ѸûˤˤƥեѸβ̤Ƥ礭ܥ֥Ǥ٤Ȥʤ夲Ƥ ( see french ) ФХեѤϤäѤѸǤȿƤ뤭餤롥Τ[2009-08-22-1]εǷǤդǼƤ̤ꡤ15ʹߤϥեѤ쵤Ǥ롥13, 14ĺ٤ƤŪǤꡤḽ˻ޤ䤨֤ʤѸ˸ä뤷Ƥܤͤ롥
Ѹˤˤ䤨֤ʤäζ븻ȤƤϡۤ˥ƥȥꥷ줬뤬3ΤʤǤϥե줬ǤͥΤ褦Ǥ롥ͤ褦ȥ˥ (347) The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ˤĴǡ1900--50ǯδ֤˱Ѹä208μѸΤ93 (44.71%) ե˴طƤꡤ1961--75ǯǤ253136 (53.75%) եǤȤʥ֥, p. 132--33ˡ
ѸüѤˤեͥϤ뤳Ȥʤ顤Ѹäʬ褢ޤѤäƤʤȤ⸲Ǥ롥ʬȤϡ²衤ήԡʡݽѡʸءʤɤǡޤȤƤޤСֵ²ŪסŪήԡפȤäȤ
ѸΥեѤħŪʤΤϡեΤޤäƤƤȤȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤȯֻѸ첽Ƥʤե餷餷ݤƤ롥
ŵΥեϡ1685ǯΥʥȤļѻ߸塤եΥץƥȤιήФˤäưޤ줿ΤǤ롥줬եøŪϰ̤Ϳ褦ˤʤꡤѤ줿ϤϤѸ첽ʤʤ롥θͥŪ˼Ҳ˴ؤΤǤ롥㤨Сà propos, ballet, chagrin, chaperon, double-entendre, étiquette, fête, moquette, naïve, intrigue, nom de plume, rendez-vous, rêverie ʤɤǤϡΤޤޤκѤ롥ʥ֥硤p. 132
ʥȤļ ( L'Édit de Nante ) ϡ1598ǯ413˥ե4ʥȤȯۤļǡŪʤ⿷̤θǧļνäˤ30ǯʾ³˰ν䤬Ǥ줿17вζȤȤ˥ʥȤļϷƤä1685ǯ륤14ʥȤļѻߤȡ̤ο̤˴̿뤳Ȥˤʤäλ郎ѸإեݤեѸ줬⤿餵ȤʤäΤǤ롥
=å֥ ס رѸ츻ء١ʸ˥ӡҡ1999ǯ ( Blanchot, Jean-Jacques. L'Étymologie Anglaise. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1995. )
ѸˤǤ϶δ顤űѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸϤ줾켡Τ褦˵Ҥ롥
Old English: full inflection
Middle English: levelled inflection
Modern English: lost inflection
ޤȤȤޤǽ̾졤̾졤ư줬פ⤫֤űѸǤϷƻʣ˶ޤƻϤ켫Τ餫η֥饹ʬव櫓ǤϤʤפ̾ȤȤ˷Ū˶ޤΤǡष1Ĥηƻ줬ꤦ variation ̾ʤɤŪʴѲѲʬ졤ʤΥѥˤäƤΤ40ζűѸ full inflection λȸƤФʤǤ롥
Ѹʹߤϡ¿ͤʶ٤ƾü ( lost inflection ) ʳ levelled inflection λ夬Τ㤨Ѹ Chaucer ηƻޤߤȡ֤ȤϤäƤ¤ʤ lost inflection ˶ᤤChaucer ƻ good ˵ȡѲñǥޤʳǤ -e ȤΤߤι٤˿ʿ줿ѥǤ롥
| Weak | Strong | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | goode | good |
| Plural | goode | goode |

[2010-07-27-1]εǡƻӵ顦Ǿ -er / -est ƻζޤȸʤ٤ɤˤĤƤε뤳ȤˤиѸˤƻζޤϳ̵ȤäƤ褵űѸǤϡƻŪ˴Ϣ̾ʤ˱Ʒ㤷ޤ˥ޥħŪʶѲޤȼѲޤλȤʬ¸ߤƤȤפȡѸξϡֶޤξüפѸˤή礭ǤǤ뤳Ȥƻפ롥
ȤBryson (26) ˤȡѸ˶ޤƻ줬1ĤȤ
In English adjectives have just one invariable form with but, I believe, one exception: blond/blonde.
blond(e) ֶȱΡ֥ɤΡפϥեѸǤꡤѸʸˡˤʤä̾ˤȤˤ blond ̾ˤȤˤ blonde ѤȤΤŪʻȤʬǤȯ϶̤ʤˡɬʤʤäƤƤ롥ꥫǤ˽ˤʤ̤ blond Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿ʤäƤƤꡤꥹǤϵդ blonde ̷ȤФƤ롥ˤ衤ѲήȤƤ϶̤ʤʤưƤȹͤƤ褵
äĤĤΤ⤷ʤޤ¸ߤ blond/blonde ζ̤ѸˡֻĤͣζޤƻɽʤäΤϡűѸζޤȤϥפۤʤ뤫Ǥ롥ʤˤޤǤϤʤ ( gender ) ˤޤȤϤäƤűѸŪʸˡ ( grammatical gender ) ǤϤʤѸŪʼ ( natural gender ) ˤޤˤʤ⡤ζޤϼѸΥեʸˡȤֳʹĤΤޤͤȡפΤ褦˸롥űѸηƻޤȤϰ褷ƤꡤޤȤƤŪϢ³ʤäơֻĤפȤΤɬŬڤǤʤȽǤ
OED ǤΤθν15 Caxton θ17ȾޤǸ줺Ǥ⥤åΤ֤Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤ޤ˼ѸȤΰռǻäˤʤѸǤ⡤ȯ̤ʤֻǶ̤ȤȤϰռŪݤƤ̤Ǥ뤳ȤƤꡤϤեñǤ뤳ȤˤäֳʹĤΤޤͤȡפȤ礤
Ūˤߤ˴ŤޤǤˤϰ㤤ʤѸ¸ߤͣζޤƻǤȤ¤ϱǤϤʤζ̤强ƤǽȤͤȡæѡѻߡ㳰Ūε§ѲλȤܤ٤
ʤ̾ȤƤ blond blonde ѤΤŪǤꡤƻˡȤϰۤʤꡤ̤Ϥ褯ݤƤ롥
Bryson, Bill. Mother Tongue: The Story of the English Language. London: Penguin, 1990.
[2009-11-27-1]˼ꤢ³ԡѸ <h> ֻɽ魯Ҳ [h] ˤޤĤ뺮ϡλҲñ˲ŪǤ뤫ФǤϤʤ<h> ޤեñѸ줬Ѥݤ˰礤ƤȤˤ롥ΤȤˤϡäŵƥޤ̤ʤФʤʤ
ŵƥǤ <h> ֻ /h/ ȤȯƤ구§ŪäȤŵˤʤ /h/ æϤޤäȤֻ <h> ǸꤷƤΤֻȯΥ줬ФΥ줿֤Υޥˤ⤽ΤޤäΥե㳰ǤϤʤ<h> ֤ñǤ /h/ Ϸ褷ȯʤäơѸѸˤΤ褦ʥե줫̤ <h> ޤѤ뤳ȤȤʤäΤǤ롥
ΤȤѸ <h> ֤Τ̵Ȥн褹Τ3ĤˡѤ ( Scragg, p. 41 )
(1) ȯʤΤ֤ɬפʤȤȤ <h> ȤƼ줿able, ability, arbour ʤɤ뤬Ͼʤʥե habile, habiletéƥ herbarium ӡ
(2) 줿ե̤˽äĤޤꡤ<h> ֤뤬ȯʤȤżheir, honest, honour, hour ʤɡ(1) 㤬¿an historical study an hotel Τ褦⻲͡
(3) ֤꤬Τȯ褦Ȥ spelling-pronunciation ȯۤ <h> /h/ ȤɤळȤˤhorrible, hospital, host ʤ¿ <h> ޤѸ줬Υѥ
Ѹϸ§Ȥ (3) ˡ켫ΤϹŪǤꡤֻȯδطäꤹ롥Ѹ spelling-pronunciation ˤǤϡ<h> /h/ ۤɤ˰ӤƵä spelling-pronunciation ϤʤΤǤϤʤޤ spelling-pronunciation ζȤäƤ褤100%ӤƤ櫓ǤϤʤθǤϤ뤬 (1) (2) ŬѤƤޤäȤǡºʬ̴ۤƤޤä(2) ξθˤäơѸƥեΰ仺뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤκϸѸˤ³ƤΤǤ롥
ϢȤơ֥ǥפε[2010-04-22-1]⻲ȡ
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
[2010-03-29-1]εǿ줿 Law French ˤĤơƣ (31) ⤦ʲΥեѸŪˡΧѸǤ뤬̲ƹȤ褦ˤʤä̾⾯ʤʤ
accuse ֹȯʹʡˤ, assize ֽȽ濳ʿˡ, cause ʾ١ʻˡ, court ˡȽ, crime Ⱥ, damage »ˡ, demesne ֡ʸ˴ŤϤΡͭ, dower ֲػ, fee ³, guile ֺά, just ָʡ, justice ֻˡʴˡȽʴˡ, petty ֡Ⱥ˷ʡ, plea ֡κǽΡۡ, plead ֡ʾٻ¤ʤɤ˿ΩƤ, property ֽͭ, puisne Ƚ, session ֳ, sue ʤ, suit ʾ١, summon ־, heir male ˻³͡, issue male ˻ҡ, real estate ư
¾ˡΧϢǤϡLe roi le veult ֲ˾ߤסʲ۲Ĥηʸˤ Le roi s'avisera ֲϤθʤסʲİƤκ۲ĤȤηʸˤȤʸȤƤɽߤǤĤäƤ롥ѹ ( great arms ) ʸ ( motto ) ȤƤ DIEU ET MON DROIT ϡֿȤ郎פ̣12Ⱦ Richard I ǻȤäͺӤͳ褹Ȥ졤15Ⱦ Henry VI λϤ˲ä줿ȤʲȡˡʤߤˡѹϤˤ HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE ȤʸޤƤꡤեǡ֤ȻפԤ˲Ҥפ̣롥1348ǯ˥Ĥߤ Edward III ȯͳ褹Ȥʿp. 409ˡѹ "The Royal coat of arms" ѹθ뤳ȤǤ롥

ƣ ʿֱѸ˹͡סسر١227桤1959ǯ15--41ǡ
رѹ˻ŵ١罤ۡ1994ǯ
ʸ嵭2018/09/29(Sat)Wikipedia SVGɤ
ε[2010-05-23-1]Ǽꤢ antidisestablishmentarianism ȤѸˤλߤȡѸΥޥ첽ǤȤɽŪʥ٥ǤϤʤε§ȤŪʥ٥ˤޤߤǤȤյ
̤˱Ѹ줬ޥ첽ȤȤˤϡѸΥեñ̼ѤȯȤǰƬˤΤǤϤʤΤ˸űѸ䤽ΦˤѸϥƥܤƤΤǡޥؤδ¿ϤäȤ뤬ܳŪʥޥ첽ΰΤѸΥեȤܿ¾ʤʤե줬ϤΥޥ첽Ȥ˾뤫Τ褦ˡνѸ˥ƥñ줬̤˱ѸήˡΥեȥƥήˤϡ¤ϥꥷǤⱣ¿ޤޤƤꡤѸ鸽ߤޤǤ¿ΥꥷǤѸض뤵줿ѸαѸäΥޥ첽Τˤ Greco-Latin ϡ[2010-05-16-1]εǤҤ٤̤ꡤThe Great Vocabulary Shift ȤǤ̾դʤ뤯餤˱ѸγѤѤ
ʩ塦ñ˸ǤѸ˶뤷ǤϤʤѸĹܿȱƶˤꡤƥ䥮ꥷθ§§ȾХͥƥ֤Ǥ뤫Τ褦˳ƤޤäΤǤ롥ߡƤʳѸѸ˼ȤѤƤŪ Neo-Latin ȸƤФ뤬ϥƥ䥮ꥷηǤƥ䥮ꥷηֵ§ˤΤäȤäȤߤȤäƤ褤ɸ antidisestablishmentarianism Greco-Latin ǤȤȤ߹碌§ˤΤäȤäŵŪ Neo-Latin θǤ뤬եñƥñȤƤǤϤʤޤDZñȤ¤줵줿ݥȤǤ롥ѸΥޥ첽ϡäΤߤɽŪʸݤȸʤ뤳Ȥ뤬Ѹˤ礭ƤǡäѶŪɾƤ⤤ΤǤϤʤ
ե줬ȤʤѸ줬ޥ첽ƤаޤȰյˤĤƤϡGachelin ɾ̯Ǥ롥
French acted as the Trojan horse of Latinity in English, the sluice gate through which Latin was able to pour into English on a scale without any equivalent in any Germanic language. The process of 'classicization' which had originated in Greece was to spread from Latin to Romance languages, and via French to English. (9--10)
Gachelin, Jean-Marc. "Is English a Romance Language?" English Today 23 (July 1990): 8--14.
[2009-09-27-1]εǡѸ5ħ ( [2009-09-27-1] ) ΰ Cosmopolitan Vocabulary ѸؽԤˤȤä Baugh and Cable Τ褦 asset ǤϤʤष liability ʤΤǤϤʤBaugh and Cable εǤϡեüԤʤɡѸθä礭ʱƶͿüԤѸؽΤȤǰƬˤƤ롥եüԤϡѸؽݤˤʤ߿˽вΨ⤯ŪˤºŪˤؽ䤹ϤȤ
εˤĤ Granger ̣ʸƤ롥̤ΥեѸ¸ߤեȤѸؽԤˤȤäɬץ饹˵ǽƤȤϸ¤ʤ⤷ʤȤݤʸǤ롥
Ѹʹߡ¿Υեñ줬Ѹ˼ѤƤߤޤǤξΩựѲƤ̡ʩ֤ǰ̣ο㤤бڥ̻ƤޤäڥϳؽѼʤɤǤ false friends ( F "faux amis" ) ȤΤƤ롥СѸ fabric ϡֿʪݡפ̣뤬бե fabrique ϡ¤פ̣롥ѸؼѤ줿ϡֽʪפȤ̣ΰפä֤ȤȤ˰̣Ϥޤä̤θѲƤޤäեȤѸؽԤˤȤäơϷ֤ۤƱ餳äܤΤȤʤ롥
Granger ˤȡɤʹȤ perception ˤĤƤϡեѸ¸ߤϥեüԤ˥ץ饹˵ǽ褦Ȥperception Ǥϡʸ̮ä false friends ˵ǽ뤫餫⤷ʤȤäꤹ production Ǥϡɬץ饹ƯƤȤϸʤȤ̤ФICLE ( the International Corpus of Learner English ) ΰǡեüԤˤѺʸѥ˴ŤĴ̡ѸüԤ٤ƥեѸλ٤ճˤ㤫äȤषޥϤ٤⤫äΤǤ롥
Granger ϤȤĤβǽŦƤ롥ĤϡȤƱѸؽԤˤȤäƤϡǤŪʰפäѤۤdzμ¤ȤάƯƤȤΤǤ롥⤦ĤϡեüԤȤ false friends 櫤˽ʬ˵դƤꡤοʤˤϥեѸλѤ뿴ƯƤȤΤǤ롥ǡαѸؽԤǤ false friends ˤ꤬ˤ˵뤳ȤǧƤꡤѸؽɤˤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ⼨Ƥ롥
ޤȤСեѸؽԤˤȤäơʤȤ production ˴ؤ¤ꡤѸΥեѸ¸ߤϰճȤäʤΤǤȤǽ⤫Ӿ夬äȤ롥βǽξܺ٤ĴdzΤСCosmopolitan Vocabulary ѸĹȤȤ館 Baugh and Cable ε뤳Ȥˤʤ
ä˭ѸΡħפǤ뤳ȤѤʤĹפǤϤʤȤĥݡȤˤʤꤽǤ롥
There is no doubt that the strong Romance influences exerted on the English language over the centuries have made it a richer language. From the foreign language learner's perspective, however, it seems as though it has also made it more difficult to master, creating lexical choices which they make at their peril. ( Granger 118 )
Granger, Sylviane. "Romance Words in English: from History to Pedagogy." Words: Proceedings of an International Symposium, Lund, 25--26 August 1995, Organized under the Auspices of the Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities and Sponsored by the Foundation Natur och Kultur, Publishers. Ed. Jan Svartvik. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien, 1996. 105--21.
ε[2010-05-01-1]ǡַפȡֱƶפν̤ˤĤֱѸϥƥ줫ޤ줿פȤԤϤäƤ˲⤷ΤξδطŪΤɽȤΥꥢڡѡӽФϤǺѤ
Ѹȥɥĸΰ㤤ޤ˱ġƥȤϤäȤäȱȤ褯ʬޤˤ⤫餺ƥαƶ礭ȤȡѸϥƥ̻ܻҡȤäȤʤΤǤ礦
̻ܻҤȤϼ¤ˤ褯äΤǤ롥ƥˤϥե̼ˤեˤϡڥ졤ꥢ졤ݥȥʤɤλ夬롥Υեϱ濫äƳθˤѸȤȷФ뤳ȤˤʤäƥȤΤۤҲŪϰ̤⤫äˡѸ̻ܻҤȤƥƥȤ˷ޤ줿ѸϺäˤޥȤη줬ήƤΤΡƥȤǤĹǯˤꡤɬŪΩʤ˻ƤΤä
ȡʥȡϤɤǤ礦
ǯ9˥ǥ֥˥إפ˼̾ѹȤʹɤǥˤäˤʤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ̾ȤƤʤʤäƤޤΤˤϰμ䤷뤯餤̾Τ줿ȤǤ롥 (?!) ֥̾ȤƤΥǥϻĤ褦
ơǥܤˤ뤫ĤϢʤ̾ȤʤäƤ뤬ѸؽԤǤäƤѸȤƤθΤäƤԤϾʤΤǤϤʤǥȯƤñפ⤫٤ʤ⤷ʤadherence ȥڥǽСȻפ
θϡե adhérence Ѥǡ夹ΡפŪʰ̣Ǥ롥Τˡ¡ȤϤƤޤäƤϺʪǤ롥ѸǤȯ /ədˈhɪərəns/ եǤϤФ /aderɑ̃s/ Ǥ롥ϡܸǤ1ᡤѸǤ2ᡤեǤ3Τ⤷
եǤϤΤ褦ֻ˸ /h/ ȯʤѸˤȤäʤΤϡեѸ¿Ƥ뤿ˡեͳ <h> ȯ뤫ݤñ줴Ȥɤ줬뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ[2009-11-27-1]ˤΤǤȡʤߤˡ̾ǥαѸ̾ Aderans 餷
˽ǤȤζ˥ѡޡå Olympic äʤʤޤǤ쥫·ΤǡȤäƤ⤤ۤɤ˾ѤƤΤᡤž路 Olympic Ѥ뵡ʤʤäˤ⤫餺ŹήƤ Olympic ΥơʤǤƬ뤳Ȥ롥餯ǤѤäƤʤ
ڤ뤤ŹǤʪ˭٤ʤŹǤ
¤ФǡĤ⸭㤤ʪ
ʤߤʪǤ·
O L Y M P I Cʥ磻ԡ
ϥѡޡåȡԥå
Olympic supermarket ʤ hypermarket ʤΤǤ롥hypermarket դμǤơǤϸ츻ͤƤߤsupermarket ɤǻǡ super- + market ιǡѸˤ1933ǯФǤ롥hypermarket hyper- + market ιǡ1970ǯդ˥ե hypermarché ( loan translation ) ƱѸ˼ΤǤ롥ե hypermarché Τϡsupermarché "supermarket" ˤʤä¤Ǥ롥
եǤѸǤ⡤ܸʥʡˤǤ⡤hypermarket supermarket εʲǤǤȹͤƤ롥hyper- Τۤ super- ̤ǤȤФƬϤȤˡ־Ρ̤Ρ٤ΡפɽǶ̤뤬⤽ΤϤĸΰĤθ캬 *(s)uper ˤΤܤ롥ΰ캬ƥǤ super- ȤꡤꥷǤϺǽλҲ hyper- Ȥʤäabove, over, up ʤɤŪˤϤθ캬ȴϢ롥
ơ츻̤ǤȤ hyper- Τۤ super- ̤ǤȤФˤϺʤȤˤʤ뤬ŪˤϤФȤƤ롥ˤɤΰ̣ʬϼΤȤǤꡤξ⤿ޤ hyper- super- Τ٤κޤ줿Τ뤳ȤϤǤ褦hyper- super- ̤ǤꡤεդǤϤʤȤˤϡʾκΤǤϤʤ[2010-03-27-1]εǸ褦ˡѸäˤϡ绨Ĥˤäƥƥ졤ե졤Ѹλع¤ǧ롥κǾ̤˰֤Τƥ¤ϤξĶǾ̤Ȥ٤ꥷ줬¸ߤΤǤ롥ŪˡѸ줬ʸŪˤ̤Υեƥ줫¿θäѤƤΤƱ褦ˡƥʸŪˤ̤Υꥷ줫¿θäѤƤꥷϥƥˤȤäƹߤˤʤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʸʸŪطʤäޤޤˡߡѸǥꥷ hypermarket ȥƥ supermarket ̤ƤΤǤϤʤ
ʤߤˡֲ̤ΡפɽƬϥƥ sub-ꥷ hypo- Ǥ롥Ǥ /s/ ( Latin ) /h/ ( Greek ) б뤳Ȥա
Ѹˤ finish, punish ʤɡ -ish ǽեͳư줬Ĥ롥⸽եʸˡ2§ư졤 -ir ưȸƤФư줬ѸäΤǤ롥ɽȤ punir ( PDE punish ) θ߷Ѥ褦
| sg. | pl. | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | je punis | nous punissons |
| 2nd person | tu punis | vous punissez |
| 3rd person | il punit | ils punissent |
| English | French |
|---|---|
| abolish | abolir |
| accomplish | accomplir |
| banish | bannir |
| brandish | brandir |
| burnish | brunir |
| cherish | chérir |
| demolish | démolir |
| embellish | embellir |
| establish | établir |
| finish | finir |
| flourish | fleurir |
| furbish | fourbir |
| furnish | fournir |
| garnish | garnir |
| impoverish | appauvrir |
| languish | languir |
| nourish | nourrir |
| perish | périr |
| polish | polir |
| punish | punir |
| ravish | ravir |
| tarnish | ternir |
| vanish | evanouir |
| varnish | vernir |
ϺǤ롥ϤƤΤ⤢ꡤָζФǤ롥ޤǤʤϻ뤫褤櫓åȥα桤եåȤΤФˤäϡδߤΤ鵨ᴶʤ餭ο֤ʤ餺֨ΩƤϤʤⲿʤ襤ʤʤȻפäΤǤ롥μबۤʤΤ
֤פϥꥹǤŤΤƤ롥ΰȤƤ cirisbēam ֺڡפȤƸűѸ줫¸ߤƤߤ cherry ˤĤʤ֤1300ǯ餤ˤϥե줫ѤƤⲿȿƤ߿ñ졤¤ϱѸˤǤΰʬ ( numerical metanalysis ) ȤˤΤܤ뤳Ȥ¿Ѹ Old Norman French η֤ cherise Ǥꡤ<s> ϤȤȸ촴˴ޤޤƤ롥Ȥڤ줿Ѹ¦ <s> ʣ <s> ȸäʬϤƤޤ<s> Ȥ夵Ƥޤä줬cherry ΥᥤǤ롥ʤߤˡե cerise ֤ܿʤΡˡפΰ̣19˱ѸäΤǡcherry cerise Ÿ ( doublet ) δطˤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
촴 <s> ʣ <s> ȼ㤨ƿñФ¾ˤ⤢롥pea ֥ɥޥפŪñ pease ( < OE pise < LL pīsa ) <s> ʣȴְ㤨줿̡pea ñȤ߽Ф줿Ʊͤˡsherry ֥פϥڥ Xeres ͳ褷Ѹؤ16 sherris Ȥä17ˤϰʬϤ sherry ȤФʥϤФƤκߤƤҤɤܤˤäΤǡޤˤˤϥȥ饦Ū롥
νҤ٤ numerical metanalysis ϡθ촴ΰڤǤ뤫顤 ( back-formation ) ΰȤ⤤롥ˤĤƤ back_formation γƵȡ
إեѸˡ١ҤĤ˼1996ǯ111--12ǡ
1066ǯ Norman Conquest θ塤ɤϥեȤԤλ۲äȤϤäƤ⡤ɤεサԤ¿Ѥ餺ϤǤꡤեϤäƤԤȤв²ΤŤμԤԤäο¿ʤäѸޤ Norman Conquest ͥ300ǯϤäѸ줬ϲʤ⤿ޤӤΰĤϡѸüԤпŪ¿äȤǤ롥ǤϡΥޥ²ȥ̱ο϶ŪˤϤɤ줯餤äΤ
˿׳ؤäƤƤ11ȾˤΤΤ뤳ȤϤǤʤBlake ˤ뤪褽θѤϻͤˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ
It would be reasonable to suggest that the number of native French speakers can never have been greater than 10 per cent of the total population of England, and a more realistic estimate is probably less than 5 per cent. The greatest part of the population in England at this time consisted of the peasants who tilled the land. They probably formed anything between 85 and 90 per cent of all people here, . . . . (107)
פ˥եͤϿ5%˲ʤȤθѤǤ롥 Blake ϡԳեͤοȤäƤϤ㤤ȸѤäƤ롥
. . . the number of native French speakers in the clergy at any one time cannot have been very large. Perhaps it amounted to no more than 2 per cent of the total clergy. (108)
嵭οפޤᡤμҲͻ̤ȤƳФΤϡɤϿΰ̣ bilingual ǤϤʤäȤĥǤ롥
Although two languages, English and French, were spoken in England, it is doubtful whether it ever became a truly bilingual country. The majority of the population was monolingual and only used English. (109--10)
"truly bilingual" ɤΤ褦ʾؤΤǤϤ뤬ñ˿Ⱦ줾θȤƤꡤ¾θ⤢٤ǽǤȤΤȤꤹȡɤ bilingual society ȤߤʤŪʤȤ館ŬڤȤȤˤʤ롥Blake ŪʴФǤС"barely bilingual" 餤ɽŬڤʤΤ⤷ʤ
Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996.
[2010-03-17-1]εǿ줿ˡΧʸαѸ첽˴Ȥץä1362ǯ˸Ƭʾټ³ե줫ѸڤؤäˡΧطʸˤϤޤޤե줬ѤƤ¤1731ǯޤǻȤ³ΤǤ롥Υե Law French ȸƤФ졤Norman Conquest Norman French ȤȤʤäƳΩ줿ˡΧʸϸǤ롥
ߤǤѸˡΧѸȾեͳǤΤϡҤˤäƤ롥ˡΧط̾Ⱥ̾ȤäƤߤƤ⡤ѸˡΧ French ʬ
̾: advocate ԡ, attorney ͡, bailiff ּ, coroner ָ봱, counsel ۸͡, defendant , judge ֺȽ, jury 濳, plaintiff ָ
Ⱥ̾: arson С, assault ˽ԡ, felony ֽź, fraud ֺ, libel ʸ̡, perjury ֵڡ, slander ָƬ̡, trespass ֿ
ޤեǤϡܷ̾ƻפȤ礬̤ʤΤǡȿǤˡΧطζ礬¸ߤ롥
attorney general ֻˡĹˡ̳Ĺ, court martial ַˡġ, fee simple ñڸ, heir apparent ˡ³͡, letters patent ֳļ, malice aforethought ͽŤȰա
ѸˡΧٶΤϤΤѤ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992. 591.
ǰɽΤİʾθ줬¸ߤȤϤɤθǤʤΤˡʡƱפȤΤ¸ߤ뤳ȤơפȤȤǤС¿θ¸ߤ롥ȤϤΤΡѸ˭٤ϡ¿θ٤Ƥä٤ۤɤǤ롥ΤȤ켭ŵ ( thesaurus ) ƤߤСǤ롥
Ѹˤδ˭٤СϱѸ줬¿θܿƤ¤˵롥ۤʤä줫бİۤʤä˥奢Ǽ졤äΤʤѤƤäˡ̤ȤƱѸ ( thesaurus ) ȤʤäΤǤ롥
츻̤ˤդ뤤ʬƤߤȡˡءפ뤳Ȥ狼롥㤨СŵŪΥѥȤơֻع¤פȤǤƤ֤٤Τ롥ؤ졤ؤե졤ؤƥꥷȤѥǤ롥
| native | French | Latin/Greek |
|---|---|---|
| ask | question | interrogate |
| book | volume | text |
| fair | beautiful | attractive |
| fast | firm | secure |
| foe | enemy | adversary |
| help | aid | assistance |
| kingly | royal | regal |
| rise | mount | ascend |
ε[2010-03-24-1]˴ϢꡥѸˤɬȤäƤ褤ۤɼꤢưʪϱѸ졤ϥեפȤʬϡѤƤäǤȤĥ롥OED Խ紴̳ Burchfield ˤȡ"[an] enduring myth about French loanwords of the medieval period" ȤĹѤ (18)
The culinary revolution, and the importation of French vocabulary into English society, scarcely preceded the eighteenth century, and consolidated itself in the nineteenth. The words veal, beef, venison, pork, and mutton, all of French origin, entered the English language in the early Middle Ages, and would all have been known to Chaucer. But they meant not only the flesh of a calf, of an ox, of a deer, etc., but also the animals themselves. . . . The restriction of these French words to the sense 'flesh of an animal eaten as food' did not become general before the eighteenth century.
beef OED MED dzǧƤߤȡΤưʪΤΤθǧ롥ʣʸįƤߤȡưʪΤȴϢڤƤ륱¿褦Ǥ롥㤨СθǤνȤξȤ14ȾμʸǤƤ롥
Hit mot boþe drink and ete .. Beues flesch and drinke þe broþt.
Ǥ⡤Burchfield μĥ褦ˡưʪϱѸ졤ϥեפȤʬŪˤʤäΤ18ˤʤäƤȤȤȤʤСϤʤ18ˤطθ줬ե줫̤äƤȤ¤⤢ꡤ줬طƤ뤫⤷ʤ
ưʪλȤʬλϤޤ꤬ǤǤ졤ѸüԤΰռˡֹ⤭ϥե졤㤭ϱѸפȤݤŪ夷ƤȤϳΤ
Burchfield, Robert, ed. The New Fowler's Modern English Usage. 3rd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996.
Ѹ濴ȤեäμѤȤˡϳʤѤΤưʪƤΤϥꥹΰ̱̽Ǥ뤿ᡤưʪɽϥϤθѤ롥ǡ줿ܤˤΤϡ̾ήΥե²Ǥ뤿ᡤɽϥեϤθѤ롥˴ؤƤϡSir Walter Scott ξ Ivanhoe (38) μΰͭ̾Ǥ롥
. . . when the brute lives, and is in the charge of a Saxon slave, she goes by her Saxon name; but becomes a Norman, and is called pork, when she is carried to the Castle-hall to feast among the nobles . . . .
ŪȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥
| Animal in English | Meat in English | French |
|---|---|---|
| calf | veal | veau |
| deer | venison | venaison |
| fowl | poultry | poulet |
| sheep | mutton | mouton |
| swine ( pig ) | pork, bacon | porc, bacon |
| ox, cow | beef | boeuf |
ѸˤǥեѸȤС[2009-08-22-1]Υդ餫ʤȤꡤ12ȾʹߡѸȤߤʤƤ롥ʤűѸˤե줫μѤäȤϡե̾ʡˤΤˤƤƤ褤ʲKastovsky (337--38) ꡥ
prud, prut "proud"
sot "foolish" (but possibly from Vulgar Latin)
tur "tower" (but possibly from Vulgar Latin)
capun "capon"
tumbere "dancer" (from OF tomber "fall")
fræpgian "accuse" (from OF frapper)
servian "serve"
gingifer "ginger"
bacun "bacon"
arblast "weapon"
serfise "service"
prisun "prison"
castel "castle"
market "market"
cancelere "chancellor"
ʤѸǤʤʤ˽פʸ줬ޤޤƤǤϤʤ¿11Ⱦʸ˸ƤꡤűѸȤϤäƤ⤽κμѤǤ롥10Ⱦ11ˤƥɤ˵äƻ ( the Benedictine Reform ) ϥեϤäƤꡤΥޥͤ ( the Norman Conquest ) ԤȤեȤΥͥϤäޤɥ ( Edward the Confessor ) ϥΥޥͤˤΥޥǥ˴̿äʪȤơɤȥեȤΥͥ˹Ƥ롥
Τʤǡä prud / prut "proud" ϡűѸ줫줬ߤͭǤ: ex. prutlice "proudly", pryto / pryte "pride", prytscipe "proudship", prutness "proudness", oferprut "haughty", prutswongor "overburdened with pride", woruldpryde "worldly pride", oferprydo "excessive pride"̾ pryto 첻ѲƤ뤳Ȥ顤θ췲ѸǻȤϤ10餤ˤϤޤ i-mutation ѤƤȤ¬졤ѲˤˤƤפʰ̣ġ
űѸΥեѸϤޤ˾ʤΩʤᡤѸˤγǤۤȤɰ뤳ȤʤΤǡεǼ夲补ȤФäƤߤƤ⡤ޥʡݤʤ
Kastovsky, Dieter. "Semantics and Vocabulary." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 290--408.
ε[2010-02-20-1]³ȤơѸäΤʤǥƥѸȥեѸ줬ɤΤ褦ʰּǶ¸Ƥ뤫ͤƤߤ
餫ˤ̤ꡤexplain <i> ϡӥե첽ƱѸäƤƤ plain ֻˤ롥ľܥƥ줫Ρ explane եˡ줿 explain ˶ȤǤ롥βΤ⤷ϡѸˤǤ褯夲 etymological respelling ȿФδطˤ뤳ȤǤ ( see etymological_respelling )
ŵŪˤϡetymological respelling ϡ˥ե첽DZѸäƤֻ˽Ѹ˳ؼԤˤäơץƥηؽ줿Ȥؤ㤨Сƥ perfectum ˤΤܤ perfect ϡѸ˥ե첽 parfit ηDZѸäƤѸ˥ƥֻ˴Ť perfect ؤѹ줿եˡ줿ƥΡΡ줿ȤǤ뤫顤 explain ȤϹоȤʤ
explain <i> ֻ˸ꤵƤΤϤѸǤ뤫顤λˤϾ夫ζʥƥˤȲʥեˤξƯƤȤȤƥ줫֤γؼԤƳˤϥƥ˴Ť etymological respelling ꡤ⤦̱Ūʥ٥ѤΤǤ folk respelling ȤǤ⤤٤ݤäȤȤäȤ⡤ä˸ԤϡѸ˸¤餺ĤǤⵯݤǤϤ롥
plain ʿʡפ˴ϢưĤ⤷¤դä褦θϡƥ plānus ե첽ֻ14˱Ѹꡤߤˤޤ³Ƥ롥ؤѸȤƤΡʿ̤ΡפȤˤĤƤϡѸˡƥȤֻ plane ô褦ˤʤäؼŪʤˤΤˤϳؼŪֻդ路ȤȤʿʡʿפʡפȤ줳ʿפʸϡʿ̱ˤդ路줿ֻ礤äȤȤ
explain <i> ꤫Ϥޤäơ⤷ȯ꼡
νյ٤ߤ˥˥塼ɤ˸αΥ߳顤ǼΤ褦ʼ䤬ä꤬Ȥˡ
Ȥ̾줫ưؤʻѤȤˡexplanation explain ȤΤФƤޤɤ "i" ȤʸФƤΤΰ㤤ϲʤΤȼ䤷Ȥͥƥ֤ǤʬʤȤֻ֤äƤޤǤ
ΤԻĤǤ롥̾줬 explanation ǤСбư *explanate Ȥ *explane ǤäۤǤϤʤȹͤʤ롥㤨Сprofanation ¡פФ profanate profane ¤פǡǤ롥
®츻Ĵ٤Ƥߤ¨¤˸Ĥäplain ʿפʡפֻ ( analogy ) Ȥexplain ϥƥ explānāre ˤΤܤ롥 ex- + plānāre ʬ졤촴ʬ plānus ʿʡפ̤ΤǡȤ plain Ȥϸ츻ŪʤĤʤ꤬롥̣Ūˤϡʿ餫ˤעʿ˼עפȤϢǧ롥Ѹˤ1425ǯ˥ƥ줫ä
plain ֻפȤްդΤϡȤȤ explain ǤϤʤ explane ʤɤֻԤƤȤȤǤ롥OED Ĵ٤ȡºݤ1516ˤ explane Ȥֻǧ롥ߤֻ17ʹߤˤ褽ΩΤǤ롥
ǰĵ䤬롥explain <i> ΥǥȤʤä plain ƥ plānus ͳ褹ΤǤʤСplain Τ <i> ϲͳ褹Τƥ plānus Ϥʤ *plane ȤƱѸäƤʤäΤεϡѷϩΰ㤤Ǥ롥explain ʤ explane ľܥƥ줫ѸäΤФplain ϥƥ줫եͳƱѸäΤǤ롥եͳʳǡ plānus plain ؤ졤Υե첽ֻѸäȤˤʤ롥plain αѸؤμѤ13ᤤΤǡѻΰ㤤ѷϩΰ㤤ˤȿǤƤΤȹͤ롥ȤƤϡƥ vānus եͳ vain Ȥ㤬褦⡤12˱ѸäƤ
ޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥explain <i> ϡplain <i> Ǥ롥ơplain <i> ʤˤ뤫ȤСθ츻Ǥƥ plānus ե첽ֻDZѸäƤǤ롥̤ȤơѸ plain explain ξˤƥեѤȤˤʤ롥
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