hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ڡ / page 11 (19)

french - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2016-03-05 Sat

#2504. Simon Horobin "A history of English . . . in five words" [link][hel_education][anglo-saxon][french][loan_word][lexicology][lexicography][johnson]

223դǡåեؤαѸ˳ؼ Simon Horobin ˤ A history of English . . . in five words ꤹ뵭־˥åפ줿Ѹ˸줿ǯ English, beef, dictionary, tea, emoji Ȥ5ñ夲ѸŪʴ饨å˥ȤƤ롥ϥѡ󥯤줿ѤΤ⡤ѸˤޤĤˤʸμ䤷ƤɼζǤ롥񤭤Τ
ʲ5ñγơˤĤơܥ֥δϢ뵭ˤ󥯤ĥäƤ

1. English or Anglo-Saxon

#33. 塼ȿͤ̾Τˡ ([2009-05-31-1])
#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1])
#1013. 󥰥ͤϤɤ֥ƥϤä ([2012-02-04-1])
#1145. English England ̾Ρ ([2012-06-15-1])
#1436. English England ̾ (2) ([2013-04-02-1])
#2353. ʤ󥰥ͤϥ󥰥ɤ򤫤᤯Τ ([2015-10-06-1])
#2493. 󥰥ͤϲäơͤϰ󤻤줿 ([2016-02-23-1])

2. beef

#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1])
#332. ưʪȤɽñפοá ([2010-03-25-1])
#1583. swine vs pork μҲŪյ ([2013-08-27-1])
#1603. ưʪȤɽñפǽ˻Ŧ͡ ([2013-09-16-1])
#1604. ưʪȤɽñפ򼡤˻Ŧͤ ([2013-09-17-1])
#1966. ʡʤäƤѸΰʪ˥塼 ([2014-09-14-1])
#1967. ˴ؤե󥹼Ѹ ([2014-09-15-1])
#2352. ưʪȤɽñפο (2) ([2015-10-05-1])

3. dictionary

#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])
#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1])
#609. 켭17 ([2010-12-27-1])
#610. æ켭18 ([2010-12-28-1])
#726. ǤȤ뤫⤷ʤŪ Cawdrey μ ([2011-04-23-1])
#1420. Johnson's Dictionary ħȳס ([2013-03-17-1])
#1421. Johnson θѡ ([2013-03-18-1])
#1609. Cawdrey μǡ١ ([2013-09-22-1])

4. tea

#756. μѸ ([2011-05-23-1])
#1966. ʡʤäƤѸΰʪ˥塼 ([2014-09-14-1])

5. emoji

#808. smileys or emoticons ([2011-07-14-1])
#1664. CMC (computer-mediated communication) ([2013-11-16-1])

Ѹ̤ˤĤƤϡ#756. μѸ ([2011-05-23-1]), #1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1]) ϤȤơlexicology loan_word ʤɤε򻲾ȡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-02-21 Sun

#2491. ե󥹸ˤߤ20ˡε [french][latin][celtic][old_norse][numeral][contact][substratum_theory][hfl]

#2473. ե󥹸ˤߤ20ˡλ ([2016-02-03-1])#2474. ˤθס ([2016-02-04-1])#2477. Ѹˤߤ20ˡλ ([2016-02-07-1]) ǡե󥹸ȱѸʤɤεˡˤĤƹͤϡεǤ⾯줿ե󥹸20ˡεˤ˴ؤǤ롥
ե󥹸Ǥϡ10 (dix), 20 (vingt), 30 (trente), 40 (quarante), 50 (cinquante), 60 (soixante) ޤǤϳơΩ֤򼨤70 soixante-dix (60+10)80 quatre-vingts (4x20)90 quatre-vingt-dix (4x20+10) Ȥ䤳Ǥ롥ޤ6179ޤǤü8199ޤǤüϡ㤨79 soixante-dix-neuf (60+10+9) 99 quatre-vingt-dix-neuf (80+10+9) Τ褦ˡؤ䤳ü­ˤ衤80ɽ魯ɽˤ衤ظ20ñ̤Ȥͤʤ20ˡǤȤȤˤʤ롥ե󥹸οηϤϡ10ˡ20ˡκߤȤߤʤȤǤ
嵭ϤޤǸɸե󥹸ˤηϤεҤǤäơŪ˸ꤷƤ櫓ǤϤʤߤǤե󥹸ѼϤаۤʤ뵭ˡ롥ޤˤ򿶤֤ȡ842ǯΡإȥ饹֡٤˻ϤޤǽΥե󥹸줫δ֡Ǥ20ˡ˴ŤˡѤƤ褦12ˤϡquatre-vins (80) 줿̥ե󥹤ΥǤ dis huit vins (360) ʤɤ礭ʿˤ20ˡѤƤ롥ǡƥͳ褹10ˡѤ setante, septante (70); oitante, uitante, octante (80); nonante (90) ʻѤƤȤդɬפǤ롥ʻѾ֤ϡ1539ǯΡ֥졼ᥳȥļװʹ߾ƤäλɬӤΤǤϤʤäԤδ֤ǵϤä褦17ˤϾQŪˤϼʤΤȻפ줽 septante, octante, nonante ϼΤƤ졤ԤΤΤˤۤ夤
ʩΥå졤٥륮Υե󥹸졤Υե󥹸ʤɼդѼǤϡΤ quatre-vingts Ѥ줿ΤΡ10ˡ˴Ť septante nonante soixante-dix quatre-vingt-dix ФƾɸŪʵˡȤ夷Ƥ롥ѼǤ septante, octante, nonante λѤˤĤơ (28) Douzat ζ̣ȯȤƼʸƤ롥֤οϥե󥹤Υե󥹸ϰ衤٥륮Τ褦ʡäȤƥ첽졤δؿƩκǤ⾯ʤϰˤ夷Ƥʤ
ơե󥹸˸20ˡεˡΤ⤽εˤĤƤϤɤե󥹸ˤΤۤܽᤫڤΤǤ뤫顤λ̤ʤФʤʤ (27) ϡХ졤֥ȥ졤ǥޡ20ˡεˡѻ뤳ȤҤ٤ǡΤ褦˵Ƥ롥

Τ褦ˤߤƤȡ20ˡϥե󥹸ͭΤΤǤϤʤ衼åѤ˺ǤĤ븽ݤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ȤǤĶˤäơĸΥƥˤϤʤ20ˡ򡤥ե󥹸ϤɤȤ줿Τquatre-vingts soixante-dix ϡȥ֥륯˥åפ12˽ФȤƤΤǤ뤬ºݤˤϤ꤫ʤ͸ˤΤܤäƤϤǤ롥εˤĤơؼԤΰոϤۤܰפƤ롥޿ͤꥢϤ˿ν̱²ȿͤ⤿餷ΤȤǤ롥Ĥ²ʬƤ̱²ˤϡΤ20ˡѤƤ²⤤ä˥륺ΥȿͤˤĤƤϡ˸ŤڤˤäƳǧƤȤΥꥢˤȿͤ˴ؤϻĤäƤʤ椨ե󥹿ͤǤ륬ޥͤ˥ȿͤ줬äȤ򴹾ڤ뤳ȤϺΤȤԲǽʤΤǤ롥ȵʳˤϡޥ󥹸ʸؼԤȤΤƤե G. Rohlfs ˤΥޥ󵯸⤬롥󥰤ȸƤФ줿Υޥͤϡ800ǯʩ˽פϤ᤿θϤϥǥʥȥǥޡǤäϡ911ǯ˥3Ȥδ֤Ǹ路ˤäơߥΥޥǥȸƤФƤϰ꽻Marcel Cohen ˤСΥޥǥΥɥĮ Bayeux ˤϡ12ޤǥǥޡ줬ĤäƤȤ꽻ΥΥޥͤϡ1066ǯ˥ꥹ˹ΤǤ뤬Ʊΰϥꥢȥꥢ˸饻ͤ뤷ƤˤΥޥ󲦹ߤߤꥢ䥷ꥢ20ˡߤ뤳ȤʸˡȤϻŦƤ롥ե󥹸20ˡɤ褿ˤĤơ⡤ΥޥΤɤȤˤ衤ϥե󥹸ˤΤܤ뤳ȤǤꡤڤϺʤ褦Ǥ롥


֥ե󥹸οˤĤơסʽصסʸϡˡ271995ǯ19--32ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-04-19-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-02-07 Sun

#2477. Ѹˤߤ20ˡλ [french][old_norse][numeral][etymology]

#2473. ե󥹸ˤߤ20ˡλ ([2016-02-03-1]) Ǥäȿ줿Ѹˤ score Ȥñ̤20Ȥ롥˴Ťɽ threescore years and ten Ͽʹ֤μ̿ȤƤ70ǯΤȤǤꡤAbraham Lincoln ˤ The Gettysburg Address νФΡFour score and seven years ago 87ǯˤȤɽϹΤƤ롥㤬Ȥꡤ201Ȥñ̤ȤƤ score ñʣƱǤꡤʣ -s Τʤ (see #12. How many carp! ([2009-05-11-1])) score λѤϳΤ˸ߤǤϸǼŪȤ뤬20ȤȯۤѸθʸ¸ߤƤȤϳΤǤ롥
score θ츻ϡѸǤϤʤťΥɸˤ롥OED score, n. ˤСťΥɸνѲ̾ skor (notch, tally, the number of twenty) űѸƱѲ̾ scoru ȤƼѤ줿ΤǤ롥ޥ캬 *skurō캬 *(s)ker- ̤ꡤϡڤפǤ (cf. shear, share) εϿΤγ (tally) ˡ20Ȥ1ĤڤߤƤäüȯΤǤϤʤȤOED ۩"[Presumably from the practice, in counting sheep or large herds of cattle, of counting orally from 1 to 20, and making a 'score' (sense 9 [=tally]) or notch on a stick, before proceeding to count the next twenty.]" θ츻䤷̤ˡȤȤαѸʸ20ˡȯۤäȤϡťΥɸʸαƶǤʬŪѤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤۤʤ褦Ǥ롥
ʤOED ˤűѸ줫νϡ"[a1100 Bury St. Edm. Rec. in A. S. Napier Old Eng. Glosses 56 Þæt is..v scora [glossed quinquies uiginti] scæp..& viii score [octies uiginti] æcere gesawen.]" ȤƵ󤲤Ƥ롥ˤƥ viginti Ȥ score ƤƤΤ⼨ŪǤϤ롥Ѹʹߤ⡤ˤϻ礫ʤ (cf. MED scōr(e (n.))
#2473. ե󥹸ˤߤ20ˡλ ([2016-02-03-1]) εǡե󥹸 vingt quatre-vingts ˤߤ20ˡȯۤܿ˵Ȥ⤬뤳Ȥ򼨺θܿϡˤϥΥޥ͡ˤϥȿͤǤȤ졤ޤϤʤ褦⤷ԤǤθϤ餯ťΥɸȤˤʤΤν˴ؤơAcadémie Française Questions de langue ˸ڤΤǡȤ줿HP򶵤ƤäؤΥե󥹸˴դޤ *

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-02-03 Wed

#2473. ե󥹸ˤߤ20ˡλ [french][latin][numeral][indo-european][contact][etymology]

ե󥹸οηϤʣǤ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥1Ȥơvingt (20) ϡ80ɽ魯 quatre-vingts 4Ĥ20פˤ⸫褦ˡΩñ̤Ƥ롥ϤĤƤ20ˡ̾ĤȤ롥ѸǤ⡤ɽȤ three scores (60) Τ褦20ñ̤Ȥ score Ȥ줬뤬ŪǼŪ20ˡλˤʤե󥹸ʤɤηŪ20ˡοηϤݻƤΤϡ衼åѤǤϥȸϤΤߤϤХƥ줬̩20ˡοηϤĤȤΤƤ롥20Ȥϡʹ֤μ­λؤο˴Ťȹͤ롥
ե󥹸Ǥ⡤20ˡλϡ̤и⹭Ϥ˸줿褦ե顼 (37--38) ϸŤե󥹸礤˽ФΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ƥƱե󥹸Ǥ <vingt (20)> ȤηϡʥƥǤ vigintiƥǤ vintiˡ20Ȥˤƿ̾ĤʤƤ롥ʤʤ顤θ餫 <deux (2)> (duo), <dix (10)> (decem) Ȥ̵طǤ롥ˡŤե󥹸Ǥϡե󥹸 quatre-vingts (80) Τ褦ʷ𡧡һͤĤ20Ӥΰ̣ͤʤꤿ󸫤줿㤨60, 120, 140ϡ̤ trois-vingts ʻĤ20ˡsix-vingts ϻĤ20ˡsept-vingts ʼĤ20ˤȸƤ櫓ǡѥԤ220̾ηٻ̾Τ1120 Corps des Onze-VingtsӤȤʤäΤǤ롥ˡ륤913ܤϷʼ300ͤƤ뤿Ƥ줿±ˤϡ1520± Hôpital des Quinze-VingtsӤȤ̯̾դ줿ʤΤޤ޸ߤ˻äƤˡ


εҤˤСƥ viginti ϡduo (2) Ȥ decem (10) Ȥ̵طȤƤ뤬Ʒ줿ĸ *wīkmtī ϡ*wi- (two) + *dkmt- (ten) ̤Τǡ¤ϸ츻Ū̵طǤϤʤŪʵǽȤƤϡ2Ȥ10ȤϢŤƲᤵƤϤʤäȻפΤǡϤƥ viginti ե󥹸 vingt ϻ¾Ωñ̤ȤƤߤƤ褤ʤѸ vicennial 20ǯΡˤϡ210Τ줾θ캬˸Ҳʻ (v, c) ݻƤ롥
ե󥹸ʬŪʤ20ˡοηϤޤޤƤΤϡʤͳˤΤˤˤĤƤϾܤĴƤʤܿ˵⤬Ƥ褦
Ѹˤ˴ؤ¾ο˴ؤƤϡ#100. hundred ȰӸء ([2009-08-05-1])#1150. centum satem ([2012-06-20-1])#2240. thousand "swelling hundred" ([2015-06-15-1])#2285. hundred "great ten" ([2015-07-30-1])#2286. űѸ hundseofontig (seventy), hundeahtatig (eighty), etc. ([2015-07-31-1])#2304. űѸ hundseofontig (seventy), hundeahtatig (eighty), etc. (2) ([2015-08-18-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ե顼른ˡ 졦׽ ȡˡؿˡϿɤΤ褦ˤƤ١ʿ޼ҡ1988ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-01-28 Thu

#2467. 륵ޥ, ressentiment, resentment [french][loan_word][latin][semantic_change][etymology]

ܸΡ֥륵ޥפϡե󥹸 ressentiment μѸǤ롥긵ˤäظѸδμ (2004) ˤСֺߡʰʢΩפäळȡϤͤ٤ԤФ롤ߡﺹ̼Ԥκ̼ԤФ롤ۼԤλۼԤФǰפȤ롥ˡƻη (1887) Ѥθ Max Scheler Max Weber ȯŸǰ
ե󥹸 ressentiment ˤϡֺߡ庨亨פΤۤˡǤ뤬ִ뤳ȡˡդǰפȤ⤢뤫顤ŤɬͥƥʴΤߤ˷ӤĤ줿櫓ǤϤʤȤˤʤäư ressentir δŪʸֶפǤꡤressentir de l'amitié pour qn. ?ͧФˤʤɡݥƥʶ򼨤㤬롥
ΥեñϡѸ resent(ment) б롥ߡԤδŪʸϡԲ˻פʰ롤פۤɤǤꡤ̾ݥƥɽȶ뤳ȤϤʤ츻Ūˤ re- + sentir ʬ򤵤졤θϡַ֤롨פǤ뤫顤ͥƥʸؤθϸȯΤϤǤ롥ºݡ17̾ resentment ե󥹸줫ѸؼѤƤȤ18--19˻ޤǡݥƥʴȤƤΡִաפθԤʤƤƻդ resenting God's favours ʿβФƴդΰդȡˤˤĤƸäƤȤǤꡤޤ OED Ǥ resentment, n. θ5ѵˤȤ "Grateful appreciation or acknowledgement (of a service, kindness, etc.); a feeling or expression of gratitude. Obs." ǧ롥
䤬ƸͥƥФäƤߤΡʰפθ̾ΤΤȤ夷åץ꡼ (533) ϡθΰ̣ΰ (semantic pejoration) ˤĤơֿʹ֤ϰȤ򵭲뷹ŪˤĤΤǡִפǤäˡԲ˴פ̣褦ˤʤäפȤƤ롥åץ꡼ƱͤȤ retaliate 󤲤Ƥ롥ƥ talis ʻˤޤǤ뤳Ȥ顤ϡֻ褦ʤȤ򤹤롤ƱΤ֤פäδȹưʡܤˤܤסˤɽ魯롤֤פؤò

硼 T. åץ꡼ ƻ ϻ إåץ꡼Ѹ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-12-18 Fri

#2426. York Memorandum Book ˤߤʩ¿¿ͤʺ [code-switching][borrowing][loan_word][french][anglo-norman][latin][bilingualism][hybrid][lexicology]

Ѹ code-switching macaronic ʸˤĤơ#1470. macaronic lyric ([2013-05-06-1])#1625. Ѹν񤭸դˤ code-switching ([2013-10-08-1])#1941. macaronic code-switching ȤƤθ츻Ūֻ ([2014-08-20-1])#2271. Ѹ macaronic ʲʸ ([2015-07-16-1])#2348. Ѹˤˤ code-switching ([2015-10-01-1]) ʤɤǼ夲ƤϢơʩκߤ15ηбġȤεϿʸĴ Rothwell ʸɤΤǡƤҲ𤹤롥
ĴоݤȤʤäʸ York Memorandum Book ȸƤФΤǡϼΤ褦ʸǤ (Rothwell 213)

The two substantial volumes of the York Memorandum Book provide some five hundred pages of records detailing the administrative and commercial life of the second city in England over the years between 1376 and 1493, setting down in full charters, ordinances of the various trade associations, legal cases involving citizens and so on.


York Memorandum Book ˤϡʩκߤ뤬ߤμ͡Ǥ롥Rothwell ʬˤС11κߤΤ롥Rothwell (215--16) ʸϤȴФơվ񤭤

(i) "English words inserted without modification into a Latin text"
(ii) "English words similarly introduced into a French text"
(iii) "French words used without modification into a Latin text"
(iv) "French words similarly used in an English text"
(v) "English words dressed up as Latin in a Latin text"
(vi) "English words dressed up as French in a French text"
(vii) "French words dressed up as Latin in a Latin text"
(viii) "French words are used in a specifically Anglo-French sense in a French text"
(ix) "French words may be found in a Latin text dressed up as Latin, but with an English meaning"
(x) "On occasion, a single word may be made up of parts taken from different languages . . . or a new word may be created by attaching a suffix to an existing word, either from the same language or from one language or another""
(xi) "Outside the area of word-formation there is also the question of grammatical endings to be considered"

3Ĥθ줬ؤꡤξ "dressed up" ̵̣ͭαʤɤθȡΤ褦ˤ٤ʬबȤȤ롥(x) Ϥ뺮 (hybrid) ˴ؤǤ (see #96. Ѹȥե󥹸Ǻ褫 ( hybrid ) ([2009-08-01-1])) Τ褦˸ȡüѡαƶˤ뿷ʸȯạ̃θ򴹡code-switching ʤɤν˸ߤ̩ܤ˴ϢƤ뤫ڤʬ˺񤫤롥
Rothwell ϷȤơΤμαʩκߤϡ̵Τʼ̻ˤλʪȤ "recognised policy" (230) äȤߤʤ٤ȼĥƤ롥ޤ14--15ˤϡȼפγˤбġȤεϿʸǰƤ¿ͲȼäŪʸä礷Ƥˤơ񤭼ϸߤθñߤڤꤹɬפ줿˰㤤ʤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥Rothwell (230) ۩

Before condemning the scribes of late medieval England for their ignorance, account must be taken of the situation in which they found themselves. On the one hand the recording of administrative documents steadily increasing in number and diversity called for an ever wider lexis, whilst on the other hand the conventions of the time demanded that such documents be couched in Latin or French. No one has ever remotely approached complete mastery of the lexis of his own language, let alone that of any other language, either in medieval or modern times.


Rothwell ȤԤˤĤƤϡ#1212. 󥰥ɤˤѸˤ붵λϤޤ (2) ([2012-08-21-1])#2348. Ѹˤˤ code-switching ([2015-10-01-1])#2349. Ѹ˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬ȯΤϤʤ (2) ([2015-10-02-1])#2350. Prioress Anglo-French ϰ̤Ϥۤ㤯ʤä ([2015-10-03-1])#2374. Anglo-French Ȥ (1) ([2015-10-27-1])#2375. Anglo-French Ȥ (2) ([2015-10-28-1]) Ǥ⿨ƤΤǡ⻲ȡ

Rothwell, William. "Aspects of Lexical and Morphosyntactical Mixing in the Languages of Medieval England." Multilingualism in Later Medieval Britain. Ed. D. A. Trotter. D. S. Brewer, 2000. 213--32.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-06-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-12-10 Thu

#2418. ꥷƥѸˤ <oe> [etymological_respelling][spelling][latin][greek][french][loan_word][diphthong][spelling_pronunciation_gap][digraph]

Ѹ <amoeba>, <Oedipus>, <onomatopoeia> ʤɤֻ˸Ż () ηˤ꽾 <e> <oe> Ѥ줿ꡤԤƤѤȤʤʤɡñˤäƤɤ줬ä褦㤨 Phoebus, Phoenician, phoenix ʤɤϸ츻ŪֻȿǤƤꡤޤ夷Ƥ뤬<comoedy>, <tragoedy> ʤɤ夷ʤä
Ѹֻ <oe> κѤưŤʹߤ˼Ѥ줿ƥ󡦥ꥷä츻ŪֻηˤȤСʤ줬μθäФäƴѻ뤫롥ޤ<oe> ϡŵͳ褹ͭ̾ŵŪ˸롥Oedipus, Euboea, Phoebe तꥷޤθŵλʪǰɽ魯⡤ <oe> ݻ䤹 (ex. oecist, poecile) ʳѸʤɤä⡤<oe> ڤŵŪʸǤ (ex. amoeba, oenothera, oestrus dioecious, diarrhoea, homoeostasis, pharmacopoeia, onomatopoeic)
ʤ<oe> 16ʹߤΰˤơ (ligature) <œ> Ȥɽ뤳Ȥ̤ä<oe> ȯˤĤƤϡꥹѸǤ /iː/ бꥫѸǤ /i/ 뤤ϵ /ɛ/ б뤳ȤŦƤޤϾʤե󥹼Ѹͳ褹 <oe> ⤢뤳ȤźƤ (ex. oeil-de-boeuf, oeillade, oeuvre)
ʾ OED o ιफεҤ Upward and Davidson (221--22) 򻲾ȤƼɮ

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-11-18 Wed

#2396. ե󥹸줫ζμѤФ뿵 [french][loan_translation][borrowing][contact][phraseology][ormulum][old_norse][phrasal_verb]

#2351. ե󥹸줫ζưμѡ ([2015-10-04-1]) Ⱥε#2395. ե󥹸줫ζμѡ ([2015-11-17-1]) ˤ褦ˡѸѸ˥ե󥹸ñΤߤʤ餺ɽѤƤȼĥƤμĥФƿŤΩԤ⤤롥1ͤ Sypherd Ǥ롥Sypherd ϥե󥹸ˡĥ Sykes ˤʸ French Elements in Middle English (1899) 򸷤ȽŸ
Sypherd οʤǤ롥Sykes ե󥹸αƶȻŦƤѸζɽ¿Sykes μ夲Ƥʸᤤ˽񤫤줿 Ormulum ˸Ƥ뤳Ȥ򡤼¾Ū˼ΤǤ롥Ormulum ϡEast Midland 1200ǯ˽񤫤줿ȤĹʽǡŪˤŪˤե󥹸αƶʤȤƥȤǤ롥ΥƥȤϡषťΥɸθŪƶ򶯤ΤȤΤƤ롥ǡSypherd (6--7) ϡSykes Τ֥ե󥹸ˡפȤϡषťΥɸˡȤͤΤǤϤʤȡռ롥

Now, if in the Ormulum, a poem free from French influence, these phrases which Mr. Sykes ascribes to the Old French occur with considerable frequency, we are surely justified in denying the overwhelming French phrasal influence on Middle English. Furthermore, the justification of this denial is strengthened when we find that in Old-Norse literature anterior to or contemporary with Orm there exist in comparative abundance many of the identical phrases found in the Ormulum and in other Middle-English literature. And finally, though I do not urge it, the probability of considerable Old-Norse phrasal influence on Orm demands consideration, especially if we bear in mind the following facts: (1) the marked Old-Norse influence in general on Orm; (2) the Old-Norse literature in which these phrases occur in homiletic, sermonic; (3) much of the literature antedates the Ormulum.


Sypherd ϤθʸΤʤǡťΥɸʸαѸθˡˤ褽бɽФơ󼨤Ƥ椯оݤȤʤäΤ "bear witness", "take baptism", "take flesh, humanity", "take death", "take example", "take heed, take keep, take ȝeme", "take end", "take wife", "take rest", "take cross" ưǤꡤɬ¿ʤ㼨ΤȤФϤ롥
εǤҤ٤褦ˡμѤ¾ڤ뤳ȤϰƳ񤷤Sypherd ⡤ʸɸ崶ȤƤϡե󥹸줫μѤȤ⤽ΤΤԤȽƤ褦ʹ뤬餯ĥΤϡΤ褦ˤϿŤ˸礦٤Ǥꡤ̤βǽθ٤Ǥ롤ȤȤ

Sypherd, W. Owen. "Old French Influence on Middle English Phraseology." Modern Philology 5 (1907): 85--96.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-27-1] [2020-03-27-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-11-17 Tue

#2395. ե󥹸줫ζμ [french][loan_translation][borrowing][contact][phraseology][proverb][methodology]

#2351. ե󥹸줫ζưμѡ ([2015-10-04-1]) ȴϢơPrins ʸ "French Influence in English Phrasing" Ҳ𤹤롥Prins Ϥʸǡե󥹸αƶꤵѸɽ¿뤳Ȥ˭٤ʶ󤲤ʤĥ롥Prins θդ򤽤Τޤ޼ڤȡ". . . besides the numerous isolated words which English has borrowed from French, there are also a great many cases in which complete phrases and turns of speech, proverbs and proverbial sayings were taken over from French and incorporated in the English language" (28) ȤȤǤ롥
ʸȾϡե󥹸ȱѸʸ齸᤿ʸ̮ĤбɽꥹȤǤ롥ܵǤϡΰƸΤϹPrins ȤƻŦƤ3󤹤ˤȤɤ᤿1ܤϡե󥹸ͳܤѸζ硦ɽ14˥ԡޤƤȤ¤Ǥ롥ε ([2015-10-04-1]) ǻȤ Iglesias-Rábade Ҥ٤Ƥ褦ˡñΤΥե󥹼ѸΥԡȻŪˤ褽礹Ȥ¤פǤ롥Iglesias-Rábade ϶μѤΥԡ14ȾȤߤƤΤФơPrins 14ȾȤߤƤȤ㤤롥Prins (81) 󤲤ƤɽƸƤ

PeriodItemsN. B.
1000--11001 
1100--12000 
1200--130013(3 of which ins S. E. Leg.. c 1290)
1300--140029(during the first half of the century twice as as many as during the second. Brunne comes in for 8, Cursor Mundi for 5, Chaucer for 4 items)
1400--150012(of which 5 in Caxton)
1500--16008 
1600--17003 
1700--18001 
1800--19001 


ˡǤɽ˼ζ¿ޤǻĤäƤȤ¤ŦƤ롥ߤޤǤѤ뤤ϸȤʤäƤΤ15ĤˤĤ53Ĥϸǡ"part and parcel of every day speech" (81--82) ǤȤ¸Ψ77.9%ȳΤ˹⤤
3ܤȤơѤ줿ΰ̣ΰܤȡ͡ǤϤ뤬礿Ȥ󤲤ط17ġƻ11ġˡΧ9ĤȤʤ롥ʸػŪˤϥե󥹸λʸʸΤѸ˲äͿΤ15ȾȤ뤳Ȥ¿ɽμѤʸŪʴޤߤ뤳ȤͤСβäϼºݤˤϤäᤤϤޤäƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
¿ζϡե󥹸ζ (loan_translation) Ȥ󼨤Ƥ롥ĤޤꡤѸ¦ɽˤϡե󥹼ѸǤϤʤѸδޤޤƤΤ¿Τ褦ʾˤϡ˥ե󥹸줫Ρ֤ʤפʤΤ뤤ϱѸǼǺ夲줿ɽʤΤꤹΤ񤷤ޤޤ롥ññΤǤϤʤʣñȤ߹碌ɽμѤ˴ؤ븦ϡʸˡŪʼѤθȤȤˡˡȤ񤷤Ȥ롥

Prins, A. A. "French Influence in English Phrasing." Neophilologus 32 (1948): 28--39, 73--83.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-11-16 Mon

#2394. ե󥹸ˤ⤫Ĥ¸ߤ th [french][phonetics][consonant][doublet][th]

̾ե󥹸 th ʻ໤ˤϷӤĤʤΤǤϤʤȻפ롥ƥθ d ʤɤΥե󥹸ˤˤƼ岽üƤˤơ໤ʳФȤȤϡĴŪˤ϶ˤƼǤ롥ơʳˤե󥹸ñ줬λ໤Ȥ˱ѸؼѤ줿ȤȤäꤷƤ⡤ۤǤϤʤɤ顤faith Ȥñ줬ޤˤΤ褦ʲФȤƵ󤲤褦
ȯˤֻˤ衤θƤ餷ƥޥϤΤ褦˸롥츻ŵ򷫤餫ʤ褦ˡűѸˤ¸ߤѸμѸǤʬ롥ƥ fidēs (ˤťե󥹸 feid, feit ȤʤꡤθҲ11--12ˤϡҤΤ褦˼岽໤Ƥȹͤ롥໤äƤθαѸؼѤ줿رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤȡfaith ˤ㳰Ū th ĤäΤϤ餯 truth, sooth ʤɤαƶǤפȤ롥
ʤ˥ե󥹸Ǥϸ˾üե󥹸Ǥ foi ؤȯŸƤ롥θҲΤʤѸ fei, fay ȤäƤꡤۤѤ˶ᤤ֤ fay ˤ (cf. PDE by my fay < OF par ma fei) äơfaith fay 2Ÿ (doublet) ȤȤˤʤ롥
Ѹν֤ˤ MED feith (n.) Anglo-Norman ν֤ˤ The Anglo-Norman Dictionary fei 򻲾Ȥ줿
OED faith, n. and int. ιꡤθҲˤĤơѤƤ

The dental fricative in English apparently reflects the pronunciation of the final consonant in the earliest stages of Anglo-Norman and Old French (before its deletion, probably in the 11th cent.), this would make faith the only borrowing from Anglo-Norman to preserve this feature in a monosyllabic word (compare the parallel borrowing FAY n. 1 without it); it may have been preserved under the influence of the semantically related TRUTH n. and TROTH n. (For preservation of the early French final dental in suffixes, compare e.g. DAINTETH n. and the β. forms at PLENTY n., adj.., and adv..

It has also been suggested that the final dental in English faith is -TH suffix 1 (i.e. showing suffixation of fei FAY n. 1 within English), but this rarely combines with nouns and not normally with first elements of non-Germanic origin.


[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-11-07 Sat

#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸä (2) [oed][statistics][lexicology][loan_word][borrowing][latin][greek][french][italian][spanish][portuguese][romancisation]

#2357. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸäס ([2015-10-10-1])#2369. Ѹˤˤ륤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ݥȥ줫θüѤˡ ([2015-10-22-1]) ǡCulpeper and Clapham (218) ˤ OED ١Υޥ󥹷ϼѸפҲ𤷤ʸδˡŪʿͤɽηǷǺܤƤΤǡˤ2ĥդʥǡϡHTML򻲾ȡˡ1Ĥ4ȾȤγƸ줫μѸ2ĤϤƱΤ򡤳ƻθФΤˤɴʬΨǼΤǤ롥

Classical and Romance Loanwords in OED

Classical and Romance Loanwords (%) in OED

ϢפȤơ#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1]) ǿ줿 Wordorigins.org "Where Do English Words Come From?" ⻲ȡ

Culpeper Jonathan and Phoebe Clapham. "The Borrowing of Classical and Romance Words into English: A Study Based on the Electronic Oxford English Dictionary." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 1.2 (1996): 199--218.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-10-28 Wed

#2375. Anglo-French Ȥ (2) [semantics][semantic_change][semantic_borrowing][anglo-norman][french][lexicology][false_friend][methodology][borrowing][law_french]

ε ([2015-10-27-1]) ˰³Ѹ˸ Anglo-French κɾˤĤƤꡥRothwell ϡѸäѸʸθˤơAnglo-French äȽŻ뤷ʤФʤʤ⤹롥ƻȤƤ MED θ³ˤڤ֤ʤɡѸʸؼԤ˰ռפĥ٤֤ⷫ롥ե󥹸äΡּѡ (borrowing) ȤǰˤѳפäƤꡤİͤ롥ĤʸϤѤ

The MED reveals on virtually every page the massive and conventional sense and that in literally thousands of cases forms and meanings were adopted (not 'borrowed') into English from Insular, as opposed to Continental, French. The relationship of Anglo-French with Middle English was one of merger, not of borrowing, as a direct result of the bilingualism of the literate classes in mediaeval England. (174)

The linguistic situation in mediaeval England . . . produced . . . a transfer based on the fact that generations of educated Englishmen passed daily from English into French and back again in the course of their work. Very many of the French terms they used had been developing semantically on English soil since 1066, were absorbed quite naturally with all their semantic values into the native English of those who used them and then continued to evolve in their new environment of Middle English. This is a very long way from the traditional idea of 'linguistic borrowing'. (179--80)

[I]n England . . . the social status of French meant that it was used extensively in preference to English for written records of all kinds from the twelfth to the fifteenth century. As a result, given that English was the native language of the majority of those who wrote this form of French, many hundreds of words would have been in daily use in spoken English for generations without necessarily being committed to parchment or paper, the people who used them being bilingual in varying degrees, but using only one of their two vernaculars --- French --- to set down in writing their decisions, judgements, transactions, etc., for posterity. (185)


εǤ bachelor Ρȿפθ apparel Ρְפθ󤲤⤦1 Anglo-French DzǤȤơRothwell (184) ε󤲤Ƥ rape Ȥ夲褦MED ˤȡֶפΰ̣Ǥ rāpe (n.(2)) ϡѸǤ1425ǯ㤬ФǤ롥ΦΥե󥹸ǤϤθϸʤΤAnglo-French Ǥ rap ȤƤθˤ13ʸڤ롥

[A]s early as c. 1289 rape is defined in the French of the English lawyers as the forcible abduction of a woman; in c. 1292 the law defines it, again in French, as male violence against a woman's body. Therefore, for well over a century before the first attestation of 'rape' in Middle English, the law of England, expressed in French but executed by English justices, had been using these definitions throughout English society. rape is an Anglo-French term not found on the Continent. Admittedly, the Latin rapum is found even earlier than the French, but it was the widespread use of French in the actual pleading and detailed written accounts --- as distinct from the brief formal Latin record --- of cases in the English course of law from the second half of the thirteenth century onwards that has resulted in so very many English legal terms like rape having a French look about them. . . . As far as rape is concerned, there never was, in fact, a 'semantic vacuum' . . . .


Rothwell (184) ϡۤˤ larceny Ϥ¿ˡΧѸ˻褦ʾƤϤޤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ѸθäθˤĤơޤޤ٤Ȥ¿ĤƤ褦

Rothwell, W. "The Missing Link in English Etymology: Anglo-French." Medium Aevum 60 (1991): 173--96.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-04-1] [2015-12-18-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-10-27 Tue

#2374. Anglo-French Ȥ (1) [semantics][semantic_change][semantic_borrowing][anglo-norman][french][lexicology][false_friend][methodology]

Ѹǡȿפ1ĤȤƤ bachelor ˴ؤợδ#1908. ɽ魯ΰ̣ΰ (1) ([2014-07-18-1])#1968. ΰ̣ʬʬϡ ([2014-09-16-1])#1969. ΰ̣ʬʬϤ ([2014-09-17-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ13˥ե󥹸줫Ѥ줿θϡּ㤤Ρԡפạ̈žơȿפȯŸȤ롥
OED bachelor, n. θ4aˤȡǤνФ Chaucer Merchant's Tale (c1386) Ǥꡤl. 34 "Bacheleris haue often peyne and wo." ȸ롥MED bachelēr (n.) θ1(b)ˤȡʲ̤ꡤ14ˤޤ̤롥"c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11) 701: Mi leue doȝter .. Ich þe wole marie wel .. To þe nobloste bachiler þat þin herte wile to stonde.
嵭ΰ̣Ѳϡбե󥹸ñ bachelier ˤʤäȤ졤ߤǤϱʩδ֤ "false friends" (Fr. "faux amis") δطȤʤäƤ롥Τ褦ˡΰ̣ѲŪ˱ѸȼȯãȹͤƤȤRothwell (175) ϡѸȼȯãˡAnglo-French ȤĤʤΥ饯о줵ơԤڤ

Chaucer's use of this common Old French term in the Modern English sense of 'unmarried man' has no parallel in literature on the Continent, but is found in Anglo-French by the first quarter of the thirteenth century in The Song of Dermot and the Earl and again in the Liber Custumarum in the early fourteenth century. It is a pointer to the fact that the development of modern English, at least as far as the lexis and syntax are concerned, cannot be adequately researched without taking into account the whole corpus of Anglo-French.


The Anglo-Norman Dictionary Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡbacheler θ2Ȥ "unmarried man" ꡤ嵭νŵȤȤ˳Τ㤬󤲤Ƥ롥ѸȼȯãǤϤʤޤƤΦΥե󥹸ȯãǤʤ¤ Anglo-French ˤȯãǤꡤ줬Ѹˤܿ줿ˤʤȤʤȤñǤϤ뤬ܤڤ褦ʷǤ롥ְפθıѸ apparel ȡ⤿ʤե󥹸 appareil false friends Ʊͤ Anglo-French ͳȤȤ
Rothwell ʸǤϡAnglo-French ȤפȤˤꡤѸä˴ؤ¿λ¤餫ˤʤꡤ꤬褹뤳Ȥ⤵롥Ѹ˸Ǥ⡤ե󥹸ȤФޤѥɸŪʥե󥹸Ѽפ⤫١Ȥƥե󥹼ѸʤɤΤäAnglo-French ȤѼɾ뤳Ȥˤäơ̤ȤƤѸ˾¿꤬򤫤ǽȡRothwell ⤯Rothwell ΤΥ󥹤ϡ#2349. Ѹ˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬ȯΤϤʤ (2) ([2015-10-02-1])#2350. Prioress Anglo-French ϰ̤Ϥۤ㤯ʤä ([2015-10-03-1]) ǻȤʸǤӤƤꡤȯŪǤ롥

Rothwell, W. "The Missing Link in English Etymology: Anglo-French." Medium Aevum 60 (1991): 173--96.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-12-18-1] [2015-10-28-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-10-17 Sat

#2364. ΥޥαѸ̾Υե󥹸줫֤ [french][norman_conquest][onomastics][personal_name][christianity]

Ѹο̾ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥϡ#590. last name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤä ([2010-12-08-1])#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1])#1673. ̾¿ȿ̾ء ([2013-11-25-1]) ۤpersonal_name γƵǰäƤ
Ѹ̻̾ŪʰܤѤä˥ΥޥΥե󥹸줫֤Ű֤ˤϡä롥󥰥ˤϡۤȤɤο̾ѸΥޥǤȤ߹碌Τä줬쵤˥եȤʤäŪˤС#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ1066ǯΥΥޥ󡦥󥯥ȸοǯδ֤ʬθűѸ̾ Richard, William, Henry ʤɤ Norman French ֤̾줿¿Ѹ˷ѾƤ롥˻ĤűѸ̾ Edward, Alfred, Audrey, Edith ʤɾǤפȤȤˤʤ롥ե󥹸줫֤줷̾ȤƤϡȤƤΦޥե󥹸첽ǺѤ줿 Robert, Roger 䡤ե󥹸첽ͤ̾ John, Matthew, Mary, Peter, Luke, Stephen, Paul, Mark ʤɤޤƤ褤ˤ衤󥰥ɿͤϡΥޥ塤äȤ֤˥ե󥹸̾̾褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥Ȥ϶
ͭ̾ (onomastics) ȤǤ Coates (320--21) ΥޥαѸ̾ˤĤΤ褯ޤȤƤʸϤΤǰѤ褦

[N]ames of English origin declined fairly suddenly after 1066, but at different rates in different social groups . . ., persisting till about 1250 only among the peasantry. . . . Very few names of OE origin were preserved, the only really durable ones being of three popular saints, Edmund, Edward and Cuthbert.
   The typical 'English' names of the Middle Ages and later fall mainly into two categories: French-mediated ones of CWGmc [= Common West Germanic] origin and French-mediated ones of customary saints. Germanic ones included William, Robert, Richard, Gilbert, Alice, Eleanor, Rose/Rohais, Maud, together with the Breton Alan; Christian names were those of biblical personages or post-biblical popular saints, including Adam, Matthew, Bartholomew, James, Thomas, Andrew, Stephen, Nicholas, Peter/Piers, John and its feminine Joan, Anne, Margaret/Margery, from the late twelfth century onwards, Mary, and from the fourteenth Christopher. Whilst the fortune of individual names ebbed and flowed in time and in place, this is the name stock for both sexes which until recently served as the canon of 'English' names.


̱⵮²Τۤե󥹸֤̾줬ᤫäȤȤ򤷤䤹¤ƱȤ (surname) γˤĤƤ⤤롥Υޥʹߡ̾뽬ȯãطʤˤϡ#590. last name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤä ([2010-12-08-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡԤˤǤħʤɿ̱ŪǻääơޤǶʧ̳Τ뵮²ӤӤ뤳ȤȤʤäξˤƤ⡤̾ȥơʼҲŪҿˤ̩ܤʴط롥
Coates θͭ̾ˤĤơ#1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1])#1185. ͭ̾첽 (2) ([2012-07-25-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Coates, Richard. "Names." Chapter 6 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 312--51.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-10-13 Tue

#2360. 20Υե󥹼Ѹ [french][loan_word][borrowing][statistics][norman_french][creole][oed]

ѸΥե󥹸Ȥդ礤ϸűѸڤ뤳Ȥʤ³Ƥ롥ե󥹸üѤΥԡϡ#2357. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸäס ([2015-10-10-1]) #117. ե󥹼Ѹǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1]) Ǹ褦1251--1375ǯθ⡤Ϥ̾ʤ⡤ѤϢʤ³ƤƤ롥ѸʹߤγƻΥե󥹸äμѤˤĤƤϡ#1210. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹΰ ([2012-08-19-1])#1411. Ѹä "oversea language" ([2013-03-08-1])#594. ѸʹߤΥե󥹼Ѹħ ([2010-12-12-1]), #678. ƥ衼åŪ18Υե󥹼Ѹ ([2011-03-06-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ϡѸˤե󥹼Ѹ夲Schultz ϡOED Online Ѥơ1900ǯʹߤ˱ѸäƤե󥹸äĴSchultz ե󥹼ѸȤƼФǧꤷΤϡ1677Ǥ롥Schultz ʸǤϡ14Ĥΰ̣ʬʤȤʤ벼̶ʬˤȤץ󤷤Ƥ뤬Ǥ12ʬ줾°οȳΤߤ򼨤 (Shultz 4--6)

(1) Anthropology (11 borrowings, i.e. 0.7%)
(2) Metapsychics and parapsychology (11 borrowings, i.e. 0.7%)
(3) Archaeology (30 borrowings, i.e. 1.8%)
(4) Miscellaneous (46 borrowings, i.e. 2.7%)
(5) Technology (62 borrowings, i.e. 3.7%)
(6) La Francophonie (63 borrowings, i.e. 3.8%)
(7) Fashion and lifestyle (77 borrowings, i.e. 4.6%)
(8) Entertainment and leisure activities (86 borrowings, i.e. 5.1%)
(9) Mathematics and the humanities (92 borrowings, i.e. 5.5%)
(10) People and everyday life (154 borrowings, i.e. 9.2%)
(11) Civilization and politics (156 borrowings, i.e. 9.3%)
(12) Gastronomy (179 borrowings, i.e. 10.7%)
(13) Fine arts and crafts (260 borrowings, i.e. 15.5%)
(14) The natural sciences (450 borrowings, i.e. 26.8%)

20Υե󥹼Ѹħϲ1ĤϡSchultz "the vocabulary recently adopted from French is characterized by its great variety, ranging from words related to everyday matters to highly specific terms in technology and science" (8) ȤޤȤƤ褦ˡ̣ʬ󤲤롥ݽѡʳؤŪ˶ΤȤƤϥޥȤäƤ褤ޥǤ뤳ȤѸΥե󥹼ѸħˤƤϤޤ뤳Ȥ顤ϱѸˤˤե󥹸üѤƻŪˤߤħȤäƤ褤⤷ʤ
ܤ٤ϡѸΥȤơɸե󥹸Τߤʤ餺ե󥹸νѼ䥯쥪ʤɤޤޤƤ뤳Ȥֽ硤ʥ륤ʡեꥫʤɤΥե󥹸Ѽ狼μѸ줬ʤʤѸˤ⡤ե󥹸Τߤʤ餺Ȥ櫓˥Υޥ󡦥ե󥹸 (norman_french) äήƤʹߡ֥ե󥹸פλؤϰϤȤȤȤˡѸѼ¿ͲƤȤȤ
μѸȤƤαѸͤƤߤƤ⡤ϥꥹɸѸ䥢ꥫɸѸ줬ۤͣμѸѼä⤷ʤߤǤϥԥ䥯쥪ޤ᤿ƼαѸѼ郎ѸѼȤʤäƤ¤롥ƱȤե󥹸ˤĤƤȤȤʤΤǤϤʤ

Schultz, Julia. "Twentieth-Century Borrowings from french into English --- An Overview." English Today 28.2 (2012): 3--9.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-10-10 Sat

#2357. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸä [oed][statistics][lexicology][loan_word][borrowing][latin][greek][french][italian][spanish][portuguese][romancisation]

ɸ˴ؤ롤OED2 CD-ROM ǤѤܳŪŪȯCulpeper and Clapham ˤΤǡĴˡ򸫤뤫ꡤ츻󸡺εǽȤʤ٤κʤ褦忴褦OED ʤɤѤŪϾʤʤˡθ̩˴դߤơĴ⿮Τ̤ȤƼƤ褤ΤǤϤʤȹͤ롥äȤ⡤ɮԤȤ OED ѤƸפ뤳ȤΰյפˤĤƿŤƤꡤ̤⤽˱ƿŤ˲ᤷʤФʤȤ⤷Ƥ롥äơʲεҤ⡤â񤭤ʬ˰ռĤIJᤵ줿
Culpeper and Clapham ΰäŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽ȤϡŪˤϥƥ졤ꥷ졤ե󥹸졤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ݥȥ濴ȤǤ롥ͤȤƤ٤礭ˤʤΤϡǽ4ۤɤǤ롥ɮԤϡOED Ǻܤ2,314,82θФ줫顤θľθȤѸ77,335Ф̡̤׿Ȥ⡤Ȥ˽Фäˤ뤽μѸγŻ뤷ơƼθͤ򻻽Ф
ĤҤȤĤοͤŪǤꡤ줾̣ᤷƤΤ⤪⤷ΤǤ Culpeper and Clapham (215) ʸκǸ󤷤Ƥ礿ȯ7Ѥ褦

   (1) Latin and French have had a profound effect on the English lexicon, and Latin has had a much greater effect than French.
   (2) Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese are of relatively minor importance, although Italian experienced a small boost in the 18th century.
   (3) The general trend is one of decline in borrowing from Classical and Romance languages. In the 17th century, 39.3% of recorded vocabulary came from Classical and Romance languages, whereas today the figure is 15%.
   (4) Latin borrowing peaked in 1600--1675, and Latin contributed approximately 7000 words to the English lexicon during the 16th century.
   (5) Greek, coming after Latin and French in terms of overall quantity, peaked in the 19th century.
   (6) French borrowing peaked in 1251--1375, fell below the level of Latin borrowing around 1525, and thereafter declined except for a small upturn in the 18th century. French contributed over 11000 words to the English lexicon during the Middle English period.
   (7) Today, borrowing from Latin may have a slight lead on borrowing from French.


7ȤäƤ⡤θǤۣäĴ̤ϿͤȤƶβƤꡤ狼䤹(1) ϡե󥹸ȥƥǡɤ餬Ū¿μѸäѸˤ⤿餷ƤȤ䤤üŪΤǤꡤƥι׸Τ֤ۤä礭פȤƤ롥(7) ˤСΥƥ̤ͥϡ㴳κʤ⡤ѸˤĤƤ褦Ϣơ(6) 顤ι׸줬ե󥹸줫ƥڤؤäΤ16ȾǤ뤳ȤȽ뤷(4) 顤ƥΥԡ16Ȥ17Ǥ뤳Ȥ狼롥
(3) ǤϡʹߡˤѸΨäƤƤ뤳ȤƤ뤬ϡ#879. Algeo ο쥽Ĵ鼨̻Ū([2011-09-23-1]) ǤߤȤ礹롥(2) (5) Ǥϡƥȥե󥹸ʳν줫αƶϡΤȤƶϾ뤤λˤ串ȤʤäȤ٤Ǥ뤳Ȥ狼롥
ѸˤˤѸפˤĤƤϡcat:lexicology statistics loan_word γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿ܵȴϢơäˡ#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Culpeper Jonathan and Phoebe Clapham. "The Borrowing of Classical and Romance Words into English: A Study Based on the Electronic Oxford English Dictionary." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 1.2 (1996): 199--218.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-10-09 Fri

#2356. ե󥹸줬ʣ -s γ̵طȹͤ뺬 [french][contact][plural][inflection][me_dialectology]

ε#2355. ե󥹸θðʳؤαƶ --- 硤ֻ ([2015-10-08-1]) ǰ Denison and Hogg (17) ʸϤǤϡѸ̾ʣ -s Ѹ˳礷װȤơե󥹸αƶͤ뤫⤷ʤȤΤȤäϡʸǤ⤷ФоƤƤꡤǶǤϰ°桦 (p.43 fn) Ǥʣ -s Ťˤϥե󥹸ʣηαƶ⡤١äƤ⤷ʤפȿƤ롥
ˤĤĴ٤ Hotta (268) ΤʤǡϤФƶŪΩäƤ롥Jespersen ˵ʤ顤Τ褦˵

For the reasons why Old French could not be relevant, refer to Jespersen (Chapters 33). To summarise the main grounds against the hypothesis of Old French influence on the English s-plural:

   1. Considering that the genitive singular -s spread earlier and faster than the nominative plural -s, French should first have influenced genitive singular forms, which is however impossible because Old French had no s-ending for the genitive singular.
   2. The extension of the s-plural started before the Norman Conquest, making it unnecessary to propose French influence.
   3. The fact that -s prevailed earlier in the northern dialects than in the southern is against the expectation if French influence was assumed. Such French influence would have been felt first and foremost in the South.
   4. The s-ending was just one of the various plural endings available in Old French, and it was usually an accusative plural ending instead of a nominative plural.
   5. In English, adjectives rarely took the s-plural after the Old French model. If French influence had been at work, not only nouns but also adjectives might have been affected.
   6. The English s-ending was usually preceded by a vowel typically spelled e, while in Old French such a vowel spelling never occurred. We might note that the forms -es and -s were kept distinct well into Late Middle English.


ʤפԸǤ Roedler ⡤Ѹˤ -s ʣγ˴Ϣơʥե󥹸ǰƬ֤ʤ˸쳰Ūʱƶβǽ "überflüssig" ڤäƼΤƤƤ롥ե󥹸ƶˤϤۤȤʤ
Ϣơ#946. ̾ʣˤγס ([2011-11-29-1])#1250. Ѹϥ쥪줫 (3) ([2012-09-28-1]) ⻲ȡ

Denison, David and Richard Hogg. "Overview." Chapter 1 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 1--42.
° ̭ ͡ΤäƤѸˡ١ҡ2014ǯ
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
Jespersen, Otto. Chapters on English. London: George Allen, 1918. Rpt. of Progress in Language.
Roedler, Eduard. "Die Ausbreitung des 's'-Plurals im Englischen." Vol. 1. PhD thesis, Christian-Albrechts University, 1911; Vol. 2. Anglia 40 (1916): 420--502.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-10-08 Thu

#2355. ե󥹸θðʳؤαƶ --- 硤ֻ [french][contact][borrowing][derivation][stress][hybrid][rsr]

ѸˤǤϡե󥹸ϸäΰˤ¿ʱƶڤܤʳǤϸΤʤȸ뤳Ȥ롥#2351. ե󥹸줫ζưμѡ ([2015-10-04-1]) Ǹ褦˶ñ̤Ǥ⾯ʤ̱ƶڤܤƤֻΰˤ礭ʾ׷ͿƤ
ȤϤʸˡ䲻ˤĤƤϡե󥹸줬ƶͿʤäȤϻ¤ʲ˥󥯤ĥäǿƤ褦ˡƶͤܤ⤤ĤŦƤ뤬ڵΤʤΤ¿Υޥʸ塤ե󥹸ϱѸμҲŪϰ̤򤪤Ȥ뤳Ȥˤꡤ̤ȤƲ̸ȤƤαѸʸˡѲ¥ʤȤ̣ǡŪʱƶڤܤȸȤϤǤ

#204. ;ιʸ ([2009-11-17-1])
#1171. ե󥹸Ȥθܿȶޤο ([2012-07-11-1])
#1208. ե󥹸αʸˡؤαƶɾ ([2012-08-17-1])
#1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1])
#1815. ̾ one ˡϥե󥹸αƶ ([2014-04-16-1])
#1884. ե󥹸Ѹʸˡü˴Ϳ ([2014-06-24-1])
#1924. ե󥹸Ѹʸˡü˴Ϳ (2) ([2014-08-03-1])
#2047. ΥޥαѸ˾ΰյ ([2014-12-04-1])
#2347. Ӥȯãˤե󥹸졤ƥαƶˤĤơ ([2015-09-30-1])

ơϢȡѤƤ Denison and Hogg (17) ϡե󥹸θðʳؤαƶȤ˴ؤơŪˤ϶ϾǤ뤳ȤȤʤ⡤ȶΰˤƤϸΤȻŦ롥

. . . we should . . . look at French influence outside the borrowing of vocabulary. It is best to start by saying that French influence is largely absent from inflectional morphology. The only possibilities concern the eventual domination of the plural inflection -s at the expense of -en (hence shoes rather than shoon) and the rise of the personal pronoun one. Although there are parallels in French, it is virtually certain that the English developments are entirely independent.
   The strongest influence of French can be best seen in two other areas, apparently unrelated but in fact closely connected to each other. These are: (i) derivational morphology; (ii) stress.


ե󥹸ؤαƶǧˤϡ#96. Ѹȥե󥹸Ǻ褫 ( hybrid ) ([2009-08-01-1]) ˵󤲤褦ʺ (hybrid) 򸫤нʬˤĤƤϡ#718. ѸζѥѸѼ ([2011-04-15-1]) rsr (= Romance Stress Rule) ˴ؤƵ򻲾Ȥ줿ȶȤ2Ĥΰ褬 "closely connected" ǤȤΤϡѸθ§ȶ§ŬѤ캬ޥϤޥ󥹷Ϥˤä̤Ƥ¤ؤΤǤ롥
ޤȤȡե󥹸θðʳؤαƶȤơܤ٤ΤȤС硤ֻȤäȤ

Denison, David and Richard Hogg. "Overview." Chapter 1 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 1--42.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-10-09-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-10-07 Wed

#2354. ťΥɸαƶŪե󥹸αƶʸŪ [old_norse][french][contact][dialect][register][style][sociolinguistics]

ťΥɸȥե󥹸줬ѸͿƤƶϡѸˤǤϤФоȤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤#111. ѸˤˤťΥɸȸťե󥹸αƶӤ ([2009-08-16-1]) #126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1]) Ǥ夲ƤεǤ⼨褦ˡξαƶ͡оŪǤ롥ɤδߤ뤫ܰܤꤹۤɤDenison and Hogg (15) ϡȤ櫓ҲŪʴ顤ξαƶ˴ؤפΩ夲Ƥ롥ˤȡťΥɸ줬ϰδްդĤΤФե󥹸줬ʸ (style) Ѱ (register) δްդĤȤǤ롥

. . . Scandinavian influence was originally predominant in the Danelaw. . . . [E]ventually many Scandinavian elements entered southern dialects as well, but this is a two-stage process. There is the original contact between the two language which brought Scandinavian features into the English of the Danelaw. Then, later, there is spread within English by means of interdialectal contact. Contact between French and English, on the other hand, shows a much lesser geographical variation. The key here is register. That is to say, the variables which affect English in respect of French are far more to do with a contrast between types of social language than geography. Thus, if a text is concerned with, say, religion or science, or it is a formal piece, then it is probably that it will contain a higher proportion of French loanwords than a text which is purely secular or colloquial, whichever part of the country the text comes from. In this respect we should also note that Scandinavian loans are more likely to be colloquial (or everyday).


СťΥɸαƶʤȤΡ1ʳפˤƤϰʿʿѼˤκۤ⤿餷ΤФե󥹸αƶϡȤʸΤѰʿľѼˤκ߽ۤФȤȤǤ롥ϡξαƶ˴ؤ͡Ω󤹤⤤Ȥơ̯Ǥ롥

Denison, David and Richard Hogg. "Overview." Chapter 1 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 1--42.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-17-1] [2020-03-09-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-10-05 Mon

#2352. ưʪȤɽñפο (2) [french][lexicology][loan_word][language_myth][lexical_stratification][animal]

#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1])#332. ưʪȤɽñפοá ([2010-03-25-1])#1583. swine vs pork μҲŪյ ([2013-08-27-1]) εǡͭ̾ʸäΩ calf/veal, deer/venison, fowl/poultry, sheep/mutton, swine (pig)/pork (bacon), ox/beef ˤĤơΥͤDenison and Hogg (16) ⡤̤γ٤֥פŦƤ롥

. . . the introduction of French loans for food, such as beef, pork and mutton, is sometimes held to demonstrate a considerable degree of bilingualism. This view owes a great deal to Scott's Ivanhoe, which claims that animals on the hoof were called by their English names, but by French names when cooked. The initial reaction is to believe that; it is only when we recall terms such as English lamb (alongside mutton) or Anglo-Norman cattle alongside English cow that its plausibility diminishes. It is more likely, although less romantically appealing, to suggest that French loans were most probable in administration and learning, and that by and large 'ordinary' words were only borrowed in the few areas where there was constant interaction between English and French speakers. This neither demonstrates extensive bilingualism nor even that there was extensive borrowing beyond a few specific areas.


ʤۤɡΤ lamb ϡ#146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1]) ǸűѸǤüʶޤȤƿ줿褦ˡޥϤǤ롥θϡߡưʪȤƤλӤɽΤߤʤ餺ɽ魯줬ΰ̣ѤȤȤϡ֡פ鳰ƤȤȤǤ롥ʤOED ˤȡlamb λΰ̣17ˤʤäƽȯãȤ뤬MED ˤȡa1399 ΡפθǤ㤬Τˤ롥
ޤcattle ⡤#95. ޤ롪 Norman French Central French Ÿ ([2009-07-31-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤNorman French ͳñ˰㤤ʤܤΰ̣ΤߤǤꡤե󥹼ѸȤƤդ路Ϥΰ̣Ϥʤ
֡פοäϡΤ˲ʤäƤ롥

Denison, David and Richard Hogg. "Overview." Chapter 1 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 1--42.

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow