ʪؤϼؤǤϡಽ (index fossil) ȸƤФΤ롥㤨лβФĤСޤؤǤ뤳Ȥ狼뤷ʥȤǤ塤ӮǤпʤɤȹͤƤ褤¸֤ûŪʬۤ͡ʼѴ䤫¿ФŪħ狼䤹ΤФ롥
#3162. Ű ([2017-12-23-1]) оݤȤʤΡŪʹͻоݤȤʤΤǤС伨Ȥͤ褽ѤΤǤϤʤȻפˤѤƤߤ뤳ȤˤޤפĤΤϡλ˻벻ѲؤǤ롥벻ħȿǤƤ뤫ݤˤꡤθ줬˸줿ΤǯʤΤʤΤȽ륱ʤʤ
㤨Сskill, skin, skirt ʤ첻֤ <sk> = /sk/ ѸñϡűѸʹߤ˸ťΥɸ줫Ѥ줿Ǥǽ礭ѸǤ첻֤Ǥϡ/sk/ ϸ /ʃ/ = <sh> ȤʤΤ§äǤ롥Ĥޤꡤshine, ship, shirt ϡ餯űѸǤŪ˿ꤵcf. #1511. űѸ sc θ ([2013-06-16-1])#2944. ship, skiff, skip(per) ([2017-05-19-1])ˡ
첻 (gvs) θ̵̤ͭ⡤Ʊ褦̤design, divine, polite ʤɤ2첻Ȥʤ餯15ˤ˼Ѥ줿ȹͤ뤬Ʊե줫μѸǤ machine, police, unique ʤɤĹ첻Ȥܸ˱ѸäƤŪ˿Ǥcf. #2523. 첻ܤϡȯֻЪΥκθ (3) ([2016-03-24-1])ˡ
Фξۤɤ٤ϴԤǤʤΤΡ嵭θ췲ǯ˥ҥȤͿƤּáפȸƤ֤ȤǤΤǤϤʤ
frequent ˤʡӤӤΡˤϡʸ̤ˤѤѸθȯΤϰճȿ϶äƤ1596ǯΤȤΤäθϡƥư frequentāre ʵͤˤƻ frequēns ʺ߹äˤե fréquent Фơ15ȾФ˱ѸäƤθϡեä֤Ӥ˭٤ʡפǤꡤֺ߹ä¿ͿΡפθǤ19ޤǻȤ줿ֺ߹ä¿ͿΡפȤƤϡDiscourse concerninge the Spanish Fleet Invadinge Englande (1590) 18ˤơ"There was generally made throughout the whole realm a most frequent assembly of all sorts of people." ȸ롥
θ塤frequent ϡ֤դ줿פۤɤŪʴްդȯãShakespeare ǤϤ "addicted" ־ャŪÿŮƤ ۤɤθǻȤƤ롥The Winter's Tale (1611) Ȥơ"I have missingly noted he is of late much retired from court, and is less frequent to his princely exercises than formerly he hath appeared".
ˤθ塤ŪʴްդΩѤ־ャŪʡסˤʡפθȯãϾҤΤ褦16Ǥ롥1604ǯ Ѹ˾αѸ켭 A Table Alphabeticall Ǥ "often, done many times: ordinarie, much haunted, or goe too" ȤꡤǤ˿夷Ƥ褦Ǥ롥
1755ǯ Johnson μǤ⡤ʲΤ褦ˡֺ߹ä¿ͿΡפȤŤޤϿƤʤȤϤäƤ⡤ȤƵƤ frequent and full 17 Milton ΤΤǤϤäˡ
1. Often done; often seen; often occurring.
2. Used often to practise any thing.
3. Full of concourse
ñˤ⡤̣ѲˤǤΤǤ롥"Chaque mot a son histoire." (= "Every word has its own history.")
֥ƥϡ (Latinate) ѸȤϡȤƥƥȥեȤѸؤˤᤷơ¾Υޥ줫μѸޤळȤ⤢СꥷƥͳƱѸ˼ޤ뤳Ȥ¿äȤ顤ꥷѸľܼѤ줿ΤˤޤǸ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ѹ˾塤ƥϤθüѤ줿ȷϩϡʲΤ褦˿ǤСp. 113 οޤȤˡ
Greek
Latin Old and Middle French Modern French
?Germanicrehistoric OEld English ?Middle English?Modern English?
Wersmer (64, 67) Nevalainen (352, 378, 391) Ȥ Cowie (610--11) ˤСܼѤˤơϤܼѤΤȼѷϤΤΤΨѸ礭ѲȤ
The relative frequency of nonnative affixes to native affixes in coined words rises from 20% at the beginning of the Early Modern English period to 70% at the end of it . . . . The proportion of Germanic to French and Latin bases in new coinages falls from about 32% at the beginning of the Early Modern period to some 13% at the end . . . . Together these measures confirm the emergence of non-native affixes as independent English morphemes over the Early modern period. They also seem to contradict claims that the native affixes in Early Modern English are just as, if not more productive, than ever . . . , although it is always less likely that words coined with native affixes would be recorded in a dictionary . . . .
λνˤϼѷϤ20%äˤ70%ˤޤäƤ롥ΤܤȡѷϤФϤΨϡ32%ۤɡ13%ۤɤǤ롥ΤȤơѸˡѷϤܼӴΤΩĤ褦ˤʤäƤȤϵʤѤκǸâϽפǤϤ롥
Ϣơ#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1])#3165. ȤƤ conspicuous external ([2017-12-26-1])#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1])#3258. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (1) ([2018-03-29-1])#3259. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (2) ([2018-03-30-1]) ȡ
Wersmer, Richard. Statistische Studien zur Entwicklung des englischen Wortschatzes. Bern: Francke, 1976.
Nevalainen, Terttu. "Early Modern English Lexis and Semantics." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 332--458.
Cowie, Claire. "Early Modern English: Morphology." Chapter 38 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 604--20.
츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤƤκǤɽȤäƤ褤 b ޤ doubt ʤˤ夲褦
doubt θ츻ҤȤȡƥ dubitāre ̤롥Υƥñϡĸǡ2פɽ魯 *dwo- θ캬ʱѸ two ƱˤޤǤ롥2Ĥδ֤ФʤФʤʤ֤֤餦ס֤ס֤פʤɤθ
θ塤Υƥñϡťե douter ֤ס֤פȤƷѾ줿첻˶ޤ줿ȤȤ b ťեʳޤǤ˲פüƤ뤳Ȥդ줿äơťեǤȯˤƤֻˤƤ b ϸʤʤäƤ
θťե1200ǯˤۤܤΤޤѸؼѤ졤ñȤƤ doute(n) ޤ줿ʥե -er бѸθ -en ؤƼˡΤˤС132Ⱦ˽줿 Ancrene Wisse ľܥƥֻȤȤܤ doubt 㤬ߤĤΤϵ㳰ȹͤƤ褤
θ塤15ˤʤȡѸǤľܥƥֻȤ b 䤦츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) λ㤬롥16˻Ϥޤѹͥϡƥ濴Ȥŵؤηݤޤꡤ̤˸츻ŪֻºݤˤϤ15桤ˤäƤ14ƥؤηФϸ졤츻ŪֻȯŪ˸ƤƤb doubt ֻܳŪŸƤΤϡΤ16ʹߤΤȤȤäƤ褤
Τ褦ˤƽdoubt ֻ̲ɸಽ˻äȯˤĤƤϽ b ʤȯߤˤޤǷ³Ƥ롥b ȯʤ̵ͭˤ˴ؤƱμŪʥȤϡ#1943. Holofernes --- 츻Ūֻ黿ԡ ([2014-08-22-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤Ǥ롥
⤦1ĿƤ٤ϡ¤ϥե¦Ǥ⡤13ȤᤤʳǡǤ˸츻Ūֻ줿 doubter ڤƤ뤳ȤѸ˱ʩʸˤδط̩äȤͤСѸˤĤƤϡľܥƥֻȤ롼ȤΤۤˡƥֻȤեֻäȤ롼ȤǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2058. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (1) ([2014-12-15-1]) Hotta (51ff) Ȥ줿
Hotta, Ryuichi. "Etymological Respellings on the Eve of Spelling Standardisation." Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature 30 (2015): 41--58.
#3285. chivalry θƬҲ ([2018-04-25-1]) ؤŤեѸǤʤ chivalry ˤƤϡ<ch> /ʧ/ ǤϤʤ /ʃ/ бΤϤʤȤJespersen (14.74; pp. 407--08) ˤĤƼΤ褦Ƥ롥
Though chivalry is an old loan (Chaucer, etc.), it is now generally pronounced [ʃivəlri] instead of [ʧ]: when the institution itself became obsolete, the word disappeared from actual speech, and when revived, was made to conform with chevalier.
chivalry Ȥ켫ΤϡˤƤդˤƻ䤨뤳ȤϤʤäؼоݤǤ뵳٤ΤΤह뤳ȤˤäơŪʸϰ̤æȤΤϤäȤʸˤʤäƤ顤ֶ岽פȯȥȼäơ¾褷äȤȤǤ롥
<ch> = /ʃ/ ե줫μѸĤƤchagrin, chaise (˼Ѥ줿 chair Ʊ), chamade, champagne, chandelier, chaperon, charade, charlatan, Charlemagne, Charlotte (ᤤ Charles ; cf. #2201. ǤȤ Princess Charlotte ([2015-05-07-1])), chamois, château, chauvinism, chef (ᤤ chief ), chemise, chmisette, chenille, chevalier, chic, chicane, chiffon, machine, marchioness, moustache, douche, cartouche ʤɤ롥
ʤCharlie ϥڥå̾ȤƤϡͺξ /ʧ/ ǡξ /ʃ/ ȯȤޤchampaign, champignon, debauch ǤξλҲȯ褦
<ch> ˤޤĤȤƤϡ#3251. <chi> ϡ֥פ֥פ֥פ֥ҡפ ([2018-03-22-1]), #1893. إܥ <sh>, <ch>, <j> ϤɤΤ餤Ѹ ([2014-07-03-1])#2049. <sh> Ȥΰֻˡ ([2014-12-06-1]) εȡ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
ĤƤε#1571. state estate ([2013-08-15-1]) ε#3295. study <u> û첻Τ櫓 ([2018-05-05-1]) Ǽ夲 study ϡƥ studiāre üȯťե estudie ФƱѸ˼Ѥ줿Ǥcf. ե étudier) ϡUpward and Davidson (114--15) ˰͵ťե˸ e- ܤ
ƥˤ sc-, sp-, st- ǻϤޤϡΤޤޤη֤DZѸ˼Ѥ줿⤢뤬¿ϥե䥹ڥʤɤͳ esc-, esp-, est- η֤DZѸäƤե䥹ڥǤϡƥ2ŻҲ˲ (euphony) Ȥ e ΤäŵŪʸƬź (prosthesis) 㡨#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) ȡˡ
ĤǤˡƥ exc-, exp-, ext- ⤽줾 esc-, esp-, est- ؤȴά줿ᡤˤϤȤȤ sc-, sp-, st- Ʊϩɤ뤳ȤˤʤäʰʲǤϡexc-, exp-, ext- ͳ褹Τ + դˡ
ƬˤΤ褦ʷ֤ĸ췲ʤ餺Ѹ˼Ѥ졤̤ȤƱѸǤϼ3ĤΥǧ롥
(1) ޤʥǤϤ뤬Ƭ e- ĸΤߤä (ex. eschew, +escord, esplanade)
(2) ФСƬ e- ĸȻʤ줬2Ÿ (doublet) Ȥƶ¸Ƥ (ex. +escape/scapegoad, escalope/scallop, escarpment/scarp, especial/special, espy/spy, espouse/spouse, estate/state, +estranged/strange)
(3) Ǥ¿ΤϡƬ e- ʤǤ (ex. +scaffold (< OFr eschafalt), +scald (< OFr eschalder), spine (< OFr espine), stage (< OFr estage), stew (< OFr estuve), study (< OFr estudie))
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
ε#3294. occupy ϡ֥ԡפȯʤ ([2018-05-04-1]) ǡstudy ֻȯδطˤĤƾ줿<u> ֻϡ˻Ҳʸ <d> 1Ĥ첻 <y> ³Τǡ§˾Ȥ餻 /juː/ бϤǤ롥ºݡƱ student studious Ǥ /juː/ 롥study Ǥϡषû첻 /ʌ/ 롥 *studdy ֻǤСΤ褦ȯȤǤΤʤ study /ˈstʌdi/ ȤʤΤ
Upward and Davidson (161--62) ˤм̤Ǥ롥̾ƥեͳ褹ˤû첻ȤƤ <u> ϤۤȤ /ʌ/ б롥ξ硤2İʾλҲ뤤 <x> ³ΤŵǤ롥㤨Сultimate, usher, abundance, discuss, button, public, muscle, luxury, product, adult, result, judge; subject, success, suggest, supplement ǡñǤϡdrug, sum ʤɤϤˡ
ޤ <u> θ1ĤλҲΤߡʤˤθ첻ˤ³Τ⤢롥Τ褦㳰1Ĥ study Ȥ櫓ۤˡbunion, pumice, punish ⤢ꡤǤֻͽ¬줽 /juː/ ʤΤդפ롥 Ǹ˵ punish ȴϢơvanish, finish, abolish ʤɤΥեͳ -ish ưcf. ե -ir ưˤǤ⡤ľβ첻û첻ɤळȤˤʤäƤ롥ե -ir ưαѸؤμƤΤˤĤƤϡ#346. ե -ir ư ([2010-04-08-1]) ȡ
첻ʻˤĹûˤĤƤΰϡ#2075. 첻첻Ĺû ([2015-01-01-1]) ɤ
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
restaurant <au> ʬȯ줺2ȤʤΤϤʤȤʲ˼褦ˡñˤ¿¿ͤȯꡤ<au> ʬۣ첻 /ə/ ȤƼ¸3ȯ̤ˤ롥Ĥޤꡤ/ˈrɛstrɒnt/ /ˈrɛstərɒnt/ ⤢롥
ֲ첻ϡꥸʥΥեǤ /ɔ/ Ƥ첻ȯ뤬ѸǤ19ˤθ줬Ѥ줿餫顤岽줿 /ə/ ȯƤȻפ롥Ƭȸˤ줾12֤ΤʤСֲϼ岻Ȥʤꡤ첻ϼ첻ȤʤϤμ岽ʤСüȤȤˤʤ롥
θȯɤ줬㤷Τϡ¤ϤֲȤ⡤ˤƤʤΤǤ롥LPD ȯɽƤߤ褦

첻μ̤Ѱۤ⤵뤳Ȥʤ顤ɡƤ뤫ݤͭɡ /ŋ/ տ魯뤫ݤ/t/ ¸Ƥ뤫ݤᤰäơѰۤǧ롥ɽΥȤˤ褦ˡꥹѸ1973ǯޤʹߤǤ /-rɒnt/ ¿ȤʤäƤƤ褦ǤꡤǯΥȥɤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥
ŪˤߤСθ줬Ѥ줿ϥꥸʥΥեȯ /t/ ʤɡ첻ȯƤȤȤ˱Ѹ첽ȯؤȿܤƤȤ롥ޤѸŪɡ첻ѸŪͭɡ /ŋ/ ֤졤ֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) Ȥ /t/ ȯ⸽ƤΤȯȯ֤줿ȤΤΤǤϤʤȯϤʤ¸³ȯȤξѤ߽ŤʤäƤ٤Ǥ롥̤ȤơѤƤȯߡΩƤȤ櫓
ޤȤСֲˤˤ衤եθ鼡ȱѸ첽Ѱۤ䤷ƤȤȤǤ롥ŪˤĤƤ OED ܤΤǡʲ˰ѤƤ

ֵƻפ̣ chivalry /ˈʃɪvəlri/ Τ褦˸Ƭ̵ԹŸ /ʃ/ äȯ롥ϰ츫ȯǤ롥ȤΤϡñϥե줫μѸǤꡤ1300ǯ Kyng Alysaunder "He schipeth into Libie, With al his faire chivalrie." (l. 1495) Τ褦˸뤳ȤͤơΥեθ¤˻ /ʧ/ äȯƤϤ
Τ˸Ѹ <ch> ϺǤŵŪˤ˻ /ʧ/ бȤĤĤ⡤ /ʃ/ ؤб褷ʤ#2201. ǤȤ Princess Charlotte ([2015-05-07-1]) εǿ줿褦ˡեѸ˴ؤ¤ꡤ<ch> λҲɽ魯ϡ褽ѤλˤäƷޤ롥εǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤̤Ǥ롥
ѸˤեѸ <ch> ֤Τ˻ [ʧ] [ʃ] ȤϡФмѻˤΤѤ롥㤨 chance, charge, chief, check, chair, charm, chase, cheer, chant ϤѸ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤꡤchampagne, chef, chic, chute, chaise, chicanery, charade, chasseur, chassis ϤѸäΤǤ롥
ĤޤꡤϲȤСѸ chivalry Ѹ˼Ѥ줿Ǥ뤫顤鸽ߤޤ˻ /ʧ/ ³ϤǤͽۤˤ⤫餺षѸμѸǤ뤫Τ褦 /ʃ/ Τ̯ȤȤOED Ǥ⡤ /ʧɪvəlri/ ȯ⤢ȼʤ⡤"As a Middle English word the proper historical pronunciation is with /ʧ-/; but the more frequent pronunciation at present is with /ʃ-/, as if the word had been received from modern French." ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤȼΤ褦ʻ𤬤ä褦
θ1600ǯ˰٤줿䤬18CȾΥޥȤߤ餻άME Ǥ OF Ʊ /ʧ-/ ȯ줿Ǥ ModF αƶˤ /ʃ-/ դĤʤʤߤ OF Ǥ ch- 13Cδ֤ /ʧ/ /ʃ/ ѲƤˡ
ǡְ٤줿פȤ뤬OED Ϥ¤ꡤ䤨Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤεƻؤβŪʴؿʤθȤɤ餻뤤ϺƼѤ줿ȤڽꤹСߤդĤǤ˻椬롥ȤСchivalry Ȥϡ/ʃ/ 椨ˡḽŪѤθȤơͤˤȤäƥޥåʤۤɤŪʸȸΤ⤷ʤ
2Ż <ch> ˤĤƤϡ#3251. <chi> ϡ֥פ֥פ֥פ֥ҡפ ([2018-03-22-1]), #1893. إܥ <sh>, <ch>, <j> ϤɤΤ餤Ѹ ([2014-07-03-1]) ε⻲ȡϢơ#2049. <sh> Ȥΰֻˡ ([2014-12-06-1]) ɤ
15Ⱦ Chancery Standard ȤձѸѼ郎ȤˤĤơ#3214. 1410ǯ夫30ǯˤƤ Chancery English ˨ ([2018-02-13-1]) ϤȤ chancery_standard εǽҤ٤ƤϹʸѤ줿ѸѼؤνɸȤȤǤСɡʵڤӤθαѹˤˤ뤽18Ⱦ˻ޤǥƥǤ³Ȥ¤ϲƤɬפ롥Ĥޤꡤ "Chancery Standard" ȤϡѸ1ѼΤȤʤɤǤϤʤƥΤȤʤΤǤ롥Schaefer (214) Τ褦˽Ƥ롥
English was not the language of the administration, but rather the minor partner of French and Latin. As Benskin (2004: 38) unmistakably states: "Chancery Standard was Latin, and save for nine years during the Commonwealth, it remained so until 1731, when for official purposes it was abolished altogether by Act of Parliament.
ѸνɸθĤȤ Chancery Standard ϡ"Standard" ȸƤФ줳졤ºݤˤϤҿι⤤ƥեνդ٤Сޥʡʰ֤ŤˤʤäȤŦ⤷
Τ褦ˤƤΥɤθŪʽդŪįȡФбѸ (reestablishment_of_english) ħȤߤʤƤ1362ǯ "Statute of Pleading" ʺȽˤʾټ³αѸ첽ˡΧˤ⡤ϥƥȥեФʸҤФ뾮ˤʤȤ⸫Ƥcf. #324. IJˡDZѸѤǧ줿ǯ ([2010-03-17-1])ˡSchaefer (217) ꡤϢڤ
The so-called "Statute of Pleading" of 1362 --- which is so often judged as having considerably raised the status of English --- indeed mandates that English be the (spoken) language of pleading at court. Yet it does so in French --- and in the complicated left-branching syntax of "courtly style" --- because, at the time, French was the language in which royal statutes where (sic) published; and it also regulates that the pleas be "entered and enrolled" in Latin, because this was the language of permanent record.
Schaefer, Ursula. "Standardization." Chapter 11 of The History of English. Vol. 3. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2017. 205--23.
Benskin, Michael. "Chancery Standard." New Perspectives on English Historical Linguistics. Selected Papers from 12 ICEHL, Glasgow, 21--26 August 2002. Vol. 2. Lexis and Transmission. Ed. Christian Kay, Carole Hough, and Irené Wotherspoon. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2004. 1--40.
#2742. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ ([2016-10-29-1]) #2745. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ (2) ([2016-11-01-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Haugen θɸಽ (standardisation) ΥǥǤϡ (form) ȵǽ (function) ֤ˤɸಽȤ館Ƥ롥ˤȡɸಽȤ "maximal variation in function" "minimal variation in form" ħŤ븽ݤǤ롥Ԥ codification (of form)Ԥ elaboration (of function) бȹͤ롥
"elaboration" ȤѸդɬפǤ롥Haugen ɸಽεǰտޤƤΤϡ͡ʻѰ (register) ǹѤ뤳ȤǤȤ̣Ǥ "elaboration of function" ΤȤ "elaboration of form" Ȥ̤β⡤ѸˤɸಽȿϢ뤫뤿ˡHaugen Ȥạ̈Ǥ "elaboration of function" "extensive elaboration" ȸƤӡ"elaboration of form" Τۤ "intensive elaboration" ȸƤǤ⤤ (Schaefer 209)
Ǥϡ"intensive elaboration" 뤤 "elaboration of form" ȤϲؤΤSchaefer (209) ˤСβˤƤ "the range of the native linguistic inventory is increased by new forms adding further 'variability and expressiveness'" ȤѸθȾޤǤϡդɸȤСѸβ餫ǤϤʤषƥեȤäˤƱѸ줬ƤȡѸ줬γäɸϰ̤˽Ȥˤʤäκݤɸ줿ƥե줫̤θäѤѸä¿ݤäޤޤˡ˾褻ơեθäȥƥθä졤ΤȤƽʤع¤θä˻äʤλˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) #2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥΥƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1]) εȡˡѸä̤ߡվ塤Ѹθä줿ȤʤСϸɸಽħŤ "minimal variation in form" Ȥϡष "maximal variation in form" ظäƤ褦ʰݤͿ롥μ variation 뤤 variability äؤơ"intensive elaboration" 뤤 "elaboration of form" ȸƤ֤ΤǤ롥
ĤޤꡤɸಽˤϷѰۤʤ¦̤⤢Сۤʤ뼡ǡѰۤ礭ʤ¦̤⤢ꤦȤȤǤ롥ΰ츫̷⤹褦ɸಽΤSchaefer (220) ϼΤ褦ˤޤȤƤ롥
While such standardizing developments reduced variation, the extensive elaboration to achieve a "maximal variation in function" demanded increased variation, or rather variability. This type of standardization, and hence norm-compliance, aimed at the discourse-traditional norms already available in the literary languages French and Latin. Late Middle English was thus re-established in writing with the help of both Latin and French norms rather than merely substituting for these literary languages.
Schaefer Ursula. "Standardization." Chapter 11 of The History of English. Vol. 3. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2017. 205--23.
ѸˤǤϡѸ줫Ѹˤơեȥƥ줫̤θüѤʤ줿Τ߾ѤΤˤĤƤϡ餯ѻ饹Ȥƻ֤ȤȤ˻٤ƤΤ롥ȤΤϡѤ줿餫٤Ѥ줿ȤϹͤˤ˱ѸƱﲽƤȤȤ館Τ
β¾ڤΤˤĤˡꤽDurkin ĴԤʤäƤ롥Ѹ졤Ѹ졤ѸΤ줾ˤƥѥ˴ŤǹٸꥹȤꡤΤʤ˥եƥѸ줬ɤΤ餤γǴޤޤƤ뤫Ĵ١γ̻ŪܤӤȤˡŤΥѥǤֻѰۤȤ꤬ؤ뤿ᡤ̩Ĵ褦ȤñˤϤʤDurkin ϤȤꤢˡȤơѸȽѸˤĤƤ Helsinki Corpus 1150--1500ǯ1500--1710ǯΥѤơѸˤĤƤ BNC Ѥưֻ١Ĵ줾٥ˤ900--1000̤ۤɤޤǤñֻ˥ꥹȤꡤΤʤǥեƥѸ줬ϤФ
̤ϡѸ쥻Ǥ7%ۤɤäΤѸ쥻Ǥ19%ޤǾ徺˸Ѹ쥻Ǥ38%ޤǤ˻äƤ롥ƤĴǤ뤳ȤǧĤĤ⡤եƥѸǸѤƤΤ¿ˤĤƤϡˤΤʤǽ٤夲Ƥ̤ȤơߤŪʤȤ褯狼ä
ˤ⤷ȤˡѸΥ1500--1710ǯˤ˴ؤͤˤĤơٸꥹȤ˴ޤޤեƥѸΤ٤Ƥ1500ǯ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤꡤ⤽2/3ۤɤϳμ¤˥եѸǤȤ¤ǧ (Durkin 338--39)
ޤѸȽѸιٸꥹȤ˴ޤޤեƥѸ¿ѸιٸꥹȤˤƸƤ¤ˤƤŤ2ˤϸ뤬ϳƤ췲įȡʤȤѲƤ롥㤨Сhonour, justice, manner, noble, parliament, pray, prince, realm, religion, supper, treason, usury, virtue Ǥ (Durkin 340)
ˤäƺѸꥹȤ䥭ɤۤʤ뤳ȤȤ˱Ѹ쥳ѥѤ͡ʻӤƤߤȤ⤷㤨СѸ쥳ѥ˴ŤɡꥹȤˤĤơ#2332. EEBO ΥɤС ([2015-09-15-1]) ȡޤ٤ˤˤĤƤϡ#1243. ٤θ̻ŪΤˡ ([2012-09-21-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
#2103. Basic Color Terms ([2015-01-29-1]) Ӻε#3153. Ѹˤˤ̸ܿȯŸ ([2017-12-14-1]) ǡ̸ܿ (Basic Colour Terms) ŪȯŸϩ˿줿ѸˤˤƤ⡤BCTs μϡŪȯŸϩͽ̤ۤνǡűѸ줫ѸءѸ줫Ѹؤ¤äƤơBCTs Τߤʤ餺 non-BCTs ȤȤˤμƤο̸äϲääΤ
Biggam (123--24) ˤСűѸ줫ѸˤƤäϡΥޥΥեѸ˵ȤBCTs ˴ؤƤСѸDzä줿bleu ϳΤ˥եͳbrun ϸűѸȤƤΤ Anglo-French brun ˤѤ줿Ȥ⤢äޤ硤ǻø ١٤礵űѸ BCCs ȰۤʤꡤѸˤȤ櫓Ż뤹 BCCs बƤΤϡ뻺ȵѾο˵ΤǤϤʤȤŦ⤢롥
The dominance of hue in certain ME terms, especially in BCTs, was at least encouraged by certain cultural innovations of the later Middle Ages such as banners, livery, and the display of heraldry on coats-of-arms, all of which encouraged the development and use of strong dyes and paints. (125)
ѸˤʤȡPURPLE, ORANGE, PINK BCCs ˲äꡤḽŪ11बФȤˤʤäλˤϤʳˤ⤪Ӥ non-BCTs и뤳Ȥˤʤä⡤μҲʸѲϢưƤȤ
From EModE onwards, the colour vocabulary of English increased enormously, as a glance at the HTOED colour categories reveals. Travellers to the New World discovered dyes such as logwood and some types of cochineal, while Renaissance artists experimented with pigments to introduce new effects to their paintings. Much later, synthetic dyes were introduced, beginning with so-called 'mauveine', a purple shade, in 1856. In the same century, the development of industrial processes capable of producing identical items which could only be distinguished by their colours encouraged the proliferation of colour terms to identify and market such products. The twentieth century saw the rise of the mass fashion industry with its regular announcements of 'this year's colours'. In periods like the 1960s, colour, especially vivid hues, seemed to dominate the cultural scene. All of these factors motivated the coining of new colour terms. The burgeoning of the interior décor industry, which has a never-ending supply of subtle mixes of hues and tones, also brought colour to the forefront of modern minds, resulting in a torrent of new colour words and phrases. It has been estimated that Modern British English has at least 8,000 colour terms . . . . (126)
Ѹο̸ˤ̤ơäȤѸ쳰̻ˤǤ롥
Kay, Christian and Kathryn Allan. English Historical Semantics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.
Biggam, C. P. "English Colour Terms: A Case Study." Chapter 7 of English Historical Semantics. Christian Kay and Kathryn Allan. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015. 113--31.
ѸˤˤΥޥΰյˤĤơ饤 (HTML) ˤޤȤƤߤޤɤ
ޤǤ#2047. ΥޥαѸ˾ΰյ ([2014-12-04-1]) Ϥᡤnorman_conquest εƱˤĤƹͤƤޤ̤ΰŪʷȤơʲΤ褦ˤޤȤޤ
1. ΥޥϡʱѹˤΤߤʤ餺˱Ѹˤˤ
2. ʹߡѸϸä濴˥ե줫¿ʸŪƶ
3. եΤӤβˤäơäѲ¿Ͳ뤳ȤǤ
ܺ٤ϳơΥڡܥ֥Υ˭٤ĥäƤޤΤǡŬפʤȡΤȤƤäȤɤʪˤʤȻפޤޤե줬Ѹ˵ڤܤʼҲ˸ŪƶγѤȤʤäƤޤ
1. ΥޥȱѸ
2.
3. (1) Υޥ (Norman Conquest)
4. Υޥͤε
5. 1066ǯ
6. Υޥͤήȥɤθ
7. (2) ѸؤθŪƶ
8. äؤαƶ
9. ѸäˤեѸΰ֤Ť (#1210)
10. ؤαƶ (#96)
11. ֻؤαƶ
12. ȯؤαƶ
13. ʸˡؤαƶ
14. (3) ѸؤμҲŪƶ (#2047)
15. ʸˡؤαƶˤĤƺƹ
16. ޤȤ
17. ʸ
18. 1: 1300ǯ Robert of Gloucester ˤǯ嵭 (ll. 7538--47) ε (#2148)
19. 2: եѸʶˤ (#1210)
¾Ρ֤ޤȤ饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1])#3068. ֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-09-20-1])#3089. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-10-11-1])#3102. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-10-24-1]) ⤴
դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ8ε֤ʤ֥ˡ§פѸ˾פʤΤޤˡ§ (grimms_law) ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ֤ⷫ夲ƤޤϢܵǤϽ鿴Ԥˤʤ٤狼䤹ˡ§βѲμ˱ѸؽΩĤ⤷ޤ
Ϣܵɤˡ#103. ˡ§Ȥϲ ([2009-08-08-1]) ӡ#102. hundred ˡ§ ([2009-08-07-1]) ɤǤȡˤʤȻפޤ
ϢܵǤϡˡ§Ρ֤ʤפˤĤƤϡ⤤ῨƤޤؿϲؤ˸ؤδ#650. ˥ȥˡ§ ([2011-02-06-1]) #794. ˡ§Ȼη֡ ([2011-06-30-1])#1121. Grimm's Law Ϥʤ ([2012-05-22-1]) Ȥ
ˡ§䴰ͥˡ§ (verners_law) ˤĤƤϡ#104. hundred ͥˡ§ ([2009-08-09-1])#480. father ͥˡ§ ([2010-08-20-1])#858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1]) ޤξˡ§碌ơ1ޥҲܡ (First Germanic Consonant Shift) ȸƤ֤ȤϢܵǿޤǤϡ2ޥҲܡפΤȵˤʤϡ#405. Second Germanic Consonant Shift ([2010-06-06-1]) ȡ#416. Second Germanic Consonant Shift Ϥʤä ([2010-06-17-1]) ΤɤߤѸȥɥĸλҲбˤĤƶ뤳ȤǤޤ
¿μ industry Ȥ1ϡֻȡȡפǤ롥heavy industry ʽŹȡˡthe steel industry Ŵݶȡˤǡơ2Ȥơֶ١פ롥a man of great industry ʶٲȡˤȤɽ䡤Poverty is a stranger to industry. ֲԤɤդ˳ʤפȤ⤢롥2ĤθϡֶϫϫƯפȤǰǷӤĤ줽ȤȤϤ狼뤬餫ΩǤꡤindustry ŵŪ¿ȤȤˤʤ롥ºݡƻʬƤꡤֻȤΡפ industrialֶ٤ʡפ industrious Ǥ롥
츻̤ȡƥ industria ʶ١ˤ˹Ԥ夯 indu- (in) + struere (to build) ȤǤꡤ¤פȡʤĿŪʼʸӤμǽνܤȤ̣礤äϿͤ˵ִѤפӤãԡפäΤǤ롥ñ줬θȤơեͳ15ȾαѸäƤơǤ15ޤǤˤϡֶ١פθȯãƤ
16ˤʤȡޤǤθĿŪʿȤȷӤĤƤ꽸Ūʴްդơֻȡפο롥οܳŪѤ褦ˤʤäΤ18ΤȤǤ롥1771ǯ˥ե industrie θѤ줿ΤäơѸǤλѤ¥ʤ줿Ȥǯϡ Industrial Revolution ʻȳ̿ˤ̿̾줿ҲΰĬήγϻȤ褽礹롥
бƻˤɤäƤȡ˶ᤤãԤʡѤʡסֶ٤ʡפΰ̣ industrious Ǥ15˸Ƥ롥¤ϡֻȤΡפ̣ industrial Ʊ15ˤϸƤꡤǤϤƻֺϤʤindustrial ʻȤΡˤܳŪѤ褦ˤʤäΤϡ18бե industriel αƶƤǤꡤȤ19ʹߤǤ롥
̾ƻ⡤18ˡǤΥ˥ݥȤȤʤäƤ뤬ϾǤ줿Ȥ Industrial Revolution μҲŪŪʱƶϤäƤ롥ʤIndustrial Revolution ȤѸϡ1840ǯ˽Ф뤬1848ǯ John Stuart Mill (1806--73) ˤäƳ줿ȤäƤ褯줬˳ؼ Arnold Toynbee (1852--83) ˤäƹ줿Ȥаޤġ
jade ʥҥˤϡ1617ˤơեѤ줿Ǥ롥եǤ l'ejade ȻȤƤ褦ˡ촴첻ǻϤޤäƤ괧Ȥδ֤ΰʬ (metanalysis) ̤ le jade Ȳ졤jade θθФǧ˻äΥեñ켫Ȥϡڥ (piedra de) ijada ʲʢСˤѤΤǡijada ϥƥ īlia ʲʢˤ̤롥ϡҥˤ˸ȿƤȤˤʤࡥ
Τ褦˥衼åѤǥҥɽ魯줿Τ϶äƤŪ٤ϥ衼åѤ̤ۤȤɻʤäǤ롥Ǥϥ٥ȥʥǥҥΤ줿ᡤʤɤǰѤ줿ΡǿפΡǡפֿֿפп2̤ǿ̤ȸƤΤϤޤǤꡤǤƱ2Ļ֥糧ߡפؤΤˤƱ줬Ѥ줿
ҥϥᥭˤ뤬˽Ҥ٤̤ꡤڥǥҥʢ¡ʿ¡¡ˤ˸Ȥ줿Τϡᥭβ餫ڥͤμäȤ⤵롥
ʤҥܤǤ롥㸩ɱήξij˻ϤꡤʸʹߡܳϡؤȱФ줿Ť줿餿ʶ̤Ǥ롥
դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ6ε֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥΥƥ줫֤ȥޤ
äϡѸäؤֺݤξɤȤʤäƤ¿쥻åȤ˹¤ʤƤꡤʤΤ褦ʹ¤¸ߤΤȤѤʵˡŪʴäΤǤطʤˤϡѸ줬λμҲŪʸ̮ΤʤθܿƤаޤޤޤѸûˤҤȤƤȡ̣ȤˡܸûˤȤʿ⸫ƤޤоȸŪѸӤˤƤϡξΰ㤤Ĵ뷹ޤо˸ؤδߤȡȸûˤ˴ؤ¤ꡤξϤȤƤ褯ƤޤϢܵθȾǤϡƤޤ
Ѹáʤܸáˤ3ع¤ˤĤƤϡرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡΤ5.1֤ʤ Help me! Ȥ϶֤ Aid me! Ȥ϶ФʤΤפ5.2֤ʤ Assist me! ȤϤʤ鶫ФʤΤפǤⰷäƤޤܥ֥Ǥ͡˵ƤΤǡΥʲĥäƤޤ碌ƤޤƱͤˤĤơ#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1]) ǾҲ𤷤餴
#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])
#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1])
#2072. Ѹäλع¤ ([2014-12-29-1])
#2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1])
#2643. Ѹäλع¤οá ([2016-07-22-1])
#387. trisociation triset ([2010-05-19-1])
#1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1])
#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#1945. űѸΥƥѤλʬ ([2014-08-24-1])
#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1])
#1211. ѸΥƥѸΰ ([2012-08-20-1])
#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])
#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])
#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1])
#2162. OED ˤե졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1])
#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ줫μѸä (2) ([2015-11-07-1])
#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1])
#1408. ([2013-03-05-1])
#1409. Ĥä졤ä ([2013-03-06-1])
#1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1])
#1615. 礹ߡ2 ([2013-09-28-1])
#609. 켭17 ([2010-12-27-1])
#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])
#1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1])
#1629. ([2013-10-12-1])
#1067. Ѹȸܸθüѡ ([2012-03-29-1])
#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ ([2010-02-17-1])
#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1])
ε#2974. 2Ū칽ʸ to ʸء ([2017-06-18-1]) κǸ˿줿褦ˡޤοȸθ경ϡʸˡˤɽ㡼Ǥ롥˶ޤοबˤäƼ줿ʸˡǽŶ뤿˸夫礬경뤳ȤˤʤäΤ뤤˸礬경η̡פȤʤäޤ夫षϤΤ⤷ϡ3θˤȡξݤΰ̴طϰŪʤΤǤϤʤ줾줬ƶ礤ʤ饹ѥ˿ʹԤƤäΤȤ⤤롥ޤ˥˥ȥǤ롥
ϲ3θ¤ȻפäƤ뤬ϢȤƤ Allen ⤳ιͤǤ롥Allen ϡ2Ū칽ʸˤ2ĤŪθǤʤ°̾Ȥ˽Ȥΰִط˴ؤѸѲˤĤƤĴƤꡤޤοबθ경ͣװǤϤʤȤƳǧƤ롥Allen (220) ۩
The two case studies [= the fixing of the order of two nominal NP/DP objects and the genitives] examined here do not support the view that the fixing of word order in English was driven solely by the loss of case inflections or the assumption that at every stage of English, there was a simple correlation between less inflection and more fixed word order. This is not to say that deflexion did not play an important role in the disappearance of some previously possible word orders. It is reasonable to suggest that although it may have been pragmatic considerations which gave the initial impetus to making certain word orders more dominant than others, deflexion played a role in making these orders increasingly dominant. It seems likely that the two developments worked hand in hand; more fixed word order allowed for less overt case marking, which in turn increased the reliance on word order.
ΰ̴طֶޤοࢪθ경פäȤǽꤳƤʤդΡָθ경ޤοפΰ̴ط椫ƤɤΤȤξݤ˼äƿʹԤȹͤΤǤȷƤ롥ޤξԤδطפƤۤñʴطǤϤʤȤϡѸˤƤʤ˶ޤλĤäƤʤɤǤ⡤űѸθ礬Τޤ¸Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤդ˶ޤषƤƤűѸŪʸ礬¸Ƥ㤬뤳Ȥ⸫Ƽ뤳ȤǤ
Allen, Cynthia L. "Case Syncretism and Word Order Change." Chapter 9 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 201--23.
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow