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french - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2010-12-12 Sun

#594. ѸʹߤΥե󥹼Ѹħ [loan_word][french][statistics][history]

Ѹûˤˤƥե󥹼Ѹβ̤Ƥ礭ܥ֥Ǥ٤Ȥʤ夲Ƥ ( see french ) ФХե󥹸ѤϤäѤѸǤȿƤ뤭餤롥Τ[2009-08-22-1]εǷǤդǼƤ̤ꡤ15ʹߤϥե󥹸Ѥ쵤Ǥ롥13, 14ĺ٤ƤŪǤꡤḽ˻ޤ䤨֤ʤѸ˸ä򶡵뤷Ƥܤͤ롥
Ѹˤˤ䤨֤ʤäζ븻ȤƤϡۤ˥ƥȥꥷ줬󤲤뤬3ΤʤǤϥե󥹸줬ǤͥΤ褦Ǥ롥ͤ󤲤褦ȥ˥ (347) The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ˤĴǡ1900--50ǯδ֤˱Ѹä208μѸΤ93 (44.71%) ե󥹸˴طƤꡤ1961--75ǯǤ253136 (53.75%) ե󥹸ǤȤʥ֥󥷥, p. 132--33ˡ
ѸüѤˤե󥹸ͥϤ뤳Ȥʤ顤Ѹäʬ褢ޤѤäƤʤȤ⸲Ǥ롥ʬȤϡ²衤ήԡʡݽѡʸءʤɤǡޤȤƤޤСֵ²ŪסŪήԡפȤäȤ
ѸΥե󥹸ѤħŪʤΤϡե󥹸ΤޤäƤƤȤȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤȯֻѸ첽Ƥʤե󥹸餷餷ݤƤ롥

ŵΥե󥹿ϡ1685ǯΥʥȤļѻ߸塤ե󥹤ΥץƥȤιήФˤäưޤ줿ΤǤ롥줬ե󥹸øŪϰ̤Ϳ褦ˤʤꡤѤ줿ϤϤѸ첽ʤʤ롥θͥŪ˼Ҳ˴ؤΤǤ롥㤨Сà propos, ballet, chagrin, chaperon, double-entendre, étiquette, fête, moquette, naïve, intrigue, nom de plume, rendez-vous, rêverie ʤɤǤϡΤޤޤκѤ롥ʥ֥󥷥硤p. 132


ʥȤļ ( L'Édit de Nante ) ϡ1598ǯ413˥ե󥹹񲦥4ʥȤȯۤļǡŪʤ⿷̤θǧ᤿ļνäˤ30ǯʾ³˰ν䤬Ǥ줿17вζȤȤ˥ʥȤļϷƤä1685ǯ񲦥륤14ʥȤļѻߤȡ̤ο̤˴̿뤳Ȥˤʤäλ郎Ѹإե󥹸ݤե󥹼Ѹ줬⤿餵ȤʤäΤǤ롥

=å֥󥷥 ס رѸ츻ء١ʸ˥ӡҡ1999ǯ ( Blanchot, Jean-Jacques. L'Étymologie Anglaise. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1995. )

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2010-10-11 Mon

#532. Chaucer ηƻζ [inflection][chaucer][adjective][ilame][french]

ѸˤǤ϶޷δ顤űѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸϤ줾켡Τ褦˵Ҥ롥

Old English: full inflection
Middle English: levelled inflection
Modern English: lost inflection

ޤȤȤޤǽ̾졤̾졤ư줬פ⤫֤űѸǤϷƻʣ˶ޤƻϤ켫Τ餫η֥饹ʬव櫓ǤϤʤפ̾ȤȤ˷Ū˶ޤΤǡष1Ĥηƻ줬ꤦ޸ variation ̾ʤɤŪʴѲѲʬ졤ʤΥѥ᡼ˤäƤΤ40ζ޷򼨤űѸ full inflection λȸƤФʤǤ롥
Ѹʹߤϡ¿ͤʶ޸٤ƾü ( lost inflection ) ʳ levelled inflection λ夬Τ㤨Ѹ Chaucer ηƻޤߤȡ֤ȤϤäƤ¤ʤ lost inflection ˶ᤤChaucer ƻ good ˵󤲤ȡѲñǥޤʳǤ -e ȤΤߤι٤˿ʿ줿ѥǤ롥

 WeakStrong
Singulargoodegood
Pluralgoodegoode


⡤Τ褦˥ޤ -e ޤζ̤ĤƻϡñǸҲǽѸפȤĤǤꡤ¾Ϥ٤̵ޤǤ롥դä٤ϡФƥե󥹼Ѹηƻϸ§Ȥ̵ޤե󥹸ζڤƤʤɤǸʣ޸ -s 㤬ޤˤ ( ex. weyes espirituels, places delitables )
ˤǤѸϲϴλȤߤʤ뷹ꡤؿ䰷 levelled ˤʤ꤬Ǥ롥Chaucer ηƻζηϤ򳵴ѤʬȤꡤűѸ٤ levelled ǤϤ뤬ޤηϤʤƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ-e -s Ȥä޸¸ߴݤʤѸˤκȤߤȡΤ褦ʲη ( subsystem ) ˤ߽Ф줿϶̣󶡤Ƥ롥

Chaucer's Adjectival Inflection

Old English Grammar by Murray McGillivray, University of Calgary
Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. 105--06.
Burnley, David. The Language of Chaucer. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1983. 13--15.

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2010-09-13 Mon

#504. Ѹ¸ߤͣζޤƻ [inflection][gender][adjective][french][ilame]

[2010-07-27-1]εǡƻӵ顦Ǿ򼨤 -er / -est ƻζޤȸʤ٤ɤˤĤƤε뤳ȤˤиѸˤƻζޤϳ̵ȤäƤ褵űѸǤϡƻŪ˴Ϣ̾ʤ˱Ʒ㤷ޤ˥ޥħŪʶѲޤȼѲޤλȤʬ¸ߤƤȤפȡѸξϡֶޤξüפѸˤή礭ǤǤ뤳Ȥƻפ롥
ȤBryson (26) ˤȡѸ˶ޤƻ줬1ĤȤ

In English adjectives have just one invariable form with but, I believe, one exception: blond/blonde.


blond(e) ֶȱΡ֥ɤΡפϥե󥹼ѸǤꡤѸʸˡˤʤä̾ˤ򽤾Ȥˤ blond 򡤽̾ˤ򽤾Ȥˤ blonde ѤȤΤŪʻȤʬǤȯ϶̤ʤˡɬʤʤäƤƤ롥ꥫǤ˽ˤʤ̤ blond Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿ʤäƤƤꡤꥹǤϵդ blonde ̷ȤФƤ롥ˤ衤ѲήȤƤ϶̤ʤʤưƤȹͤƤ褵
äĤĤΤ⤷ʤޤ¸ߤ blond/blonde ζ̤򡤸ѸˡֻĤͣζޤƻɽʤäΤϡűѸζޤȤϥפۤʤ뤫Ǥ롥ʤˤޤǤϤʤ ( gender ) ˤޤȤϤäƤűѸŪʸˡ ( grammatical gender ) ǤϤʤѸŪʼ ( natural gender ) ˤޤˤʤ⡤ζޤϼѸΥե󥹸ʸˡ򻲾ȤֳʹĤΤޤͤȡפΤ褦˸롥űѸηƻޤȤϰ褷ƤꡤޤȤƤŪϢ³ʤäơֻĤפȤΤɬŬڤǤʤȽǤ
OED ǤΤθν15 Caxton θ17ȾޤǸ줺Ǥ⥤åΤ֤Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤ޤ˼ѸȤΰռǻäˤʤѸǤ⡤ȯ̤ʤֻǶ̤ȤȤϰռŪݤƤ̤Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨤ƤꡤϤեñǤ뤳ȤˤäֳʹĤΤޤͤȡפȤ礤
Ūˤߤ˴ŤޤǤˤϰ㤤ʤѸ¸ߤͣζޤƻǤȤ¤ϱǤϤʤζ̤强ƤǽȤͤȡæѡѻߡ㳰Ūε§򼨤ѲλȤܤ٤
ʤ̾ȤƤ blond blonde ѤΤŪǤꡤƻˡȤϰۤʤꡤ̤Ϥ褯ݤƤ롥

Bryson, Bill. Mother Tongue: The Story of the English Language. London: Penguin, 1990.

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2010-07-30 Fri

#459. ԰ʻҲ /h/ (2) [spelling_pronunciation][h][loan_word][latin][french]

[2009-11-27-1]˼ꤢ³ԡѸ <h> ֻɽ魯Ҳ [h] ˤޤĤ뺮ϡλҲñ˲Ū԰Ǥ뤫ФǤϤʤ<h> ޤեñѸ줬Ѥݤ˰礤ƤȤˤ롥ΤȤ򤹤ˤϡäŵƥޤ̤ʤФʤʤ
ŵƥǤ <h> ֻ /h/ ȤȯƤ구§ŪäȤŵˤʤ /h/ æϤޤäȤֻ <h> ǸꤷƤΤֻȯΥ줬ФΥ줿֤Υޥ󥹽ˤ⤽ΤޤäΥե󥹸㳰ǤϤʤ<h> ֤ñǤ /h/ Ϸ褷ȯʤäơѸѸˤΤ褦ʥե󥹸줫̤ <h> ޤѤ뤳ȤȤʤäΤǤ롥
ΤȤѸ <h> ֤Τ̵Ȥн褹Τ3ĤˡѤ ( Scragg, p. 41 )

(1) ȯʤΤ֤ɬפʤȤȤ <h> ȤƼ줿able, ability, arbour ʤɤ뤬Ͼʤʥե󥹸 habile, habiletéƥ herbarium ӡ
(2) 줿ե󥹸̤˽äĤޤꡤ<h> ֤뤬ȯʤȤżheir, honest, honour, hour ʤɡ(1) 㤬¿an historical study an hotel Τ褦⻲͡
(3) ֤꤬Τȯ褦Ȥ spelling-pronunciation ȯۤ <h> /h/ ȤɤळȤˤhorrible, hospital, host ʤ¿ <h> ޤѸ줬Υѥ

Ѹϸ§Ȥ (3) ˡ켫ΤϹŪǤꡤֻȯδطäꤹ롥Ѹ spelling-pronunciation ˤǤϡ<h> /h/ ۤɤ˰ӤƵä spelling-pronunciation ϤʤΤǤϤʤޤ spelling-pronunciation ζȤäƤ褤100%ӤƤ櫓ǤϤʤθǤϤ뤬 (1) (2) ŬѤƤޤäȤǡºʬ̴ۤƤޤä(2) ξθˤäơѸƥե󥹸ΰ仺뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤκϸѸˤ³ƤΤǤ롥
ϢȤơ֥ǥ󥹡פε[2010-04-22-1]⻲ȡ

Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.

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2010-07-04 Sun

#433. Law French ȱѹ񲦤 [me][french][loan_word][heraldry][law_french]

[2010-03-29-1]εǿ줿 Law French ˤĤơƣ (31) ⤦󤲤ʲΥե󥹼ѸŪˡΧѸǤ뤬̲ƹȤ褦ˤʤä̾⾯ʤʤ

accuse ֹȯʹʡˤ, assize ֽȽ濳ʿˡ, cause ʾ١ʻˡ, court ˡȽ, crime Ⱥ, damage »ˡ, demesne ֡ʸ˴ŤϤΡͭ, dower ֲػ, fee ³⻺, guile ֺά, just ָʡ, justice ֻˡʴˡȽʴˡ, petty ֡Ⱥ᤬˷ʡ, plea ֡κǽΡۡ, plead ֡ʾٻ¤ʤɤ˿ΩƤ, property ֽͭ, puisne Ƚ, session ֳ, sue ʤ, suit ʾ١, summon ־, heir male ˻³͡, issue male ˻ҡ, real estate ư


¾ˡΧϢǤϡLe roi le veult ֲ˾ߤסʲ۲Ĥ򲼤ηʸˤ Le roi s'avisera ֲϤθʤסʲİƤκ۲ĤȤηʸˤȤʸȤƤɽߤǤĤäƤ롥ѹ񲦤 ( great arms ) ʸ ( motto ) ȤƤ DIEU ET MON DROIT ϡֿȤ郎פ̣12Ⱦ Richard I ǻȤäͺӤͳ褹Ȥ졤15Ⱦ Henry VI λϤ˲ä줿Ȥʲ޻ȡˡʤߤˡѹ񲦤Ϥˤ HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE ȤʸޤƤꡤե󥹸ǡ֤򰭤ȻפԤ˲Ҥפ̣롥1348ǯ˥Ĥߤ Edward III ȯͳ褹Ȥʿp. 409ˡѹ񲦤 "The Royal coat of arms" ѹ񲦼θ򸫤뤳ȤǤ롥

The Royal coat of arms

ƣ ʿֱѸ˹͡סسر١227桤1959ǯ15--41ǡ
رѹ񲦼˻ŵ١罤ۡ1994ǯ

ʸ嵭2018/09/29(Sat)Wikipedia SVGɤ

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2010-05-24 Mon

#392. antidisestablishmentarianism ˤߤѸΥޥ󥹸첽 [word_formation][loan_word][french][latin][greek][neo-latin][lexicology][romancisation]

ε[2010-05-23-1]Ǽꤢ antidisestablishmentarianism ȤѸˤλߤȡѸΥޥ󥹸첽ǤȤɽŪʥ٥ǤϤʤε§ȤŪʥ٥ˤޤߤǤȤյ
̤˱Ѹ줬ޥ󥹸첽ȤȤˤϡѸΥեñ̼ѤȯȤǰƬˤΤǤϤʤΤ˸űѸ䤽ΦˤѸϥƥܤƤΤǡޥ󥹸ؤδ¿ϤäȤ뤬ܳŪʥޥ󥹸첽ΰΤѸΥե󥹸Ȥܿ¾ʤʤե󥹸줬ϤΥޥ󥹸첽Ȥ˾뤫Τ褦ˡνѸ˥ƥñ줬̤˱ѸήˡΥե󥹸ȥƥήˤϡ¤ϥꥷǤⱣ¿ޤޤƤꡤѸ鸽ߤޤǤ¿ΥꥷǤѸض뤵줿ѸαѸäΥޥ󥹸첽Τˤ Greco-Latin ϡ[2010-05-16-1]εǤҤ٤̤ꡤThe Great Vocabulary Shift ȤǤ̾դʤ뤯餤˱ѸγѤѤ
ʩ塦ñ˸ǤѸ˶뤷ǤϤʤѸĹܿȱƶˤꡤƥ䥮ꥷθ§§ȾХͥƥ֤Ǥ뤫Τ褦˳ƤޤäΤǤ롥ߡƤʳѸѸ˼ȤѤƤŪ꥽ Neo-Latin ȸƤФ뤬ϥƥ䥮ꥷηǤƥ䥮ꥷηֵ§ˤΤäȤäȤߤȤäƤ褤ɸ antidisestablishmentarianism Greco-Latin ǤȤȤ߹碌§ˤΤäȤäŵŪ Neo-Latin θǤ뤬եñƥñȤƤǤϤʤޤDZñȤ¤줵줿ݥȤǤ롥ѸΥޥ󥹸첽ϡäΤߤɽŪʸݤȸʤ뤳Ȥ뤬Ѹˤ礭׸ƤǡäѶŪɾƤ⤤ΤǤϤʤ
ե󥹸줬ȤʤѸ줬ޥ󥹸첽ƤаޤȰյˤĤƤϡGachelin ɾ̯Ǥ롥

French acted as the Trojan horse of Latinity in English, the sluice gate through which Latin was able to pour into English on a scale without any equivalent in any Germanic language. The process of 'classicization' which had originated in Greece was to spread from Latin to Romance languages, and via French to English. (9--10)



Gachelin, Jean-Marc. "Is English a Romance Language?" English Today 23 (July 1990): 8--14.

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2010-05-22 Sat

#390. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary Asset (2) [french][loan_word][false_friend][pde_characteristic]

[2009-09-27-1]εǡѸ5ħ ( [2009-09-27-1] ) ΰ Cosmopolitan Vocabulary ѸؽԤˤȤä Baugh and Cable Τ褦 asset ǤϤʤष liability ʤΤǤϤʤBaugh and Cable εǤϡե󥹸üԤʤɡѸθä礭ʱƶͿüԤѸؽΤȤǰƬˤƤ᤬롥ե󥹸üԤϡѸؽݤˤʤ߿˽в񤦳Ψ⤯ŪˤºŪˤؽ䤹ϤȤ
εˤĤ Granger ̣ʸ񤤤Ƥ롥̤Υե󥹼Ѹ¸ߤե󥹸ȤѸؽԤˤȤäɬץ饹˵ǽƤȤϸ¤ʤ⤷ʤȤݤʸǤ롥
Ѹʹߡ¿Υեñ줬Ѹ˼ѤƤߤޤǤξΩựѲƤ̡ʩ֤ǰ̣ο㤤򼨤бڥ̻ƤޤäڥϳؽѼʤɤǤ false friends ( F "faux amis" ) ȤΤƤ롥󤲤СѸ fabric ϡֿʪݡפ̣뤬бե󥹸 fabrique ϡ¤פ̣롥ѸؼѤ줿ϡֽʪפȤ̣ΰפä֤ȤȤ˰̣Ϥޤä̤θѲƤޤäե󥹸ȤѸؽԤˤȤäơϷ֤ۤƱ餳äܤ򵽤ΤȤʤ롥
Granger ˤȡɤʹȤ perception ˤĤƤϡե󥹼Ѹ¸ߤϥեüԤ˥ץ饹˵ǽ褦Ȥperception Ǥϡʸ̮ä false friends ˵ǽ뤫餫⤷ʤȤ񤤤äꤹ production Ǥϡɬץ饹ƯƤȤϸʤȤ̤ФICLE ( the International Corpus of Learner English ) ΰǡե󥹸üԤˤѺʸѥ˴ŤĴ̡ѸüԤ٤ƥե󥹼Ѹλ٤ճˤ㤫äȤषޥϤ٤⤫äΤǤ롥
Granger ϤȤĤβǽŦƤ롥ĤϡȤƱѸؽԤˤȤäƤϡǤŪʰפäѤۤdzμ¤ȤάƯƤȤΤǤ롥⤦Ĥϡե󥹸üԤȤ false friends 櫤˽ʬ˵դƤꡤοʤˤϥե󥹼ѸλѤ򤢤򤱤뿴ƯƤȤΤǤ롥ǡαѸؽԤǤ false friends ˤ꤬ˤ˵뤳ȤǧƤꡤѸؽɤˤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ⼨Ƥ롥
ޤȤСե󥹸򤹤ѸؽԤˤȤäơʤȤ production ˴ؤ¤ꡤѸΥե󥹼Ѹ¸ߤϰճȤäʤΤǤȤǽ⤫Ӿ夬äȤ롥βǽξܺ٤ĴdzΤСCosmopolitan Vocabulary ѸĹȤȤ館 Baugh and Cable ε뤳Ȥˤʤ
ä˭ѸΡħפǤ뤳ȤѤʤĹפǤϤʤȤĥ򥵥ݡȤˤʤꤽǤ롥

There is no doubt that the strong Romance influences exerted on the English language over the centuries have made it a richer language. From the foreign language learner's perspective, however, it seems as though it has also made it more difficult to master, creating lexical choices which they make at their peril. ( Granger 118 )


Granger, Sylviane. "Romance Words in English: from History to Pedagogy." Words: Proceedings of an International Symposium, Lund, 25--26 August 1995, Organized under the Auspices of the Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities and Sponsored by the Foundation Natur och Kultur, Publishers. Ed. Jan Svartvik. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien, 1996. 105--21.

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2010-05-02 Sun

#370. Ѹϥƥ̻ܻ [latin][french][family_tree]

ε[2010-05-01-1]ǡַפȡֱƶפν̤ˤĤֱѸϥƥ줫ޤ줿פȤԤϤäƤ򤯤˲⤷ΤξδطŪΤɽȤΥꥢڡѡӽФϤǺѤ

Ѹȥɥĸΰ㤤ޤ˱󤯡ġƥȤϤäȤäȱ󤤤Ȥ褯ʬޤˤ⤫餺ƥαƶ礭Ȥ򸫤ȡѸϥƥ̻ܻҡȤäȤʤΤǤ礦


̻ܻҤȤϼ¤ˤ褯äΤǤ롥ƥˤϥե󥹸̼ˤե󥹸ˤϡڥ졤ꥢ졤ݥȥʤɤλ夬롥Υե󥹸ϱ濫äƳθˤѸȤȷФ뤳ȤˤʤäƥȤΤۤҲŪϰ̤⤫äˡѸ̻ܻҤȤƥƥȤ˷ޤ줿ѸϺäˤޥȤη줬ήƤΤΡƥȤǤĹǯˤꡤɬŪΩ￶񤤤ʤ˻ƤΤä
ȡʥȡ꡼ϤɤǤ礦

Referrer (Inside): [2010-05-03-1]

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2010-04-22 Thu

#360. ǥ [etymology][loan_word][french][h]

ǯ9˥ǥ󥹤֥˥إפ˼̾ѹȤʹɤǥ󥹤ˤäˤʤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ̾ȤƤʤʤäƤޤΤˤϰμ䤷뤯餤̾Τ줿ȤǤ롥 (?!) ֥̾ȤƤΥǥ󥹤ϻĤ褦
ơǥ󥹤ܤˤ뤫ĤϢʤ̾ȤʤäƤ뤬ѸؽԤǤäƤѸȤƤθΤäƤԤϾʤΤǤϤʤǥ󥹤ȯƤñפ⤫٤ʤ⤷ʤadherence ȥڥ󥰤ǽ񤱤СȻפ
θϡե󥹸 adhérence Ѥǡ夹ΡפŪʰ̣Ǥ롥Τˡ¡ȤϤƤޤäƤϺʪǤ롥ѸǤȯ /ədˈhɪərəns/ ե󥹸ǤϤФ /aderɑ̃s/ Ǥ롥ϡܸǤ1ᡤѸǤ2ᡤե󥹸Ǥ3Τ⤷
ե󥹸ǤϤΤ褦ֻ˸ /h/ ȯʤѸˤȤäʤΤϡե󥹼Ѹ¿Ƥ뤿ˡե󥹸ͳ <h> ȯ뤫ݤñ줴Ȥɤ줬뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ[2009-11-27-1]ˤΤǤ򻲾ȡʤߤˡ̾ǥ󥹤αѸ̾ Aderans

Referrer (Inside): [2010-07-30-1]

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2010-04-12 Mon

#350. hypermarket supermarket [etymology][indo-european][latin][greek][french][loan_translation][lexical_stratification]

˽ǤȤζ᤯˥ѡޡå Olympic äʤʤޤǤ쥫·ΤǡȤäƤ⤤ۤɤ˾ѤƤΤᡤž路 Olympic Ѥ뵡񤬤ʤʤäˤ⤫餺ŹήƤ Olympic Υơ޶ʤǤƬ뤳Ȥ롥餯ǤѤäƤʤ

ڤ뤤ŹǤʪ˭٤ʤŹǤ
򤷤¤ФǡĤ⸭㤤ʪ
ʤߤʪǤ·
O L Y M P I Cʥ磻ԡ
ϥѡޡåȡԥå


Olympic supermarket ʤ hypermarket ʤΤǤ롥hypermarket դμǤơǤϸ츻ͤƤߤsupermarket ɤǻǡ super- + market ιǡѸˤ1933ǯФǤ롥hypermarket hyper- + market ιǡ1970ǯդ˥ե󥹸 hypermarché ( loan translation ) ƱѸ˼ΤǤ롥ե󥹸 hypermarché Τϡsupermarché "supermarket" ˤʤä¤Ǥ롥
ե󥹸ǤѸǤ⡤ܸʥʡˤǤ⡤hypermarket supermarket εʲǤǤȹͤƤ롥hyper- Τۤ super- ̤ǤȤФƬϤȤˡ־Ρ̤Ρ٤ΡפɽǶ̤뤬⤽ΤϤĸΰĤθ캬 *(s)uper ˤΤܤ롥ΰ캬ƥǤ super- ȤꡤꥷǤϺǽλҲ hyper- Ȥʤäabove, over, up ʤɤŪˤϤθ캬ȴϢ롥
ơ츻̤ǤȤ hyper- Τۤ super- ̤ǤȤФˤϺ򤬤ʤȤˤʤ뤬ŪˤϤФȤƤ롥ˤɤΰ̣ʬϼΤȤǤꡤξ⤿ޤ hyper- super- Τ٤κޤ줿Τ뤳ȤϤǤ褦hyper- super- ̤ǤꡤεդǤϤʤȤˤϡʾκ򤬤ΤǤϤʤ[2010-03-27-1]εǸ褦ˡѸäˤϡ绨Ĥˤäƥƥ졤ե󥹸졤Ѹλع¤ǧ롥κǾ̤˰֤Τƥ¤ϤξĶǾ̤Ȥ٤ꥷ줬¸ߤΤǤ롥ŪˡѸ줬ʸŪˤ̤Υե󥹸ƥ줫¿θäѤƤΤƱ褦ˡƥʸŪˤ̤Υꥷ줫¿θäѤƤꥷϥƥˤȤäƹߤˤʤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʸʸŪطʤäޤޤˡߡѸǥꥷ hypermarket ȥƥ supermarket ̤ƤΤǤϤʤ
ʤߤˡֲ̤ΡפɽƬϥƥ sub-ꥷ hypo- Ǥ롥Ǥ /s/ ( Latin ) /h/ ( Greek ) б뤳Ȥա

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2010-04-08 Thu

#346. ե󥹸 -ir ư [french][loan_word][inflection][suffix][palatalisation]

Ѹˤ finish, punish ʤɡ -ish ǽե󥹸ͳư줬Ĥ롥⸽ե󥹸ʸˡ2§ư졤 -ir ưȸƤФư줬ѸäΤǤ롥ɽȤ punir ( PDE punish ) θ߷Ѥ󤲤褦

 sg.pl.
1st personje punisnous punissons
2nd persontu punisvous punissez
3rd personil punitils punissent


ե󥹸ϸ§ȤƸʸȯʤΤǡ /s/ Τʣ;ΤΤߤǤ롥Фηˤ punir /s/ ϸʤĤޤꡤѸϤɤ櫓ʣ;ΤˤΤɽ /s/ 򡤸촴ΰȤƤäĤޤ޼ѤƤΤǤ롥ơ /s/ ˤä1400ǯޤǤ /ʃ/ ؤѲ<-isshe> ʤɤ֤褦ˤʤäʲϡѸ -ish ȸե󥹸 -ir бưΥڥǤ롥

EnglishFrench
abolishabolir
accomplishaccomplir
banishbannir
brandishbrandir
burnishbrunir
cherishchérir
demolishdémolir
embellishembellir
establishétablir
finishfinir
flourishfleurir
furbishfourbir
furnishfournir
garnishgarnir
impoverishappauvrir
languishlanguir
nourishnourrir
perishpérir
polishpolir
punishpunir
ravishravir
tarnishternir
vanishevanouir
varnishvernir


̾ñ;Τγѷ̵꤬ɸ ( unmarked ) Ȥߤʤ졤촴ФΤʤΤ嵭θǤϻ𤬰ۤʤäƤʤͭɸŪ ( marked ) ȤäΤϡ褯狼ʤ̣ΤϡƱ -ir ưͳ褹Ǥ⡤Ѹ -ish ⤿ʤ obey ( F obéir ) Τ褦㤬뤳ȤǤ롥Ūˤ obeish ѸǵϿƤꡤ-ish ⤿ʤ obey ̲ΤϤʤȤ䤬롥

Referrer (Inside): [2018-05-05-1] [2010-08-19-1]

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2010-04-06 Tue

#344. cherry ΰʬ [metanalysis][back_formation][plural][french][etymology][doublet]

ϺǤ롥ϤƤΤ⤢ꡤָζФǤ롥ޤǤʤϻ뤫褤櫓åȥα桤եåȤΤФˤäϡδߤΤ鵨ᴶʤ餭ο᤭֤ʤ餺֨ΩƤϤʤⲿʤ襤ʤʤȻפäΤǤ롥μबۤʤΤ
֤פϥꥹǤŤΤƤ롥ΰȤƤ cirisbēam ֺڡפȤƸűѸ줫¸ߤƤߤ cherry ˤĤʤ֤᤯1300ǯ餤ˤϥե󥹸줫ѤƤⲿȿƤ߿ñ졤¤ϱѸˤǤΰʬ ( numerical metanalysis ) ȤˤΤܤ뤳Ȥ¿Ѹ Old Norman French η֤ cherise Ǥꡤ<s> ϤȤȸ촴˴ޤޤƤ롥Ȥڤ줿Ѹ¦ <s> ʣ <s> ȸäʬϤƤޤ<s> Ȥ夵Ƥޤä줬cherry Υᥤ󥰤Ǥ롥ʤߤˡե󥹸 cerise ֤ܿʤΡˡפΰ̣19˱ѸäΤǡcherry cerise Ÿ ( doublet ) δطˤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
촴 <s> ʣ <s> ȼ㤨ƿñФ¾ˤ⤢롥pea ֥ɥޥפŪñ pease ( < OE pise < LL pīsa ) <s> ʣȴְ㤨줿̡pea ñȤ߽Ф줿Ʊͤˡsherry ֥꡼פϥڥ Xeres ͳ褷Ѹؤ16 sherris Ȥä17ˤϰʬϤ sherry ȤФʥ꡼ϤФƤκߤƤҤɤܤˤäΤǡޤˤˤϥȥ饦Ū񹳤롥
νҤ٤ numerical metanalysis ϡθ촴ΰڤǤ뤫顤 ( back-formation ) ΰȤ⤤롥ˤĤƤ back_formation γƵ򻲾ȡ

إե󥿥Ѹˡ١ҤĤ˼1996ǯ111--12ǡ

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2010-03-31 Wed

#338. Norman Conquest Υ󥰥ɤΥե󥹸üԤγ [french][demography][bilingualism]

1066ǯ Norman Conquest θ塤󥰥ɤϥե󥹸ȤԤλ۲äȤϤäƤ⡤󥰥ɤεサԤ¿Ѥ餺󥰥ϤǤꡤե󥹤ϤäƤԤȤв²ΤŤμԤԤäο¿ʤäѸޤ Norman Conquest ͥ300ǯϤäѸ줬ϲʤ⤿ޤӤΰĤϡѸüԤпŪ¿äȤǤ롥ǤϡΥޥ²ȥ󥰥̱ο͸϶ŪˤϤɤ줯餤äΤ
˿͸׳ؤäƤƤ11Ⱦˤ͸ΤΤ뤳ȤϤǤʤBlake ˤ뤪褽θѤϻͤˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ

It would be reasonable to suggest that the number of native French speakers can never have been greater than 10 per cent of the total population of England, and a more realistic estimate is probably less than 5 per cent. The greatest part of the population in England at this time consisted of the peasants who tilled the land. They probably formed anything between 85 and 90 per cent of all people here, . . . . (107)


פ˥ե󥹿ͤϿ͸5%᤿˲᤮ʤȤθѤǤ롥 Blake ϡԳե󥹿ͤο͸ȤäƤϤ㤤ȸѤäƤ롥

. . . the number of native French speakers in the clergy at any one time cannot have been very large. Perhaps it amounted to no more than 2 per cent of the total clergy. (108)


嵭ο͸פޤᡤμҲͻ̤ȤƳФΤϡ󥰥ɤϿΰ̣ bilingual ǤϤʤäȤĥǤ롥

Although two languages, English and French, were spoken in England, it is doubtful whether it ever became a truly bilingual country. The majority of the population was monolingual and only used English. (109--10)



"truly bilingual" ɤΤ褦ʾؤΤǤϤ뤬ñ˿͸Ⱦ줾θȤƤꡤ¾θ⤢٤ǽǤȤΤȤꤹȡ󥰥ɤ bilingual society ȤߤʤŪʤȤ館ŬڤȤȤˤʤ롥Blake ŪʴФǤС"barely bilingual" 餤ɽŬڤʤΤ⤷ʤ

Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996.

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2010-03-29 Mon

#336. Law French [me][french][reestablishment_of_english][norman_french][loan_word][law_french]

[2010-03-17-1]εǿ줿ˡΧʸαѸ첽˴Ȥץä1362ǯ˸Ƭʾټ³ե󥹸줫ѸڤؤäˡΧطʸˤϤޤޤե󥹸줬ѤƤ¤1731ǯޤǻȤ³ΤǤ롥Υե󥹸 Law French ȸƤФ졤Norman Conquest Norman French ȤȤʤäƳΩ줿ˡΧʸϸǤ롥
ߤǤѸˡΧѸȾե󥹸ͳǤΤϡҤˤäƤ롥ˡΧط̾Ⱥ̾ȤäƤߤƤ⡤ѸˡΧ French ʬ

̾: advocate ԡ, attorney ͡, bailiff ּ, coroner ָ봱, counsel ۸͡, defendant , judge ֺȽ, jury 濳, plaintiff ָ
Ⱥ̾: arson С, assault ˽ԡ, felony ֽź, fraud ֺ, libel ʸ̡, perjury ֵڡ, slander ָƬ̡, trespass ֿ

ޤե󥹸Ǥϡܷ̾ƻפȤ礬̤ʤΤǡȿǤˡΧطζ礬¸ߤ롥

attorney general ֻˡĹˡ̳Ĺ, court martial ַˡġ, fee simple ñڸ, heir apparent ˡ³͡, letters patent ֳļ, malice aforethought ͽŤȰա

ѸˡΧٶΤϤΤѤ

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992. 591.

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2010-03-27 Sat

#334. Ѹäλع¤ [lexicology][french][latin][register][thesaurus][loan_word][lexical_stratification]

ǰɽΤİʾθ줬¸ߤȤϤɤθǤʤΤˡʡƱפȤΤ¸ߤ뤳ȤơפȤȤǤС¿θ¸ߤ롥ȤϤΤΡѸ˭٤ϡ¿θ٤Ƥä٤ۤɤǤ롥ΤȤ켭ŵ ( thesaurus ) 򳫤ƤߤСǤ롥
Ѹˤδ˭٤СϱѸ줬¿θܿƤ¤˵롥ۤʤä줫б򾯤İۤʤä˥奢󥹤Ǽ졤äΤʤѤƤäˡ̤ȤƱѸ ( thesaurus ) ȤʤäΤǤ롥
츻̤ˤդ뤤ʬƤߤȡˡءפ뤳Ȥ狼롥㤨СŵŪΥѥȤơֻع¤פȤǤƤ֤٤Τ롥ؤ졤ؤե󥹸졤ؤƥ󡦥ꥷȤѥǤ롥

nativeFrenchLatin/Greek
askquestioninterrogate
bookvolumetext
fairbeautifulattractive
fastfirmsecure
foeenemyadversary
helpaidassistance
kinglyroyalregal
risemountascend


ؤʸ̤֥٥뤬㤤פƱˡȤߤȲפ롥ΥޥϤθäǤ뤫顤ζβΤ褦ʤΤΤԻ׵ĤǤϤʤ
ؤ¿ʤȤ⸢Ҥȶܤ򴶤뤬̱Ϥʤۤɥ٥뤬⤤ΤǤϤʤŪˤ󥰥ɤθѸ줬ե󥹸äȤб뤬Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ե󥹸äΤʤˤ̤ʸҤ򴶤ʬ˽̱ȤäƤ褤¿ ( ex. face, finish, marriage, people, story, use )
ؤˤϡȽθ졤ʤҤθ褦ʸ줿ƥʤ뤤ϥꥷˤƤ롥ζȤƤϸʤǶ꤬¿Τ̤Ǥ롥
Τ褦ˡäλع¤Ū˰ޤƤѸǤϡش֤λȤʬˤʤ롥ä̯ʰ̣κŬڤ Ѱ ( register ) θˤ᤬οǤ롥㤨äǤϲؤؤθäդ路ؽʸǤؤؤθäȤʤɬפ롥ڤ˿ҤͤΤ "May I interrogate you?" ̯
Τ褦ʸäγؤˤĤƤϡɽ󤷤Ƥ붶αѸˤ5ϤȤǤ롥

رѸ١ؽDz2005ǯ.

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2010-03-25 Thu

#332. ưʪȤɽñפο [french][lexicology][loan_word][language_myth][lexical_stratification][animal]

ε[2010-03-24-1]˴ϢꡥѸˤɬȤäƤ褤ۤɼꤢưʪϱѸ졤ϥե󥹸פȤʬϡѤƤäǤȤĥ롥OED Խ紴̳᤿ Burchfield ˤȡ"[an] enduring myth about French loanwords of the medieval period" ȤĹѤ (18)

The culinary revolution, and the importation of French vocabulary into English society, scarcely preceded the eighteenth century, and consolidated itself in the nineteenth. The words veal, beef, venison, pork, and mutton, all of French origin, entered the English language in the early Middle Ages, and would all have been known to Chaucer. But they meant not only the flesh of a calf, of an ox, of a deer, etc., but also the animals themselves. . . . The restriction of these French words to the sense 'flesh of an animal eaten as food' did not become general before the eighteenth century.


beef OED MED dzǧƤߤȡΤưʪΤΤθǧ롥ʣʸįƤߤȡưʪΤȴϢڤƤ륱¿褦Ǥ롥㤨СθǤνȤξȤ14ȾμʸǤƤ롥

Hit mot boþe drink and ete .. Beues flesch and drinke þe broþt.


Ǥ⡤Burchfield μĥ褦ˡưʪϱѸ졤ϥե󥹸פȤʬŪˤʤäΤ18ˤʤäƤȤȤȤʤСϤʤ18ˤطθ줬ե󥹸줫̤äƤȤ¤⤢ꡤ줬طƤ뤫⤷ʤ
ưʪλȤʬλϤޤ꤬ǤǤ졤ѸüԤΰռˡֹ⤭ϥե󥹸졤㤭ϱѸפȤݤŪ夷ƤȤϳΤ

Burchfield, Robert, ed. The New Fowler's Modern English Usage. 3rd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996.

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2010-03-24 Wed

#331. ưʪȤɽñ [french][lexicology][loan_word][etymology][popular_passage][lexical_stratification][animal]

Ѹ濴Ȥե󥹸äμѤȤˡϳʤѤΤưʪƤΤϥꥹΰ̱̽Ǥ뤿ᡤưʪɽϥ󥰥ϤθѤ롥ǡ줿ܤˤΤϡ̾ήΥե󥹵²Ǥ뤿ᡤɽϥե󥹷ϤθѤ롥˴ؤƤϡSir Walter Scott ξ Ivanhoe (38) μΰ᤬ͭ̾Ǥ롥

. . . when the brute lives, and is in the charge of a Saxon slave, she goes by her Saxon name; but becomes a Norman, and is called pork, when she is carried to the Castle-hall to feast among the nobles . . . .


Ū򼨤ȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥

Animal in EnglishMeat in EnglishFrench
calfvealveau
deervenisonvenaison
fowlpoultrypoulet
sheepmuttonmouton
swine ( pig )pork, baconporc, bacon
ox, cowbeefboeuf


ڡˡפˤĤդäȡűѸǤϡڡפɽ swīn äpig ѸǽƸ줿츻ԾܤθǤ롥ޤԤ̾ΤȤƹȤ褦ˤʤäΤ19ʹߤǤ롥bacon αҤˤϸʩ줫Ƥ뤬켫Ȥޥ줫μѤǤꡤѸ back ʤɤƱǤ롥

Scott, Sir Walter. Ivanhoe. Copyright ed. Leipzig: Tauchnitz, 1845.

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2010-02-23 Tue

#302. űѸΥե󥹼Ѹ [french][loan_word][oe][benedictine_reform][i-mutation]

Ѹˤǥե󥹼ѸȤС[2009-08-22-1]Υդ餫ʤȤꡤ12ȾʹߡѸȤߤʤƤ롥ʤűѸˤե󥹸줫μѤäȤϡե󥹸̾ʡˤΤˤ⵭ƤƤ褤ʲKastovsky (337--38) ꡥ

prud, prut "proud"
sot "foolish" (but possibly from Vulgar Latin)
tur "tower" (but possibly from Vulgar Latin)
capun "capon"
tumbere "dancer" (from OF tomber "fall")
fræpgian "accuse" (from OF frapper)
servian "serve"
gingifer "ginger"
bacun "bacon"
arblast "weapon"
serfise "service"
prisun "prison"
castel "castle"
market "market"
cancelere "chancellor"


ʤѸǤʤʤ˽פʸ줬ޤޤƤǤϤʤ¿11Ⱦʸ˸ƤꡤűѸȤϤäƤ⤽κμѤǤ롥10Ⱦ11ˤƥ󥰥ɤ˵äƻ ( the Benedictine Reform ) ϥե󥹤ϤäƤꡤΥޥͤ ( the Norman Conquest ) ԤȤե󥹤ȤΥͥϤäޤɥ ( Edward the Confessor ) ϥΥޥͤˤΥޥǥ˴̿äʪȤơ󥰥ɤȥե󥹤ȤΥͥ˹׸Ƥ롥
Τʤǡä prud / prut "proud" ϡűѸ줫줬ߤͭǤ: ex. prutlice "proudly", pryto / pryte "pride", prytscipe "proudship", prutness "proudness", oferprut "haughty", prutswongor "overburdened with pride", woruldpryde "worldly pride", oferprydo "excessive pride"̾ pryto 첻ѲƤ뤳Ȥ顤θ췲ѸǻȤϤ᤿10餤ˤϤޤ i-mutation ѤƤȤ¬졤ѲˤˤƤפʰ̣ġ
űѸΥե󥹼ѸϤޤ˾ʤΩʤᡤѸˤγǤۤȤɰ뤳ȤʤΤǡεǼ夲补ȤФäƤߤƤ⡤ޥʡݤʤ

Kastovsky, Dieter. "Semantics and Vocabulary." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 290--408.

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2010-02-21 Sun

#300. explain ˤʤ <i> Τ (2) [etymology][spelling][loan_word][latin][french][etymological_respelling][sobokunagimon]

ε[2010-02-20-1]³ȤơѸäΤʤǥƥѸȥե󥹼Ѹ줬ɤΤ褦ʰּǶ¸Ƥ뤫ͤƤߤ
餫ˤ̤ꡤexplain <i> ϡӥե󥹸첽ƱѸäƤƤ plain ֻˤ롥ľܥƥ줫Ρ explane ե󥹸ˡ줿 explain ˶ȤǤ롥βΤ⤷ϡѸˤǤ褯夲 etymological respelling ȿФδطˤ뤳ȤǤ ( see etymological_respelling )
ŵŪˤϡetymological respelling ϡ˥ե󥹸첽DZѸäƤֻ˽Ѹ˳ؼԤˤäơץƥηؽ줿Ȥؤ㤨Сƥ perfectum ˤΤܤ perfect ϡѸ˥ե󥹸첽 parfit ηDZѸäƤѸ˥ƥֻ˴Ť perfect ؤѹ줿ե󥹸ˡ줿׷ƥΡΡ׷줿ȤǤ뤫顤 explain ȤϹоȤʤ
explain <i> ֻ˸ꤵƤΤϤѸǤ뤫顤λˤϾ夫ζʥƥˤȲʥե󥹸ˤξƯƤȤȤƥ줫֤γؼԤƳˤϥƥ˴Ť etymological respelling ꡤ⤦̱Ūʥ٥ѤΤǤ folk respelling ȤǤ⤤٤ݤäȤȤäȤ⡤ä˸ԤϡѸ˸¤餺ĤǤⵯݤǤϤ롥
plain ʿʡפ˴ϢưĤ⤷¤դä褦θϡƥ plānus ե󥹸첽ֻ14˱Ѹꡤߤˤޤ³Ƥ롥ؤѸȤƤΡʿ̤ΡפȤˤĤƤϡѸˡƥ򻲾Ȥֻ plane ô褦ˤʤäؼŪʤˤΤˤϳؼŪ򤷤ֻդ路ȤȤʿʡʿפʡפȤ줳ʿפʸϡʿ̱ˤդ路줿ֻ礤äȤȤ
explain <i> ꤫Ϥޤäơ⤷ȯ꼡

Referrer (Inside): [2015-01-26-1]

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2010-02-20 Sat

#299. explain ˤʤ <i> Τ [etymology][spelling][loan_word][latin][french][analogy][sobokunagimon]

νյ٤ߤ˥˥塼ɤ˸αΥ߳顤᡼ǼΤ褦ʼ䤬ä󶡤򤢤꤬Ȥˡ

Ȥ̾줫ưؤʻѤ򤷤Ȥˡexplanation explain ȤΤФƤޤɤ "i" ȤʸФƤΤΰ㤤ϲʤΤȼ䤷Ȥͥƥ֤ǤʬʤȤֻ֤äƤޤǤ


ΤԻ׵ĤǤ롥̾줬 explanation ǤСбư *explanate Ȥ *explane ǤäۤǤϤʤȹͤʤ롥㤨Сprofanation ¡פФ profanate profane ¤פǡǤ롥
®츻Ĵ٤Ƥߤ¨¤˸Ĥäplain ʿפʡפֻ ( analogy ) Ȥexplain ϥƥ explānāre ˤΤܤ롥 ex- + plānāre ʬ򤵤졤촴ʬ plānus ʿʡפ̤ΤǡȤ plain Ȥϸ츻ŪʤĤʤ꤬롥̣Ūˤϡʿ餫ˤעʿ˼עפȤϢǧ롥Ѹˤ1425ǯ˥ƥ줫ä
plain ֻפȤްդΤϡȤȤ explain ǤϤʤ explane ʤɤֻԤƤȤȤǤ롥OED Ĵ٤ȡºݤ1516ˤ explane Ȥֻǧ롥ߤֻ17ʹߤˤ褽ΩΤǤ롥
ǰĵ䤬롥explain <i> ΥǥȤʤä plain ƥ plānus ͳ褹ΤǤʤСplain Τ <i> ϲͳ褹Τƥ plānus Ϥʤ *plane ȤƱѸäƤʤäΤε򤯸ϡѷϩΰ㤤Ǥ롥explain ʤ explane ľܥƥ줫ѸäΤФplain ϥƥ줫ե󥹸ͳƱѸäΤǤ롥ե󥹸ͳʳǡ plānus plain ؤ졤Υե󥹸첽ֻѸäȤˤʤ롥plain αѸؤμѤ13ᤤΤǡѻΰ㤤ѷϩΰ㤤ˤȿǤƤΤȹͤ롥ȤƤϡƥ vānus ե󥹸ͳ vain Ȥ㤬󤲤褦⡤᤯12˱ѸäƤ
ޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥explain <i> ϡplain <i> Ǥ롥ơplain <i> ʤˤ뤫ȤСθ츻Ǥƥ plānus ե󥹸첽ֻDZѸäƤǤ롥̤ȤơѸ plain explain ξˤƥե󥹸ѤȤˤʤ롥

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