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interjection - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2011-10-28 Fri

#914. BNC ˤä庹Ĵ [bnc][corpus][statistics][lltest][interjection]

ε#913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ ([2011-10-27-1]) Ǽꤢ Rayson et al. ǤϡüԤ̤ǤʤǯˤäѰۤĴƤ롥ǯ𺹤ȤäƤ⡤35̤ʾ夫Ǿ岼ʬ绨Ĥʬ̤ϤĤζ̣ͿƤ롥ʲϡχ2 ξ19̤ޤǤΰǤ (142--43)

RankUnder 35Over 35
Wordχ2Wordχ2
1mum1409.3yes2365.0
2fucking1184.6well1059.8
3my762.4mm895.2
4mummy755.2er773.8
5like745.2they682.2
6na as in wanna and gonna712.8said538.3
7goes606.6says443.1
8shit410.1were385.8
9dad403.7the352.2
10daddy380.1of314.6
11me371.9and224.7
12what357.3to211.2
13fuck330.1mean155.0
14wan as in wanna320.6he144.0
15really277.0but139.0
16okay257.0perhaps136.0
17cos254.4that131.3
18just251.8see122.1
19why240.0had118.3


ͽ̤ۤꡤ㤤ħŪʥɤϤ¿ޤǤ롥ɽθޤƤyeah, okay, ah, ow, hi, hey, ha, no, ooh, wow, hello ʤɤδ졤fucking, shit, fuck, crap, arse, bollocks ʤɤΥ֡줬Ωġ㤤ΥɤȤơ츫ͽۤ󤬤롥㤨Сplease, sorry, pardon, excuse ʤɤǫ줬㤤ħŪȤ
ۤˤϡ㤤ħŪʷƻ줬Ĥ (ex. weird, massive, horrible, sick, funny, disgusting, brilliant, really, alright, basically) ɾɽ魯ƻ졦줬¿ήԤȤߤʤȤǤ췲ǯ𺹤 "apparent time" κȹͤСˤ "real time" Ѳ뤳ȤˤʤΤǡθ췲̻Ū٤äõΤ⤪⤷

Rayson, Paul, Geoffrey Leech, and Mary Hodges. "Social Differentiation in the Use of English Vocabulary: Some Analyses of the Conversational Component of the British National Corpus." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 2 (1997): 133--52.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-04-14-1] [2011-11-02-1]

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2011-10-27 Thu

#913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ [bnc][corpus][statistics][lltest][interjection][gender_difference]

ɸ򰷤ä Rayson et al. ʸɤBNC ǡ͸Ūʴʬव줿äդϿ֥ѥ4,552,555ˤоݤȤơä˽ǯ𺹡ҲŪϰ̤ˤ뺹餫ˤ褦ȤǤ롥װΤʤǡŪѰۤŪ˺Ǥ⶯줿Τˤ뺹äȤȤʤΤǡܵǤϤη̤Ҳ𤷤
ޤʲ˵󤲤ͤβˤμɬפʤΤǡ˿ƤBNC ˼Ͽ줿äդϻִԤ2֤μʲä Walkman ˿᤭Ǥäǡ񤭵ΤǤꡤλִԤ73̾75̾Ǥ롥äо줹ִ԰ʳüԤˤĤƤ⡤Τۤ¿äơ֥ѥؤλΨǤСΤȤƽ⤯ʤ뤳ȤԻ׵ĤǤϤʤ
ƧޤǤ⡤ΤȤƽΤۤ褯äȤȤ򼨺ͤФѤ줿 word token ǤС1.00ȤȽ1.51äͭΨǤϡ1.00ȤȽ1.33ä˽βäǤΤۤ⤤ͭΨ򼨤ȤԸ椬뤬BNC Υ֥ѥǤϽƱΤβä¿äȤȤ嵭η̤طʤˤΤ⤷ʤˤ衤̣ͤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ˡ٤äˤ˽򸫤Ƥߤ褦˽ٹ礤ι⤤ɤȴФˡϡȤƤ[2010-03-10-1], [2010-09-27-1], [2011-09-24-1]εǾҲ𤷤ΤƱˡǤ롥ѥȽѥ̤줾줫줿ɽͤ碌Ū˽ (χ2) ι⤤¤ؤФ褤ʲϡ25̤ޤǤΰǤ (136--37)

RankCharacteristically maleCharacteristically female
Wordχ2Wordχ2
1fucking1233.1she3109.7
2er945.4her965.4
3the698.0said872.0
4year310.3n't443.9
5aye291.8I357.9
6right276.0and245.3
7hundred251.1to198.6
8fuck239.0cos194.6
9is233.3oh170.2
10of203.6Christmas163.9
11two170.3thought159.7
12three168.2lovely140.3
13a151.6nice134.4
14four145.5mm133.8
15ah143.6had125.9
16no140.8did109.6
17number133.9going109.0
18quid124.2because105.0
19one123.6him99.2
20mate120.8really97.6
21which120.5school96.3
22okay119.9he90.4
23that114.2think88.8
24guy108.6home84.0
25da105.3me83.5


ɬ⤳25̤ޤǤɽǤɤ߼ʤRayson et al. (138--40) ˤаʲܤͤȤ

"four-letter words"졤δħŪǤ (ex. shit, hell, crap; hundred, one, three, two, four; er, yeah, aye, okay, ah, eh, hmm)
;̾졤1;̾졤δϽħŪǤ (ex. she, her, hers; I, me, my, mine; yes, mm, really) ̾λѤˤä˽Ϥʤ
the of λѤ¿˰̾Ѥ̾λѤ¿Ȥ̤λ¤ȴϢ뤫
ͭ̾졤̾졤ưϽ¿λ "report" ηФδط "rapport" ηθ줫
ͭ̾ΤʤǤ⡤̾ϽλѤ¿̾λѤ¿

¾Υѥˤ븡ڤɬפη̤Ȳ˶̣ߤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥
ɤ׽ȴϢơѥؤǥ踡ѤȤƹѤ褦ˤʤäƤ Log-Likelihood ˤĤƤϡ Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 1 Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 2 򻲾ȡ

Rayson, Paul, Geoffrey Leech, and Mary Hodges. "Social Differentiation in the Use of English Vocabulary: Some Analyses of the Conversational Component of the British National Corpus." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 2 (1997): 133--52.

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2009-11-26 Thu

#213. ֤פȯ [pronunciation][interjection][phoneme][origin_of_language]

ޥ󥬤ʤɤǶȤ⤦᤭ȤĤʤ֤פ֤פȤɽ򸫤뤳Ȥ롥ܸȤƤɸŪɽǤϤ뤬ɸȤƤϤ露ǧ٤򹭤ƤƤ롥ɽ̾ܤǸȯƤߤʤȸ줿顤ɤΤ褦ȯФΤ
¾ΤʤǡƱναѸؤ夬ädzơΰոҤ٤äϰפ֤פ֤פ˴ޤޤҲϡͭ໤פǤϤʤȯȤƤ [ɦ] ɽҲǤ롥
ؤδä򽤤ƤСλҲĴǤ롥Ǥ [h] ͭǤ롥ϸ첻ȤƤŪΰĤǡβǤȤƤܸˤѸˤ¸ߤʤ֤Τڤ餺ˡ֤ϤϡˡפȯȤˡܤΡ֤ϡפλҲΰ۲ȤƸ礬롥
֤פΤ褦ʴɽ ( interjection ) ȸƤФ졤θǤϤθɸŪʲηϤ鳰줿뤳Ȥ롥첽δȿŪȯݤ˽Ф벻Ǥ뤫顤ɸŪʲηϤΩƤȤȤԻ׵ĤǤϤʤ
ѸäܤȡԲɽ ugh [ʌx] 䡤ڤɽ tut-tut [dental_clickdental_click] Τ褦ʴ줬롥[x] ̵໤[dental_click] ̵岻ǤꡤɸѸβηϤˤϴޤޤƤʤҲǤ롥
ܤΤϡܸǤѸǤ⡤ɽ򶯰ֻȤɽ褦Ȥ硤ֻɽȤ񤷤ˡ̵򤻤򤨤ʤȤǤ롥֤פ⶯ɽugh ⶯ɽǤ롥ɽȤ夷Ƥȡդˤɽ˴Ťȯޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥㤨Сugh [ʌg] Ȥơtut-tut [tʌt tʌt] Ȥȯ褦ˤʤäƤ롥ȤȤϴȯϪǤäɽˤ򶯰ɽ뤳Ȥˤäơ٤Ϥɽ˴Ťȯʤ֤ȯ ( spelling pronunciation ) ߽ФƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
˴ȯϪȤƤκǽȯ켡ȯפȸƤӡθ֤ȯȤȯȯפȸƤܤȯϪȤƤ켡ȯФơȯϲʤθ첽ץФƸ줿Լפǡֿ͹ŪפȯǤ롥ȯϡĹץФǡפȤ connotation ΤǤϤʤQuirk et al. (853 ft. [c]) ˤȡugh [ʌg] tut-tut [tʌt tʌt] Τ褦ȯϡŪʶͭȤ̤Ȥơha ha [hɑ: hɑ:] ʤɤ󤲤Ƥ롥
ȯϪǤ켡ȯ֤ȯʤɤΥץФȯȤδ֤ˡפʤɤΤʹŪʣʴ connotation ȤղäȤȤϡȯεˤ⼨ͿΤǤϤʤ
Ĥ顤֤פäȯˤޤȯŸƤ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2009-11-27-1]

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