#2392. ˡαѸȴˤˡܸ ([2015-11-14-1]) ˤ褦ˡܸ̾ɽˡǤʿ̾ʸϡźǤޤˤߤ뼫ͳ碌Ƥ롥ץȳؼԤβƣ (218) ϡहϡץʸ餤ʤΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
ܸʸϤȤȥʤȤŬ٤۹Ǥּͳפϡ奨ץȸˤɽʸɽʸ۹礷褦ʾСߤǤ¾ιˤۤȤΤʤּͳפǤμͳΤˡ䤿ϡʸˤɤˤ⡤̵ռΤˡ̵̤ʥͥ륮䤷ƤΤ⤷ʤޤμͳΤ餺Τ餺ΤˡΤʸϡפ֥ࡼɤˤʸϡפĤŤ館뷹䤿ΤˤĤƤ뤫⤷ʤȤ⤫μμͳϡƸ䳰ͤܤʸˡäưĤξ㳲ȤʤäƤΤǤϤʤ
ʤۤɡʿ̾ʸѶŪˤȤ館мͳȤʤ뤬öŪˤȤ館ΤǼŪȤȤˤʤ롥
ޤʿ̾ʸϡܸüԤˤȤäƤüԤˤȤäƤ⡤ؽ뤦Ǥ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤǤˤδ˴ƤޤäƤԤˤȤäƤϡˤΤɽʸηϤǤɽʸηϤǤʿ̾ߤƤȤΤϡξǤؤäƤȤȤλǤ⡤ɽʸηϤǤΤʤǤȻ̤ƤꡤʣȤȤ⡤ξդλˤĤơܸʸηϤȯãˤȴϢŤʤ顤ƣ (217--18) ʲΤ褦˱ԤƶƤ롥
ȤȴɽʸǤƱɽʸǤ뤬̾ϴɽդƤɽΤäʤʸϤ䤿ĹʤΤǡܸʸϤδ֤˴ΤޤȤ褦ˤʤäȸƤ֤ΤϡǴϻβ̵뤻ơܷߤ뤫Ǥ롥ĤޤꡤɽƤɽդΤ롥ޤβỌ̇̄ȤΤޤޤ˴ⶴߤࡥͻ̵ηȤϤʤη̤Ȥơ줬ƤعǤϡˤ¿λ֡Ȥǯην˽Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤä
ǤϡɽʸηϤǤܤˤƻ̾3ؤʬ3郎٤ѤƤ¤äȤȤ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥ܤȯãʸηϤȤλˡˤĤơƣޤ⤦褦δ˷3Ĥ°äƤ뤳ȤȤȡܸɽΤȯã̾3ϡδ°Τ褦ݻѲꤷ
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| ݻ | ܸ첽 | ݻ | |
| ̾ | Ķβ | ݻܸ첽 | ξ |
hewayesterdayCHURCHnigotta.
٤Ƥϥե٥åȤȡѰۤǤ륤åΤʸǽƤ롥̾ΤʬϻǡʸΤʬϻǡåΤʬܸ첻ȤɤȤΤ롼Ǥ롥äơʸ /karewakinoːʧaːʧiniitta/ Ϻ㡼˹ԤäˤȲɤǤ롥
ʿ̾ʸŪɤǤԤϡΤ褦ʤȤ˼ƤΤǤ롥ʤäȤ⡤ɽʸǤɽʸǤ륢ե٥åȤȤƤΤǡȤˤϤʤʤ餺
ƣ Ϻؾݷʸ١̼ҡҹ̼ҳؽʸˡӡ2012ǯ
ƣ ʸʸˡ١ȽŹ1971ǯ1991ǯ
ѸˤֻȯЪΥˤĤƤϡspelling_pronunciation_gap ¿εǼ夲ƤȤ櫓ŪװˤĤƤϡ#62. ʤ֤ȯЪΥƤ椯Τ ([2009-06-28-2]) ǤޤȤϱѸֻˤĤƸԵ§μȡ줬ŪװܤƴϢվƹϡϢ뵭Υˤ夨롥
Ե§ظˤ
(1) ե٥åȤɽʸηϤɸ֤Ƥʾ1ʸ1פ٤ (see #1024)
(2) ֻ§㳰٤餺 (see #503)
(3) 1ĤñФ1Ĥηޤäֻ٤Ȥˡ (orthographyˤȯ (see ##53,54,194)
Ե§μ ]
(1) 1ĤʸˤФʣβ: <o> ɽ蘆벻ϡ<gh> ɽ蘆벻ϡ (see ##210,1195)
(2) 1ĤβФʣʸ: /iː/ ɽ魯ʸˤϡ/k/ ɽ魯ʸˤϡ (see #2205)
(3) ۻ (silent_letter): climb, indict, doubt, imbroglio, high, hour, marijuana, know, half, autumn, receipt, island, listen, isthmus, liquor, answer, plateaux, randezvous
(4) ֲθ: city/cities, swim/swimming, die/dying (see #1284)
(5) ֻΥꥨ: color/colour, center/centre, realize/realise, jail/gaol (see #94)
Ե§Ūװ ]
(1) ѸϡηϤΰۤʤƥɽΤ˺Ŭ줿ޥե٥åȤȤʸηϤڤꤿ (see ##423,1329,2092)
(2) Ѹϡ줫äȤȤֻηϤޤǼѤ (see #2162)
(3) ֻɸ礯Ѹֻ; (see ##562,1341,1812)
(4) ƻν̤νռʸˡ (graphotactics) (see ##91,223,446,1094,2227,2235)
(5) 츻Ūֻ (see etymological_respelling)
(6) ɽɽؤή (see ##1332,1386,1760,2043,2058,2059,2097,2312,2344)
(7) ϤҤѲ뤬ʸݼŪ (see ##15,2292)
(8) ֻɸಽδ֤ΰ (see ##1902,297,871,312)
(9) Ѽֻ֤֡ꥨ (see #ame_bre spelling)
(10) ֻפ (see spelling_reform)
ɬ
(1) ե٥åɽʸηϤñɽ뤿ˤȤ߹碌ñ̤ǤֻɽŪǤ
(2) 1ĤñФ1Ĥηޤäֻ٤Ȥˡȯۤϡ¿θˤƶʹߤħŪʹͤǤ (see #2392)
(3) ֻ§ˤ㳰¿ġ㳰¿Ū
̾ ϡرѸʸ֤ꡦȯΤߡ١ҡ2014ǯ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ε#2391. ɽư ([2015-11-13-1]) ǡˡĸѸȡˡδˤܸ˿줿ˡ (orthography) ȤϡŪˤϸνɽε§Ǥ롥ѸǤи֤ΤȤˤʤꡤܸǤлѴ¡겾̾̾Ʊۻɽʤɤ꤬ط롥ܸˡˤĤդι䷱ˤäơܰ¡פ֤ɤפϤȤϤϤϤʤæΤ¨ְִ㤤פˤʤ櫓ǤʤȤǤϡϤ긽ѸˡȤϰۤʤꡤˤΤȸʤʤܸΤ˴ؤƤϡˡˡΤʤܸ٤ȡˡ
⤽ܸϴʿ̾Ҳ̾Ȥ4ĤʸηϤǽɽȤǤ롥ѸǤϤưʪ̾ɽΤˡΡʸʸʤɤζ̵̤뤹С<cat> ֤ʳϤʤܸǤ <ǭ> Τۤ<ͤ> <ͥ>ޤˤäƤ <neko> ǤƤ졤ְ㤤ȤϤʤܸɽˤƤϡ֤Ƥʸ̡̮εʬˤꡤɽȽǤ;Ϥ롥ǤŤܸ٤СܸˤϤ٤Ρܰ¡פ֤ɤפΤ¤ǤꡤˡޤäʤȸȤǤʤ
μפʸ˴ؤƤСζḽˤϡ٤κϤɸಽȵϲˤȤ롥ܵؤ䥢ǥߡͿˡꤹեΤ褦ʹ⤢СƲΤ夲ˡΩꥹΤ褦ʹ⤢롥ܤǤϡʹߡܤƻؿˤƤ¿θϤβǤ褽ָˡΩƤܸˡϡȤˤޤǡִˤ֤ˤȤɤޤäƤ롥
Τ褦˹ȡ줴ȤˡΩˤϰۤʤäƤ뤬ΰ㤤ͳ褹Τ䤦Ȥ̵̣ҲʸˤȤäҲŪװϤͿΤۤʬŪˤǤ졤ɽоݤθηϤѤƤηϤΤΤͳ褹װδͿꤹ뤳ȤϤǤʤϡƸɽηϤεϲˤĤƤ˳ƻˤɽηϤεŪʸ椬ʤʤФʤʤ
ˡΤʤܸ١ȽŹ2013ǯ
ܸɴŵ (p. 310) ˵Ƥɽưβפꤹޤ˶̣Ҥ줿ʲˡۤ¤˺Ƹ褦
ɽηϨ ʸ̡̮
ɽΨ
ɽ樢 ɽʨ
ɽ ɽ ɽ
ε˰³ƣ4ϡֶʸ (pp. 63--83) ˰͵ƶԤޤȤ롥
塤ôϰζؤ˸¤ƤˤʤˤĤ졤͵Įؤءƶ̤ư̤˹̱ؤȳƤäȤϤȤʸηϤҲعƩˤϺȼäϤǤꡤ̾ɤ߽٤ƿƩŪ٤줿ȤϳΤγȤˤϡˤǤȤǥо줬äȤϴְ㤤ʤĮָųǡפ˹Ԥʤ졤θ塤겾̾դǡפ̤ơ͡ޤʸ˿뵡ʤŪʴνΤԽǤꡤŪɽæƻ̹ԤȤդäƤ
ˤʤȡλ¤εޤä̩Ϸı2ǯ (1867) ˡִѻǷġפäѤ鲾̾ʡ͡Ȥϡ6ǯ (1873) ˡѤˤƱդǤʤ2, 3٤ޤ٤ȼĥΤ褦ʾʸʤ33ǯ (1900) ˶Ѵ1200ᡤθ̤ƤĤδ°ƤФ塤21ǯ (1946) ˤ1850ʤѴɽפۤ줿ϵϤȤƤʤΤä56ǯ (1981) ˤϡβǤȤ1945ʤ־Ѵɽפۤ졤ϵ㤯ʤܰ¡פˤȤɤޤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
̾ˤĤƤϡϻ郎줵ƤȤäƤ褤ˤϡ̤ʸϤϴʿ̾ʸǽƤꡤҲ̾ʤɤ˸ꤵƤҲ̾λΤϡŪ褯줷ƤꡤǤꥨϤޤʤ33ǯ (1900) ˡ־عܹԵ§פǸԤλΤ줿оŪˡʿ̾ˤ϶ޤ¿λΡβ̾ǧ줿β̾ˤ֤ˤȤʬʤɤηϸ줿ߤʤޤޤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
̾ˤĤƤϡȲ̾ƶϤݤäˤʤȷϽ8ǯ (1695) ˡս٤˽ʤȲ̾˵Ť»٤路ơʸ˴Ť̾ؤβĥ֤פȡ֤פʬֻۤͤĤʡסʤ¤šˤˤڤӡܵĹܷɧʤɤ˻ٻƤȤˤʤ롥̾ϡäƤؼԤˤѤ졤ʸԻΡؾضʽ١6ǯ (1873)ˤˤѤ줿ʸɧΡظ١24ǯ (1891)ˤǤ졤θ塤21ǯ (1946) ˡָ夫ʤŤפۤޤ³
⤦1ĤܸʸηϤǤˤĤƤϡ#1879. ܸˤˡ ([2014-06-19-1]) Ȥ줿
Ǹˡˤ˴ñ˿Ƥˤϸδɤ췿뤬Τȯ뤿˴Ҳ̾դ줿椫ȯãΤȤ롥ͿϡޤǤϥꥷаӤƤʤäͻξǤϡηޤꡤ褯դ褦ˤϤʤäƤ뤬ޤ̳ŪǤϤʤʹߤˡ٤ʤɤδҲ̾θʸˤդƤʤʸ̮ȽǤˤ⤷Фоά줿ʤȾȾˤϡäȯ٤졤줿Τ϶Ǥ롥ꥷФϤѤηŪǤʤͻʹߤˤʤäؼԤνˤ٤Ƥ
εϸ˵롥ʸɤˤơɤ꤬ʸϤŪ˶ڤΤ˽ΤεǤ롥ĮˤϡɤصޤäơϳȤޤ褦ˤʤäλȤʬζ̤ޤᡤԤζˡΩƤäΤϡ40ǯ (1907) ʹߤǤ롥ˤϡΤζˡ (punctuation) αƶͿƤ롥¾Ĺ֡פ¥֤áפλѤޤäΤǤ롥٤פȾΤη֤ʴ֤֡ס֤̾֡ס֡פʤɡˤϡȯãˤ̤Ѥ줿ָ夫ʤŤפιʹߤϡۤȤѤʤʤä
ܸʸˤϡʸҲ˹ƩʸѤؤΰռιޤȤȤˡɸŪʽϺ褦ˤʤäƤˤȤȤǤ롥
ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ
ƣ3ϡָʸ (pp. 42--62) ˴ŤܸʸˡʸԡˤάҤ롥
ܸʸˤϡȤƻϤޤ롥ͭ̾ʡִ۹פζ¬褦ˡˤϤǤ˴ʪʤȤȤܤ˻ޤƤ褦2--3⡤ӤӤΰʤڤƤ롥δ֡ܿͤϤʸͤȤƤȤ館ʸȤ뤳ȤϤʤä
Ȥʤ͡ȤȤܤˤ⤿餵褦ˤʤäΤϡˤȡľ䲦ΤɴѤ褷4ȾΤȤǤȹͤ롥²λܻԤζȬȨҤʪʸܸ̾ιʯŴʸ̸ĻԤΰٻʯŴζʸʤɤϺǽδǤꡤϤλ˴ˤʤδʸڤˤܸͭ̾ɽ롥6ޤǤζʸϵͤμˤʤΤ¿ʹߤʩŵιǼ̤ơܿͤˤܳŪʴؽϤޤäΤȻפ롥ʤˤܸͭʸȤơֿʸפäȤ⤢뤬Ǥϻ¤ǤϤʤȿƤ롥
ܸȤϷۤʤɽ魯ܸɽ魯Τ˱Ѥ褦Ȥܿͤϡθ塤Ф餯δ֡Ժ֤Τ褦ʻԺ̤1Ĥ¡˷ΩǤ롥ˤꡤбñȤδطꤹ褦ˤʤäޤʴʸǤϤʤܸ֤˽äδʸ7ȾˡδƲǡäʤɤ˸褦ˤʤäΤ⡤Τ褦ʻԺ̤1Ǥ롥8ηظŻ٤νʸǡܸɽ뤳ȤκˤĤ˾ƼŪ˸ڤظŻ٤ǤϡȲ̾ξѤƤꡤɤʬιפޤƤ롥Τ褦˴ܸؤμʤʤǡΧ٤ΤȤʴʸϿꤨΤȤƴҲ˿ƩƤä
8Ρս٤ǤϡܸؤŬѤϤƤפ롥δʸDzѤɽ줿ΤǤϡ졦ư줬Ƥ餺άɽȤΤ뤬ɤߤˤäȤɤ뤿μιפŤ餵褦ˤʤ롥ΤƲ̾ŪʸźɤߤŪ˼ꡤФˤΤʤ̤äʸźʤɤơɽϤޤޤѤʳؤȿʤ
սʸѤɽղ̾ȯãϡ̾̾ʤɤȤơ̾ΤߤܸߤɽǤ褦ˤʤäǡܸʸ˾塤Ūʻäޤȿ̾б1¿ǤϤä褷ƥǤϤʤü첾̾ȾΤ뵬§˴ŤѤƤղ̾ϡɽŪ¦̤ܤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤΡ¤ϸŪʸɽߤʤɡɽŪʤޤȤޤȯŸˤƤפʸηϤǤ롥
ܸؤμʤϡ˹ȯãȤäƿʤߡĤ˿̾˼ˤ顤Τ˴Ť̾Фơ̾⤿餷ܸβγơɽ魯ȤŪȤʸʡᲾ̾ˤޤ줿ΤǤ롥ʿ̾ʸʼºݤˤʿ̾Ⱦδθʸˤ²ΤΤȯãʿ̾ФǤɤߤˤȤ⤢ꡤŪʶڤΰ֤Ū˼ʤȤơϢʡϷѤδۼβ̾Ȥʬʤɤ
ơҲ̾ȯã˰ܤҲ̾εϡʸɤΤοФȤơξʤ̾ˤꡤʤɤԴ֤˽Ȥˤ롥ξάʤɤˤԴʴȤߤʤ줿Ȥ顤ҡײ̾̾ΤäΤҲ̾ϤǤ10ȾФˤϴΤ˰ۤʤΤȤηϤ줿ʿ̾ŪͤȼäƤΤФҲ̾ŪŪŪɽŪŪʸηϤȤͿ졤ħϸߤޤǿǻĤäƤ롥Ҳ̾ʸʼºݤˤ¿δȤθѤۤɤɡˤˤƤϡҲ̾겾̾Ѹ졦ưɽѤ줿Ҳ̾ΤˡϡŤ̿˻Ѥ줿̿Τˤơ졦ư̾ǾȴطǽꡤʸŪˤ϶̣
ˡ̾˰ܤ̾ȲȤδطϡȤƲѲˤ֤ȤȤˤƤ뤳ȤԲǤ롥ʸȲδط1¿뤤¿1ˤʤȡλѤ˺ݤ;Ϥ롥Ť뤿ε§̾Ǥ롥̾ˤϡȯãȤΤ顤ͤˤäƵŪꤵΤޤǼΤΤ뤬ܸ˾塤ƶϤäΤȲ̾̾ʵڤӤ˴ŤŪ̾ˡ岾̾3Ǥ롥Ȳ̾ϡƣ (1162--1241) ŵʸΤˡƲ̾θŪʱѤΤΤǤꡤ֤פȡ֤פζ̤ʤɤ⤤θ塤β̾ϡʸιԡˤˤФơ˻ޤʱƶϤؤä
ܸʸˤϡ͡ˡǼʤѤͳߤܸɽãäȤ褦³Ԥϡεǡ
ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ
˰³ƤꡥCaon (297) ˤСԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> ǽƤΤϡҤ٤褦ˡ16Ⱦʹߤ Mulcaster ƱֻԤǤȿƤSalmon Ȥ Caon (297) ˤС¤ϤȾ̤ۤ16Ⱦ John Rastell ʤʪˤäƤƤȤ
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries linguists and spelling reformers attempted to set down rules for the use of final -e. Richard Mulcaster is believed to have been the one who first formulated the modern rule for the use of the ending. In The First Part of the Elementarie (1582) he proposed to add final -e in certain environments, that is, after -ld; -nd; -st; -ss; -ff; voiced -c, and -g, and also in words where it signalled a long stem vowel (Scragg 1974:79--80, Brengelman 1980:348). His proposals were reanalysed later and in the eighteenth century only the latter function was standardised (see Modern English hop--hope; bit--bite). However. according to Salmon (1989:294). Mulcaster was not the first one to recommend such a use of final -e; in fact, the sixteenth-century printer John Rastell (c. 1475--1536) had already suggested it in The Boke of the New Cardys (1530). In this book of which only some fragments have survived, Rastell formulated several rules for the correct spelling of English words, recommending the use of final -e to 'prolong' the sound of the preceding vowel.
® Salmon ʸꤷɤǤߤJohn Rastell (c. 1475--1536) ϡˡΧȡȡۼԡԻԡڰȡ̱ϤοʼԤʤɤͤ¿ͤʿʪä褦ǡɤ߽ˡˤؿƤȤξҤ The boke of the new cardys wh<ich> pleyeng at cards one may lerne to know hys lett<ers,> spel [etc.] Ȥ̾ǽƤꡤ褽1530ǯ Rastell ˤʤơ餯ˤ줿ȹͤƤ롥¸ΤҤΤߤͿս Salmon ʸ (pp. 300--01) ˺ƸƤ롥
Rastell ֻؤδؿϡΰüɬҲȤʤäƤطʤ̵ǤϤʤRastell ϡȤȤơɤߤ䤹ֻɬפƤꡤThe boke ˤֻߤΤRastell ϡMulcaster ʤɤơ16ȾȤᤤˡǤˡ (orthography) ȤȯۤäƤΤǤ롥
Rastell 첻ҲɽˤĤƤĤƤԤäƤ뤬ɸȴϢơSalmon (294) μλŦפǤ롥"[A]nother proposal which was taken up by his successors was the employment of final <e> (Chapter viii) to 'perform' or 'prolong' the sound of the preceding vowel, a device with which Mulcaster is usually credited (cf. Scragg 1974: 79)."
ᤤˡ˴ؿƤΤ Rastell ǤʤäƱ Thomas Poyntz ʤ륤ɾͤ첻ĹȤ diacritic <e> ƤƤ롥Poyntz ƤΤϡRastell Mulcaster ƤȤϰۤʤꡤ첻ľ <e> ³Ȥˡäʤ<saey>, <maey>, <daeys>, <moer>, <coers> ǡǤ (Salmon 294--95) Poyntz ˡϸˤʤäˤ16ȾˡؼԤǤϤʤ¶ȲȤƳDZѸˡΩưϤƤȤϡõƤƤ褤
Caon, Louisella. "Final -e and Spelling Habits in the Fifteenth-Century Versions of the Wife of Bath's Prologue." English Studies (2002): 296--310.
Salmon, Vivian. "John Rastell and the Normalization of Early Sixteenth-Century Orthography." Essays on English Language in Honour of Bertil Sundby. Ed. L. E. Breivik, A. Hille, and S. Johansson. Oslo: Novus, 1989. 289--301.
Ѹˤˤơ final /e/ ȡֻ final <e> ʬƹͤɬפ롥15ȡ֤ <e> ϡб첻˼äƤȹͤƤ뤬ֻϤθϢʤȽ³줿Ѹˡˤȯʹ (diacritical mark; cf. #870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])) ȤƤ <e> εǽˤĤƤϡ#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]), #1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) طˡȯãˤĤƤ #1344. final -e ˡ ([2012-12-31-1]), #1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1]) ǿƤϡѸˡˤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> ȯãƤȤ櫓κǽͻҤ˿줿
Scragg (79--80) ϡѸγĹ (meosl) ˸ڤӤʤ顤 <e> εǽε§ϡ16Ⱦβֻ Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) ˵ȤݤǵŸƤMulcaster ˤĤƤϡ#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) ڤ mulcaster γƵȤ줿ˡ
One of the most far-reaching changes Mulcaster suggested was for the use of final unpronounced <e> as a marker of vowel length. Of the many orthographic indications of a long vowel in English, the one with the longest history is doubling of the vowel symbol, but this has never been regularly practised. . . . Use of final <e> as a device for denoting vowel length (especially in monosyllabic words such as mate, mete, mite, mote, mute, the stem vowels of which have now usually been diphthongised in Received Pronunciation) has its roots in an eleventh-century sound-change involving the lengthening of short vowels in open syllables of disyllabic words (e.g. /nɑmə/ became /nɑːmə/). When final unstressed /ə/ ceased to be pronounced after the fourteenth century, /nɑːmə/, spelt name, became /nɑːm/, and paved the way for the association of mute final <e> in spelling with a preceding long vowel. After the loss of final /ə/ in speech, writers used final <e> in a quite haphazard way; in printed books of the sixteenth century <e> was added to almost every word which would otherwise end in a single consonant, though the fact that it was then apparently felt necessary to indicate a short stem vowel by doubling the consonant (e.g. bedde, cumme, fludde 'bed, come, flood') shows that writers already felt that final <e> otherwise indicated a long stem vowel. Mulcaster's proposal was for regularisation of this final <e>, and in the seventeenth century its use was gradually restricted to the words in which it still survives.
Brengelman (347) ƱͤμݤǵƤ뤬<e> ε§ Mulcaster Τߤ˵ˡLevins Coote ʤƱˡ˴ؿĿ͡νŪʹȤƤȤ館Ƥ褦
It was already urged in the last quarter of the sixteenth century that final e should be used as a vowel diacritic. Levins, Mulcaster, Coote, and others had urged that final e should be used only to "draw the syllable long." A corollary of the rule, of course, was that e should not be used after short vowels, as it commonly was in words such as egge and hadde. Mulcaster believed it should also be used after consonant groups such as ld, nd, and st, a reasonable suggestion that was followed only in the case of -ast. . . . By the time Blount's dictionary had appeared (1656), the modern rule regarding the use of final e as a vowel diacritic had been generally adopted.
ˤ衤16ˤϡʤ餯15ˤˡǤ˸ŪֻѤΤʤ <e> ΤΤƤռŪ˻Ѥ§褦ȤΤMulcaster 濴Ȥ1600ǯβԤäȤȤˤʤºݡβװƤ17˺դƤȤˤʤꡤߤ "magic <e>" ε§ΤǤ롥
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.
; (redundancy) ѤˤĤơ#1089. ȸ; ([2012-04-20-1])#1090. ; ([2012-04-21-1])#1091. ;١ѡ ([2012-04-22-1])#1098. ؤͿƤ뼨2 ([2012-04-29-1])#1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1]) ʤɤǵƤηϤΤȤƤߤ;Τۤˡ㤨бѸֻȤɽŪηϤˤ;ͤ뤳ȤǤ롥#1599. Qantas ȯ ([2013-09-12-1]) Ǿ̤ꡤ㤨 <q> θˤ <u> 뤳Ȥ˹⤤ΩǴԤ뤿ᡤ<qu> ;ζˤƹ⤤ʸϢȤȤǤ롥
ѸֻηϤΤȤƤߤƤ;⤤ΤᡤѸθá֡졤Ѥʤɤ˴ؤ塤Ѿμ˭٤ǤСɬˡ̤֤ƤʤȤ⡤ʬʸϤɲ뤳ȤǤ롥ġñֻεϤΰæϤȤꡤʸʸζ̤ʤꡤʬ¾ζˡάƤ⡤¿ΤΡ褽ɤ뤳Ȥϲǽ̤˸ѲѰۤˤƷû (shortening) ӻǤ뤳ȤͤСɸŪʽդˤƤ⡤ֻˤṳ̂ˤȤưפ롥δϡγݤѤκǾϾΩطˤꡤξԤϤ줫Фꤹʤ褦ʷǡֻηϤХݻƤΤȹͤ롥
줫ϤФꤹηϤȤƵǽʤʤΤΡ¿ФˤȤɤޤ¤ϡʤȤѤΤǤ롥ȤƷӵѤƤǶ Short Messages Service (SMS) ǤϡѼԤϡꥢ뤿ˡåɲǽϰǤʤ٤̤ɬפ롥ѸΥåˤĤƤСֻ;Ǿˤ褦ʸץˤ뤳ȤˤäơºݤΰΨ뤳ȤǤ롥ſʸΤθǤȤäȤ
ºݤˡθƤߤ褦ʲ "Text Squeezer" ϡ첻礿ˤȤḁ̊ץ1ĤǤPerl ⥸塼 Lingua::EN::Squeeze ѡˡϤƥȤˤ뤬10%ʾΰΨ롥ϥƥȤϡΤ˲뤬ƤȤʤѤȤ狼롥Ṳ̆ˡǽ줿ʸǡѸˡ;Ǥ뤫ΤƤ餤
Ѹˡˤϡ3ʸ§פȸƤФ롼뤬롥Ķ٤εǽñ3ʸʾ֤ʤФʤʤȤΤѸǤ "the three letter rule" 뤤 "the short word rule" Ȥ롥Jespersen (149) εҤϤ褦
4.96. Another orthographic rule was the tendency to avoid too short words. Words of one or two letters were not allowed, except a few constantly recurring (chiefly grammatical) words: a . I . am . an . on . at . it . us . is . or . up . if . of . be . he . me . we . ye . do . go . lo . no . so . to . (wo or woe) . by . my.
To all other words that would regularly have been written with two letters, a third was added, either a consonant, as in ebb, add, egg, Ann, inn, err---the only instances of final bb, dd, gg, nn and rr in the language, if we except the echoisms burr, purr, and whirr---or else an e . . .: see . doe . foe . roe . toe . die . lie . tie . vie . rye, (bye, eye) . cue, due, rue, sue.
4.97 In some cases double-writing is used to differentiate words: too to (originally the same word) . bee be . butt but . nett net . buss 'kiss' bus 'omnibus' . inn in.
In the 17th c. a distinction was sometimes made (Milton) between emphatic hee, mee, wee, and unemphatic he, me, we.
2ʸȤʤꤦΤϵǽ줬ۤȤɤǤ뤿ᡤε§ưŤƤװȤơƸȵǽȤäβ̶ʬͿƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ΰѤκǸ Milton hee he ̤ƤȤ¤ϡ⤦1ĤưŤβǽ롥ʤǽΤߤ2ʸ֤줦ȤΤϡǽ줬ƤȯȤƤûȤȤֻȿǤǤϤʤȡȴϢơoff of ȤƤƱζȼͳ褹뤳ȤפФ (cf. #55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1])#858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1])#1775. rob A of B ([2014-03-07-1])) Milton John Donne 顤;̾ζȼֻȿǤƤƤߤ褦 (Carney 132 ѡˡ
so besides
Mine own that bide upon me, all from mee
Shall with a fierce reflux on mee redound,
On mee as on thir natural center light . . .
Did I request thee, Maker, from my Clay
To mould me Man, did I sollicite thee
From darkness to promote me, or here place
In this delicious Garden?
(Milton Paradise Lost X, 737ff.)
For every man alone thinkes he hath got
To be a Phoenix, and that then can bee
None of that kinde, of which he is, but hee.
(Donne An Anatomie of the World: 216ff.)
Carney (133) ϡ3ʸ§κݤä㳰Ȥ <ox> (cf. <ax> or <axe>)̵ε§ǤϤʤȤǧʤ⡤Ʊ§Τ褦˸Ƥ롥
Lexical monosyllables are usually spelt with a minimum of three letters by exploiting <e>-marking or vowel digraphs or <C>-doubling where appropriate.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1]) Ǥϡ㳰ŪֻȤƤ <you> ˤĤƿ줿§Ȥ <u> ǽϤʤΤκǽ̤Τ褦Ǥ롥˴Ϣο⤦1Ĥθ⡤Ʊ㳰Ť2;ñ̾ <thou> Ǥ롥꤬⤷ʤäƤط뵭ҤõƤߤȡUpward and Davidson (188) ˤĤƴñ˿Ƥ롥
OU and OW have become fixed in spellings mainly according to their position in the word, with OU in initial or medial positions before consonants . . . .
OU is nevertheless found word-finally in you and thou, and in some borrowings from or via Fr: chou, bayou, bijou, caribou, etc.
The pronunciation of thou arises from a stressed form of the word; hence OE /uː/ has developed to /aʊ/ in the GVS. The pronunciation of you, on the other hand, derives from an unstressed form /jʊ/, from which a stressed form /juː/ later developed.
Upward and Davidson ˤϤʾεҤäˤʤäΤǡ˾ܤĴɬפ롥ŪˤߤС*<yow> ֤ˡ⤢뤫⤷ʤֻ§˾Ȥ餹 /jaʊ/ бƤޤԹ礬<ewe> <yew> ֻϡǤˡֻӡס֥פ̣ȤƻȤƤ롥ۤˡ*<yue> Τ褦ֻϤɤʤΤʤɤȤͤƤߤ롥ͭʤ <your> ϸ <ou> Ȥֻ§Ū˵Ƥ뤬ֻ§§äƤΤǤСбȯ */jaʊə/ ȤʤϤǤꡤǤ꤬롥ϿޤФ
ΰѤǤƤ you ȯˤĤơܤϡ#2077. you ȯˡ([2015-01-03-1]) ȡ
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Ѹˤϡ§Ȥ <u> ʸǽñ줬ʤºݤˤϼѸʤɼŪñǤϤꤦ뤬̾ѤäˤϤߤʤϤʤ
פطʤ1ĤȤơѸˤˤĹ餯 <u> <v> ƱʸȤưƤ¤롥2ĤʸѸʹѤƤñǤΰ֤ˤäƻȤʬäȤϻ¤Ǥ롥#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1]) ǤߤƤ褦ˡʬۤʤʸȤƤȤ館褦ˤʤäΤ϶ѸǤꡤʤɤǤ19äƤޤǤƱʸǤȤưƤۤɤä<u> <v> ϡĹ֤Ȥ첻Ҳɽ路ΤǤ롥
ξˤƤϡ㤨Ѹ <lou> ȤֻߤȤˡ low Τ뤤 love ΤȤʤΤۣȤʤ롥Τ褦ФơѸǤβˡ2ढäȻפ롥1Ĥϡ#1827. magic <e> Ȥ̵ط <-ve> ([2014-04-28-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ<u> ñȤǤϤʤ <ue> ֤뤳Ȥˤä /v/ Ūɽ魯ȤˡǤ롥<e> ȯʹ (diacritical mark; cf. #870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])) ŪѤȤ䵤ˤꡤlove <loue> ֤뤳Ȥˤʤꡤlow ȶ̤䤹ʤ롥 -<ue> ֻϡ˺ǽʸ <v> ֤졤-<ve> ȤƸߤ˻롥
ˡŪ˻Ҳ /v/ ɽ綠ȤϤȤС⤦1ĤˡŪ첻 /u/ ɽ綠ȤϤǤ롥ϡä˸ˤ첻ȤƤ <u> ۣӽ <w> Ѥ뤳ȤäΤǤϤʤ <ou> ˸¤餺 <au>, <eu> ʤɤ첻ϸˤ <ow>, <aw>, <ew> ֤褦ˤʤä<u> <v> ʬƤʤСľ <lov> "love" <lou> "low" ȤФˤʤäƤ⤷ʤʬƤʤäˡ줾ˤĤȼβˡϺ졤̤Ȥ <loue> <low> ȤֻФ뤳ȤˤʤäΤΤ褦ˤơ <u> 뵡뤳Ȥˤʤä
ҤȤĹͤΤϡˤ <i> ΰŪԻѤȤʿ̾ˤ <i> <y> <ie> Ѥ롥ϡ <u> <w> <ue> ѤΤӤ롥<i> <u> ʸ˶̤ΤϡνΤǤϤ (minim) ǹ뤳ȤԤʸˤޤޤˤϡϢ³Ƹ뤳ȤˤʤȽ̤ˤǡ<y> <w> ȤȽ̤䤹ʤ뤷ǤŪȤʤꡤԹ礬褤cf. #91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ ([2009-07-27-1])#870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1])ˡޤ̤첻³Ѥȡ<ay>, <ey>, <oy>, <aw>, <ew>, <ow> ʤɤΤ褦2첻Ǥ뤳ȤӤɸ뤳ȤǤåȤ롥
ʾΤ褦ʾޤäơ̤Ȥ <u> ˸ˤʤäΤȿ¬롥פ㳰1ĤΤǡ̾ (45) 夲Ƥ
ʤɤ̤ȤơѸθϴŪ u ǽ뤳ȤϤޤǤ w Ȥ (au, ou, eu aw, ow,ew), blue, sue Τ褦ˡe դơu ǽʤ褦ˤޤyou ϱѸٶϤƤ˳ؤñǤ¤ u ǽ֤ñȤȤˤʤޤ
̾ ϡرѸʸ֤ꡦȯΤߡ١ҡ2014ǯ
ɸθϡ츻Ūˤ϶̤θ촴ƬۤʤʤΤѸǤϤ줾 <proceed>, <recede> ȰۤʤֻѤ롥ϰΤʤʤΤȡαԤ䤬줿
ʤۤɸ촴ϥƥ -cedere (go, proceed) 뤤ϤΥե -céder ͳ褹Τǡ츻Ūˤ <cede> ֻդ路Ȥˤä <ceed> <cede> ޤäƤ롥Upward and Davidson (103) ϡ10Ƥ롥
-<ceed>: exceed, proceed, succeed
-<cede>: cede, accede, concede, intercede, precede, recede, secede
θ⡤ѸѸ˺ǽ˸줿Ȥֻ -<cede> äΤФơξ˼ޤäȤѸǤ interceed, preceed, recead/receed ʤɤԤƤɸŪˤϤʤʤä֤äƤߤ -<cede> ͥä褦˸뤬ȵη֤ˤꡤơۤȤɥ˷ޤäȤäƤ褤ΤǤϤʤֻȯΰ¿δط褯ɽ魯
Τ褦ʺ˾褸ơƱñ줬2ʬ줿㤬롥discrete discreet ƥ discretus ̤뤬ֻκռ˼뤫Τ褦ˤơ2ĤΰۤʤʬȤäƲʬ䤹ʤä櫓Ǥʤ
ѸǤ <e>, <ee>, <ea> λäκʤcomplete, compleat, compleet ʤɤܤޤ뤷äκȤҤȤ⤤٤Τspeak vs speech Τ褦Ω˻¸Ƥ (Upward and Davidson 104; cf. #49. /k/ θڥ ([2009-06-16-1])) Ϣơ#436. <ea> ֤ε ([2010-07-07-1]) ȡ
-<cede> vs -<ceed> ˸¤餺Ĺ첻 /iː/ бֻ¿ܤĥ롥ĤƤߤ褦
<ae>: Caeser, mediaeval
<ay>: quay
<e>: be, he, mete
<ea>: lead, meat, sea
<ee>: feet, meet, see
<ei>: either, receive, seize,
<eigh>: Leigh
<eip>: receipt
<eo>: feoff, people
<ey>: key
<i>: chic, machine, Philippines
<ie>: believe, chief, piece
<oe>: amoeba, Oedipus
õСۤˤ⤢Ȼפ롥
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Ѹˤˤ final_e ϡȯˤƤֻˤƤפǤ롥űѸ줫ѸˤʹԤοʿ (levelling of inflection) νɾΤfinal e ξüϸαѸˤ˺ǤϤʱƶڤܤȤäƤ褤ˤꡤűѸ줫̾졤ƻ졤ưʤɤζηϤǷѸǷ뤳ȤȤʤää˷ƻ -e ˤĤƤϡilame γƵǰäƤ
ѸޤǤˤϡ final e ϲŪ̵ȤʤäƤȹͤ뤬ֻݻ줿褷ꤹ뤳Ȥ¿ŪʵǽĤĤäChaucer νܤǤϡʼ⤤Τۤ final e 褯ݤƤʤɤλ¤ǧƤꡤ final e ΤݼȵռƤȤ롥ѸޤǤ϶ȤƸŪǽͭƤ final e Ѹʹߤˤʤ˵ڤǼҲŪʸŪǽô褦ˤʤäƤΤǤ롥˶Ѹˡؤδؿޤꡤֻ final e ¸ε§ˤĤƤε⤫ޤӤʤä
final e μҲȤƤ٤ʾ嵭αѸ˾θݤϡ̣Ȥˡɥĸˤ㤬ߤ롥 (113) ˤСɥĸˤ final e βξüϡ15˳礷16ȾڤȤ (ex. im Lande > im Land) ϡѸۤ٤ޤ17 e ֻξǰտŪ褷ͻҤ륿ǤʪθŪ顤ޤʸˡˤߤ뵬ŪʥȤΤ롥17դޤǤˤϡe ղäŪȤʤäƤ褦
⤷ΤϡƥȤˤ뤬̾ñͿʤ e aus dem winde in ihrem hause ʤɤΤ褦褷ФǤϤʤ;̾ؼ̾Ϳʤ e zu ihme sieder deme Τ褦褷Ƥꡤ-ung, -in, -nis νˤ e ղä Zuredunge, nachbarinne, gefengnisse Τ褦˸뤳Ȥ e 16ʹߤ˰̤ˤ褻17ʸˡǤȤƤΤǤʹġp. 114ˡβ꽤 (hypercorrection) Ȥ롥
Ѹˤ final e ȤʤΤϡˤ뤬Ѹ줫ѸȤäƤ褯Ѹ˸ԤˤȤäƤĹƬˤμǤ³ƤɥĸˤǤγϤ٤ۤĹ³ΤǤϤʤä褦ˡʤɤθŪϤǤȤʤäǡξݤӤ롥οʿȤޥν̿Ūʸݤ˵ final e ϡ˻ǤϤ뤬̣ӸؤΥơޤȤʤΤǤϤʤ
ԡ֥ɥĤȽĴ1649ǯˤ˵줿ȤСס˸ʸˡԶɽȯù١١ʶ ҡ ԡ̾ ҡԡˡˡҤĤ˼2014ǯ105--32ǡ
#435. <oa> ֤ε ([2010-07-06-1]) ǽҤ٤ΤȤϰۤʤ <oa> ֻεҲ𤹤롥boat, foam, goal ʤɤ˸2첻бֻ <oa> νϡиΤ夷ΤŪˤŪ٤ѸΤȤǤ롥ѸʹߤֻɸಽˤϡۤȤɤξоݤˤʤ졤뤳Ȥ¿ˤʤΤ <oa> ˴ؤƤϾ˫Ƥ褤𤬤롥
Ѹˤơ㤨 boot boat 첻ȯۤʤꡤäбֻۤʤȤΤΤ褦˻פ뤬¸줿ΤϡѸ˸Ԥñ֤Τ <oa> Ѥ줿ΤȤäȤΤϡѸǤϡξñ첻Ʊͤ˰ۤʤäƤΤΡκֻۤȿǤƤʤäŪˤСboot, boat бѸη֤ǤϡȯϤ줾 [boːt], [bɔːt] ǤꡤĹ첻ۤʤäƤ2ĤĹ첻ϲ٥ǤۤʤäƤΤǡ֤ʬ뤳ȤäƤ褵ʤΤºݤˤϤ <bote> ʤɤ֤Τ̤Ǥꡤֻζ̤ä˰ӤƤʤäθ˸¤餺Ѹ [oː], [ɔː] 2ĤĹ첻ϡ <o>, <oo>, <o .. e> ʤɤɽ뤳ȤǤа۲Ʊ֤ȤʤäƤ
Ѹδ֤ϡǤ礭ʤäѸѸˤ첻 (gvs) Ϥޤȡ[oː], [ɔː] κۤ [uː], [oː] (> [oʊ]) κۤؤȥեȤ첻ܤθǤϲκäȤäƤ褯ֻζ̤ĤΤ˾ޤȤռΤۤ첻ˤ <oo> Ƥۤ첻ˤ <oa> ʤ뤤 <o .. e>ˤƤȤޤ졤夷ۤʤǤۤʤȯʤΤۤʤֻɽȤξǤ褦䤯ޤ줿Ȥˤʤ롥
֥륷 (74) ˤС<oa> Ȥ϶餯 <ea> ˤʤäƺ졤12?13˽иפ֤θ <oa> ϾǤפ줬嵭Τ褦첻ܤϤޤ15褷θ夹뤳ȤˤʤäƤϾäƺƤӸȤ <oa> δ̯ʿϡб첻ɽ <ea> ˤȤ⡤Τ̵طǤϤʤΤ⤷ʤ<ea> ˤĤƤϡ#436. <ea> ֤ε ([2010-07-07-1]) ⻲ȡ
른塦֥륷ˡ 忡 СⲬ ͥˡرѸˡˤȸ١ݽǡ1999ǯ
#2087. ֻפؤοŪ ([2015-01-13-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡֻפ˺ݤƤ礭ʾ㳲ȤʤꤦΤˡ¸θ줿ֻηϤȿƤȤΥåפ롥Υåפ礭礭ۤɡ͡ϡŪˡɼԤ˼´뤿ˡ֥륷 (188) ϡThe Simplified Spelling Society ˤ֥˥塼ڥ (Nue Speling) ȥˤֵ§Ѹ (Regularized Spelling) 2Ƥ˴Ťֻǽ줿ʸϤ¤٤Ƽʤ2ƤŪ֤ŤˤĤƤϡ#602. 19ʹߤαѸֻפ ([2010-12-20-1]) ȡˡ줾1ܤ˵Τ Nue Speling ǡ2ܤ Regularized Spelling Ǥ롥
Think ov dhe meny wurds dhat wood hav
Think ov the meny wurds that wood hav
to be chaenjd if eny real impruuvment wer to rezult.
to be chainged if eny real improovement wer to rezult.
At dhe furst glaans a pasej in eny reformd speling
At the first glaance a passage in eny reformd speling
looks 'kweer' or 'ugly'. Dhis objekshon iz aulwaez
looks 'queer' or 'ugly'. This objection iz aulwayz
dhe furst to be maed ; it iz purfektly natueral ;
the first to be made : it iz perfectly natural ;
it iz dhe hardest to remuuv.
it iz the hardest to remoove.
ʻθ̤ȴΤ褦˻פ롥 Nue Speling ϴ¸ŪֻηϤ礭æƤ꿴Ū礭 Regularized Spelling οŪŪˤ⤦٤ŪֻݻƤγϡԤ10%Ԥ90%ǤȤ
Ū礭 Nue Speling ͰƤΤϡ1908ǯ˥ꥹߤ줿 The Simplified Spelling Society ζΤȤ Nue Speling (1910, 1948) ³1960ǯ Initial Teaching Alphabet 1992ǯ Cut Spelling (1992) ȯɽʤɡƼβװƤƤB. Brown (1993) ¹ǤϤ뤬Crystal (277) Nue Speling εǤȿǤ Cut Spelling 3ֻǽ줿ӤǤʸϤꡤ줾ħֻװƤȯŸƼ뤳ȤǤ롥ʲ˺ƷǤ褦
Wel, straet in at the deep end!
Menshond abuv wos the revyzed orthografi kauld Nue Speling (NS), wich wos sed to be 'moderatly strikt' in uezing egzisting leters, combined with the so-kauld dygrafic prinsipl, to repreezent the sounds of the langwej. Inishali developt by the Sosyeti in 1910, the sistem is shoen in this paragraf in its moest reesent vershun as publisht in New Spelling 90.
Dhis paragraf and dhe nekst uez dhe preevyus vurshon ov NS, publisht in 1948. Dhis vurshon iz much strikter in traking dhe soundz ov dhe langgwej, and its ues ov 'dh' for dhe voist 'th' (az in 'then' in tradishonal speling) iz a noetabl feetuer.
U wil aulsoe hav noetist bei nou dhat NS results in a hie degree ov chaenj in dhe look ov wurdz, wich moest peepl fiend disturbing --- or eeven regugnant --- on furst akwaentans.
By way of contrast, we have now swiched to Cut Speling, a wel thot-out exampl of a posibl partial revision. It is based mainly on th principl of cutng redundnt --- and thus usuly misleadng --- leters, plus limitd letr substitutions. Th resulting chanje in th apearance of words is not nearly so intrusive as with NS.
Wethr or not CS or NS as demonstrated here ar found acceptbl, som action is seriusly needd to make english esir to use.
ֻװƤظˤ븶Ͻפ¨ʪŪ˸ɤ礭ؤäƤ뤳Ȥ´ȤƤ狼ֻ¿λįƴƤޤƱͤͭǤȤϻפ뤬ϤδƤޤޤǤλ֤ʤϤʤ꤬ȤɤʤΤǤȡ䤹ͤΤȤˤ롥
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
ѸˤǤϡȤ櫓Ѹ¿ֻפȤƤ16Ⱦ˸¤äƤ⡤#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1])#1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦͡ʸɽ뤤̾ΤȤˡ (orthography) ˡ (orthoepy) ֻװƤǤ Hart Bullokar ʤɤεɤϺǽŪˤ졤ۤɤǤ˱ƶäɾ줦Τ Mulcaster ʤɤβɤäƱͤˡѸǤ#602. 19ʹߤαѸֻפ ([2010-12-20-1])#634. ǯֻ (1) ([2011-01-21-1])#635. ǯֻ (2) ([2011-01-22-1])#468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1]) Ǥߤ褦˿βפΩ夬äʤǡʬŪȤΤϲʲפǤ롥
ֻ̤פˤͳϡ#606. ѸֻפԤͳ ([2010-12-24-1]) ǹͻ̤Ȥ櫓ŪʲפۤȤɤĤ⼺Ԥ˽ͳƹͤƤߤȡǤŪֻηϤˡȤˤĤƤԤˤȤäơɽŪˤޤ˰ۤʤֻϡŪ˼줬ΤǤϤʤκݡֻפˤʤȤϡɤۤʤäƤ뤳ȤФ뤢ǽŪȤʤΤǤϤʤ㤨С <the> <dhe> ֤ʤפˤäƤϡ̤θɤ礭Ѥ롥줷ޤʤȤΤϳΤˤֻפˤȤäƤǤפϡƤޤޤǤλ֡ĤޤڤβˤΤǤ롥
֥륷⡤ֻפˤȤäƺξɤȤʤΤϡԤˡ˴줿͡Ūֿ͡ۼʤΤˤܼŪȿ (213)Ǥȼ롥ǤϡǽŪȤ⤤ϤɤΤ֥륷 (203--04) ۩
ʤĤˡϰĤδ̣Ƥ롥ǤϤʤˡϲˤϤäƽ˷Ƥ¿νˡѤΤǤꡤĤθ춦ƱΤ˸ͭΤΤǤ롥ˡüԤˤȤäʸΤΤǤ롥̤ͤǡֵ§ѸפǥͤιͰƤΤǤ뤳ȤפФƤ餤ϺݸȤߤʤƤѸΤˡʬηϤ;ȤʤФθȿλαѸοʹ֤ΤΤȤϰۤʤäƤΤΤᡤײ˴ؤʤɼŪפȤäơüԤλƱμ¤̤ͤ櫓ǤϤʤäϸ¤¨ǿŤˤؤ餺Ȥʤ⤷ϤۤȤˤǰŪˡ« (contrat) ϤäƤ褦ʰݤ¿ʤȤ⤢Ƥ롥ɴͤοʹ֤α̿ˤƤˡαƶ礭ϡʬβפ̤͡͡˼뤫ɤä¬ȤϤʤä
ʸβԤ¿⤳ξɤ礭˵ŤƤʤ櫓ǤϤʤäϤ٤Ǥäơο䤷ʤֻפϤФɽ츻ȸƤФΤ椷Ƥξɤν㤯ѤäƤˤϰ㤤ʤֻפŬѤڤʤˤʤɬĤƲ͡οŪɤΤȤԤ¿ϸӤäƤȤȤˤ̤ˤ⡤ֻפˤϡ̤Ƥʤ郎ݤƤ롥
⤦1ᡤ֥륷 (183) Ѥƽ褦
äơͻ̤ΤʤѴĤޤϴά뵭ѴŸ˾ꤷʤȤפǤ롥줬ʬŪ¦̡ˤDZƶϤä͡Ʊդ褦ϤƻǤꡤŤ˹ǤޤηϤ줵뤳Ȥ˹ǤƻǤ롥νǤݻ٤Ǥꡤ罰ä˶Ԥε»ͤꤹΤǤäƤϤʤʤˡνϸ̤礭ʤƤϤʤʤȤΤ⡤⤷줬ŪʲǻŪʸ§ΤˤʤСԤϤΤȡ̿ͤˤ䤵ƤޤǤ顥
른塦֥륷ˡ 忡 СⲬ ͥˡرѸˡˤȸ١ݽǡ1999ǯ
Ѹˤˤ̵ԹŸ /ʃ/ ϰŪʲǤäȤ뤬ɽ魯ֻϥꥨ˭٤äḽѸǤŻ (digraph) <sh> §Ȥ櫓ѸǤ͡ʰֻԤƤˤγάϡ#1893. إܥ <sh>, <ch>, <j> ϤɤΤ餤Ѹ ([2014-07-03-1]) Ǽۤˤ#479. bushel ([2010-08-19-1]) #1238. Υޥ̻οá ([2012-09-16-1]) εǴϢ˷ڤƤ
OED sh, n.1 ˰͵ơѸ˾塤λҲɤΤ褦֤ƤΤ⤦٤ҤޤϡOED εҤ˴ŤƤ餢ǯɽΤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡͤޤǤˡ

ʲä롥űѸɸֻä <sc> ѸȿΰӤɤꡤ¾μΰֻ֤뤳ȤˤʤäλҲΥեβǤȤƤ¸ߤʤäᡤեǽȤ˴ƤѸμ̻ϡ餫ιפ뤳ȤˤʤäǤñʻߤñȤ <s> ѤˡǡѸǤϸƬȸ /ʃ/ ɽ魯ΤѤ줿ŪˤϤʤʤäŻҲ <ss> ϴĶФѤ줿Ȥ⤢ꡤ깭Ѥ줿ȸǤ <ssh> ᡤĹ16ޤѤ줿16ѤȤƤϡCoverdale (1535) ǤФѤ줿 <szsh> <szh> 뤬ޤѤǿԤϽФʤä<ss> <sch> ΤۤѸȾФͥäֻȤƤϡɥĸֻפ碌 <sch> ʤ櫓ˤϤʤȤ櫓ƬǤϹԤ졤Ǥ16ޤ³
θǤ˸ /ʃ/ ɽ魯ΤˡֻѤ줿롥㤨 she ɽ魯Τˡ13ˤ <sge>, , <sze> Τ褦ֻȤѤ줿East Anglia Ǥϡ褯ΤƤ褦 shall should θƬҲ <x> ֤졤̯ <xal> <xulde> ߤ줿ޤ -ship ѸǤϤȤ -<chipe> ֤줿
Ǹˡ1200ǯ Ormulum Ǥ⤹Ǥ˵§ŪѤƤ<sh> ͥŻȤ¾뤳Ȥˤʤ롥14Υɥʸ Chaucer ǤŪǤꡤCaxton ǤɸȤʤä
ḽѸǤϡĤθˤƤλҲɽ魯Τ¾λѤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬츻Ū뤤ȯ٤ŪǤ롥㤨Сmachine, schedule, Asia, -tion (cf. #2018. <nacio(u)n> <nation> ֻѲ ([2014-11-05-1])) ʤɤǤ롥
#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1])#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])#1829. եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])#1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡḽѸֻηϤϤ֤ɽŪ (logographic) Ǥ롥ɽʸɸ֤륢ե٥åȤѤƤʾ塤ɽŪȤȤϤꤨʤΩѸΤɽŪֻηϤӤСɽŪʤƤȤȤϤǤ롥
ɽָŪȽҤ٤ƤΤˤɽַǡŪ ("morphographic"?) ɽ٤1ĤηǤˤޤäʸƤδطĤǤɤǤݻȤΤɽַǡܼǤ롥ϡʸˡȤǷ椹ԤˤȤäƤϤ꤬ŪŪʴ̤˻ѤƤŪˡֻȤ褽פ뤫
Carney (18) ϡѸֻɽַǡˤĤơ첻ȻҲ줾ʤŪΤͿƤ롥
2.4 LEXICAL SPELLING
Keeping the spelling of a morpheme constant
The English writing system is not simply concerned with mapping phonemes on to letters. To a large extent it tries to offer the reader a constant spelling for a morpheme in spite of the varying pronunciation of the morpheme in different contexts. Children are taught both a long and a short phonemic value for the simple vowel letters. In spite of the very considerable present-day phonetic differences in pronunciation, the pairs /eɪ/ -- /æ/ (sane, sanity), /aɪ/ -- /ɪ/ (mime, mimic), /əʊ/ -- /ɒ/ (cone, conical, /iː/ -- /e/ (diabetes, diabetic) have a constant vowel letter. Only in the pair /aʊ/ -- /ʌ/ (pronounce, pronunciation) do the vowel letters used in the spelling (<ou> -- <u>) sometimes vary to reflect the surface difference. But even here there are long-short differences such as South, Southern where the morpheme keeps its spelling identity. Similarly the different correspondences /s/ <c>, /k/ <c>, and /ʃ/ <c> allow a constant morphemic spelling in words such as electricity, electrical, electrician. The past tense and participle morpheme {-ed} in regular verbs (ignoring forms such as spelt, spent, dreamt) has a constant <-ed> spelling in spite of the phonemic variation /ɪd/ (waited), /d/ (warned) and /t/ (watched).
ΰѤܤΤϡ<pronounce> <pronunciation> ɽַǡ㳰ȤƵƤ뤳ȤȤdzʤư̾ΥڥˤƤ첻ۤʤäƤΤȤƤŪĴ٤ƤߤͤϤ Carney ˴Ť뤳ȤǤ<south> /saʊθ/ <southern> /sʌðən/ Ǥϡ첻ϰۤʤ뤬ƱǤֻɽ綠Ȥɽַǡθ§ˤꡤ̤ <ou> ֤롥줬ѸֻΤȤƤˤǤ롥/aʊ/ /ʌ/ θؤ˴ؤƤϡ㳰ŪɽѤ <pronounce> vs <pronunciation> Τ褦ʤΤ롥Carney ϤΥڥͣΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ뤬<denounce> vs <denunciation>, <renounce> vs <renunciation>, <abound> vs <abundance>, <redound> vs <redundancy> Τ褦⤢롥
Τ褦ʼ䤬ФȤȤϡ<pronounce> vs <pronunciation> ˼ɽѸֻȤƤ㳰ȤľȤȤդˤС<south> vs <southern> μɽΤۤ§ȤľƯƤΤ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
դˤϡformality Υ٥뤬¸ߤ롥ܸȤˤ⡤줬ǽŪ˸ŪʰʪդͽǤС㤨д˴ְ㤤Τʤ褦ĤʤɡʤդʧΤ̤Ǥ롥ŻҥʸϤʤɤǤϡʪϳʼ٤뤳Ȥ¿ӥͥʤŪŪʤζʸϤǤäƤæʤɤϷ褷ƾʤʤŪʥʸϤǤСʤæʤɤΩĤȤϡïиƤȤǤ롥ˡʬɤळȤΤʤ˺ϿʤɤǤϡʸˡƤꡤŬ˻Ȥäꤹ롥⤷ͤ˸졤äƤȻŦ줿ȤƤ⡤䤿ϤϸǤϤʤάʽˤʤȿʤդˤϡˡδȤ̤μȤơformality δγʼάȤ롥ϸѸǤƱǤ롥
Ѹˤֻɸಽȸ경塹ȿʹԤƤ17--18ˤ⡤ƱäֻˤϡȤ̤μȤ formality μ¸ߤƤAddison, Dryden, Swift, Johnson ʤʸͤϡ1ĤθꤷֻDZѸȤĥˡεϤΩ褦ȤϤޤǸŪʸϤ˸ꤵƤȤΤϡ修ʤɤǤϡɤ줿ֻˤѤƤǤ롥Swift ¾ͤμˤֻˤϸäˤ⤫餺 jail/gaol, hear/here/heer, college/colledge ʤɤɤƤJohnson ϼǤֻθ경ˤäŪʽʪǤ complete/compleet, pamphlet/pamflet, dos/do's/does ѰۤJohnson Ǥ顤修ˤƤä˸ˡɬפƤʤäΤǤ롥Horobin (157) ϡ17--18ˤ뤳ξˤĤơʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Rather being a marker of literacy or education, non-standard spellings in private letters seem to have been considered a marker of relative formality. These private spellings do not appear in printed works, which follow the accepted standard spelling conventions.
ξϡ¿쾯ʤ19ʹߡߤޤ³ƤȤäƤǤϤʤդˤĤƤϡˡ formality ꡤ뤤ϸȤƱƤϤʤʤȤȤ
ȤȤǤСԥ塼ǤΤȤ¿ʤäƤŪʥƤȤǤ顤ȾмưŪ˥ڥåѴʸʤɤΥåǽư褦ˤʤäƤĤƤϿǡȼԤäƤŪʥåǽߡԥ塼ˤäƻŪʽʪΰˤƤƤȤˡл뤹뵬ϼŪΩοͤˤȤäƤϡΤ褦ʼưåǽ¸ߤ˾ޤפΤ⤷ʤˡθȤ⤤뤫 Swift Johnson Ǥ顤ΤεϤβĤˤפΤǤϤʤפȤɬפˤʤΤϸŪʸ̮ˤƤǤꡤŪʸ̮ǤפⶵΤ©줷롥ȾưǺư륹ڥåѴظ˹Ƥ뼭βʤΤϤΤȾХ֥åܥåȤʤäƤǡˡפפƤȤȤϡͤƤߤ©줷Ф꤫鴶롥Swift Johnson θζ̤ϡƳQŪäƤΤ⤷ʤ
դؤοβȤˤĤƤϡ#1844. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä (2) ([2014-05-15-1]) Ȥ줿
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
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