hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ڡ / page 8 (19)

french - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2019-11-25 Mon

#3864. retard, pulse ˤߤѸθ [word_formation][latin][french][emode][lexicology][borrowing][loan_word][derivation][word_family]

ε#3863. adapt ˤߤѸθ ([2019-11-24-1]) ˰³Durkin (334) retard pulse ˴ؤΩΤƤߤ褦
retard (1490) retardate (1613) 2줬ưȤƥ饤ХطˤΤǤ롥췲ǯ˵󤲤褦ʤŪˤϵžƤ褦ˤߤ륱⤢ˡretardation (n.) (c.1437), retardance (n.) (1550), retarding (n.) (1585), retardment (n.) (1640), retardant (adj.) (1642), retarder (n.) (1644), retarding (adj.) (1645), retardative (adj.) (1705), retardure (n.) (1751), retardive (adj.) (1787), retardant (n.) (1824), retardatory (adj.) (1843), retardent (adj.) (1858), retardent (n.) (1858), retardency (n.) (1939), retardancy (n.) (1947) Ȥʤ롥
Ʊ褦 pulse (?a.1425) pulsate (1674) ưδΤȤơ͡줬ƤʤϤŪˤϵžƤ褦ˤߤ륱⤢ˡpulsative (n.) (a.1398), pulsatile (adj.) (?a.1425), pulsation (n.) (?a.1425), pulsing (n.) (a.1525), pulsing (adj.) (1559), pulsive (adj.) (1600), pulsatory (adj.) (1613), pulsant (adj.) (1642), pulsating (adj.) (1742), pulsating (n.) (1829) Ǥ롥
ΤʤˤľܤμѸ⤢ѸǷ줿⤢ξǤȲ᤹Τʸ⤢䡤㤤ϲ;ʤɤΤͤޤä word family Ǥ롥

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-11-24 Sun

#3863. adapt ˤߤѸθ [word_formation][latin][french][emode][lexicology][borrowing][loan_word][derivation][word_family]

Ѹθä˴ؤ1ĤˡƱΩ롥#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1])#3258. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (1) ([2018-03-29-1])#3259. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (2) ([2018-03-30-1]) ʤɤƤ adapt ȤΤȯˤΩΤƤߤ褦ʲDurkin (332--33) ˰͵򤹤롥
OED ˤȡ15 adaptedadapt ñΤȤƽиΤ1531ǯǤ롥켫Ρƥ adaptāre ȥե󥹸 adapter Τ줬Ѥ줿ΤʤΤ뤤Ϥη˴ŤƤΤʤΤɬΤǤϤʤ
θ塤ξΤȤ͡줬˸롥adaptation (n.) (1597), adapting (n.) (1610), adaption (n.) (1615), adaptate (v.) (1638), adaptness (n.) (1657), adapt (adj.) (1658), adaptability (n.) (1661), adaptable (adj.) (1692), adaptive (adj.) (1734), adaptment (n.) (1739), adapter (n.) (1753), adaptor (1764), adaptative (adj.) (1815), adaptiveness (n.) (1815), adaptableness (n.) (1833), adaptorial (adj.) (1838), adaptational (adj.) (1849), adaptivity (n.) (1840), adaptativeness (n.) (1841), adaptationism (n.) (1889), adaptationalism (n.) (1922) ΤȤ
θ줬θ줫μѤʤΤΤǤ뤷⤽ѤʤɤǤϤʤѸˤ¤줵줿Ǥǽ⤤ԤξˤϡֱפֱʩפȤȤˤʤ롥˸ŪˡΤ褦ʸ췲򲿤ȸƤ褤ΤǺȤǤ롥
˴ؤ Durkin (333) βƤ

Very few of these words show direct borrowing from Latin or French (probably just adapt verb, adaptate, adaptation, and maybe adapt adjective), but a number of others are best explained as hybrid or analogous formations on Latin stems. The group as a whole illustrates the impact of the borrowing of a handful of key words in giving rise to an extended word family over time, including many full or partial synonyms. In some cases synonyms may have arisen accidentally, as speakers were simply ignorant of the existence of earlier formations; some others could result from misrecollection of earlier words. . . . However, such profligacy and redundancy is typical of such word families in English well into the Later Modern period, well beyond the period in which 'copy' was particularly in vogue in literary style.


饭ɤ򽦤Ф "hybrid or analogous formations", "ignorant", "misrecollection", "profligacy and redundancy" ʤɤȤʤ
ƤȴϢȤơʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1])
#1927. ʩ ([2014-08-06-1])
#3165. ȤƤ conspicuous external ([2017-12-26-1])
#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1])
#3179. ֿŵŪʣפֱפ ([2018-01-09-1])
#3348. Ѹ˼ѷϤܼΤ˿ĥ ([2018-06-27-1])
#3858. פֱפȤ̤θݡ ([2019-11-19-1])

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-11-25-1]

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2019-10-28 Mon

#3836. ե󥹸ˤǯɽ [timeline][hfl][french][anthropology][indo-european][hfl]

ե󥹸ˤǤϤʤΤΡѸˤ򷡤겼򤹤뤿ˤȤե󥹸ˤμۤȤȤǡʤ̴ؿ󤻤Ƥ롥 Perret (179--81) ե󥹸ˤǯɽ "Chronologie" Ǥ褦åιԤϡŪǯ塦ҤȤ̣Ǥ롥

[ Préhistoire des langues du monde ]

Il y a 4 ou 5 millions d'années: apparition de l'australopithèque en Afrique.
Il y a 1,6 million d'années: homo erectus colonise l'Eurpope et l'Asie.
Il y a 850 000 ans: premiers hominidés en Europe.
Avant - 100 000: Homo sapiens en Europe (Neandertal) et en Asie (Solo).
- 100 000: un petit groupd d'Homo sapiens vivant en Afrique (ou au Moyen-Orient) se met en marche et recolonise la planète. Les autres Homo sapiens se seraient éteints. (Hypothèse de certains généticiens, les équipes de Cavalli-Sforza et de Langaney, dite thèse du «goulot d'étranglement»).
- 40 000: première apparition du langage?

[ Préhistoire des Indo-Européens ]

- 10000: civilisation magdalénienne en Dordogne. Premier homme en Amérique.
- 7000: les premières langues indo-européennes naissent en Anatolie (hypothèse Renfrew).
Entre - 65000 et - 5500: les Indo-Européens commencent leur migration par vagues (hypothèse Renfrew).
- 4500: les Indo-Européens occupent l'ouest de l'Europe (hypothèse Renfrew).
- 4000 ou - 3000: les Indo-Européens commencent à se disperser (hypothèse dominante).
- 3500: civilisation dite des Kourganes (tumuluss funéraires), débuts de son expansion.
- 3000: écriture cunéiforme en Perse, écriture en Inde. Première domestication du cheval en Russie? (- 2000, premières représentations de cavaliers).

[ Préhistoire du français ]

- 4000 ou - 3000: la civilisation des constructeurs de mégalithes apparaît en Bretagne.
- 3000: la présence des Celtes est attestée en Bohème et Bavière.
- 2500: début de l'emploi du bronze.
- 600: premiers témoignages sur les Ligure et les Ibères.
- 600: des marins phocéens s'installent sur la cõte méditerranéenne.
- 500: une invasion celte (précédée d'infiltrations?): les Gaulois.

[ Histoire du français ]

- 1500: conquête de la Provence par les Romains et infiltrations dans la région narbonnaise.
- 59 à - 51: conquête de la Gaule par les Romains.
212: édit de Caracalla accordant la citoyenneté à tous les hommes libres de l'Empire.
257: incursions d'Alamans et de Francs jusqu'en Italie et Espagne.
275: invasion générale de la Gaule par les Germains.
312: Constantin fait du christianisme la religion officielle de l'Empire.
Vers 400: traduction en latin de la Bible (la Vulgate) par saint Jérôme.
450--650: émigration celte en Bretagne (à partir de Grande-Bretagne): réimplantation du celte en Bretagne.
476: prise de Rome et destitution de l'empereur d'Occident.
486--534: les Francs occupent la totalité du territoire de la Galue (496, Clovis adopted le christianisme).
750--780: le latin cesse d'être compris par les auditoires populaires dans le nord du pays.
800: sacre de Charlemagne.
813: concile de Tours: les sermons doivent être faits dans les langues vernaculaires.
814: mort de Charlemagne.
842: les Serments de Strasbourg, premier document officiel en proto-français.
800 à 900: incursions des Vikings.
800--850: on cesse de comprendre le latin en pays de langues d'oc.
880: Cantilène de sainte Eulalie, première elaboration littéraire en proto-français.
911: les Vikings sédentarisés en Normandie.
957: Hugues Capet, premier roi de France à ignorer le germanique.
1063: conquête de l'Italie du Sud et de la Sicile par des Normands.
1066: bataille de Hastings: une dynastie normande s'installe en Angleterre où on parlera français jusqu'à la guerre de Cent Ans.
1086: la Chanson de Roland.
1099: prise de Jérusalem par les croisés: début d'une présence du français et du provençal en Moyen-Orient.
1252: fondation de la Sorbonne (enseignement en latin).
1254: dernière croisade.
1260: Brunetto Latini, florentin, compose son Trésor en français.
1265: Charles d'Anjou se fait couronner roi des deux Siciles, on parlera français à la cour de Naples jusqu'au XIVe siècle.
1271: réunion du Comté de Toulouse, de langue d'oc, au royaume de France.
1476--1482: Louis XI rattache la Bourgogne, la Picardie, l'Artois, le Maine, l'Anjou et la Provence au royaume de France.
1477: l'imprimerie. Accélération de la standardisation et de l'oficialisation du français, premières «inventions» orthographiques.
1515: le Consistori del Gai Saber devient Collège de rhétorique: fin de la littérature officielle de langue d'oc.
1523--1541: instauration du français dans le culte protestant.
1529: fondation du Collège de France (rares enseignements en fançais).
1530: Esclarcissment de la langue française, de Palsgrave, la plus connue des grammaires du français qui parassient à l'époque en Angleterre.
1534: Jacques Cartier prent possession du Canada au nom du roi de France.
1539: ordonnace de Villers-Cotterêts, le français devient langue officielle.
1552: la Bretagne est rattachée au royaume de France.
1559: la Lorraine est rattachée au royaume de France.
1600: la Cour quitte les bords de Loire pour Parsi.
1635: Richelieu officialise l'Académie française.
1637: Descartes écrit en français Le Discours de la méthode.
1647: Remarques sur la langue française de Vaugelas: la norme de la Cour prise comme modèle du bon usage.
1660: Grammaire raisonnée de Port-Royal.
1680: première traduction catholique de la Bible en français.
1685: révocation de l'édit de Nantes: un million de protestants quittent la France pour les pays protestants d'Europe, mais aussi pour l'Afrique et l'Amérique.
1694: première parution du Dictionnaire de l'Académie.
1700: début d'un véritable enseignement élémentaire sans latin, avec les frères des écoles chrétiennes de Jean-Baptiste de la Salle.
1714: traité de Rastadt, le français se substitue au latin comme languge de la diplomatie en Europe.
1730: traité d'Utrecht: la France perd l'Acadie.
1739: mise en place d'un enseignment entièrement en français dans le collège de Sorèze (Tarn).
1757: apparition des premiers textes en créole.
1762: explusion des jésuites, fervents partisans dans leur collèges de l'enseignement entièrement en latin; une réorganisation des collèges fait plus de place au français.
1763: traité de Paris, la France perd son empire colonial: le Canada, les Indes, cinq îles des Antilles, le Sénégal et la Lousinane.
1783: la France recouvre le Sénégal, la Lousiane et trois Antilles.
1787: W. Jones reconnaît l'existence d'une famille de langues regroupant latin, grec, persan, langues germaniques, langues celte et sanscrit.
1794: rapport Barrère sur les idiomes suspect (8 pluviôse an II); rapport Grégoire sur l'utilité de détruire les patois (16 prairial an II).
1794--1795: la Républic s'aliène les sympathies par des lois interdisant l'usage de toute autre langue que le français dans les pays occupée.
1797: tentative d'introduire le français dans le culte (abbé Grégoire).
1803: Bonaparte vend la Louisiane aux Anglais.
1817: la France administre le Sénégal.
1827: Préface de Cromwell, V. Hugo, revendication de tous les registres lexicaux pour la langue littéraire.
1830: début de la conquête de l'Algérie.
1835: la sixième édition du Dictionnaire de l'Académie accepte enfin la graphie -ais, -ait pour les imparfiat.
1879: invention du phonographe.
1881: Camille Sée crée un enseignment public à l'usage des jeunes fille.
1882: lois Jules Ferry: enseignement primaire obligatoire, laïquie et gratuie (en français).
1885: l'administration du Congo (dit ensuite de Belge) est confiée au roi des Belges.
1901: arrêté proposant une certaine tolérance dans les règles orthographiques du français.
1902: l'enseignement secondaire moderne sans latin ni grec est reconnu comme égal à la filière classique.
1902--1907: publication de l'Atlas linguistique de la France par régions de Gilliéron et Edmont.
1950: autorisation de soutenir des thèses en français.
1919: traité de Versalles, le français perd son statue de langue unique de la diplomatic en Europe.
1921: début de la diffusion de la radio.
1935: invention de la télévision.
1951: loi Deixiome permet l'enseignement de certaines langues régionales dans le second cycle.
1954--1962: les anciennes colonies de la France deviennent des états indépendents.
1962--1965: concile de Vatican II: la célébration do la messe, principal office du culte catholique, ne se fait plus en latin.
1987: un créole devient langue officielle en Haïti.
1990: un «rapport sur les rectifications de l'orthographe» propose la régularisation des pluriels de mots composés et la suppression de l'accent circonflexe.
1994: première création d'un organism de soutien à la francophonie.

Perret, Michèle. Introduction à l'histoire de la langue française. 3rd ed. Paris: Colin, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-09-29-1]

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2019-10-20 Sun

#3828. ؿե󥹤ˡ٤ܼ [toc][hfl][french][history]

Ѹˤؤ־ǴŪǤϤ뤬˽פʬ1Ĥ˥ե󥹻ˤ롥ϡ޲įƤdzڤؿե󥹤ˡ٤ܼ󤲤Ƥʤߤ˥ꥹˤܼˤĤƤϡ#3430. ʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ٤ܼ ([2018-09-17-1]) 򻲾ȡܼ꡼ (toc) εƤ



1ϡޤȥե󥯲
1. ޥ󡦥ꥢ
2. ե󥯲
3. ꥢȥꥹȶ
2ϡڡīΩ
1. ְŹ
2. ڡīΩ
3ϡե󥹲ȯŸ
1. եå
2. 륤
3. եå׻ȥ޶ĤȤ襤
4. ҲѲ
5. ꥹȶ̥å
4ϡɴǯȥī
1. ɴǯ
2. Ȥؤư
3. δ
5ϡͥ󥹲
1. ꥢ
2. ͥ
3. פȥե
6ϡȥ֥ܥīΩ
1.
2. ֥ܥīΩ
3.
7ϡвε
1. 륤컰ȼ縢
2. 륤
3. եв
3. αɸ
8ϡȬʸ
1. 륤륤ϻ
2. ػ
3. ʸ
9ϡե󥹳̿ȥʥݥ쥪
1. ե󥹳̿
2. ʥݥ쥪
3. ե󥹳̿ι¤
4. ̿ΰ仺
10ϡΥե
1. Ų
2. 
3. ̿
4.
5. Ȳȥ֥른λ
6. ̱
11ϡ軰Ω
1. ѥꡦߥ塼軰Ω
2. ե󥹤ˤ̱Ȥη
3. ˡʬΥˡ
12ϡΥե
1. 켡ξ׷
2. ȿ̱
3. ȥ쥸
4. Υե
5. ư
6. Υե
7. ե󥹤ηи



ؿե󥹤ˡ俷ǡϽн˼ҡ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-14-1] [2019-10-26-1]

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2019-08-17 Sat

#3764. ư -ate εȯã [suffix][-ate][adjective][participle][verb][word_formation][loan_word][latin][french][conversion][morphology][analogy]

ε#3763. ƻ -ate εȯã ([2019-08-16-1]) ˰³ -ate ꡥư -ate ˤĤƤϡ#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1]) Ǽ夲ϤεȯãˤĤơOED -ate, suffix1 򻲾Ȥʤ顤⤦ܺ٤˹ͤƤߤ褦
Ҥ٤褦ˡ-ate ϥƥ1ưβʬܼ -ātus, -ātum, -āta ̤뤫顤ưθȤϡʲʬ˷ƻθȤ٤ΤǤ롥ư -ate εȤƤΤϡ-ate ˴ؤƷƻ줫ưؤʻž (conversion) äȤȤǤ롥ƻ줫ưؤʻž¿θǧ졤ºݤ˸űѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤˤȤޤʤȤСűѸǤ hwít hwítian, wearm wearmian, bysig bysgian, drýge drýgan 졤줾Ԥư϶Ѹˤƶ޸򼺤ԤȷŪͻ礷Ȥаޤ롥
ƥǤƱͤˡƻ줫ưؤʻžӤäȤСsiccus siccāre, clārus clārāre, līber līberāre, sacer sacrāre ʤɤ줿˥ե󥹸Ǥǡsec sècher, clair clairer, content contenter, confus confuser ʤɤ줿Ѹϥƥե󥹸줫餳θѤηƻưϤ޸οˤ15ޤǤͻ礷
ήΤʤǡ16ˤϥƥβʬƻ򤽤ΤޤưȤѤ륿פʻžŪˤߤ褦ˤʤädirect, separate, aggravate ʤɤ㤬롥ѸǤΤ褦㤬Ƥȡƥ -ātus ŪˤϲʬбƤϤŪˤϤФбѸưθˤҤŤ褦ˤʤäĤޤꡤʬƻŪʵǽβߤʤˡ-ate ľܤưθȷӤĤ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥
ηդޤȡƥʤե󥹸ˤư촴ڤƤơ -ate ĤСѸ¦ǿưñƳǤȤ1θˡȯã16ˤ fascinate, concatenate, asseverate, venerate ޤɴ -ate ư줬߽Ф줿
ä󤳤ˡΩƤޤСºݤ˥ƥʤե󥹸ˤ¸ߤɤ鷺֥ƥʤե󥹸ŪǡפǤСäƤ -ate դ뤳ȤˤꡤȤ⤿䤹ưǤ褦ˤʤä櫓ˤ nobilitate, felicitate, capacitate, differentiate, substantiate, vaccinate ʤ¿ -ate ư줬ḽ߽Ф줿
ΤȤ -ate ȯãϡȤ̤ȤƤ -ate ư췲Ȥδ֤Ρ䤨֤ʤѤȵ§ĥˤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-31-1] [2019-08-30-1]

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2019-08-16 Fri

#3763. ƻ -ate εȯã [suffix][-ate][adjective][participle][word_formation][loan_word][latin][french][conversion][morphology]

ѸŵŪư1ĤȹͤƤ -ate ϡ¤ϤĤηƻˤߤ롥aspirate, desolate, moderate, prostrate, sedate, separate ưȤƤˡ⤢뤬ƻǤ⤢롥 innate, oblate, ornate, temperate ʤɤϾ˷ƻǤ롥ƻȤƤ -ate εȯã򤿤ɤäƤߤ褦
ϥƥ1ưβʬܼ -ātus, -ātum, -āta ̤롥ե󥹸Ϥˤߤܼ -us, -um, -a æѸƥݤˤæδޤƥե󥹸Τ򿿻̤ȤơѸ1400ǯ餤顤ƥ -atus ʤɤ -at ʤΤԤ첻ĹȤ򼨤 e ź -ate) ȤƼཬƤä
嵭Τ褦 -ate εưβʬǤ뤫顤ѸǤʸ̤ưβʬΤۤƻȤƤⵡǽƤȤ̵ʤǤ -ate ưθʬϤ˵ڤǡŪʲʬϡ¿˵§Ū˺줿 -ated Ȥ֤˼ä졤ʬʷƻˤȤƤ -ate ¿ѤȤʤäƤޤäƻȤƼŪ˻ĤäΤ⤢äƬ˵󤲤 -ate ƻϡΤ褦ʷаޤǡĤäפΤǤ롥
ʾή⤷սOED -ate, suffix2

Forming participial adjectives from Latin past participles in -ātus, -āta, -ātum, being only a special instance of the adoption of Latin past participles by dropping the inflectional endings, e.g. content-us, convict-us, direct-us, remiss-us, or with phonetic final -e, e.g. complēt-us, finīt-us, revolūt-us, spars-us. The analogy for this was set by the survival of some Latin past participles in Old French, as confus:--confūsus, content:--contentus, divers:--diversus. This analogy was widely followed in later French, in introducing new words from Latin; and both classes of French words, i.e. the popular survivals and the later accessions, being adopted in English, provided English in its turn with analogies for adapting similar words directly from Latin, by dropping the termination. This began about 1400, and as in -ate suffix1 (with which this suffix is phonetically identical), Latin -ātus gave -at, subsequently -ate, e.g. desolātus, desolat, desolate, separātus, separat, separate. Many of these participial adjectives soon gave rise to causative verbs, identical with them in form (see -ate suffix3), to which, for some time, they did duty as past participles, as 'the land was desolat(e by war;' but, at length, regular past participles were formed with the native suffix -ed, upon the general use of which these earlier participial adjectives generally lost their participial force, and either became obsolete or remained as simple adjectives, as in 'the desolate land,' 'a compact mass.' (But cf. situate adj. = situated adj.) So aspirate, moderate, prostrate, separate; and (where a verb has not been formed), innate, oblate, ornate, sedate, temperate, etc. As the French representation of Latin -atus is -é, English words in -ate have also been formed directly after French words in --é, e.g. affectionné, affectionate.


Ĥޤꡤ-ate ϡߤФषƻˤդ路Ȥ٤Ǥꡤưˤդ路ؤѲΤϡѸʹߤοȤȤˤʤ롥ʤ -ate ŵŪưȤʤäΤȤäƤϡʣŪ𤬤롥ˤĤƤϡ#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1]) 򻲾ȡʤޤεǤⰷͽˡ
-ate ˤĤƤϡ֤ȯʤɤδ#1242. -ate ưζܹԡ ([2012-09-20-1])#3685. -ate ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 ([2019-05-30-1])#3686. -ate -ment ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 ([2019-05-31-1])#1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ ([2013-02-08-1]) Ϥᡤ-ate εǼ夲ƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-31-1] [2019-08-17-1]

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2019-08-06 Tue

#3753. ʩˤ륱ȼѸӡо [french][celtic][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][etymology][gaulish][language_shift][diglossia][sociolinguistics][contrastive_language_history]

ε#3752. ե󥹸ΥȼѸ ([2019-08-05-1]) ǡե󥹸ˤ륱ȼѸ򳵴ѤϤȱѸΥȼѸȤӡоȤ褦
ѸΥȼѸοۤΰ찮Ǥ뤳Ȥϡ#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1])#3750. Ƚ줫μѸ (2) ([2019-08-03-1]) ǸƤե󥹸ǤϺεǸ褦ˡʤȤ100ۤ륱ñ줬ѤƤŪˤϱʩδ֤˺Ȥ⤤ŪˤߤСۤ礭ʿǤϤʤʸ̤ꡤ޽ɴȤäƤ褤μҲˤƤ⡤ȸϼҲŪ˰ҿ㤤äȤȤǤ롥
ȼѸμŪʺۤˤܤ٤Τ롥ѸäƤñˤȤ٤ΤϤۤȤɤʤȤäƤ褤ե󥹸ΥȼѸˤϡDurkin (85) λŦ̤ꡤʲΤ褦˹ٸޤޤƤʤˡΤĤѸϥե󥹸줫ѤƤˡ

. . . changer is quite a high-frequency word, as are pièce and chemin (and its derivatives). If admitted to the list, petit belongs to a very basic level of the vocabulary. The meanings 'beaver', 'beer', 'boundary', 'change', 'fear' (albeit as noun), 'to flow', 'he-goat', 'oak', 'piece', 'plough' (albeit as verb), 'road', 'rock', 'sheep', 'small', and 'sow' all figure in the list of 1,460 basic meanings . . . . Ultimately, through borrowing from French, the impact is also visible in a number of high-frequency words in the vocabulary of modern English . . . beak, carpentry, change, cream, drape, piece, quay, vassal, and (ultimately reflecting the same borrowing as French char 'chariot') carry and car.


μŪʺۤϲˤΤʤΤŪʸˤС֥ƥΥ֥ȥͤϥ󥰥ͤοˤŪû֤Ƕव졤Ѹؤθ (language_shift) ®˿ʹԤȹͤƤ롥ꥢΥͤϡƥ졦ޥĸüԤ˰Ϥ򤫤줿ȤϤĹ֤ˤ錄궦¸ˤǤԻԤǤϥƥ첽ʤȤƤ⡤Ǥϥ줬ä³졤diglossia ξĹ³ϤޤǤäȿʹԤƤΤǤ롥θ塤ե󥹸ˤˤϥޥ⻲Ƥ뤬ǤŪʸϤʤäȤ롥ɤ顤ʩˤ륱ȼѸμκۤϸܿ (contact) ȸμҲŪΰ㤤˵褦ˤĤơDurkin (86) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . whereas in Gaul the Germanic conquerors arrived with relatively little disruption to the existing linguistic situation, in Britain we find a complete disruption, with English becoming the language in general use in (it seems) all contexts. Thus Gaul shows a very gradual switch from Gaulish to Latin/Romance, with some subsequent Germanic input, while Britain seems to show a much more rapid switch to English from Celtic and (maybe) Latin (that is, if Latin retained any vitality in Britain at the time of the Anglo-Saxon settlement).


αʩˤ뺹ۤϡܿ෿ǤȤΡ (borrowing) ܿˤ봳 (shift-induced interference) ζ̤۵ (see #1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1]), #1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])) ֥ƥǤ borrowing βꥢǤ shift-induced interference βơͿƤȤߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ
ե󥹸ˤθƤȡѸˤΥȼѸħ䤫⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥줳оȸˤ̥ϤǤ롥

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-08-05 Mon

#3752. ե󥹸ΥȼѸ [french][celtic][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][etymology][gaulish][hybrid][hfl]

ϢѸˤ륱Ƚ줫μѸˤƤ뤬򤫤ƥե󥹸ˤ륱ȼѸξDurkin (83--87) ˰͵򤷤ƤߤƤ
޻Υե󥹡ʥꥢˤǤϡƥ¤Υ (Gaulish) ĹѤƤԻǤϥƥʥޥĸȤ٤˥ե󥹸ȤȤäƤǤϥǴ궯ĤäƤ褦Ĺˤ錄ܿη̤ȤơΥե󥹸ˤϡѸξ¿ΥȼѸ줬ޤƤȤϤäƤ⡤100ۤ٤ǤϤʸˤä50--500ޤǤγˡ#3749. Ƚ줫μѸ˴Ϣ츻ؤ񤷤 ([2019-08-02-1]) DZѸξˤĤƵŸ褦ˡѤλ롼ȤưפǤϤʤ褦οˤϡƥ˼Ѥ줿Τ䡤ĤθФƴŪ˼Ѥ줿ΤʤɤޤޤƤꡤե󥹸üԤȥüԤľܤܿ˵٤ΤФǤϤʤ
嵭դĤġʲ˰̣ʬ̤ΥȼѸꥹȤΰ󤲤褦 (Durkin 84)

ưʪbièvre "beaver", blaireau "badger", bouc "billy goat", mouton "sheep", vautre "type of hunting dog"; chamois "chamois", palefroi "palfrey", truie "sow" ʺǸ3ĤϺ
Ļalouette "lark", chat-huant "tawny owl"
alose "shad", loche "loach", lotte "burbot", tanche "tench", vandoise "dace", brochet "pike"; limande "dab" ʥƬ򼨤

Ρ֥եñפΤ˱Ѹ˼Ѥ줿Τ⤢롥mutton, palfrey, loach, tench, chamois ʤɤαñϡ¤ϥȸ쵯äȤȤñ buck, beaver ʤɤϻ𤬰ۤʤꡤե󥹸 bièvre, bouc ȤϼѤˤΤǤϤʤȤ˰ĸˤΤܤ뤫brasserie ʥӡ¤ˤ cervoise ʸӡˤʤɤϡͤʬ򼨤Ƥ褦Ǥ⤷
ե󥹸ˤ륱ȼѸΤ¾θ򥢥ե٥åȽ˵󤲤Ƥߤ褦 (Durkin 84)

arpent'measure of land'
bec'beak'
béret'beret'
borne'boundary (marker)'
boue'mud'
bouge'hovel, dive' (earlier 'bag')
bruyère'heather, briar-root'
changer'to change'
char'chariot' (reflecting a borrowing which had occurred already in classical Latin, whence also charrue 'plough')
charpente'framework' (originally the name of a type of chariot)
chemin'road, way'
chêne'oak'
craindre (partly)'to fear'
crème'cream'
drap'sheet, cloth'
javelot'javelin'
lieue'league (measure of distance)'
marne'marl' (earlier marle, hence English marl)
pièce'piece'
ruche'beehive'
sillon'furrow'
soc'ploughshare'
suie'soot'
vassal'vassal'
barre'bar'
jaillir'to gush, spring, shoot out'
quai'quay'


ʩˤ륱ȼѸηκۤȤˤĤƤϡεǡ

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-06-1]

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2019-06-17 Mon

#3703.رѸ춵٤Ϣ4֤ʤӵκ -er more 2बΤ [notice][hel_education][elt][sobokunagimon][adjective][adverb][comparison][rensai][latin][french][synthesis_to_analysis][link]

614ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ7ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱܵѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ4ܤȤ֤ʤӵκ -er more 2बΤפǺܤƤޤ

رѸ춵2019ǯ7



ƻ졦ɽˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ (comparison) γƵǰäƤޤʲˡϢܵˤȤ櫓Ϣο֥Υ󥯤ĥäƤޤΤǡ碌ɤǤС-er more ˴ؤʬˤĤ򤬿ޤȻפޤ

#3617. -er/-est more/most --- ӵ顦Ǿκ ([2019-03-23-1])
#3032. ӤȶӤζάˡ ([2017-08-15-1])
#456. Ӥ -er, -est ϶ޤݤ ([2010-07-27-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])
#403. ή˵դäƤӵˡ ([2010-06-04-1])
#2347. Ӥȯãˤե󥹸졤ƥαƶˤĤơ ([2015-09-30-1])
#3349. ѸˤƻӤζ޷ vs ηװ ([2018-06-28-1])
#3619. Lowth Ф2ӵȲǾ ([2019-03-25-1])
#3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ ([2019-03-24-1])
#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1])

δ졡ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ4󡡤ʤӵκ -er more 2बΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ7桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ61462--63ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-25-1]

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2019-05-05 Sun

#3660. Ѥʥڥ󥰤 queue [spelling][french][loan_word][doublet][q][vowel][digraph][sobokunagimon]

ѤʵȤơ#3649. q θˤɬ u ޤϤɤ櫓Ǥ ([2019-04-24-1]) ܥ֥Ǽ夲ȤɼԤꡤqueue ˤȤ̯ʥڥ󥰤ñ줬뤳ȤŦƤä<ueue> 첻4Ĥ³ΤϡѸΥڥ󥰤ȤƤ˳ʤե󥹤μѸǤ뤳θˤĤƤϡ̣ŪʴӱѸαƺȤ顤Ĥơ#1754. queue ([2014-02-14-1]) ˤڥ󥰤ˤĤƤϹͤȤϤʤäΤǡ˥ȤäƤ
ε ([2019-04-24-1]) Ǥϡ<qu> /kw/ ñˤȤ館¤ <qu> /k/ Ǥ뤳Ȥ⾯ʤʤcritique, technique, unique ʤɤθ˸륱ϤȤꡤquay, conquer, liquor ʤɸƬƬ˸Ƥ /kw/ ǤϤʤ /k/ Ȥʤϡcf. #383. ֥Υޥ󡦥󥱥ȡפǤʤ֥Υޥ󡦥󥯥ȡס ([2010-05-15-1])ˡܤƤ queue /kjuː/ ⤳֤
queue 첻ʬΥڥ󥰤ߤ <eu> /juː/ ȤʤäƤꡤϰѸΥڥ󥰵§˱äƤϤ롥neurotic, leukaemia; feudal, neuter; adieu, deuce, lieu ʤ (Upward and Davidson 163) ˳ǧбϽʱѸΥڥ󥰵§Ȥϡ줾쥮ꥷ졤ƥ졤ե󥹸줫μѸȤƸΥڥ󥰽ѤΤȤߤۤ⤷ʤʤ⡤ΤĤñǤ (yod-dropping) η <eu> /uː/ ȤʤäƤˡ <e> ϡѸΥե󥹸ˤ⤢뤫餢ΤƤ褤Ʊ˱ѸΥڥ󥰵§Ǥ <u> ñ򽪤뤳ȤǤʤ⤯ȤǤʡ#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ʤߤˡε ([2014-02-14-1]) Ǥ⿨줿褦ˡqueue cue ͤȱˤȤƱ졤Хڥ󥰤㤨2Ÿ (doublet) Ǥʤ礦ɡ#183. flower flour ([2009-10-27-1]) Τ褦ʤΡˡƱΥեñͳ褹뤬ڥ󥰤㤨뤳ȤǰۤʤǤ뤫Τ褦ˤߤʤ褦ˤʤäΤϡѸˤȼȯãǤ롥
ˤ queue Υڥ󥰤ϡ <ueue> 첻4³ǡ˳ŪǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤŦ꤬Ȥޤ

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-22-1]

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2019-05-02 Thu

#3657. mountain, mount, Mt. [etymology][latin][french][loan_word][abbreviation]

Mt. Fuji is the highest mountain in Japan. ˤϡMt. (= mount) mountain Ȥֻפ̣2Ĥñ줬롥ͭ̾ȤȤ˸ˤ mount ɽϤƤά Mt.ˤѤ̾ȤƤ mountain Ѥ롥
űѸ̤ˡֻפ̣ beorg ʥɥĸ BergˤäǤ˸űѸ顤ƥǡֻפ̣ mōns, mont- Ѹ munt ȤäƤꡤѤ뤳ȤϤäѸˤʤȡƱ츻Ǹťե󥹸θ mont ˤ⶯뤫Ѥ褦ˤʤäMED mount n.(1) 򻲾ȡˡѸǤϡ̾ȤƤʸ졦ŸȤƤζͭ嵭Τ褦 Mt. ȤƸͭ̾ΰȤѤΤ̤Ǥ롥
mountain 13Ⱦ˽Ф롥츻ˤ⤢ƥ mōns, mont- ηƻȤ⤤٤Τǡ¯ƥ *montānea(m) (regiōnem) (= "mountainous region") ťե󥹸 montagne ФơѸ mountain(e n. ȤäƤΤǤ롥ߤޤǤ˺Ǥ̤Ρֻפɽ魯̾ȤȯŸƤʹͤƤߤȡmountainous Ȥƻϡ츻ŪˤϷƻΡΤޤƻȤȤˤʤäƤ⤷
¤ Mt. ȤάɽλѤˤˤĤΤꤿȻפĤ˼ǤθƤߤΤۤȤɾ󤬤ʤ̤λˤäĴ٤ƤߤɬפꤽʤߤˡϢ뤫⤷ʤȻפäĴ٤Ƥߤ Mr Mrs ʤɤɽˤĤƤϡ褽̤Ȥcf. #895. Miss ϲξά ([2011-10-09-1]

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2019-02-20 Wed

#3586. ʣ [plural][latin][greek][french][italian]

ѸԵ§ʣȤ̾ˤϡʣȸƤФ췲롥ȤƶѸʹߤ˥ƥ졤ꥷ졤ե󥹸졤ꥢʤɤѤ줿ؽѡǡˤʣݤäƤΤˤơѸε§Ūʸ -(e)s 褦ˤʤäΤ⾯ʤʤޤɽŪñ򡤡Űʸˡ٤˰͵򤷤ưʲ˼
ä˥ƥ -us ̾˸20ε§ʣήˤĤƤϡHotta 򻲾ȡʴϢơ#121. octopus ʣ ([2009-08-26-1])#161. rhinoceros ʣ ([2009-10-05-1]) ˡ

1. ƥϤ̾
1.1 -us ǽ
a) -us [əs] -i [aɪ]
alumnus ˻´ alumni
bacillus ʥХ륹ݡ bacilli
esophagus ʿƲ esophagi
locus ʵס loci, loca
stimulus ʻɷ stimuli
b) §ʣ -es Ĥ
apparatus ֡ apparatuses
bonus ʥܡʥ bonuses
campus ʹ campuses
caucus ʴġ caucuses
chorus ʥ饹 choruses
circus ʥ circuses
impetus ʵưϡ impetuses
minus οޥʥ minuses
prospectus ʳعʤɤΰ prospectuses
sinus ƶ sinuses
status ϰ̡ statuses
c) -us -i Ѳ -es ξͤΤ
cactus ʥܥƥ cacti, cactuses
cirrus ʴ cirri, cirruses
cumulus ѱ cumuli, cumuluses
focus ʾ foci, focuses
fungus ʤΤʤɤζ fungi, funguses
genius ʼŷ͡ genii ʼˡgeniuses ŷ͡
nimbus nimbi, nimbuses
nucleus ʸҳˡ nuclei, nucleuses
radius Ⱦ¡ radii, radiuses
stratus ر strati, stratuses
syllabus ʶܡ syllabi, syllabuses
terminus üء termini, terminuses
d) ¾
corpus ʽ corpora, corpuses
genus ° genera, genuses
1.2 -a ǽ
a) -a [ə] -ae [iː]
alga algae
alumna ʽ´ alumnae
larva larvae
b) §ʣ -s Ĥ
area ϰ areas
arena Ʈ arenas
dilemma ʥޡ delemmas
diploma ʳذȾ diplomas Τޤ diplomata ⤢
drama ʥɥޡ dramas
era ʻ eras
c) -a -ae -s ξͤΤ
antenna ʿѡƥʡ antennae ʿС, antennas ʥƥʡ
formula ʸ formulae, formulas
nebula nebulae, nebulas
vertebra ǡ vertebrae, vertebras
1.3 -um ǽ
a) -um [əm] -a [ə]
addendum Ͽ addenda
bacterium ʥХƥꥢ bacteria
corrigendum ʥߥץȡ corrigenda ɽ
datum ʥǡ data
desideratum ڼ¤׵ desiderata
erratum ʸ errata ɽ
ovum ҡ ova
b) §ʣ -s Ĥ
album ʥХ albums
chrysanthemum ʵơ chrysanthemums
forum Ƥ forums Τޤ fora ⤢
museum ʪۡ museums
premium ʳ premiums
stadium ʥ stadiums Τޤ stadia ⤢
c) -um -a -s ξͤΤ
aquarium ʿ²ۡ aquaria, aquariums
curriculum ʶ curricula, curriculums
maximum ʺ¡ maxima, maximums
medium ޲ʪ media, mediums media ñmedias ʣȤˡ⤢
memorandum ʥ memoranda, memorandums
millennium ǯ֡ millennia, millenniums
minimum ʺǾ¡ minima, minimums
moratorium ʻʧͱͽ֡ moratoria, moratoriums
podium ʻش, podia, podiums
referendum ʹ̱ɼ referenda, referendums
spectrum ʥڥȥ spectra, spectrums
stratum ء strata, stratums
symposium ʥݥ symposia, symposiums
ultimatum ʺǸ̹ ultimata, ultimatums
1.4 -ex, -ix ǽ
a) -ex [ɛks], -ix [ɪks] -ices [ɪsiːz]
codex ʸżܡ codices
b) -ex, -ix -ices -es ξͤΤ
apex ĺ apices, apexes
appendix Ͽ appendices, appendixes Ρפΰ̣ʣ appendixes
index ʻɸ indices, indexes Ρֺפΰ̣ʣ indexes
matrix Ρ matrices, matrixes
vortex ʱ vortices, vortexes
2. ꥷϤ̾ʣ
2.1 -is [ɪs] ǽ
a) -es [iːz] ˤʤ롥
analysis ʬϡ analyses
axis ʼ axes ax(e) פʣ ȯ [ɪz]ˤȤʤ뤳Ȥա
basis Ūá bases base ִϡפʣ ȯ [ɪz]ˤȤʤ뤳Ȥա
crisis ʴ crises
diagnosis ʿǡ diagnoses
ellipsis ʾά ellipses ellipse Ĺߡפʣ ȯ [ɪz]ˤȤʤ뤳Ȥա
hypothesis ʲ hypotheses
oasis ʥ oases
paralysis paralyses
parenthesis ʴݤä parentheses
synopsis ʳס synopses
synthesis , syntheses
thesis ʸ theses
b) §ʣ -es Ĥ
metropolis ʼԡԲ metropolises
2.2 -on ǽ
a) -on [ən] -a [ə]
criterion ȽǤδ criteria
phenomenon ʸݡ phenomena
b) §ʣ -s Ĥ
electron Żҡ electrons
neutron ҡ neutrons
proton ۻҡ protons
c) -on -a -s ξͤΤ
automaton ʼư֡ܥåȡ automata, automatons
ganglion ʿ ganglia, ganglions
3. ե󥹸Ϥ̾ʣ
3.1 -eau, -eu -eaux, -eux
adieu [əˈdjuː] ̤ adieux [əˈdjuːz] ޤ adieus
bureau [ˈbjʊəroʊ] ʻ̳ɡ bureaux [ˈbjʊəroʊz] ޤ bureaus
plateau [ˈplætou] ʹ⸶ plateaux [ˈplætoʊz] ޤ plateaus
tableau [ˈtæbloʊ] ʳ tableaux [ˈtæbloʊz] ޤ tableaus
3.2 ñʣƱ ʤʣΤȤΤ -s [z] ȯ
corps ġ corps
chassis [ˈʃæsi(ː)] ʼư֤μ桤㥷 chassis
faux pas [foʊ pɑː] ʥåȤȿ뼺ԡ faux pas
rendezvous [ˈrɑːndəˌvuː] «ˤ rendezvous
4. ꥢϤ̾ʣ
4.1 -o -i
libretto ʵܡ libretti [-iː] ޤ librettos
tempo ʥƥݡ tempi [-iː] ޤ tempos
virtuoso ʵ𾢡 virtuosi [-iː] ޤ virtuosos
4.2 §ʣ -s Ĥ
solo աξϡ solos
soprano ʥץΡ sopranos

ʴ ۡʲˡ, ܳ, ⾾ʶˡŰʸˡ١ʸҡ2000ǯ
Hotta, Ryuichi. "Thesauri or Thesauruses? A Diachronic Distribution of Plural Forms for Latin-Derived Nouns Ending in -us." Journal of the Faculty of Letters: Language, Literature and Culture. 106 (2010): 117--36.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-04-13-1]

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2019-02-16 Sat

#3582. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (2) [french][latin][loan_word][lexicology][etymology][borrowing]

ε ([2019-02-15-1]) ǡɸ˴ؤ Ellenberger ɾҲ𤷤Ѹγ (= "mots savants") Υ˴ؤŪʸϡ˥ե󥹸ǤϤʤȤ󵯤Ǥ롥ǤϡEllenberger ȤϡˤĤƤɤΤ褦ʻΤդ路ȹͤƤΤʸνˡ4վǤƤ (149--50)

   1. Words are borrowed not once and for all but many times and from many sources.
   2. A Latin word borrowed into either of Anglo-French or English would be given an ending prescribed by Anglo-Norman scribal tradition.
   3. Words could be borrowed from Latin or French depending on what spheres of society the borrowers moved in. Clerics would be more likely to borrow from Latin than would laics.
   4. As the medieval libraries of England contained mainly Latin books and school curricula concentrated on Latin texts, learned words borrowed into French from written Latin sources would be more likely also to have entered English from those same sources than through French.


ѸˤǤϡѸμѸȤХե󥹸줬äƤ˴ؤ¤ꡤѸΥƥ줫μѤϡ̤˻פƤ⤺ä˭٤äȤդϢơ#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1])#1211. ѸΥƥѸΰ ([2012-08-20-1])#2961. ͥ󥹤ǤϤʤƥ줫֤λ塩 ([2017-06-05-1])#292. aureate diction ([2010-02-13-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Ellenberger, Bengt. "On Middle English Mots Savants." Studia Neophilologica 46.1 (1974): 142--50.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-05-1] [2021-07-06-1]

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2019-02-15 Fri

#3581. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (1) [french][latin][loan_word][lexicology][etymology][borrowing]

#653. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1])#848. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ (2) ([2011-08-23-1]) Ƥ褦ˡȤ櫓Ѹ˥ƥ졦ե󥹸줫äƤѸϡθ򥽡ȤΤȽȤʤ¿ƥʤΤƥ첽ե󥹸ʤΤե󥹸ʤΤե󥹸첽ƥʤΤ
OED 濴Ȥ롤ФŪнˡȤơ֥ե󥹸ʸڤХե󥹸ѸȤǤʤ˸¤äƥƥ򥽡ȤߤʤפȤŪä⤦äƤޤСȽȤʤˤϡե󥹸򥽡ȤߤʤΤǥեȤȤ褦Ȥ󥹤Ellenberger (142) ϡΩҲ𤷤ʤ顤ФȽŪʸ򼨤Ƥ롥

. . . the 'learned words' . . . could have been taken either from French or directly from Latin. The difficulty of determining the exact source has been recognized with varying hesitation. Foremost in Francophilia stands the Oxford English Dictionary, which regards as borrowed from Latin only those words that have not been recorded in French; in addition, French forms are often postulated. To the author's knowledge, no scholar before Marchand has openly criticized this procedure.


Ellenberger Ʊո֤Ȥư礤˽ФƤ H. Marchand ϡThe Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation (2nd ed. München, 1969) p. 238 ǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (Ellenberger 142fn)

It would . . . be an erroneous standpoint to be always looking for the Latin original or the French pattern of a word (which the OED often does). The existence of an actual pattern is irrelevant so long as, potentially, the coinage is Latin. . . . the principle of assuming an actual original is wrong.


Ѹη֤ʸڤ뤫ե󥹸ǤȤǤʤƥǤȤΤ褦ʵϤ餯ΩʤȤȤEllenberger (148) ȤθդǤСΤ褦ʵȤʤ롥

The clerks knew about adaptation and suffixation; they were used to latinizing English names, and sometimes words, and we may trust them to have been able to anglicize a Latin word in the same way as they or the French would have Frenchified it. To request a French intermediary for each and every word is to deny the knowledge of Latin in England. To regard an English word as a loan from French because a corresponding French loan is recorded a few years earlier in an ever so obscure source is to fall a victim to the perilous argument of post hoc, ergo propter hoc; as far as we know, no annual lists of new French words circulated among English clerks. Whether a learned word occurs first in French or English is simply a matter of chance, need, and literary activity.


Ѹγ (= "mots savants") Υե󥹸ʤΤƥʤΤȤ뤳ȤʤȤϡष줬̤Υե󥹼ѸȤϰۤʤ٥°뤳Ȥǧ뤳ȤEllenberger (150) ʸκǸǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ̤Ǥ롥

A far more useful distinction than that between learned words that might have and those that could not have been mediated by French is that between Romance popular and learned words. Middle English mots savants are latinisms and should be treated as such.


ʤEllenberger ǤϡOED 嵭Τ褦̤˵󤲤Ƥ뤬ԻʤǤOED3 ԼԤ1ͤǤ Durkin ϡ˽٤򼨤Ƥ뤳ȤդäƤ#848. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ (2) ([2011-08-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Ellenberger, Bengt. "On Middle English Mots Savants." Studia Neophilologica 46.1 (1974): 142--50.

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2018-10-29 Mon

2018-10-07 Sun

#3450. ;ϥե󥹿ͤǤե󥹸äפȹ줷ʤϤΡ˥إ꡼2 [monarch][french][map]

إ꡼2 (Henry II; 1133--89ǯ1154--89ǯ) ϡPlantagenet īγġ󥰥ɲˤơ12ȾФ衼åѤǡи󥸥塼 (the Angevin Empire) ΡֹפǤ롥塹ηѾϤ˲äꥨΡȤη뺧ˤäƳϡ䳰ˤäڤޤᡤꥹޤϰ򼣤뤳ȤˤʤäŪˤϡϿޡʷ͡p. 73Ρ֥󥸥塼פˤμȤꡤϰϤϥåȥɹ񶭤ԥ̮͡˵ڤǤꡤϤȤƤйե󥹲ͥĶƤ

Map of the Angevin Empire

إ꡼2ϡǼܳŪƳˡνٲסȽ٤γȽԤ䶵ø¡ͳԻԤǧĤʤɿζӤĤ󥿥٥꡼ʶ٥åȤȤΩꡤŪʳĥȤ¦̤Ϥ뤬ѲɾƤ褤Ѹˤδ餤С󥰥ɲǤʤ顤ե󥹿ͤǤ뤳Ȥĥե󥹸Dz̤Ȥܤ (47) ۩

إ꡼ϡ֥󥰥ɲǤϤä褷ƥ󥰥ɿͤβǤϤʤäפȤɾƤ롥ץ󥿥˥åȲȤϡ󥸥ȤηȤ֥󥸥岦ȡפȤƤФ뤬ξϡޤ󥸥ο͡Ĥޤե󥹿ͤDz̤ե󥹤饤륵ޤǤθդ򤷤Ȥʤ⡤˥󥰥ɤθդ򤷤ʤäϤ⤷ʤäΥ󥰥ɤˤν¤⡤˰ޤǤΦˤ˾ãΤμʤǤäȤ븫⤢롥बûޥ (Curtmantle)פΥ˥åͥǸƤФ줿Τ⡤ޤǤĹ֤Ȥϰۤʤ롤󥸥塦ΥޥȤȤˤ롥


μΡ֥ե󥹤֤פϡΥޥ󲦲Ȥȥץ󥿥ͥåȲȤˤƤʤλ¤äإ꡼2ϡθѤ©ҤΥ㡼1٤СΥޥǥȥ󥰥ɤ򤽤­ˤƤǤϤȤ (cf. #3447. Richard I Υ󥰥ںߴ֤6ۤɡ ([2018-10-04-1])) ϽǤϤʤեåȥηڤפǤ롥

رѹ񲦼á16ǡ罤ۡ2000ǯ

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2018-09-26 Wed

#3439. St. Ives Ρ̤פɽ [toponym][loan_word][french][latin][old_norse][italian]

Ѹ̤̾Ѥ̤פ̾ϡब˭٤Ǥ롥ܸǤϡ?̤ס?ƻס?ƻפ٤ѸǤ͡ʸ츻ͳ褹̾Ѥ롥ʲϡǥȥåȤαѸ̾ (8--9) ǾҲ𤵤Ƥ Cambridgeshire ĮSt. Ives ˸Ρ̤פɽ魯츻ȤǤ롥

ΡѸ졡
mews ʤ޲뤤ĻΤä̤ˡroad Ͼ졤ride 첻ؤˤ̾ˡlane ʾϩˡyardrow ʲȤˡhillwaywalkdrove ʲܤηɤݤ̤ƻdrive ̾ˡgrove ʾοˡlealey ʶˡϡϡ

Ρե󥹸ʡƥ㥮ꥷˡ
place, gardens, court, avenue, square, crescent ʻ̤ˡclose ޾ϩˡterrace ʻμ˷Ƥ줿¤ߡˡpassagemarket ʻԾΤ̤

Ρƥ졡
street, circus ʤƻ;˱ӤƤ빭

ΡťΥɸ졡
gate ̤ꡤ뤤

Ρꥢ졡
villa μšΤ̤

St. Ives Ǥϡ1ĤĮΤʤ͡ʸͳ褹̤פɽߤƤ롥St. Ives ̤ʤ櫓ǤϤʤषꥹĮ¤ߤ̾ħ1ˤʤȤȤ館٤̾1ĤҤȤĤˡϤˤޤƤΤ̾ؤ̥Ϥ򴶤롥

ǥC. S.J. åȡˡ աʴˡʡ 󡦾 ˡرѸˤǤ狼륤ꥹ̾١Ѹҡ2005ǯ

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2018-09-21 Fri

#3434. ѸޤǤĤ줳ѸθѸ첽 [reestablishment_of_english][me][french][latin][law_french][norman_conquest]

Υޥˤꡤ󥰥ɤθѸϥե󥹸줪ӥƥȤʤäѸθȤϲä櫓θο򤫤Ƥäȡ¤뤲ƤäηаޤˤĤƤϡreestablishment_of_english οεǼ夲ƤȤ櫓ʲε󤲤Ƥ

#131. Ѹ ([2009-09-05-1])
#324. IJˡDZѸѤǧ줿ǯ ([2010-03-17-1])
#336. Law French ([2010-03-29-1])
#1207. Ѹν񤭸դ ([2012-08-16-1])
#3096. ѸѸϽˡ ([2017-10-18-1])
#3265. ޤǹν񤭸ɸϤäȥƥä ([2018-04-05-1])

(134--35) ϡѸȤƤαѸ13ʹߤήΤʤƤ뤬νϤȤСä1649ǯǤ롥

ʤ֥Υޥװʸ塤󥰥ɵ²ϥե󥹸Ǥꡤʸʤɤˤϥƥ줬ѤƤ줬ˤ֥ΥޥӼװʹߡ²֤ǤѸ줬Ū˻Ȥ졤ɥ3ΰ컰ϻǯϵIJǤ˱Ѹ줿̱ˤϥե󥹸줬Ǥʤؤ¿ȤȤؤäƤ
IJθʸΤۤϡȾޤǤϥƥȤȤ˥ե󥹸줬ȤƤȬǯˡƤѸȤʤäʵIJˡΤϥƥΤޤޡˡŪˡȤǧֹ񲦤ˤ۲ġסʥ롦ȡˤ⡤켷ȾޤǤϥե󥹸줬ȤƤʰϻͶǯˤȤȤ˱Ѹľ졤ʸ庣ޤ³Ƥ롥


˸⤢롥ˡΧޤ᤿ʸ񤬱Ѹǽ񤫤ʤФʤʤʤ롤֥ƥѡפϡϥΡī1713ǯΤȤǤ롥󥰥ɤϡΥޥʹߡѸŪʾ˴˼᤹Τˡä650ǯפȤˤʤ롥

ľδʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ١ҡӡ2015ǯ

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2018-07-24 Tue

#3375. ָ߽Ťˡ§ [lexicology][french][latin][loan_word][lexical_stratification]

#3373. ּáס ([2018-07-22-1])#3374. ּáס ([2018-07-23-1]) ˰³ϼؤγǰ˸ؤ˱ѤƤߤ륷꡼3ơϡ߽Ťˡ§פ⤸äơָ߽Ťˡ§פͤƤߤ
߽Ťˡ§ (law of superposition) Ȥϡɴʻŵ2ǡ٤ˤС̤Ǥ롥

W. ߥˤäƻϤ줿ذ̳ؤĤδˡ§ΰĤǡ⤷ϢδФ¾δФξ˽ŤʤäƤꡤ¤Ū˵žʤɤƤʤˤϡˤΤФȤ̣Ǥ롥ŤʤĤؤζŪ岼طŪطɤߤȤ뤳ȤǤ롥


ƾQŪ򤷤䤹Ǥ롥Ǥϡ㴳ΤҤͤäʤä˱ѤƤߤ褦äˤĤƶŪ岼طȤΤϥʥ󥻥󥹤ʤΤǡʸŪ岼طʥեޥƥιˤɤؤƤߤ롥

⤷Ϣθä¾θäξ˽ŤʤäƤꡤ¤Ū˵žʤɤƤʤˤϡˤΤäȤ̣Ǥ롥Ťʤ2ĤθؤʸŪ岼طŪطɤߤȤ뤳ȤǤ롥


ε ([2018-07-23-1]) Ǥ⾯줿Ѹä3ع¤ǰƬˤƹͤƤߤ褦̤˱Ѹäϥԥߥåɾ3ع¤ʤƤȤ졤졤ե󥹼Ѹ졤ƥ󡦥ꥷѸ줬줾첼ءءؤ롥ƱֿҤͤפ̣Ǥ ask -- question -- interrogate Τ褦ʸΡʥեޥƥˤ٤ˤä3ʳζ̤ˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡˡ
Τ褦ʸŪ岼طλ¤ϼȤơǤϡξ岼طϤϤƻŪط򼨺ΤȤ˰ܤ¡ask ȤƸűѸʰˤ̤ˤĤե󥹼Ѹ question ϽФ15ȾƥѸ interrogate Ϥ٤15ȾȤʤäƤ롥ġñθ̩ʽǯ̤Ȥơե󥹼ѸȾѸˡƥ󡦥ꥷѸȾ϶ѸήȤ򴪰ƤСʸŪ岼طȻŪطϤ褽פȹͤ롥
ѸθóؤˤϤ٤ޤŬѤǤΤΡָ߽Ťˡ§פŪѤ뤫ɤϤ褯狼ʤλ˲äääۤʸŪʾؤ뷹롤ȤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤɬ⼫ʤȤǤϤʤ
Ȥꤢ׹ͼ¸ȤȤǡָཾˡ§פƤߤ

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2018-07-23 Mon

#3374. ּá [lexicology][old_norse][french][latin][loan_word][lexical_stratification][contact][link][methodology]

ε#3373. ּáס ([2018-07-22-1]) ˰³ϼؤγǰ˸ؤ˱ѤǤ뤫ɤ⤦1ĤλǹͤƤߤ롥ؤǯ˻񤹤뼨ಽФȤ̤ˡ경 (facies fossile) ȤβФ롥ϻǤϤʤĶ˻񤹤βФΤȤǡ㤨Х󥴲ФϡĤƤϤȤƩǤäȤ롥Ǥϡ˱ѤơּáפʤΤˤĤƸ뤳ȤϤǤ
פĤΤϡѸä䤽¾ΰκܤȤǤ롥#2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ ([2016-07-04-1]) Ǹ褦ˡťΥɸ줫μѸˤϡȸޤۤŪܶʸä¿ζä٤¤ˤĤơѸˤǤϰ̤˼Τ褦ʤ롥űѸüԤȸťΥɸüԤϡƱޥ̱²Ȥ转⤪褽Ƥꡤߤθ⤢٤Ǥʸ٥⤪褽ƱǤꡤҲŪʴط⤪Ǥä餳å٥θäߤθήΤȡĤޤꡤΤ褦ŪʼѸ¸ߤϡξԤΤο̩ǻʸܿäȤ򼨺롥
⤦1ĤΡּáפȤʤꤦϡ#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1]) Ǥߤ褦ʱѸȥե󥹼ѸȤκ˴ؤΤǤ롥ưʪɽ魯 calf, deer, fowl, sheep, swine, ox ʤɤФơɽ魯ñ veal, venison, poultry, mutton, pork, beef ʤɤμѸǤ롥ŪʲˤСθŪΩϡ̱饢󥰥ͤȾήΥޥͤȤҲŪΩȿǤ롥Τ褦ʸáʸäΤΤȤϸʬۡˤϡѸμδĶ򼨺ΤȤƼŪǤȤΤǤϤʤ
ŪˤСѸä3ع¤ŵȤó (lexical_stratification) ¸ߤ⡤ĤƤθܿҲΤʤˤǼŪǤ롥ºݤΤȤû˸ˤơּáפȤȯۤϡѸ줳Ȥ鷺Ȥ⡤Τ褦˼Ƥ褦ˤפ롥
ǿ줿ưʪ3ع¤ˤĤƤϡʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1])
#332. ưʪȤɽñפοá ([2010-03-25-1])
#1583. swine vs pork μҲŪյ ([2013-08-27-1])
#1603. ưʪȤɽñפǽ˻Ŧ͡ ([2013-09-16-1])
#1604. ưʪȤɽñפ򼡤˻Ŧͤ ([2013-09-17-1])
#1966. ʡʤäƤѸΰʪ˥塼 ([2014-09-14-1])
#1967. ˴ؤե󥹼Ѹ ([2014-09-15-1])
#2352. ưʪȤɽñפο (2) ([2015-10-05-1])

#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])
#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1])
#2072. Ѹäλع¤ ([2014-12-29-1])
#2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1])
#2643. Ѹäλع¤οá ([2016-07-22-1])
#387. trisociation triset ([2010-05-19-1])
#2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-16-1] [2018-07-24-1]

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