ޤܸȤ͡¿ϡѸȤƤαѸ (EFL) ȤǤߤƤ롥Ω줫顤ѸˡʤγؤӤ䤹ˤˤɾꡤ줳Τ̤Ǥ롥ˡ˴ؤ¤ꡤѸȤ (ENL) üԤλҶ⼫˽櫓ǤϤʤ٤βǰռŪ˳ؤФʤФʤʤENL λҶϤǤ˱Ѹβ餫dzؽפȤǡEFLؽԤȤۤʤäƤΤǡ#3889. ͥƥ֤褯ְ㤨륹ڥ ([2019-12-20-1]) Ǥߤ̤ꡤEFLؽԤߤäʥڥδְ㤨뤳Ȥ롥䤿ˤȤäƤߤСEFL֤ϿɤפȸȤͥƥ֤̤δENL֤ϿɤפȤܤ䤭ϤǤ롥
Ȥ櫓ƼϰʤɸѸˤȤͥƥ֤ˤȤäơɸѸ˴ŤѸɽŪˡʤȤϤȾüɽΤǤϤ뤬ˤǤ롥åˡ (cockney) ʤɤȤ롤 /h/ ⤿ʤѸüԤˤȤäơhit it ȯƱȤʤ뤬ݤˤԤ <h> ǡ <h> ʤ֤ȤȤŪ˳ؽʤФʤʤĤޤȤŵȤȤˤʤꡤ㤤 hit <it>it <hit> 㤤֤ꡤ֤ѤߤȤȤ⤢롥षη˴ؤƤϡ<h> βǤܸȤѸؽԤΤְۤ㤨ˤ
Ʊ褦ʤȤth-fronting ȤΤ븽ݤ˴ؤƤ⤤롥ϤѸѼĿͤȯˤơth /θ/ ǤϤʤ /f/ ȯΤǤ롥ȯΥͥƥ֤λҶˤ褯ߤ븽ݤCook (129) ϡ̤θԤˤ East Tilbury (Essex) 4--7Фȯ˴ؤĴ̤Τ褦˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥
Children preferred 'fing' over 'thing' by 56% to 32%, 'nuffing' over 'nothing' by 37% to 34%. Overall they opted for the dialect spelling 30% of the time. Learning to spell English is a problem for any child who speaks English with an accent that is non-standard in a particular country, whether England or Australia. To make the spelling system work, children with non-standard accents have either to invent correspondence rules for their own dialect that are different from those they are taught, that is, <th> corresponding to /f/ or /v/ in East Tilbury, or have to imagine what a standard speaker would say rather than themselves and their parents. In other words to some extent they are in the position of second language learners, basing spelling correspondence on a phonology that is not their own.
ܸüԤϡѸˡɸѸ˥ͥƥ֤ФƤĤ¦̤ˤϡʤʤŤʤαѸ֤ϡˤ貿κľ̤뤳ȤˤʤΤ
Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.
ѸˤǤϰ̤ˡ첻äĹ첻ˤѲϿ¿ƤΤΡҲѲŪޤäȤcf. #1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1])ˡ첻ȻҲηоˤĤƤϡѸαΧ (prosody) 礭ؤäƤȤ롥Τ˻ҲѲˤΩäΤʤǤ⤢ƥ㡼ʤΤȤСMinkova and Stockwell (36) ˰͵ơʲ5ܤ
Simplification of long consonants
Phonemicization of the voiced fricatives [v, ð, z]
Vocalization or loss of [ɣ], [x], [ç] and distributional restrictions on [h]
Loss of [-r] in some varieties of English
Simplification of the consonant clusters [kn-], [gn-], [wr-], [-mb], [-ng]
1ܤ "Simplification of long consonants" Ȥ degemination Ȥ⤤ǡűѸ줫ѸˤˤꡤűѸ gyldenne "golden" Ѹ gyldene ʤɤȤʤäθѸؤαƶȤƤϡ#1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1]) #1284. û첻ܻҲξˤϻҲŤͤ -ing ղäȤֻ§ ([2012-11-01-1]) Ȥ줿
2ܤ "Phonemicization of the voiced fricatives [v, ð, z]" ϡfricative_voicing ȸƤФǤ롥#1365. űѸˤ뼫IJˤϤޤ줿̵ͭ ([2013-01-21-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ̵ͭΥڥñʤ۲δطäեѸʤɤαƶˤꡤξԤۤʤ벻ǤȤΩ뤳Ȥˤʤä/v/ βDzˤĤƤϡ#1222. ե줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1])#2219. vane, vat, vixen ([2015-05-25-1])#2230. Ѹ̵ͭʸ ([2015-06-05-1]) ȡ
3ܤ "Vocalization or loss of [ɣ], [x], [ç] and distributional restrictions on [h]" ϡĶˤʣѲ뤲Ȥؤ㤨СűѸ dragan, sagu; hlot, hræfn, hnecca; boh, heah, sohte; toh, ruh, hleahtor 줾Ѹ draw(en), saw(e); lot, raven, neck; bow(e), hei(e), sout(e); tuf, ruff, lauhter ʤɤȤʤäƤheir, honest, honour, hour ʤɤθƬ h ꤵ⡤ȴؤʡ#214. ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1]) h γƵȡˡ
4ܤ "Loss of [-r] in some varieties of English" ϡnon-prevocali r Ǥʡ#452. ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1]) γƵȡˡ
5ܤ "Simplification of the consonant clusters [kn-], [gn-], [wr-], [-mb], [-ng]" ϡƻҲüλҲæ벻Ǥ롥λҲбʸߤֻ˻ĤäƤΤǡǧ䤹#122. /kn/ ǻϤޤñ ([2009-08-27-1])#34. thumb ֤ȯ ([2009-06-01-1]), #724. thumb ֤ȯ (2) ([2011-04-21-1]) ΤۤŪˡ#1290. ۻۻ⤿餷üΰ ([2012-11-07-1])#2518. Ҳۻ ([2016-03-19-1]) ȡ
ʾΤ褦ˡ첻٤ƼϾʤȤϤҲѲ⤳ߤƤߤȸѸβֻˤʤαƶڤܤƤΤȴ롥
Minkova, Donka and Robert Stockwell. "Phonology: Segmental Histories." A Companion to the History of the English Language. Ed. Haruko Momma and Michael Matto. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. 29--42.
ꥢοɸ֥磻 CHIANTI ʥƥˤߤĤġꥢ <chi> = /ki/ ˻פڤ<ch> Ȥ2Ż (digraph) ˴ؤơ衼åѤνϤƤ⡤ŵŪб벻ϤޤޤǤ롥첻 <i> դ <chi> ˤĤƹͤƤߤ褦פʸɽСѸǤ chill, chin Τ褦 /ʧi/եǤ Chine, chique Τ褦 /ʃi/ꥢǤ chianti, chimera Τ褦 /ki/ɥĸǤ China, Chinin Τ褦 /çi/ Ǥ롥Ʊ <ch> Ȥ2ŻȤäƤʤ顤б벻ХХʤΤϤäʤ
ˤϡʸ (arbitrariness) ȡƸβηϤȤˤΩˤĤɬפ롥ޤʸ顥ե٥åȤˤȤȡ<a> Ȥʸ /a/ ȤȷӤĤϤȹͤΤϡĹȽˤΤˤºݤˤξԤδ֤ɬŪʴطϤʤбطե٥åȤѤ¿θǸΤϡΥե٥åηϤѤˤäơѸ˸줿ηդδطѤˤʤ̤ʻ𤬤ʤꤤطѤΤݤȤȤ⤢ΤʸȲȤδط塹Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿餫̤ʻ𤬤СȤСб벻ʬθˤ¸ߤʤΤǤʸȤ줺;äƤޤ硽<a> Ѥˤ뤳ȤǤ뤷ޤäۤʤ¾βˤƤȤäƤǤ롥ȤС춦ƱΤ <a> = /t/ ȷꤷƱդСθˤƤϤǤ褤ΤǤ롥ʸϸŪʤΤǤ뤫顤ʬդС¾ͤ˴Ĥڹ礤ϤʤΤǤ롥<ch> ñǤϤʤ2ŻǤȤüϤ뤬2ʸη1ĤʸȤߤʤСʸƸϻ˱ƹʤ褦ѤƤ褤θ¸ߤɤʻҲ˳ƤƤ褤üʤȤ첻˳ƤƤ⡤̵˳ƤƤ褤Ĥޤꡤ<ch(i)> ɤߤϡޤäŪɬŪ˷ޤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ뤳ȤοǤ롥
ˡƸβηϤȤˤΩˤĤơޤǤʤȤƱθǤʤ줾ȼβηϤäƤ롥Ѹˤ /f, l, θ, ð, v/ ʤɤβǤ뤬ܸˤϤʤȤä褦ˡ줴ȤͭβǥåȤΤǤ롥ƸβηϤȯŸˤ⡤§ȤΩŪǤ롥μѤʤɤäǤ⡤αƶϸŪäơۤʤˤϰۤʤ벻ǥåȤꡤǥåȴ֤Ǹߤб褦ȤƤäƤΤ顤줤·ȤȤ˾ʤϤǤ롥ɽʸ륢ե٥åȤϸ§ȤƲǤ̤Τ顤ǥåȴ֤ǤޤбʤΤʸåȴ֤ˤб褦ȤȤǡϤɬ⤭줤ˤ·ʤϤǤ롥
ǵ衼åѤμפʸϡˤηаޤȤ˥ޥե٥åȤƤϤȤʤƥˤ <ch> Ȥ2ŻѤƤ뤳ȤΤäƤޤ§ȤƤΩȤĤĤ⡤ߤθܤǸƤΤ¤Ǥ롥ǡ2Ż <ch> Ѥ褦ȤǥΤϡθ⼫ƤΤ<ch> ɤβˤƤˤĤƤϡƸ˰ѤͤƤǡƸǤ <c> ŵŪɽ蘆벻ȶŪ̻Ū˴طο̤βбʸȤ <ch> ƤȤˤȤ櫓ĤޤꡤѸǤ /ʧi/եǤ /ʃi/ꥢǤ /ki/ɥĸǤ /çi/ Ǥ롥Ƥξ硤ƸˤˤơȤȤ /k/ ɽ魯Τ <ch> ѤƤ롥
ޤȤСθ⡤Ū <ch> Ȥ2ŻȤ³뤳ȤˤĤƤ϶̤ƤƸŪ˰ۤʤ벻ѲƤˡ<ch> ɽ蘆벻ϡߤ˰ۤʤäƤΤǤ롥
Ѹˤ <ch> = /ʧ/ ˴ؤˤĤƤϡʲε⻲ȡ
#1893. إܥ <sh>, <ch>, <j> ϤɤΤ餤Ѹ ([2014-07-03-1])
#2367. űѸ <c> Ѹ <k> ء ([2015-10-20-1])
#2393. <Crist> <Christ> ([2015-11-15-1])
#2423. digraph (1) ([2015-12-15-1])
ѲŪŤͼˤĤơȾ (wave_theory) 䤽η̤ȤƤ (cf. #1045. Ĺˤ ([2012-03-07-1])ˤ褯ΤƤ롥Ӥꤲޤ줿ФƱ߾椬Ȥ褦ˡȯϤƱ߾˼ϤŤƤȤͤǤ롥
ѲɬƱ߾³˳ȤȤϸ¤ʤषȳȤäƤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥#2034. Ⱦʤ ([2014-11-21-1])#2037. Ťȸ֡ ([2014-11-24-1])#2040. ([2014-11-27-1]) ʤɤε褦ˡΤۤȤͭǤ褦ʸѲλ롥ȤۤƱȯۤȤäƤ褤ΤˡҲؤؤʸ gravity model 뤤 hierarchical model ȸƤФƤѲŤ˴ؤǥ뤬롥 Trudgill ǡWolfram and Schilling-Estes (724) Τ褦ͿƤ롥
According to this model, which is borrowed from the physical sciences, the diffusion of innovations is a function not only of the distance from one point to another, as with the wave model, but of the population density of areas which stand to be affected by a nearby change. Changes are most likely to begin in large, heavily populated cities which have historically been cultural centers. From there, they radiate outward, but not in a simple wave pattern. Rather, innovations first reach moderately sized cities, which fall under the area of influence of some large, focal city, leaving nearby sparsely populated areas unaffected. Gradually, innovations filter down from more populous areas to those of lesser population, affecting rural areas last, even if such areas are quite close to the original focal area of the change. The spread of change thus can be likened not so much to the effects of dropping a stone into a pond, as with the wave model, but, as . . . to skipping a stone across a pond.
gravity model ϡŤϡȾΤ褦֤εΥ˰¸ǤϤʤοϤˤ¸ȤȤǤ롥ϡ2ĤŷΤΰ礦ϤΥ̩٤δؿǤ뤳ȤӤ롥ΥȿϤ2ĤѿΤȤŤͼޤȤ gravity model ϡȾळȤǤͥƤ롥ȤΤϡΥΤߤͭѿȤϤѿ̵ȤСʤȾȤʤ뤫Ǥ롥
gravity model ˱äѲλϾʤʤWolfram and Schilling-Estes (725) ˵ƤΤѸ˴ؤΤˤĤƤСLondon dzϤ줿Ƭ h-dropping ֤ϰӱۤľ East Anglia Norwich ؤӲФȤ㤬𤵤Ƥ롥Chicago [æ] 첻 [ɑ] 岽⡤ƱͤΥѥ Illinois νԻԤŤOklahoma Ǥ /ɔ/ -- /a/ εۼŤǤ롥
ξȤơgravity model ǽǤϤʤºݤŤλѻȡΥȿϰʳˤ⤤ĤѿꤻʤǤ롥gravity model θ³ˤĤƤϡεǼ夲롥
Wolfram, Walt and Natalie Schilling-Estes. "Dialectology and Linguistic Diffusion." The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003. 713--35.
4֤εǡưˤʹ꤬äƱ餤뤤Ϥʾ˱ƶϤĤȤƤʡ#1932. Ѳ monitoring (1) ([2014-08-11-1])#1933. Ѳ monitoring (2) ([2014-08-12-1])#1934. audience design ([2014-08-13-1])#1935. accommodation theory ([2014-08-14-1])ˡ#1070. Jakobson ˤưԲķ6Ĥιǡ ([2012-04-01-1])#1862. Stern ˤ4Ĥεǽ ([2014-06-02-1])ޤεǽ˴ؤ뤽¾ε (function_of_language) Ǹ褦ˡʹϸưԲķǤ1ĤǤ뤫顤ͤƤߤΤȤǤ롥 (139) Τ褦ˡθѲθˤơʹˤ줬ɤΤ褦ʹ뤫Ȥ˷ƤפȤϤ褽ǧʤФʤʤ³ơäŪϡ뤿ᡤ뤿Ǥ뤫顤äȤڤʤΤϡäΰտޤȤʹ뤳ȤǤ롥ϡʹ꤬Τʹ褦äȤǤפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
ʹΤθѲ¸ߤ̵뤵Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤѲΤʤˤϡʬ (metanalysis) ˤꤦޤΤ⤢СƱ۵ (homonymic_clash) ⤢뤳ȤϻŦƤ#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1]) ǤϡʹδͿ̣Ѳˤ줿ʹδͿϤ褽뤵ƤȤϤ
(118--38) ϡܸΥϹԻҲηϤꤵŪʥϹԻҲʹΰ˵Ƥ롥ΥϹԻҲϡ11 [ɸ] [w] Ѳʡ#1271. ܸಽȤθ ([2012-10-19-1]) ȡˡ㤨СβѲ˽äơ [ɸawa] [ɸiwi]ˤ [ɸowo] ȤʤäΤޤȯã뤲ƤʤСƬ [ɸ] [h] Ȥʤꡤϡ֥ϥסϡ֥ҥסˤϡ֥ۥסʼºݤˡ֥ۥۡפ¤ǡ֥ۥפ⤢ˤȤʤäƤΥϹԻҲμ夵䶯٤ޤҲνƱˤꡤĻŵŪƱ˽ʣ (reduplication) ޤä2ܤΥϹԻҲ褷ߤϡ֥ϥϡס֥ҥҡס֥ۥۡפȤʤäƤ롥ϹԻҲĴϢѲ뤲ƤȤϡľܤˤäˤ˰㤤ʤŪˤŪϹԻҲʹΰŪʼ夵˵ȹͤ롥ʹΰȤʹΩΩäɸǤ롥ҤλҲˤĤ [h] > [ç] ȤѲΤ⡤[h] ʹΰ䶯ȤƤ롥
ܸΥϹԻҲȴϢơѸ [h] Ȥμդβ˴ؤˤʣˡ§ (grimms_law)#214. ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1]) h γƵ#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1]) ʤɤ꤬ط롥 (132) ܸȱѸˤݤŦƤꡤ<gh> ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ġıѸ light, tight ʤɤ gh ɤޤʤ«ˤʤäƤ뤬 h ϡʹæڥˤ줬ĤäΤǤ뤷rough, tough ʤɤ gh [f] ˤʤäƤΤϡʹΰ [h] [f] ֤줿̤Ǥ롥[ɸ] [f] Ȥΰ㤤Ϥ뤬ܸΤ뿰ಽȵäƤ뤳Ȥܤ
ȤСrough tough [f] ϡ#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1]) Ǽ褦äΤβѲη ([x] > [xw] > f) ȤƤǤϤʤ[x] 뤤 [h] ʹΰˤʤʤʹΤΡ [f] ǤִȤȤˤʤ롥줬˵äȤ¾ڤ뤳Ȥ
ͺܸˡĿϤʤʤΤ١ֽ2001ǯ
#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1]) ʤɤ˰³Ƥꡥ
ε#1898. ƥˤ⤢ä h-dropping ؤ ([2014-07-08-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡƥˤ /h/ æƤ꽤 (hypercorrection) ⤷Феǡæϻߤ褦ʤη̤ϸΥޥˤȿǤ뤳Ȥˤʤäʤŵƥˡ <h> бҲϡեޤޥ̵ȤƷѾ졤եͳƱѸؤѤ줿Ȥƥˡֻ <h> ΤΤĹϼˤꡤ˼뤳ȤϤʤ衼åѤνؤä̤ȤơˤơβѲη̤ȤƤ̵ȿŪʵϼθֻ <h> ȤĹ餯礦Ȥˤʤä
ѸǤ⡤ƥͳ褹ˤ <h> ݻѸռƤä#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡϽѸˤߤ뤳Ȥˤʤ츻Ū֤ (etymological_respelling) ȤơѸ˾ɾ٤ݤˤĤƤ Horobin (80--81) ʲΤ褦ˤäȸڤƤΤߤϤäɾ⤯ä٤Ȼפ
Because of the loss of initial /h/ in French, numerous French loanwords were borrowed into Middle English without an initial /h/ sound, and were consequently spelled without an initial <h>; thus we find the Middle English spellings erbe 'herb', and ost 'host'. But, because writers of Middle English were aware of the Latin origins of these words, they frequently 'corrected' these spellings to reflect their Classical spelling. As a consequence, there is considerable variation and confusion about the spelling of such words, and we regularly find pairs of spellings like heir, eyr, here, ayre, ost, host. The importance accorded to etymology in determining the spelling of such words led ultimately to the spellings with initial <h> becoming adopted; in some cases the initial /h/ has subsequently been restored in the pronunciation, so that we now say hotel and history, while the <h> remains silent in French hôtel and histoire.
ḽѸʤ餺Ȥ˱Ѹˤ h-dropping ϰˤ̤˹ͤƤᤤʳǸ츻Ū֤Ϥ˴ͿƤȤơѸ˾塤겼յΤȥԥåǤ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ѸˤˤҲ /h/ ˤĤơ#214. ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1]) #459. ʻҲ /h/ (2) ([2010-07-30-1]) #494. hypercorrection ˤ h ([2010-09-03-1])#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1]) ۤh h-dropping ʤɤε¿夲Ƥ
Ѹʸ塤ҲŪʴؿŪȤʤäƤѸѼ h-dropping εˤĤƤϽ⤢뤬Ѹˡ<h> ֻΤη褷 /h/ ȤȯʤեѸ줬̤˱ѸήǤȤľܡܤαƶͿƤȤȤϡǧƤ褤եΤߤʤ餺ڥ䥤ꥢʤɤΥޥ /h/ ȯʤΤϡƥʳƱæǤ롥äơѸ h-dropping ʥϡȸĶơǽŪˤϥƥ1ĤβѲ˵뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
⤷ȤˡƥǤ /h/ æ褦ˤʤäƤȡޤζܿͤϡæ¯ŪȯȤ褦ˤʤäΤȤϡˡȤ <h> ֤٤ǤϤʤȤ <h> Ƥ뤳ȤФĤäƤ뤳ȤΤ롥λ h-dropping Ф꽤 (hypercorrection) äΤǤꡤۤɤޤǤ h-dropping ŪäȤڵȤߤʤȤǤ롥λϡޤٳ Gaius Valerius Catullus (84?--54? B.C.) ˤΤǤ롥ʲCatullus Poem 84 ±Ǥ롥
1 CHOMMODA dicebat, si quando commoda uellet ARRIUS, if he wanted to say "winnings " used to say "whinnings", 2 dicere, et insidias Arrius hinsidias, and for "ambush" "hambush"; 3 et tum mirifice sperabat se esse locutum, and thought he had spoken marvellous well, 4 cum quantum poterat dixerat hinsidias. whenever he said "hambush" with as much emphasis as possible. 5 credo, sic mater, sic liber auunculus eius. So, no doubt, his mother had said, so his uncle the freedman, 6 sic maternus auus dixerat atque auia. so his grandfather and grandmother on the mother's side. 7 hoc misso in Syriam requierant omnibus aures When he was sent into Syria, all our ears had a holiday; 8 audibant eadem haec leniter et leuiter, they heard the same syllables pronounced quietly and lightly, 9 nec sibi postilla metuebant talia uerba, and had no fear of such words for the future: 10 cum subito affertur nuntius horribilis, when on a sudden a dreadful message arrives, 11 Ionios fluctus, postquam illuc Arrius isset, that the Ionian waves, ever since Arrius went there, 12 iam non Ionios esse sed Hionios are henceforth not "Ionian," but "Hionian."
Ȥʤսϡ1ܤ <commoda> vs <chommoda>2ܤ <insidias> vs <hinsidias>, 12ܤ <Ionios> vs <Hionios> Ǥ롥<h> ɬפΤʤȤ <h> ֤Ƥ꽤ȤޤäƤ롥θǤ뤫ˤϡοǤ롥λ˴ؤ Harrison ɾˤС12ܤ <Inoios> <Hionios> ȡʵϼŪʴ鸫ơ˸äֻǽȤˤꡤˤߤɽФƤȤHarrison ". . . the last word of the poem should be χιoνέoυς. When Arrius crossed, his aspirates blew up a blizzard, and the sea has been snow-swept ever since." (198--99) ȽҤ٤Ƥꡤä <Hionios> ꥷ χιoνέoυς (snowy) ȰäƤΤȲᤷƤ롥ơ10ܤ nuntius horribilis ͽ𤷤ƤȤ⤤Arrius β꽤ˤ /h/ 7ܤ nuntius horribilis ͽ𤵤Ƥ褦ˡ٤Ȥ硼
Harrison (199) ϡϤޤơCatullus Τ褦ʥޤζܿͤˤ h ˴ؤκϡ¿ Venetic ¤Фиʤظαƶ (substratum_theory) ˤ뼪ʥƥѼФŪɾˤΤǤʤȤƱͤ Etruscan ¤ФиȤԤ⤤褦θϤˤ speculation ΰФΤǤϤʤḽѸ h-dropping ؤ stigmatisation ȽŤ碌ƹͤȶ̣
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Harrison, E. "Catullus, LXXXIV." The Classical Review 29.7 (1915): 198--99.
whole ϡűѸ (ġe)hāl (healthy, sound. hale) ̤ꡤ켫Ȥϥޥĸ *(ȝa)xailaz˰ĸ * kailo- (whole, uninjured, of good omen) ̤롥heal, holy ȤƱǤꡤhale, hail Ȥ3Ÿʤäơ<whole> <w> 츻ŪѸˤʸƬ줿
MED hōl(e (adj.(2)) ǤϡֻȤ wholle Ƥꡤʲ15 <wh>- Ǥ˸줿Ȥ狼롥
a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3) 3368: When he was take vp of þe vrthe, he was as wholle And as freysshe as he was ony tyme þat day byfore.
15μȤΥƥȤ˸ǽ <wh>- ϡwhole ƬҲ /h/ æȯ (h-dropping) diacritical ̤Ƥ褦Ȥ̤θǡ16ˤ /h/ æΤǤϤʤñֻθɤΤߤ˴ؤ <w> Ԥ褦ˤʤäɽŪ츻Ū <w> ϡѸ whore (< OE hōre) ˤǧǤwhore ˤ <w> 16ǡMED hōr(e (n.(2)) Ǥ <wh>- ϳǧʤˡ16ˤϡۤˤ whom (home), wholy (holy), whoord (hoard), whote (hot)) whood (hood) ʤɤ졤<o> ֤Ǥ츻Ū <wh>- 䤫ĬήƤȤ狼롥whole whore ΤߤɸѸޤʤ館ͳˤĤƤϡHorobin (62) ϡ줾Ʊ۵ hole hoar Ȥζ̤Τˤ뤹뤳ȤǤ뤫ǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
Helsinki Corpus Ǥä whole ΰֻƤߤȤʡַפ hole ʤɤϼȤǽѤߡˡѸޤǤ <wh>- 1⸡ФʤäѸˤʤȰʲΤ褦˰쵤˿ƩȤʬä
| <whole> | <hole> | |
|---|---|---|
| E1 (1500--1569) | 71 | 32 |
| E2 (1570--1639) | 68 | 2 |
| E3 (1640--1710) | 84 | 0 |
ѸˤˤƬ <h> ϡ켫ΤˤäƤ롥ѸˤˤƸƬ <h> ϼºݤȯƤΤȤȯƤʤäΤȯʤäȤȡɤλˡɤѼȯʤäΤơĤɤΤ褦ˤɸѼǤ <h> ȯ [h] ȤơפΤβŪ֤ŤϤɤʤäƤΤեѸʤɤˤƶϤäΤʤäΤ褷Ƥʤ꤬ѤߤǤ롥
Ƭ <h> θ˾塤ǤŤϡǤϡ֥Υޥ̻οáפȸƤФƤ벾Ǥʡ#1238. Υޥ̻οá ([2012-09-16-1]) ȡˡˤСƬ <h> Ͼȯ [h] ȤƼ¸ƤŪˤ <h> = [h] δطϡѸޤѸˤˤ錄äưݻƤѸˤ褯 <h> ˴ؤֻθϡѸʤΥޥ̻ˤƳ줿ΤˤѸˤˤ [h] üȤڵȤϤʤꤨʤȤ롥˴ؤơCrisma (Were 51) ƤΤǡѤ롥
[T]he traditional view . . . is that [h]- was preserved before vowels throughout ME, though it could be dropped in words bearing weak stress, such as pronouns and forms of auxiliary have. Spelling errors involving <h>- are noted, but they are not considered sufficient evidence for [h]- loss, being dismissed by attributing them to '(Anglo-)Norman' scribes. The general validity of this treatment of errors, however, has been very convincingly questioned by Clark . . ., who labels it as a 'myth'.
ߤǤϡ֥Υޥ̻οáϼƤʤǡ⤬줿Ѹ˸Ƭ <h> ֻȤƤϵ̤˻ĤäƤȯȤƤϾüȤΤǤ롥Ƭ <h> ֻ꤬ˤǤ뤳ȡPearl-poet ʤɤ <h> ǻϤޤ첻ǻϤޤ줬ƬƧ㤬뤳ȡChaucer ʤɤǸ <e> æ˴ؤơ³Ƭ <h> 첻ƱȤʤɤ顤Ƭ [h] ȯȤƤϼƤȲ᤹٤ȤǤ롥ߤǤϤǤŪȤʤäƤ벾#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1]) ǤȤƼ夲Ȥꡤ⤷ѸǤξüꤹȡѸǤΤܴۤʤפɤΤ褦뤫Ȥ䤬롥Crisma (Were 52) ⤳ŦƤ롥
Assuming an early and widespread loss of word-initial [h]- poses the problem of how to account for its eventual restoration. It seems dubious that this might have happened 'mainly via spelling and the influence of the schools' (Lass, 1992: 62), first because [h], if it was really generally lost at some point, was re-established without errors in all native words, which would be a spectacular success indeed.
Ƭ [h] ϾüΤʤäΤǡäŪʲ⤬줿Milroy, J. ("On the Sociolinguistic History of /h/-Dropping in English." Current Topics in English Historical Linguistics. Ed. M. Devenport, E. Hansen, and H. -F. Nielsen. Odense: Odense UP, 1983. 37--53) ϡƬ [h] üѼȾüʤäѼ郎ꡤξѼ郎ʸŪѰۤȤüԸĿͤΤʤ˶¸ƤȹͤˤСѸθƬ [h] 礭ȤϤʤʤ
ߡϩϡۤʤäǤϤ뤬Paola Crisma Julia Schlüter ʤɤθԤʤƤ롥
Crisma, Paola. "Were They 'Dropping their Aitches'? A Quantitative Study of h-Loss in Middle English." English Language and Linguistics 11 (2007): 51--80.
Crisma, Paola. "Word-Initial h- in Middle and Early Modern English." Phonological Weakness in English: From Old to Present-Day English. Ed. Donka Minkova. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 130--67.
Schlüter, Julia. "Consonant or 'Vowel'? A Diachronic Study of Initial <h> from Early Middle English to Nineteenth-Century English." Phonological Weakness in English: From Old to Present-Day English. Ed. Donka Minkova. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 168--96.
Ѹˤˤ /h/ ˤĤ h γƵǰäƤϸƬ /h/ ˤˤĤơCrisma ʸɤǤߤ
ˤĤƽ辧Ƥ1Ĥ˼Τ褦ʤΤ롥Ƭ /h/ ϲȤƤѸ˴˾äѸɸѼ̤ȤΤCrisma (136--37) ϰʲ3ŦĤġȽƤ롥
(1) ˤȡ /h/ ֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) θˤΤȤȤˤʤ뤬ʤȤ⤹٤Ƥˤ褷¤ͤСδŰ֤ϿۤɤǤʡ#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1]) ȡˡֻ̾ȯϤޤηŪˤϺѤñ줴Ȥñȯ뤳Ȥ¿
(2) ֻȯθκѤꤵƤ븽ݤϡեѸˤƤϡϤ٤äʤˤϸܤ줺˸ɸѼ˻Ĥä heir, honest, honour, hour ʤɤθ롥üȤǤϡեѸοΰ㤤Ǥʤ
(3) Ѹ /h/ δ /h/ ݤäƤαƶǤȹͤ⤢뤬⤽ʤɸѼ˱ƶͿΤʬʤ
ƤȤ Crisma ƤΤϡŪʵϹäƤ뤬ǼΤ褦ˤޤȤѸˤơƬ /h/ Ͼä櫓ǤϤʤ˳ΤΤȤ¸ߤƤ /h/ ʣߤΤȤǡͽ [h] ǤϤʤ [] ȤƼ¸줿ȤȤǤ롥Crisma ϡѸȶѸΥѥȤơh ǻϤޤԤ괧 a vs an ʬۤӽͭƻ my/thy vs myn(e)/thyn(e) ʬۤܺ٤ĴĴ̤Ŭ (Optimality Theory) ʬϤŬϡʥʸˡλۤꡤءϡˤɽءʽϡˤ̤Ǥ롥ñ /h/ üȤߤΤǤϤʤϤˤ /h/ äɤϤȤƤ [] ȤʤΤäȵΤǤ롥Crisma (158) ηѤơȤ褦
To sum up, I propose that the distribution of the different forms of the indefinite article and of the 1st and 2nd person singular possessive pronouns can be captured in its diachronic development in Middle and Early Modern English assuming that the phonetic realization of the phoneme /h/- became at some point `disliked' in the grammar of the language. This dislike results in its inability to surface in a series of contexts, which vary along time because of the slight differences in the interaction with other constraints on the well-formedness of the phonetic output. This proposal is empirically superior to theories failing to distinguish between true /h/-loss and a (sic) the coexistence of a lexical /h/-ful underlying representation with a contextually-bound [h]-less phonetic output, and therefore unable to account for the complex and apparently contradictory evidence.
Crisma, Paola. "Word-Initial h- in Middle and Early Modern English." Phonological Weakness in English: From Old to Present-Day English. Ed. Donka Minkova. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 130--67.
Ѹʹߡh ϾȯǤꡤֻȯȤδطˤƲ褷褷Ƥh ˤĤƤϡ#214. ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1]) #459. ʻҲ /h/ (2) ([2010-07-30-1]) #494. hypercorrection ˤ h ([2010-09-03-1]) ϤȤ h γƵǼ夲Ƥ̤Ǥ롥Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤ŤˤĤƤϡäȤΤƤ뤬ܺ٤Ϥ狼äƤʤξڵȤˡ¬Ƥ椯ʤѸʹߤˤ h ȯֻδطˤĤơSchmitt and Marsden (140) εҤ˱ä褦
űѸǤ h ϵ§ŪȯƤΥޥʹߡեѸ줬̤ήˤä h 礭ѲAnglo-Norman ΥեǤ /h/ ϤǤæƤꡤֻǤ erbe (= herbe) ost (= host) Τ褦 <h> 뤳Ȥä츻Ȥʤƥη herba, hostem h ޤޤƤȤ <h> ֤뤳ȤȤʤä˽Ѹˤʤ etymological_respelling Ǥ롥θ̤Ū h ĥեѸΤ˵ڤӡ/h/ ȯʤ <h> ֤¿αñ줬߽Ф줿ºݤˤϡȯˤ /h/ Υȥդθؤɤ٤γǵäƤΤΤΤϺæˤäȤڵϤȤ㤨С18ˡ⤽ h ʸȤߤʤƤ褤ΤȤɾ餢äȤ (Marsden 140--41)
ʾϡϼӤ줿18˵Ÿ롥/h/ æϡ㤤̵üԤħǤȤơҲŪ (stigmatisation) 줿ΤǤ롥 Thomas Sheridan (1719--88) Course of Lectures on Elocution (1762) ǡh-dropping "defect" ȸƤƤɾԤäʤۤɤޤǤ˵® stigmatisation ΤϤ狼äƤʤʹߡɸѸˤƤ <h> = /h/ δطΤȤ夷ɤ櫓 heir, honest, honour, hour 4ʥꥫѸǤ herb ä5ˤˤƤϡ/h/ ζʤѸȯѤ줿ɸѼä˥ꥹѸνѼǤϡߤ˻ޤ h 뺮Ϣʤ³Ƥ롥üȤơHi'm hextremely 'appy to be'ere. Ƥ
Schmitt and Marsden εҤɤǤȡh ˤĤ椬ޤФȯȤƤϤľǤƤ⤪ʤä /h/ ɸѸˤƤϡֻȵϼϤǤܴ̤ۤȤȤˤʤ롥h Τɤäˤϡ̣ǤϱѸ˾絬ϤηŪ etymological respelling Ǥꡤspelling pronunciation Ǥ⤢롥Hope μĥ#1247. ɸѸϸŪˤꤽˤʤѼǤ ([2012-09-25-1]) ⤦ʤơɸѸϼθѲǤʤ褦ʸѲФѼǤפȤ
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
[2010-07-30-1]εǡѸ <h> ֻɽ魯Ҳ [h] ˤޤĤ뺮ŪطʤǤϱѸäˤ <h> [h] δط3ѥʬʬ䤹Ƥߤ褦< > ֻ[ ] ȯɽ魯
| [h] | no [h] | |
| <h> | host | hour |
| no <h> | ? | able |
ѡʷˡɸȯ˼ΤʤͤѡʷˡɸȯռƤäƸäѤ뤳Ȥǡovercorrection ľˤȤ hyperurbanism ʲԲˤȤ⤤η꽤 ( hypercorrect form ) Ȥ
[2010-07-13-1]ǿ줿褦ˡ꽤üԤѤȸѤκٰռƤ뤫餳츽ݤǤ롥h ξǤС¿ܤΤʤüԤ <h> [h] κˤĤƤ٤ϰռƤ뤫餳Ū첻ΤߤǤ褤Ȥ虜虜 /h/ ԤȯƤޤȤȤˤʤ롥
β꽤Ѹ˾ζ̣ȤƤϡ16դ˽줿 Henry Machyn Diary 㤬롥ϥɥλΩλ֤äǡŪʤɬɸŪֻƤ櫓ǤϤʤǸΤ褢٤ǤʤȤ˸ <h> ֻǤ롥Helsinki Corpus Ĵ Nevalainen (127) ˤȡMachyn playing Ȥ٤Ȥ playhyng ֤ꡤordained Ȥ٤Ȥ hordenyd ֤äƤ㤬Ȥ
ξˤ <h> ä֤Ƥꡤ餯 [h] ȯƤΤȹͤΤǡ̩ˤ playhyng hordenyd ΥޥȥåκޥȤϤʤʤΤ褦Ū /h/ 꽤ȤƻŪʸѤξѤƤȤȤϡɸֻ <h> ʤäȤƤ /h/ ȯ줿¿äȤ롥ߤǤ⡤ɸˡ˸¤кޥ¿ޤΤǤϤʤ
ʤߤˡNevalainen (127) ˤ hypercorrect /h/ λѤ褦ˤʤΤϵϼΩ18꤫ǤꡤMachyn λˤϤޤ٤ѤȤϤʤäƤʤäȤΤȤǤ롥
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
Nevalainen, Terttu. An Introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.
ѸˤߤȯɤˤĤơܥ֥ǤϤޤ controversy, harass, Caribbean ȶ夲Ƥɤ ( fluctuation ) ȤȤϸѲμǤѰ ( variation ) ȤȤǤꡤѲޤ˵äƤ뤳ȤΤȹͤ롥
[2010-05-31-1]εǸѸ˵äƤѲɽŪʤΤ礴ȤäȯˤĤơɤƤ㡤βѲˤƤȡѲå㡼ȤƤȹͤǡLongman Pronunciation Dictionary ȯĴ ( Pronunciation Preference Polls ) Ǽ夲Ƥ롤ɤե٥åȽ˼ФƤߤȯĴη̤ȤȤ˾ܤ⤵ƤФʤΤǡѲδϡܸפȤߤʤƤ褤ɤδϱƺ庹˴ؤΤ¿줴Ȥ˰ۤʤäƤΤǤΰϤޤܰ¤ªƤޤsay ϸФȤƤ say ȤʤäƤ뤬ºݤɤ3ñ says ȯ [sez] [seɪz] ȤʤΤǡġˤĤƤϼȤ줿
absorb, absurd, accomplish, address, adult, again, ally, almond, alto, amphitheater, applicable, Asia, associate, association, assume, asterisk, ate, attitude, auction, aunt, baptize, bath, because, bedroom, been, bequeath, booth, bouquet, brochure, broom, capsize, caramel, Caribbean, casual, caviar, chance, chromosome, chrysanthemum, cigaret, circumstance, citizen, clandestine, coffee, communal, complex, congratulate, contribute, controversy, costume, coupon, covert, cream, create, creek, crescent, cyclical, data, debris, debut, decade, defect, deity, delirious, demonstrable, depot, deprivation, detail, diagnose, diphthong, direct, direction, discount, dispute, dissect, distribute, donate, drama, drastic, due, during, economic, ecosystem, egotistic, electoral, electronic, envelope, ephemeral, equation, equinox, evolution, exasperate, exit, exquisite, extraordinarily, falcon, false, February, fiance, finance, financial, forehead, formidable, garage, gibberish, giga-, Glasgow, gone, gradual, graph, greasy, H, halt, handkerchief, harass, herb, hero, historic, homogeneous, homosexual, hurricane, ice, idea, ideology, illustrate, impious, incomparable, increase, inherent, innovative, inquiry, insurance, involve, irrefutable, issue, jump, jury, justifiable, juvenile, kilometer, lamentable, lather, lawyer, length, -less, licorice, longitude, lure, luxurious, luxury, maintain, mall, malpractice, marry, masquerade, Massachusetts, mayonnaise, measure, migraine, mischievous, Muslim, necessarily, necessary, nephew, new, newspaper, niche, nuclear, often, ogle, omega, ominous, one, onerous, opposite, oral, orange, ordinary, pajama, palm, patriotic, patronise, perpetual, plaque, plastic, poem, Polynesia, poor, predecessor, premature, Presley, prestigious, presume, primarily, princess, privacy, process, project, protester, puncture, quagmire, quarter, questionnaire, real, really, regulatory, research, resource, respiratory, restaurant, room, route, salt, sandwich, say, scallop, schedule, schism, scone, semi-, shortcut, simultaneous, situation, soot, sorry, soviet, spectator, stereo, strength, student, submarine, subsidence, substantial, suggest, suit, sure, syrup, thanksgiving, thespian, tinnitus, tomorrow, transferable, transistor, transition, translate, tube, tune, umbrella, usage, vacation, vehicle, via, visa, voluntarily, were, white, with, year, yours, youth, zebra
ƤǶäΤϡե٥åȤ8ʸܤ H ꥹѸμǯؤ [heɪtʃ] ȯ褦ˤʤäƤƤȤȤLPD ΰʲĴ̤ȡ

Irish English Ǥ [heɪtʃ] ɸȤȤΤʤä[h] æ spelling-pronunciation ˤˤĤƤϡޤǤĤεǰäƤʸ̾ȤƤ H ȤؤäƤȤϡ
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Ѹ3;̾ it ϡűѸǤϸƬ <h> դ줿 <hit> ȤֻѤƤ[2009-09-29-1]˷ǤűѸο;̾ηϤʬȤꡤ٤Ƥζ <h> ǻϤޤäƤꡤˤ줤ηϤʤƤ롥Τʤäñʤ <hit> ϡַڤȵǽ̤Ȥ˸Ƭޤꡤit Ѳ夷ȹͤƤ롥űѸǤǤ it η֤ǧƤꡤ1200ǯ϶֤ĶǤ it Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤ롥 hit Ѹ˿ष1500ǯޤǺ١³ƤߤǤǶĴɽȤƻȤ het, hit ʤɤƤѤȤʤäƤ롥줬űѸ hit it ִ줿ˤȤưŪ˸뵭ҤǤ롥
ˤȤƶ̣⤬ ( Scragg, p. 42fn ) űѸ hit ϤŤʳǤϤϤ <h> Τʤ <it> Ǥꡤ¾ο;̾ζޤ˹碌褦Ȥ ( analogy ) ˤä <h> ä줿ΤǤϤʤȤĤޤꡤ[2009-09-29-1]˷Ǥ֤٤Ƥ <h> ǻϤޤ뤭줤ηϡפϡ֤줤ˤ줿פΤǤϤʤȤˤȡit ˤϡ<h> Τʤ֤鳫ϤơűѸˤä <h> Ȥ褦ˤʤä˺ƤӸƬμ岽 <h> Τʤ֤˲ȤȤˤʤ롥
¾ΥޥƱ ( cognate ) ˤϡOld Saxon Middle Low German itLow German etGothic itaOld High German ëz, Old Icelandic es ꡤ <h> äƤʤOld Frisian Middle Dutch ˤ hit Τǡ嵭ʤС2ǤűѸƱͤ䤬äȹͤʤФʤʤΤ
ˤȤơit hit it ȲѸǾŪ˺Ƥ hit ˤʤǽϤ餯ʤѸο;̾Ǥϡ<h> ƬˤĤΤñ he ζޤˤʤäƤޤäΤǡűѸΤȤƯʤȤˡηϤƬ·ΰϡפϤǤ˼夤Τ顥
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
ε[2010-08-01-1] OANC η̤˰ꤺˡƬ <h> ֤뤬 /h/ ȯʤñ¿õ٤BNC ǤƱȤäƤߤΤۤ⤷̤ФΤǡ𤹤 OANC ܴݤĤ֤졩ˡ
216θ줬줿ͭ̾Ƭ줬¿Ƥ⤢ޤꤪ⤷ʤʸHTMLȡˡޤʻΥդ˸꤬⤢äΤǡϤޤdzפΤ뤿νĴȤ줿̾ƻ˹ʤä117ե٥åȽ˼
habitual, habituated, habitué, haemoglobin, half, half-hour, hallucination, hallucinatory, hallucinogenic, handful, haphazardly, happy, haute-couture, hazard, heap, heartening, hedonistic, heir, heir-apparent, heiress, heirloom, hell, heparin, hepatic, heraldic, herbaceous, herbalist, hereditary, heretical, hermaphrodite, heroic, heterogenous, heterologous, heuristic, hexadecimal, hexagonal, hi, hiatus, hibiscus, hide, hierarchical, hierarchically, hierarchy, high, higher, hilarious, historian, historic, historically, historically-created, historically-evolved, historicist, historiographical, history, histrionic, hitherto, hockey, hole, holiday, holistic, holoenzyme, holy, home-grown, homogeneous, homologous, hon., honest, honest-to-god, honest-to-goodness, honestly, honesty, honorable, honorarium, honorary, honour, honour-able, honourable, honourably, honoured, honouring, hopeful, horchata, horizon, horizontal, horrendous, horrific, horror, hors-d'oeuvre, horse, hospital, host/target, hotel, hotel-keeper, hour's-worth, hour-an-a-half, hour-and-a-half, hour-glass, hour-long, hourglass, hourglass-shaped, hourly, hours, howitzer, human, humanities, humble, hundred, hydraulic, hydraulically, hydroxyapatite, hydroxyl, hypnotic, hypostasised, hypothesis, hypothetical, hysterical, hysterically
history, honest, honour, hour δϢϤϤ¿⤷Ȥꤢȡhabitual, hallucination, hepatic, hereditary, heretical, heroic, hierarchical, hilarious, homogeneous, horizon, horrendous, horrific, hypothetical, hysterical 1˼綯ʤΤǸƬ /h/ ä˼ޤ䤹1˼綯⾯ʤʤȤϳΤǤ롥
OANC Ǥη̤ȤƽФ herb homage BNC ǤϽФʤäθ /h/ ΤʤȯϥꥫѸȯΤߤǤȤεҤȰפƤ褦
ˤƤ⡤BNC OANC μϿ˺ȤϤꥹѸ줫μ˭٤ϺΩäƤ롥Τ˥ꥹѸˤ h-dropping ̾⤤ Cockney ʤɤ⤢뤷/h/ ꤵΤǤϤʤͽۤϤƤޤꥫѸǤ֤ȯ ( spelling-pronunciation ) ηȤȤƤʬäƤ BNC OANC ǤνĴη̤ͽۤȰפΤäܤĴ٤Ƥȷ빽⤷ơޤȯŸƤ椯⤷ʤ
ε[2010-07-31-1] OANC (Open American National Corpus) ƳȤ𤷤ΤǡϤºݤˤäƤߤ褦
ϰε[2010-07-30-1]ǸƬ h ˤΤǡ˰äơƬ <h> ֻĤľ괧 an ФƤߤ[2009-11-27-1]Ǥ줿褦ˡheir, honest, honour, hour Τ褦ʸ줬 /h/ ⤿ʤȤǤ褯ΤƤ뤬¾ˤɤΤ褦ʸ줬ϥեåȤñ㸡ǡäդȽդ̤Ȥ¾κ٤ϹԤʤäƤʤʲ˷̤٤ȤȤ˰
| word | freq. |
|---|---|
| heir | 1 |
| Henri | 1 |
| herb | 2 |
| hereditary | 3 |
| Hermes | 1 |
| historian | 1 |
| historic | 6 |
| historical | 1 |
| HMO | 10 |
| homage | 4 |
| hommage | 5 |
| honest | 24 |
| honor | 5 |
| honorable | 14 |
| honorarium | 1 |
| honorary | 13 |
| honored | 1 |
| honorific | 3 |
| hour | 135 |
| hourglass | 1 |
| hourlong | 3 |
| hourly | 1 |
| hours-long | 1 |
[2009-11-27-1]˼ꤢ³ԡѸ <h> ֻɽ魯Ҳ [h] ˤޤĤ뺮ϡλҲñ˲ŪǤ뤫ФǤϤʤ<h> ޤեñѸ줬Ѥݤ˰礤ƤȤˤ롥ΤȤˤϡäŵƥޤ̤ʤФʤʤ
ŵƥǤ <h> ֻ /h/ ȤȯƤ구§ŪäȤŵˤʤ /h/ æϤޤäȤֻ <h> ǸꤷƤΤֻȯΥ줬ФΥ줿֤Υޥˤ⤽ΤޤäΥե㳰ǤϤʤ<h> ֤ñǤ /h/ Ϸ褷ȯʤäơѸѸˤΤ褦ʥե줫̤ <h> ޤѤ뤳ȤȤʤäΤǤ롥
ΤȤѸ <h> ֤Τ̵Ȥн褹Τ3ĤˡѤ ( Scragg, p. 41 )
(1) ȯʤΤ֤ɬפʤȤȤ <h> ȤƼ줿able, ability, arbour ʤɤ뤬Ͼʤʥե habile, habiletéƥ herbarium ӡ
(2) 줿ե̤˽äĤޤꡤ<h> ֤뤬ȯʤȤżheir, honest, honour, hour ʤɡ(1) 㤬¿an historical study an hotel Τ褦⻲͡
(3) ֤꤬Τȯ褦Ȥ spelling-pronunciation ȯۤ <h> /h/ ȤɤळȤˤhorrible, hospital, host ʤ¿ <h> ޤѸ줬Υѥ
Ѹϸ§Ȥ (3) ˡ켫ΤϹŪǤꡤֻȯδطäꤹ롥Ѹ spelling-pronunciation ˤǤϡ<h> /h/ ۤɤ˰ӤƵä spelling-pronunciation ϤʤΤǤϤʤޤ spelling-pronunciation ζȤäƤ褤100%ӤƤ櫓ǤϤʤθǤϤ뤬 (1) (2) ŬѤƤޤäȤǡºʬ̴ۤƤޤä(2) ξθˤäơѸƥեΰ仺뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤκϸѸˤ³ƤΤǤ롥
ϢȤơ֥ǥפε[2010-04-22-1]⻲ȡ
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
ǯ9˥ǥ֥˥إפ˼̾ѹȤʹɤǥˤäˤʤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ̾ȤƤʤʤäƤޤΤˤϰμ䤷뤯餤̾Τ줿ȤǤ롥 (?!) ֥̾ȤƤΥǥϻĤ褦
ơǥܤˤ뤫ĤϢʤ̾ȤʤäƤ뤬ѸؽԤǤäƤѸȤƤθΤäƤԤϾʤΤǤϤʤǥȯƤñפ⤫٤ʤ⤷ʤadherence ȥڥǽСȻפ
θϡե adhérence Ѥǡ夹ΡפŪʰ̣Ǥ롥Τˡ¡ȤϤƤޤäƤϺʪǤ롥ѸǤȯ /ədˈhɪərəns/ եǤϤФ /aderɑ̃s/ Ǥ롥ϡܸǤ1ᡤѸǤ2ᡤեǤ3Τ⤷
եǤϤΤ褦ֻ˸ /h/ ȯʤѸˤȤäʤΤϡեѸ¿Ƥ뤿ˡեͳ <h> ȯ뤫ݤñ줴Ȥɤ줬뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ[2009-11-27-1]ˤΤǤȡʤߤˡ̾ǥαѸ̾ Aderans 餷
ε[2009-11-26-1]ǡ֤פλҲͭǤϤʤȤΰոΰոȤϤʣθؼԤνФ̸ȤȤǡǧƤȤ̤̤Ȥơȯ [ɦ] ɽ뤳λҲȡ̵ҳǤ [h] ȤδطͤƤߤ
[h] [ɦ] ϡ̵ͭΰ㤤졤ĴĴͼƱΤ褯ҲǤ롥ȤѸܸޤ¿θˤơ̵ /h/ ϲǤȤ¸ߤƤ⡤ͭ [ɦ] ϲǤȤ¸ߤʤȤ¿ϲηϤȤƤϷ٤Ȥ⤤롥Ѹĺ̵ͭΩɽǼ


ʳϡ줤̵ͭǥڥʤƤ롥ηϤΤʤ /h/ ΩƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥η٤ʤʤΤϤ褯狼ʤͭ [ɦ] ŪȤȤϤϤäꤷƤΤǡ/h/ Ū˸Ω뷹ˤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥
ơ[ɦ] ǤȤƷ礱Ƥ¤ϼۤʤ[2009-10-24-1]ǿ줿Ȥꡤ줬ηϤоظΤǤȤʤСη٤ä褦ȤϤƯƤʤΤ٤äȤȤˤʤȡˡŪˤढꤦ롥Ĥϡͭ [ɦ] ǤȤƼȤȤǤ롥βˤҤ٤Ȥ겻ŪˤǤ뤷βDz ( phonemicisation ) ηϸѸ˸ʤ⤦ĤϡǤȤ¸ߤ /h/ üƤޤ̵ͭΩꤽΤΤʤƤޤȤǤ롥
Ѹ˸¤餺ѸˤˤĹ餯ѤƤΤϡޤ˸Ԥμʤä/h/ ꤬äϤǤ롥ñˤϼʤΤ¤Ǥ롥٤ʤʤä줺̤Ȥ /h/ ȤǤŪ˾ʲǤǤ³Ƥheir, honest, honour, hour ʤɤθƬ /h/ ȯʤꡤa historiy ¤ an history ǽǤȤ¡ɥΥåˡ¤ ( Cockney ) ˤ /h/ æƥեˤ /h/ æ --- ϡʤ /h/ ˵Ȥ
ܤϡ߷ȡ
߷ ⡡رѸˡ١ҡӡ2008ǯ. 110--14ǡ
ʸ嵭2010/08/01(Sun)a history ¤ an history ǽȤΤϸǡa historical study ¤ an historical study ǽȽ٤Ȥähistory 1˥Ȥꡤan ˤ
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