. Ѹȥե󥹸ǻƤñ줬5ĤΥѥ
#370. ѸäΤʤΥե󥹼Ѹγϡ --- ꥹʡ󤫤μ

3. ֱѸˡפϤ⤷Ȼפä顤˼äƤߤƤꥹȤȤơ#4557. ֱѸˤؤξԡ10ס ([2021-10-18-1]) ӡ#4727. Ѹ˳ν2022ǯǡˡ ([2022-04-06-1]) ɤ

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2022-09-25 Sun

#4899. magazine ϡֲˡפä [etymology][arabic][french][false_friend][semantic_change][italian][spanish][portuguese][borrowing][loan_word]

ʩ "false friends" (= "faux amis") ŵ1Ĥ˱Ѹ magazine ʻˤʩ magasin Źˤ롥餫˴طƤ褦˸Τ˰̣ޤǰ㤦ΤǡξؽƤ̿äƤޤȤʤե󥹸ˤֻפ̣ magazine ȤñϤˡ
OED ˤ츻򤿤ɤäƤߤ褦ñϤȤ򤿤ɤȥӥǡҸˡפ̣ mákhzan ˹Ԥ夯ʣ makhāˊzin ޤࡼͤΥ٥ꥢȾ翯η̡ڥݥȥäҸˡפ̣륹ڥ almacénݥȥ armazém ϡƬ˥ӥ괧 al-, ar- դǼѤ줿ΤǤ롥ڥǤνФ1225ǯᤤ
ñ줬̾롼ȤФơ괧ʬ줿ǡ1348ǯ˥ꥢ magazzino Ȥơ1409ǯ˥ե󥹸 magasin ȤƼޤ줿1389ǯ maguesin ⤢ˡơѸϥե󥹸ͳ16ȾˡҸˡפ̣뤳ñäФ1583ǯǡ˽ФƤꥹͤμΤʤ Magosine ȤֻǸƤ롥

1583 J. Newbery Let. in Purchas Pilgrims (1625) II. 1643 That the Bashaw, neither any other Officer shall meddle with the goods, but that it may be kept in a Magosine.


Ѹäᤤʳ顤ΡҸˡפǤϤʤҸˡˡפʤɤηỤ̄ȯãƤꡤҸˤ˳Ǽ¢ʪפΤΤ̣褦ˤʤä
ΰ̣Ѳ⤸˵ä1639ǯ˷طΥȥȤơĤޤפۤɤΰ̣ "Animadversions of Warre; or, a Militarie Magazine of the trvest rvles..for the Managing of Warre." Ѥ줿ΤǤ롥ַμҸˡפۤɤΤĤʤΤ
ơ1塤Ĥ˻䤿Τֻפΰ̣Ф롥1731ǯ˻ΥȥȤ "The Gentleman's magazine; or, Trader's monthly intelligencer." ǧ롥ֻפΰ̣ȯãϱѸȼΤΤǤꡤ줬ե󥹸1650ǯ magasin Ȥơ1776ǯ magazine ȤƼޤ줿ʤߤˡե󥹸ǤΡŹפΰ̣ϥե󥹸ǤȼȯãΤ褦
ʩδ֤Ԥä褿ꤷơ˳Ƹȼΰ̣Ѳ뤲ʤɤơǤϤ䤳ˤʤäƤ롥ֻפˤŹפˤ衤ǻʽȤüȯȤϡĴ٤ƤߤޤǤޤäΤʤääǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-10-1]

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2022-09-17 Sat

#4891. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ19֤ʤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȥΰ֤ޤäƤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][stress][prosody][french][latin][germanic][gsr][rsr][contact][borrowing][lexicology][hellog_entry_set]

δñѸ in English٤10椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ19ϡ֤ʤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȥΰ֤ޤäƤΡפǤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ10



ñΥǤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȱ֤ޤäƤޤˤ100%ε§ʤǤʵ§ʤȤǡͽ¬ǤȤΤ¤ʤΤǤϤǤϤޤ
㤨Сnature mature 1ʸ㤤Ǥʤȯʤ˰ۤʤΤǤפȤ̣Ȥޤ hellog ǡ#3652. nature mature 1ʸ㤤Ǥʤȯʤ˰ۤʤΤǤ ([2019-04-27-1]) ε񤤤ƤޤλϤȤƤ⤪⤷ΤǺϢܵΤʤǤ夲Ǥ
ñʥεϥΥޥǤθűѸǤϡȤΰ֤ϸ§Ȥ1˸ǡΤʵ§ޤΥޥ˻ϤޤѸ³Ѹˤơե󥹸ƥ줫̤ñ줬ѤƤޤμѸϡħѤơɬ1˥Ȥ⤿ʤΤ¿äᡤˤѸΥηϤϺ˴٤뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ϢܵǤϡդλפߺդƲ⤷ޤ10ƥȤ˼äƤФȻפޤ
ѸΥȰ֤ˤĤƤϡhellog εå stress γƵɤߤ

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2022-08-30 Tue

#4873. ѸˤؤӻϤ褦ȻפäƤ [voicy][heldio][hel_education][link][notice][elt][etymology][french]

hellog~Ѹ˥֥ǤϡŪɼԤγ˱ѸˤγؤӤ夷ƤޤβƤδ֤˱ѸʳءˤγؤӤ򿼤ᡤѸˤˤؿͯϤ᤿Ȥ⤤뤫ȻפޤΤǡΥߥ󥰤DzƱѸˤγؤӤᤷȻפޤʤߤܥ֥μɮԡδˤԤˤĤƤΥץե
ޤ hellog Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ξǥ濴ˡֱѸˤΤפ˴ؤ륳ƥĤѤƤޤʲ˥ƥ꡼̤˥󥯤Ƥޤƥƥ꡼Ǥϡ褽פʽ˥ƥĤ¤٤ƤޤΤǡ夫İ衦ƤȸŪȻפޤ

ΡޤϱѸˤγؤӤΥ١󥢥åפ顪

heldio #444. Ѹˤؤ֤ȤʤɤȤ롪 (2022/08/18)



hellog #4728. 2022ǯ١ֱѸˡ׹ֵν --- ʸʸ칶ɬܡֱѸˡפϤޤޤ ([2022-04-07-1])
hellog #4729. ұѸ˳ؽΤ hellog γѤ򡪡2022ǯǡˡ ([2022-04-08-1])

hellog #4556. Ѹˤˤ褦 ([2021-10-17-1])
heldio #139. Ѹˤˤ褦 (2021/10/17)
hellog #24. ʤѸˤؤ֤ ([2009-05-22-1])
heldio #112. ѸˤäƲΤᡩ (2021/09/21)
hellog #4361. ѸˤϡֱѸˡפȤֱѸˡס ([2021-04-05-1])
hellog #1199. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (2) ([2012-08-08-1])
hellog #1200. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (3) ([2012-08-09-1])
hellog #1367. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (4) ([2013-01-23-1])
hellog #2984. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (5) ([2017-06-28-1])
hellog #4021. ʤѸˤؤ֤ --- Ū ([2020-04-30-1])

hellog #3641. ѸˤΤ (1) --- Ѹˤ϶Ūʳΰ ([2019-04-16-1])
hellog #3642. ѸˤΤ (2) --- Ѹˤ϶Ūʳΰ ([2019-04-17-1])
hellog #4073. ϹαѸˤۥƥαѸˤء ([2020-06-21-1])

ΡѸʸ⡡

hellog #4727. Ѹ˳ν2022ǯǡˡ ([2022-04-06-1])
hellog #4557. ֱѸˤؤξԡ10ס ([2021-10-18-1])
heldio #140. ̡Ѹˤ (2021/10/18)
hellog #4731. رѸ˿ʹٿǯٹ泰 --- Ѹǽ񤫤줿Ѹ˳3Ҳ ([2022-04-10-1])
heldio #313. ྰȤ̡˼äߤαѸ˳3 (2022/04/09)

hellog #3636. ǯٽرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ٤Ҳ ([2019-04-11-1])
heldio #315. ǦȤ̡Baugh and Cable αѸ˳ (2022/04/10)
hellog #4133. OED ˤѸ˳ ([2020-08-20-1])

ΡĤƱѸˤ礷ڡפΥȡ

hellog #2470. 2015ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2016-01-31-1])
hellog #3566. 2018ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2019-01-31-1])
hellog #3922. 2019ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2020-01-22-1])
hellog #4661. 2021ǯ١ѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2022-01-30-1])

ΡȤ櫓츻˴ؿء

hellog #3546. Ѹˤ츻ñؤӤʤ顤줬μ ([2019-01-11-1])
hellog #3698. 츻ؽˡΤ ([2019-06-12-1])
hellog #4360. ñθ츻Ĵ٤ؤӤȤˤϡ ([2021-04-04-1])
hellog #3381. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻ס ([2018-07-30-1])
hellog #600. Ѹ츻ν ([2010-12-18-1])

ΡȤ櫓Ѹ춵˴ؿء

heldio #310. ܻȤ̡Ѹ춵ܻؤؤαѸˤΤ (2022/04/06)
hellog #4619. ֱѸ˶פȤϡ ([2021-12-19-1])
hellog #4329. ֱѸˤθ褫Ѹ춵פˤĤƻʸ򤤤Ĥ ([2021-03-04-1])

ΡȤ櫓ե󥹸ؽ˴ؿء

heldio #327. ǯ٤˥ե󥹸ؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ (2022/04/23)
heldio #329. ե󥹸ؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơ (2022/04/25)
heldio #368. Ѹȥե󥹸ǻƤñ줬5ĤΥѥ (2022/06/03)
hellog #4787. Ѹȥե󥹸δ֤ˤϻƤñ줬󤢤ޤ ([2022-06-05-1])
heldio #370. ѸäΤʤΥե󥹼Ѹγϡ --- ꥹʡ󤫤μ (2022/06/05)
heldio #26. Ѹä1/3ϥե󥹸졪 (2021/06/27)

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2022-08-15 Mon

#4858. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ18֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Ρ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][lexicology][synonym][loan_word][borrowing][french][latin][lexical_stratification][contact][hellog_entry_set][japanese]

δñѸ in English٤9椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ18ϡ֤ʤѸˤ줬¿ΡפǤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ9



Ѹˤ ask -- inquire -- interrogate Τ褦줬¿ޤ¿ξ硤äγؽϰŵ˿ԤȤΤϻ¤ǤΤǡ줬¿ȤΤϱѸؽ礭ʾɤȤʤޤϱѸ˸¤ääǤϤʤܸǤֿҤͤסּ䤹סֿ䤹פʤˤϻ礫ʤ櫓ʤΤǡɤäɤäǤϤΤǤŪˤϱѸؽԤˤȤäƹ⤤ϡɥˤϤޤ
ѸˡʤƼ¤ܸˤ줬¿Τϡˤ̤͡ʸܿƤǤѸˤȤäƤȤ櫓פܿϥե󥹸ȥƥǤѸϡ̣ɽ魯򤹤Ǥ˼ˤäƤˤ⤫餺ƱΥե󥹸ñƥñѤƤȤаޤޤ̤Ȥơ줬Ѥ߽Ťͤ졤ؤΤ褦ؾȤʤäƺ˻ĤäƤΤǤθäؤϡŵŪ˲ءαѸס֥ե󥹸ס֥ƥפ3ؤѤ߾夲ƤΤǡѸäΡ3ع¤פȸƤǤޤ
3ع¤ˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ֤ⷫ夲Ƥޤå lexical_stratification γƵɤߤ
ϢܵǤϡˤʬ褦˰פ⤷ƤޤҼ˼äƤФȻפޤ

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2022-07-19 Tue

#4831. رѸ˿ʹ2022ǯ7泰 --- βǤ [khelf][hel_education][hel_contents_50_2022][link][hel_herald][sobokunagimon][notice][prescriptive_grammar][prescriptivism][caxton][printing][semantic_change][loan_word][french][latin]

711 khelfʷѸ˥եˤˤرѸ˿ʹ2ȯԤ줿Ȥϡ#4824. رѸ˿ʹ2 ([2022-07-12-1]) ǤΤ餻ޤ24̤4αѸ˥ꤵƤޤôԤ碌Ȳ2022ǯ7泰Ȥư̸ޤɤ

رѸ˿ʹ2022ǯ7泰



伫Ȥ⺣ΥȴϢƤˤĤƵƤޤΤǡʲ˥󥯤ĥäƤޤ­ŪˤȤ

ΡQ1 Ƥ뵬ʸˡΩǯˤĤơ

hellog #2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1])
hellog #2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1])
hellog #4753. ֱʸˡפ250ǯۤ˵Ū˺夲줿 ([2022-05-02-1])
YouTube ֱʸˡʤߤʤ󡪶ˤȿͤ18εʸˡȤǤڰʼδѸظإͥ # 19 ۡ
heldio 18ȾФ˱ʸˡ夲 Robert Lowth ȤϤäԡ

ΡQ2 ƤǰλϤޤäǯˤĤơ

hellog #241. Caxton αѸ1475ǯ ([2009-12-24-1])
hellog #297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1])
hellog #871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1])
hellog #1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1])
hellog #1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹׸ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])
hellog #3243. Caxton ֻɸಽˤɤΤ褦˹׸ ([2018-03-14-1])
hellog #3120. ²˱Ѹΰʪ뤳Ȥˤ Caxton ([2017-11-11-1])
hellog #3121. ְѤȯȱѸפΤޤȤ ([2017-11-12-1])
hellog #337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1])
hellog #4600. egges or eyrenʤ egges ե󥹸ȴ㤤ΤǤ礦 ([2021-11-30-1])
heldio #183. egges/eyren륭㥯ȥͭ̾ʰá

ΡQ3 Ƥ뿩̾ˤĤơ

ֱѸ˥ƥ50פ#23. äư󡩡
hellog #85. It's time for the meal --- time meal δط ([2009-07-21-1])
hellog #221. dinner ([2009-12-04-1])

ΡQ4 Ƥưʪפ̣ñˤĤơ

ֱѸ˥ƥ50פ#4. deer ̣Ѳء̣ѲѸˤء
hellog #127. deer, beast, and animal ([2009-09-01-1])
hellog #128. deer Ρưʪפΰ̣ϤĤޤǻĤäƤ ([2009-09-02-1])
hellog #1462. animal νǯˤĤơ ([2013-04-28-1])
heldio #117. ưʪפ̣ deer, beast, animal

ι泰ޤرѸ˿ʹ2ˤĤơոۡޤ顤khelf ĥå @khelf_keio ꤪ󤻤ȤΥեꤤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-21-1] [2024-03-04-1]

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2022-07-16 Sat

#4828. Ĺ18פХե󥹤򼴤˷줿֥ꥹ̱פΥǥƥƥ [history][french][review][hundred_years_war]

˥ο褯ɤࡥήθԤʬΥå󥹤򼨤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿ؤӤθΨ褤Ǥ롥ʬʬˤȤäʬǤ졤ߤʬǤ졤Ť¿ӾӰˡزͤǤɤ륤ꥹˡ٤⤽Τ褦ʰǤ롥
ƱǤϥꥹˤΥå󥹤¿Ƥ뤬ʤǤŪʡ֥ꥹ̱פΥǥƥƥ줿ȷаޤˤĤƤ1᤬ݤ˻ĤäƤ롥pp. 125--26 Ѥ롥

֥ꥹ̱פη
꡼Ȥ奤ꥹ˲Ȥϡ켷ǯΥ󥰥ɤȥ륺ؤΥåȥɹʻ᤿Ʊˡȥꥢ夬˻ϤޤȬǯޤǤˤ򰷤λˡ֥ꥹ̱פΥǥƥƥ줿ȽҤ٤Ƥޤ
Ƥι̱ռηϡե󥹤Ȥδ֤컰ǯδ֡³Ūʥڥ衤ȥꥢѾ衤ǯ衤ʥݥ쥪褽¾ˤɽ롤ŨдäƤȤƤޤ
Ĥޤե󥹤ȤΩꥹͤι̱ռϤȤȤˡ󥰥ɶԡΨŪŪʺ̳ƥपӵ緳ϤäȤҤ١ˤΥե󥹤ȤŨФƱ˥ץƥХȥåνǤ⤢ꡤñȤ䵢°ǤϤʤ罰ƱդѶŪϤǴн褹뤷ʤʤäȤλ˥졼ȥ֥ƥν̱ĤΡֹ̱פȤʤäŪװȤƤޤ
ʸŪˤ̱²ŪˤԶѼĤ԰ɤưƤǥƥƥäȡǶΥȥåйơĤ򤫤äƤץƥȤȤƼʵꤷפΤǤϤĹॹѥǹͤȤвʤƤϤʤʤ⤷ޤ󤬡λεŨե󥹤Ǥꡤ奤ꥹʸҲ񤬡ȿեʸҲȤե󥹤αˤۤʤʤäȤΤϡ̤Ǥ礦ʸ奤ꥹϡե󥹤ֵĤĿ̱˾ˤϡ֥ѥå֥꥿˥סʥꥹۤˤʿ¡ˡۤƤޤ


̱ȸڡӤ뤳ȤϤǤʤꥹ̱ΥǥƥƥΤߤʤ餺ḽѸμҲŪ֤ŤޤĹ18פ˥ե󥹡ʸˤȤзȾ̤ƷꤵƤȤߤ뤳Ȥǽ⤷ʤ
Ĺ18αʩΩϡ2ɴǯפȸƤФ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬Ūˤ3--4ۤΡ1ɴǯ (hundred_years_war) Ƥ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤơѸȥե󥹸θήΩˤ⡤Ʊ褦ˤΤܤ롥Ѹ줬ȿե󥹸Ȥե󥹸αǤȤͤͤꤽ

Ӿ Ӱ졡زͤǤɤ륤ꥹˡ١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-18-1] [2022-07-17-1]

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2022-07-05 Tue

#4817. standard θ츻 [etymology][latin][french][terminology][oed][standardisation][pchron]

ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯξҲȴϢơФ餯δ֡ɸಽ (standardisation) ˤĤƵ뵡¿ʤäƤƤ롥⤽ standard θ츻ϲʤΤޤ hellog Ǽ夲ƤȤʤäΤǡܤƤߤ
OED standard, n., adj., and int. Ƥߤȡ󡤸츻󡤸ӸŪ¡ƸҤ˻ޤǾܺ٤ʾͿƤ뤳Ȥ˰ݤ롥ɤ߲򤯤ǤϫѸȤȳƮƤ OED ԼԤΡθؤλפζҤҤäƤ롥ˤȤä standard ͡ʰ̣ǡֽŤñʤΤ  *
standard ϸʩ줫ᤤѸǡѸǤνФ12ȾФΤȤǤ롥ѸκǽʸȤ The Peterborough Chronicle (pchron) The Final Continuation ꡤ1138ǯεҤΤʤǡַפΰ̣ǽФ롥

?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1138 Him [sc. the king of Scotland] com togænes Willelm eorl of Albamar..& to [read te] other æuez men mid fæu men & fuhten wid heom & flemden þe king æt te Standard.


ʩ졿󥰥Υޥ estandart, standarde ѤΤȤȤΥեñ켫Τθ츻˽⤢ꡤʣʤ褦Ǥ롥OED θ츻Ѥ롥

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French standarde, estandart.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman standarde, Anglo-Norman and Old French estandart, Old French estendart (Middle French estandart, estendart, French étendard) military flag or banner, also as a (fortified) rallying point in battle (c1100), (figuratively) person worth following (c1170), upright post (a1240), large candle (a1339, only in Anglo-Norman), of uncertain origin, probably either (a) < a West Germanic compound with the literal sense 'something that stands firm' < the Germanic base of STAND v. + the Germanic base of HARD adv., or (b) < classical Latin extendere to stretch out (see EXTEND v.), or (c) < a Romance reflex of classical Latin stant-, stāns, present participle of stāre to stand (see STAND v.) + Old French -ard -ARD suffix.


3Ĥθ츻⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ뤬(a) ȤСޥ stand + hard ե󥹸ꡤ줬˲ƱѸäȤȤˤʤ롥ޤδ餤СľΩƤΡפֿӤƤΡפȤ2Ĥθ츻⤬뤳Ȥˤʤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-06-1]

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2022-06-08 Wed

#4790. there they Ѹ it ˡ [personal_pronoun][expletive][syntax][agreement][me][french][german][existential_sentence]

ѸɤǤȡit ˡѸ⹭ƸǤȤ롥㤨 there is ʸΤ褦¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ˤ there it Ѥ뤳Ȥcf. ե󥹸 il y a, ɥĸ es gibtˡMustanoja (132) ʸ򼨤ư줬 it ǤϤʤ̣μ˰פƤ뤳Ȥա

In many instances it occurs in a pleonastic function carried out by there in Pres. E: --- of hise mouth it stod a stem, Als it were a sunnebem (Havelok 591); --- of þe erth it groues tres and gress (Cursor 545, Cotton MS); --- it es na land þat man kan neven ... þat he ne sal do þam to be soght (Cursor 22169, Cotton MS); --- bot it were a fre wymmon þat muche of love had fonde (Harley Lyr. xxxii 3); --- hit arn aboute on þis bench bot berdles chylder (Gaw. & GK 280); --- bot hit ar ladyes innoȝe (Gaw. & GK 1251).


Ϣơ#1565. existential there ε (1) ([2013-08-09-1])#1566. existential there ε (2) ([2013-08-10-1])#4473. ¸ʸˤμỌ̇̄μ ([2021-07-26-1]) 򻲾ȡ
⤦1Ĥϡ¾ theyit ˡ Mustanoja (132--33) 򼨤

Another aspect in the ME use of the formal it is seen in the following cases where it is virtually equivalent to 'they:' --- holi men hit were beiene (Lawman B 14811; cf. hali men heo weoren bæien, A); --- it ben aires of hevene alle þat ben crounede (PPl. C vi 59); --- thoo atte last aspyed y That pursevantes and heraudes ... Hyt weren alle (Ch. HF 1323). --- to þe gentyl Lomb hit arn anioynt (Pearl 895); --- hit arn fettled in on forme, þe forme and þe laste ... And als ... hit arn of on kynde (Patience 38--40); --- þei ... cownseld hyr to folwyn hyr mevynggys and hyr steringgys and trustly belevyn it weren of þe Holy Gost and of noon evyl spyryt (MKempe 3). This use goes back to OE. Cf. also German es sind ... and French ce sont ...


ե󥹸ɥĸʸʤɶ̣Ѹιʸϡե󥹸줫θܿȤǽϤ뤬षŪ˴ŤΤǤϤʤˤǤ롥ɤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-12-30-1]

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2022-06-05 Sun

#4787. Ѹȥե󥹸δ֤ˤϻƤñ줬󤢤ޤ [french][latin][loan_word][borrowing][notice][voicy][link][hel_education][lexicology][statistics][hellog_entry_set][sobokunagimon]

Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ˤ#368. Ѹȥե󥹸ǻƤñ줬5ĤΥѥȤǤäޤ˴󤻤줿ǡ#370. ѸäΤʤΥե󥹼Ѹγϡ --- ꥹʡ󤫤μޤΤǡҤİ



Ѹȥե󥹸ξؤǤ¿ȻפޤVoicy Ǥⲿ٤Ҥ٤ƤޤȤƤξ˳ؤ֤Ȥ򤪴ᤷޤˡξμĤʤΤȤơֱѸˡפͭѤǤȤȤ⡤ȻפޤѸˤؤ٤гؤ֤ۤɡե󥹸ˤؿͯޤ򲡤Ĥĥե󥹸ؤ֤ȡѸ褯Ǥ褦ˤʤޤơˤäƥե󥹸줬狼äƤȡξ֤δط˰ռ褦ˤʤꡤϤ̡˹ͤ뤳ȤԲǽʶϡʡˤ˻ޤѸؽե󥹸ؽ⡤Ȥ˳ڤʤ뤳礤Ǥ
ºݡä˴ؤ¤ꡤѸä1/3ۤɤե󥹸ַϡפñˤäޤե󥹸ַϡפȤΤϡե󥹸ȡߤοƤǤƥ碌ˤǤ˥ե󥹸λǤݥȥ졤ڥ졤ꥢʤɤμѸäʤСΤΤʤǤΥե󥹸ַϡפγϤ⤦ޤޤ
ơ1/3ΤʤǤξǤƥ줬ե󥹸äƤ 2:1 뤤 3:2 ۤɤǤ礦ξƱʤΤǸۤȤƱȤñ¿Ѹ줬θ줫ѤΤȽȤʤ⤷ФиޤǼºݾϡե󥹸ַϡסʤ뤤ϥƥַϡסˤθäȤƴˤäƤΤȤ櫓Ǥ
Τ褦ʱʩθä˴ؿΤϡҴϢ heldio β hellog ̤ƴؿ򿼤ƤФȻפޤʲ˼פؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤ¤ꤢξ줪ӱѸˤγؤӤ

heldio β

#26. Ѹä1/3ϥե󥹸졪
#329. ե󥹸ؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơ
#327. ǯ٤˥ե󥹸ؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ
#368. Ѹȥե󥹸ǻƤñ줬5ĤΥѥ

hellog βʰ祢

#202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ ([2009-11-15-1])
#429. ѸκѸ10000εȳ ([2010-06-30-1])
#845. Ѹθäεȳ ([2011-08-20-1])
#1202. Ѹθäεȳ (2) ([2012-08-11-1])
#874. Ѹοˤ륽ʬۡ ([2011-09-18-1])

#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1])
#2357. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸäס ([2015-10-10-1])
#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸä (2) ([2015-11-07-1])
#117. ե󥹼Ѹǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1])
#4138. ե󥹼ѸΤѸ˼ڤ줿Τ4䶯ǡĽ׸ ([2020-08-25-1])
#660. ѸΥե󥹼ѸηƻΨ ([2011-02-16-1])
#1209. 1250ǯ򶭤Ȥե󥹼Ѹζʬ ([2012-08-18-1])
#594. ѸʹߤΥե󥹼Ѹħ ([2010-12-12-1])
#1225. ե󥹼Ѹʬۤð ([2012-09-03-1])
#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1])

#1205. Ѹ˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬ȯΤϤʤ ([2012-08-14-1])
#2349. Ѹ˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬ȯΤϤʤ (2) ([2015-10-02-1])
#4451. ե󥹼ѸΥԡ14 ([2021-07-04-1])
#1638. ե󥹸ȥƥ줫̸üѤΥߥ󥰤ζ ([2013-10-21-1])

#1295. ե󥹸ȥƥ2Ÿ ([2012-11-12-1])
#653. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1])
#848. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ (2) ([2011-08-23-1])
#3581. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (1) ([2019-02-15-1])
#3582. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (2) ([2019-02-16-1])
#4453. ե󥹸줫ѤñʤΤե󥹸ñʤΤ ([2021-07-06-1])
#3180. ˹ٸ̤Ƥե󥹡ƥѸ ([2018-01-10-1])

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-05-14 Sat

#4765. ֻ˶Ťʬ [participle][syntax][grammaticalisation][preposition][french][contact][dangling_participle][conjunction]

ε#4764. Ūʷʬεȼ ([2022-05-13-1]) ³ʬεˤĤơ
ιʸ Jespersen (407) "dangling participle" "loose participle" ȸƤӡڡˤ錄äƵƤ롥Ȥ櫓 pp. 409--10 Ǥϡ"perfectly established" ΤȤ allowing for, talking of, speaking of, judging by, judging from, saving, begging your pardon, strictly speaking, generally speaking, counting, taking, considering 㤬󤲤Ƥ롥
pp. 410--11 Ǥϡ˴ֻ˶᤯ʤäΤȤơѸʹߤ˭٤ʸȤȤ˵󤲤Ƥ롥ιͻΤˤ⡤˰ѤƤ

22.29. A loose participle sometimes approaches the value of a preposition. This use is with possibly doubtful justice ascribed to French influence by Ross, The Absolute Participle, 30. Examples: Ch B 4161 as touching daun Catoun | More U 64 Now as touchyng this question . . . But as concernyng this matter . . . | Caxton R 11 touchyng this complaint | Hawthorne S 247 I am utterly bewildered as touching the purport of your words | Caxton R 54 alle were there sauyng reynard | Gay BP 40 . . . a Jew; and bating their religion, to women they are a good sort of people | Hawthorne Sn 51 barring the casualties to which such a complicated piece of mechanism is liable | Quincey 116 one may bevouack decently, barring rain and wind, up to the end of October | Scott I 31 incapable of being removed, excepting by the use of the file | Di Do 239 Edith, saving for a curl of her lip, was motionless | Dreiser F 292 what chance would he have, presuming her faithfulness itself | Defoe R 2.190 his discourse was prettily deliver'd, considering his youth | Hope D 77 Considering his age, your conduct is scandalous | Thack N 5 there may be nothing new under and including the sun.
   Cf. also regarding, respecting (e.g. Ruskin S 1.291) | according to (Caxton R 57, etc.) | owing to | granting (Stevenson JHF 103 even granting some impediments, why was this gentleman to be received by me in secret?).
   Cf. pending, during, notwithstanding 6.34.
   On the transition of seeing, granting, supposing, notwithstanding with or without that to use as conjunctions, see ch. XXI; on being see above 6.35.


ˤȡʬϥե󥹸бʸαƶη̤Ȥߤʤ⤢褦εǤߤȤűѸ˥롼Ĥõ뤳ȤǤʾ塤ʤȤե󥹸줫αƶΤߤ˰͵򤹤ǤϤʤ
ѤκǸʬˤ褦ˡޤǤ˴ֻ첽뤤³첽Τ㤢Τǡjudging from ͻäơΤ褦ʻˤܤۤäƤɬפ롥

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-03-09 Wed

#4699. ѸΥڥ󥰻ˤȸܿ [spelling][orthography][contact][loan_word][old_norse][latin][french][dutch][greek][lexicology][historiography]

Ѹ줬ƻܿƤȤδط̤ƱѸθûˤȤϡѸˤΥɤ1ĤǤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1])#2615. Ѹä ([2016-06-24-1])#2966. Ѹä (2) ([2017-06-10-1])#3381. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻ס ([2018-07-30-1])#4130. Ѹä¿Ͳȳˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-17-1]) ʤɤǷ֤Ҳ𤷤Ƥ
Ȥ褽ϢưϤΤΩߤȤơѸ줬ƻܿƤȤδط̤ƱѸΥڥ󥰻ˤȤǤ롥ơλߤɬ⥹ɤǤϤʤѸˤΤʤǤΰϾäȤäƤ褤
ѸΥڥ󥰻ˤȸܿ ˤĤ Horobin (113) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

English spelling is a concoction of written forms drawn from a variety of languages through processes of inheritance and borrowing. At every period in its history, the English lexicon contains words inherited from earlier stages, as well as new words introduced from foreign languages. But this distinction should not be applied too straightforwardly, since inherited words have frequently been subjected to changes in their spelling over time. Similarly, while words drawn from foreign language may preserve their native spellings intact, they frequently undergo changes in order to accommodate to native English spelling patterns.


ûˤȥڥ󥰻ˤϡФϢư뤬§ȤΩˤǤ롤ȤªϤȤƤȻפHorobin ƱͤΤʤǡѸˤγƻ头Ȥ˥ڥ󥰤˱ƶڤܤ졦ˤĤƼΤ褦ʸޤ򼨤Ƥ롥ͤΥ󡦥ȥȴФǤޤȤƤߤ褦



Old English (650--1066) ]

Germanic
Old Norse

Middle English (1066--1500) ]

English dialects beyond London
French
Dutch

Early Modern English (1500--1800) ]

Latin
Greek
Celtic
Native American languages

Modern English ]

Continued developments



ڥ󥰻ˤθޤȤƤ⤷ûˤȤ褽ϢưƤʤ⡤Ϥ㴳ۤʤäƤΤΤ褦ʱѸˤθϼ¤˿ʤȻפä补

Horobin, Simon. "The Etymological Inputs into English Spelling." The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. London: Routledge, 2016. 113--24.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-11-30 Tue

#4600. egges or eyrenʤ egges ե󥹸ȴ㤤ΤǤ礦 [caxton][me_dialect][french][popular_passage][sobokunagimon][heldio]

ιֱ "English" "Englishes" ءǤäˤʤäΩ̿ؤܹꡤؤ󤪤⤷󶡤Ƥ餤ޤWilliam Caxton (1422?--91) egges/eyren ΰäˤơʤפα¤ǤʤǤʤ֥ե󥹸פȴ㤤ΤȤǤ
ñطʤ⤷Ƥޤȡ˾αѸΰȤǤ Caxton 1490ǯ˽Ǥ Eneydos νʸΤʤǡѸ˴ؤäҲ𤵤Ƥޤ󥰥пȤȤܤͤ󥰥ΥƥॺαΦ˾夬äơפα˿᤿ȤäǤͤ egges ˤ˾ΤǤϤñ򤻤ե󥹸ʬʤޤͤϾͤǥե󥹸ʤäƤʤʤ egges ǤʤΤܤäȤ̤μԤäꡤͤäƤΡ egges Ȥϡʱ򤹤ǤȤΡ eyren ΤȤȲ⤷ƤưȤääǤ
αѸŦƤ᥿ȤȤơѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤäǤܥ֥Ǥ#337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1]) ǤΤѸθʸǰѤޤơʲ˰ѤƤޤ

And one of theym named Sheffelde, a mercer, cam in-to an hows and axed for mete; and specyally axed after eggys. And the goode wyf answerde, that she coude speke no frenshe. And the marchaunt was angry, for he also coude speke no frensche, but wolde have hadde egges, and she understode hym not. And thenne at laste a nother sayd that he wolde have eyren. Then the gode wyf sayd that she understode hym wel. Loo, what sholde a man in thyse dayes wryte, egges or eyren?


εϡʤפα¤ǤʤǤʤ֥ե󥹸פȴ㤤ȤΤǤȤƤ⤪⤷Ȼפʤ˹ͤƤߤޤ
ޤŪǤΰäϻ¤˴ŤäȤϡCaxton ˤϺǤϤʤȤǰޤegges ˤ eyren ˤʬۤϻ¤ǤΤǡդʤǤϤʤȤϤäȤƤޤǤƤ봶ꡤ¿쾯ʤ Caxton äץͥǤǽ⤤ȹͤƤޤʸ촴ʣξǤ֤ۤʤ뤳ñտŪΤǤϤʤȤǡˡ⤷ϺȤƤ⡤ƱɼԤδ֤θ졦μͭƤ뤳ȤȤʤäƤϤʤΤǡ֥ե󥹸פ礤ˤưäˤߤä褦ȤΤΤϡɤ߲򤯲ͤꤽǤ
Ǥϡʤ egges ե󥹸ȴ㤤ΤǤ礦餯ͤ¤ "Can I ask for eggs?" ȯ򤷤ΤǤϤʤޤϡο eggs ʬǤȤ⡤¾ʬ¤äƤ뤱ɤѸϱѸǧǤϤʤΤǡʤοͤϴοʬǽñɽΤȤ֤פä˰㤤ޤ󡥤ǡϡǽñΥ󥰥ɤˤɮƬǤե󥹸ñ˰㤤ʤȵäƤߤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
egges ʹơǽ˱ѸñǤϤʤե󥹸ñȴäդ꤬äȤƤϤ⤷ȤǤüԤαˤȤäơǤե󥹸ѸΤۤǽäȤȤˤʤ뤫ǤۤɤޤǤ˱ѸϰۤʤΤȤȤCaxton ϼäΤǤϤʤǤ礦ĥȤиĥΤ褦ˤⴶޤ
ޤΰäϡѸΥ󥰥ɤˤɮƬ줬ե󥹸äȤ⼨Ƥ褦˻פޤΥޥ3ʾФäƤꡤϤ䥤󥰥ɤˤƥե󥹸ϸξȤ˼Ѹϰ̤ܴۤ˼Ѹ줬뤲ƤǤϤޤե󥹸ϤޤʸȤƤΰҿݤäƤޤ礦ɸܤˤƱѸ줬ݸȤưҿݤäƤΤȻ褦ʾǤܤDZѸ줬ɮƬȤư֤ŤƤΤƱͤˡѸΥ󥰥ɤǤϥե󥹸줬ɮƬȤư֤ŤƤ櫓Ǥcf. #2622. 15˥󥰥ɿͤե󥹸ؤͳ ([2016-07-01-1])ˡ⾦ͤե󥹸ϤǤʤä褦Ǥե󥹸줬󥰥ɤ1ǤȤǧ϶ͭƤꡤ餳ե󥹸줬礤˽Ф줿ȤȤǤϤʤǤ礦
ʾ塤βǤߤʤ󡤤Ǥ礦
ʤߤˡϢươֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơ嵭ΰäѸθʸɤ߾夲ƤߤޤҤİ


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2021-11-28 Sun

#4598. ƱѸȤƥХȤȤΤϡ [ame][canadian_english][spanish][french][basque][map]

ȤȤǡäȤݤƱѸȤƥХȤȤΤϡϡ̤ϥե󥹸졤ϥڥƤޤ?
Х (Basque) ϡ²°Ƥʤ衼åѤθΩ1ĤǤ롥ե󥹡¦ˤȥڥ¦ˤιնΰѤ100ͤüԤˤäƤüԤ¿Ϥ褽Х󥬥Ǥꡤڥ¦ΥХ˵サƤ롥ϤǤϥڥե󥹸ȤäŪ줬򤭤Ƥ뤿ᡤХŪʰ̣Ǿ̱²äȤߤʤƤ롥

Map of the Basqeu-Spealing areas

ǤϡʤΤ褦ʥХ줬ƱѸȰäΤơʥꥫ罰ȥʥˤǼȤäƤϡ줿ѸǤ롥üԿ͸ǤϥХȤ٤褦ʤƱѸϡο̱ˤ˾Ȥ餹ȡʥΥ٥åɽե󥹸¦ˤȡᥭϤȤƤΥڥ¦ˤ˶ޤƤ롥ߤǤ⡤θŪĶƱѸ˾ʤ̥ѥȤͿ³ƤꡤʥѸϥե󥹸줫顤ꥫѸϥڥ줫龯ʤ̸ŪƶäƤcf. #4529. Ѹȥᥭ ([2021-09-20-1]
¾ʤ󥹥ԥ졼ϡHall-Lew (373) ɤǤƽвä1ʸҥȤΤǤ롥

Today, Spanish influence, versus French influence, is one major historical difference between Englishes in the Unite States and in Canada.


嵭ζСơ˱ѸȥХδطϤषۤȤɤʤȤäƤ褤

Hall-Lew, Lauren. "English in North America." Chapter 18 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 371--88.

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2021-11-07 Sun

#4577. ѸȸťΥɸ졤ޥ󥱥ȸȥե󥯸 [old_norse][french][latin][celtic][frankish][contact][hfl]

ѸˤǤϡ󥰻8ȾФ11ޤǡˤˤѸȸťΥɸ (old_norse) ǻ̩ʸܿ (contact) ФȤʤ롥ܥ֥ǤϢ¿ε񤤤ƤȤƤΤξüԡˤ褽δطˤäȤȤ
2δؤܿ¿ΥǤϡҲŪʾ岼ζ̤ΤǤ롥󥰥Υ֥ƥ翯άαѸȥȸθܿǤϡѸ줬 (superstratum) ǥȸ줬 (substratum) äޤΥޥʸαѸȥե󥹸θܿǤϡѸ줬 (substratum) ǥե󥹸줬 (superstratum) ä
ҲŪʾ岼ΤǤϤʤ2Ĥθ줬¤ (adstratum) Ȥʤ륱⤢롥嵭αѸȸťΥɸθܿϡŵȤƵ󤲤뤳Ȥ¿
Τ褦⤦1ĵ󤲤Ȥȡޥ󥱥ȸȥե󥯸θܿȤʤ롥츫ȻۼԤǤե󥯸줬̤ǡۼԤǤޥ󥱥ȸ줬̤ȤҲŪʴطΩƤȹͤ뤫⤷ʤMillar (4--5) ˤȲ¤ӤȹͤΤǤŬڤȤ

In post-Roman Gaul, for instance, the relationship between the military dominant Franks and the Romano-Celtic population whom they ruled was not one of a genuinely superstratal versus substratal type. Instead, the relationship between the two groupings are best described as adstratal. While the military power of the Franks was considerable, their administration for Roman tradition and lifestyle was perpetually present; they were often bilingual. By the same token, the Gallo-Roman elite appear to have been happy to take on aspects of Frankish culture --- in particularly, names --- from an early period. No doubt they were more than aware of the centre towards which power, influence and capital of various sorts was now flowing. The Frankish influence upon the ancestor of modern French are visible, therefore, but they tend to be concentrated in particular semantic fields, such as the technology and practice of warfare and fortification, where the Franks' primary expertise and power base lay. A good example of this is Modern French maréchal 'supreme war leader', but originally 'leader of the cavalry', borrowed early on from Frankish.


Ѹˤȥե󥹸ˤ˴ؤ "adstratal relationship" 򼨤2ȤõƤ

Millar, Robert McColl. Contact: The Interaction of Closely Related Linguistic Varieties and the History of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-08-1]

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2021-08-11 Wed

#4489. 1763ǯѸ줬δߤĹȥå򲡤ǯ [history][french][map][canada]

Trudgill (23) 1763ǯѸŪǽפǯȤߤƤ롥1763ǯαѸ˾ΰյȤϲ

Then in 1763 a very significant event occurred: Britain gained control of the Cape Breton Island area of Nova Scotia, which had remained in French hands until then. This meant that for the first time the English language had effected a complete takeover of a very long contiguous stretch of the east coast of the North American continent: There was now an English-language presence all along the coast from Newfoundland in the north, right down to the border between Georgia and (Spanish-controlled) Florida in the south.


ꥹƱѸ줬δߤĹȥå򲡤ǯäΤǤ롥ĹȥåפǧΤˤϡܥ̿ˡϿޤѤȤʤʤŪ ((C)ROOTS/Heibonsha.C.P.C)

Atlantic Coast of North America (1763)

ǯϡˤǤȤμǯ1756--1763ǯ; Seven Years' Warˤ뤷ǯǤ롥ꥹٱ礹ץȡȥꥢե󥹤ʤɤȤδ֤ǡץΥե꡼ɥ2ιشʤɤˤԤˤϱƿ̱Ȥ¦̤⤢ꡤ̥ꥫȥɤˤξ񤬷ͤ
̥ꥫǤ襤ϥեǥ (French and Indian War) ȤƤФ뤬ʩγˤĤơɴʻŵ2ǡ٤β⤬ȤƤ狼䤹

ŪˤСʸ׽ˤĤʤʿϩˤȾ̾˥ꥹ̱ϤϤե󥹿̱Ϥȡ̡ϡˤγˤäƤΤߤ⤦ȤꥹϤȤϥήǾͤƵäžǡˤΥǥ²ޤޤ줿


ɤǤϥե󥹤ȥǥηͥݤä1758ǯ˥ꥹΥԥåȼ꤬ϤʻƳϤȯ˵ڤӡɤϵžꥹ٥åȥꥪå褷Ԥ褻줿ơ1763ǯΥѥ²Ĥˤꡤե󥹤̥ꥫˤڤ򼺤Ȥˤʤäƥꥹϥʥޤ᤿̥ꥫʤδߤΤȤǤϤ뤬ˤλ۸
ˤ⡤ꥹ1713ǯ New Brunswick Ƥꡤ1732ǯ Georgia ο̱Ƥ롥1740--50ǯˤ Nova Scotia ܹ񤫤̱¿1758ǯˤ Prince Edward Island 򤷤Ƥ롥ơǸ˾嵭Τ褦1763ǯ Nova Scotia 򡤤 Cape Breton Island 嵭ΡĹȥåפĤʤä櫓
嵭αʩ̱εȡ̤ȤƤγƸʬۤϡ褽פƤȹͤƤ褤ꥹλ۲ä٥åǤϡʸȤƤϥեŪǤǻѾ츽ߤ˻äƤʤɡ㳰ʤ櫓ǤϤʤ⤦1󤲤С#1733. Canada ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-24-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ嵭 Nova Scotia ʤɤ줿ե󥹷Ϥο̱͡ꥫ Louisiana ʤɤذܽƤꡤߤǤλ¹ Louisiana Cajun (< Acadian) ȸƤФե󥹸ѼäƤ롥

Trudgill, Peter. "The Spread of English." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 14--34.

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2021-08-10 Tue

#4488. Ѹ줬ʬۤ̾Ƥȸߤλ [history][world_englishes][irish_english][japanese][french][spanish][portuguese][pidgin][lesser-know_varieties]

ѸϡΥ󥬡ե (lingua_franca) Ȥʬۤ礵Ƥ롥ѸϤ̣ǤϡϤ뤫ΡΦꡤ֥ƥΥ̱²俷Φ轻̱Ϥ¿̱²θʬۤ̾ʬۤ礵Ƥˤġ
츫ȡ餱Τ餺פθΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤɬ⤽ǤϤʤ¾θȤζԤʬۤ̾ꡤȤԻѤȤʤ礹餢äߤ⤽Τ褦ʻ㤬ߤΤǤ롥ϡαѸʻˡˤΰճʻ򤤤ĤߤƤȤΤ Trudgill "English in Retreat" ꤹ (27--29) Ǥ롥
Ū˸ŤȤϤȡ12--15Υɤλ㤬롥Henry II ϡ1171ǯ˥󥰥Υޥ󷳤ǥɿΰ˱ѸüԤϤ䤬Ƹϲ˻ꡤѸ줬ŤȤϤʤäѸȤƤ˾ܳŪʬ۳˼ԤäȤcf. #1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1])#2361. ǯɽ ([2015-10-14-1]
ȸ˶Ť19ΤȤˤʤ뤬䤿ˤȤä˽פ --- ۤȤΤƤʤ --- Ѹ̤λ㤬롥ϤʤȾ޸Ǥ롥ηϤȤ̵ͤä1543ǯ˥ڥͤˤȯ졤θ塤˲ƷϤο͡ˤʤߡ19ˤϱѸ١Ρ־޸ԥѸ (Bonin English) ŸƤ19ȾܤϤͭẖ̂ܤؤεʤ᤿̡ܸ줬ͥȤʤꡤߤޤǤ˾޸ԥѸϤۤѤȤʤäƤ롥ܤϡ#2559. ޸αѸ ([2016-04-29-1])#2596. ־޸ȤСפ ([2016-06-05-1])#3353. ޸ִ50ǯ ([2018-07-02-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ߤλǤСʥΥ٥å󤲤롥ե󥹸줬ͥƱˤơѸ줬ΩƤ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤcf. #1733. Canada ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-24-1])ˡͤε°ռ꤬ؤäƤꡤαѸפȤɤñʬۤ򹭤櫓ǤϤʤȤ褯Ƥ롥
ޤޤΤƤʤꥫΥֳߤˤ⡤ѸüԽĤǤʤŪҲŪΩƤ͡νޤϤߤƤ롥Υ롼Ĥ19ȾꥸޥʤɤꥫΦϰŸ͡ǡФȤƼҲŪϰ̤㤤ĤȤߤʤƤߤǤ⡤ϢƹθѸǤ륹ڥΤۤҿ⤯ϤǤϱѸѤΥåƥ뤬ĥƤ롥Ϣ뵭Ȥơ#1679. The West Indies αѸ ([2013-12-01-1])#1702. ֳϰؤΰ̱νпϡ ([2013-12-24-1])#1711. ֳϰαѸγȻ ([2014-01-02-1])#1713. ƤαѸBay Islands ([2014-01-04-1])#1714. ƤαѸBluefields Puerto Limon ([2014-01-05-1])#1731. English as a Basal Language ([2014-01-22-1]) 󤲤Ƥ
ۤˤ⡤19ȾФ˥ꥫԼԤȤʤä֥ͤ饸ƨ줿¹֥饸˱ѸüԽĤȤ餷Ƥ뤬ƱθѸǤݥȥ˲Ǥ롥ޤ1890ǯ˼ҲŪ桼ȥԥƥѥ饰˰ܽȥꥢͤλ¹餷Ƥ뤬Ԥδ֤ǤϤθǤ Guaraní ؤθؤʹǤ롥
Ѹϲˤ⸽ߤˤ餱Τ餺פä櫓ǤϤʤ

Trudgill, Peter. "The Spread of English." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 14--34.

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