Ѳȸ٤ȤδطˤĤƤϡPhillips θҲ𤷤ʤ顤#1239. Frequency Actuation Hypothesis ([2012-09-17-1]) #1242. -ate ưζܹԡ ([2012-09-20-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ#1265. ٤ȲѲνδط˵ŤƤ Schuchardt ([2012-10-13-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ˲ŪѲϹٸ줫ϤޤȤȤ19ŦƤդ (analogy) δؤֲŪѲٸ줫ϤޤȤȤ⡤ۤƱ Herman Paul ˤäƻŦƤHooper 95)
Hooper ϡ1984ǯʸǡ٤Ȥ顤벻Ѳȹͤ븽Ѹˤ schwa-deletion memory ʤɤ2첻ˤˤʿȹͤưμѲĴ2Ω "phonetic change tends to affect frequent words first, while analogical leveling tends to affect infrequent words first" (101) ٻPhillips Ϥñ2ΩˤäƤǤʤΤ뤳ȤƤ뤬ΩνȯȤ뤳ȤϺǤ
Τ褦٤ȲѲδطˤäƤ褦˸ Hooper ¤ΤȤüԤϸپ˥ǤʤϤȹͤƤ (102)
I do not think the relative frequency of words is a part of native speaker competence, so I would not propose to make the rule sensitive to word frequency.
Ǥ٤ȲѲοʹԽشط뤳Ȥǧ³ΤǤСξԤϡüԤθǽϤǤϤʤ챿ѤΤʤˤȤȤˤʤΤHooper ϻҶθĤ褦ȤƤ褦
٤ȲѲν˴ؤΤŪʰյϡʷ֡˲Ѳˤϸΰۤʤʣμब뤳Ȥˤ롥ѲνۤʤȤȤϡ餯ѲΥᥫ˥बۤʤȤȤǤꡤѲθۤʤȤȤǤϤʤȤСѲν狼СѲưŤ狼뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ϤΤ褦ʸΰۤʤѲˡֽ벻ѲפŪʷֲѲפȤ٥ŽդƤϤ٤ʬबɬפHooper (103) ηƤ
. . . if it turned out that vowel shifts and some other phonetic changes affect infrequent forms before frequent forms, then we would have an interesting indication that phonetic changes arise from different sources, and furthermore, if my hypotheses are correct, a way of determining which types of changes are traceable to which source. Thus it appears that lexical diffusion, studied in terms of word frequency, may turn up some interesting evidence concerning the source of morpho-phonological change. (103)
Hooper, Joan. "Word Frequency in Lexical Diffusion and the Source of Morphophonological Change." Current Progress in Historical Linguistics. Ed. William M. Christie Jr. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1976. 95--105.
Phillips, Betty S. "Word Frequency and the Actuation of Sound Change." Language 60 (1984): 320--42.
Phillips, Betty S. "Word Frequency and Lexical Diffusion in English Stress Shifts." Germanic Linguistics. Ed. Richard Hogg and Linda van Bergen. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998. 223--32.
ؤΩ붵ΤʤǤǤ⡤Ȥ櫓̷ΩȤɸ2Ĥ롥H. Osthoff and K. Brugmann ɽɥĤǯʸˡ (Neogrammarians) Ausnahmslose Lautgesetze "sound laws without exception" ȥեؼ Gilliéron ξ chaque mot a son histoire "every word has its own history" Ǥ롥Ԥϲˡ§٤Ƥθ㳰ʤѤ뤳ȤԤϤ٤Ƥθ줬ȼȯŸȤƤ롥Τ褦ΩϤɤΤ褦˲áʤ뤤ϲˤ٤¤ϡξԤΤΤɤˤȤȤʤΤ
Robins (213) ϡξԤϤ̷ۤ⤷ƤʤȹͤƤ롥äΤȤƱѲФȤƱ¦̤ȡƸ줬̤ʿȤۼ¦̤¸ƤȹͤΤǤϤʤȡ
Changes in the pronunciation of words involve two things: the transmission from generation to generation of articulatory habits rests on the learning in childhood of sets of sounds heard first in certain words but, once mastered, used without effort in any number of words; but for various reasons, not by any means all understood, changes take place in the course of successive transmission between the generations, and the recurrence of a relatively small number of sounds in the virtually limitless vocabulary of a language makes for the universality of sound changes. But words are also learned as whole lexical units, and any hesitation, individual change, or other peculiarity in the pronunciation of such a unit is also learned, and may be retained and propagated in later generations or within people's speech during their lifetime. Every word has its individual history in its semantics, grammar, and pronunciation. In most cases its phonetic evolution can be described by reference to the phonetic evolution of the sounds occurring in it (this is the basis of historical 'sound laws'), but in certain cases its pronounced form must be particular history. The neogrammarians stressed phonetic uniformity; Gilliéron and his disciples stressed etymological individuality.
θؤȯۤϡȤ̤ˤĤƤϵ䤬äƤ⡤§Ȥ Neogrammarian Ǥ³Ƥ롥Ausnahmslose Lautgesetze ˴꤫뤿ˤ⡤۾ˡŪʸѲϽפ
Robins, R. H. A Short History of Linguistics. 4th ed. Longman: London and New York, 1997.
٤óȻ (lexical diffusion) οʹԽδطˤĤƤϡ[2012-09-17-1], [2012-09-20-1], [2012-09-21-1]γƵǰäƤ19ǯʸˡ (Neogrammarians) ˤСѲ "phonetically gradual and lexically abrupt" ǤȤȤQäǯθóȻθˤꡤѲˤѲŵŪ˸ "lexically gradual" βǧ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥֤Ǥ첻Ǥ졤ѲΤʤˤϽȵڤƤ椯ΤȤθϡѲθȤƤ (analogy) Ȥ褯Ѳ֤Ƥ Neogrammarians ⤷ΤȤΤäξȤ
˿ʹԤ벻Ѳǧ硤줬ɤΤ褦ʽǿʹԤΤȤȤʤ롥ǡ٤ȤƤƤΤδθϤޤ˽ФǤ롥ȤȤȤǤСƤϰճʤƤǯʸˡɤй Hugo Ernst Maria Schuchardt (1842--1927) 1885ǯȤᤤʳǡ٤ȲѲνܤդƤΤʲϡPhillips (321) ˷ǺܤƤ Schuchardt ΰѡʱˤǤ롥
The greater or lesser frequency in the use of individual words that plays such a prominent role in analogical formation is also of great importance for their phonetic transformation, not within rather small differences, but within significant ones. Rarely used words drag behind; very frequently used ones hurry ahead. Exceptions to the sound laws are formed in both groups.
Neogrammarian λˤơ٤ȲѲνܤ Schuchardt ״˶äʤμϡθˤüξǤꡤƥΤȤ˭٤dzΤʴפΤäޥؤʬबȤꤸƤȤȴط롥ϡ¤λˤ Neogrammarian βˡ§ȿ㤬˭٤ˤ뤳ȤϤäǧƤꡤˡ§ˤˤκƷǤϸοʤȤ˴Ƥ²ȤͤˤŪǡ˺ȾȻβꤷƤäκؤδؿϲ̤ƤʤŪʸ椬ɾ褦ˤʤäΤϡ1塤쥪츦θ1960ǯΤȤǤ롥
Schuchardt Τ褦ʸۤäƤȤΤС嵭ΰѤ⼫ǤSchuchardt ȥ쥪ؤȯŸȤδطˤĤƤϡ (188--96) ܤ
Phillips, Betty S. "Word Frequency and the Actuation of Sound Change." Language 60 (1984): 320--42.
Schuchardt, Hugo. Über die Lautgesetze: Gegen die Junggrammatiker. 1885. Trans. in Shuchardt, the Neogrammarians, and the Transformational Theory of Phonological Change. Ed. Theo Vennemann and Terence Wilbur. Frankfurt: Altenäum, 1972. 39--72.
ɧظؤȤϲ١ȽŹҴȿӡ1993ǯ
analogy ѡˤϡѲθȤơǤΤƤ뤬Ʊ˺Ǥڻ뤵ƤȤäƤ褤ֲѲ㳰ʤפȾ19ǯʸˡ (Neogrammarians) ϡˡ§ϳϡ䤫ѤˤäƸ̤ˤǤȼĥˤäơȤ櫓ϡ㳰ꤲ٤ȢȲƤä
ǯʸˡɤβѲιͤ "phonetically gradual and lexically abrupt" ȤΤ¤βѲΤʤˤ "phonetically abrupt and lexically gradual" ΤΤ뤳ȤʬäƤƤ롥óȻ (lexical diffusion) νޤѲѲػȡष "morphologically abrupt and lexically gradual" λ㤬̾Ǥ롥ϡޤˤѲŵŪ˸Ǥ롥Ūʲˡ§Ω줫鸫СϥȢΤ褦ʤΤդ濴Ȥ餹ȡˡ§ðۤʻΤ褦˻פƤ롥ξԤʤΰƱǡ⼡βѲˤϸѲФȤɬפʤΤǤϤʤ
֤ƤԹΩˤĤơޤȲѲȤ֤ƤԹʾˤĤơPostal (234) 3ǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
'Analogy' is really an unfortunate term. There is reason to believe that rather than being some sharply defined process, analogy actually is a residual category into which is put every kind of linguistic change which does not meet some set of a priori notions about the nature of change. In particular, I think that the term 'analogy' has been used very misleadingly to refer to cases of perfectly regular phonological change in which part of the conditioning environment involves Surface Constituent Structure; i.e. changes which happen only in nouns, or only in verb stems, etc. I suspect that an analytic survey of cases which have been referred to as 'analogy' would yield many instances of regular phonological change with nonphonetic environments . . . .
Postal ϡ"the regularity of phonetic change "its putative purely phonetic character" (281) ȤƱƤȤŪŦʤ顤벻ѲȤεΥϤۤ礭ʤΤǤϤʤȼƤ롥
ϡŪԵ§ŪʺѤȤơѲεˤƤⰷȤƤŪʲˡ§ˤ顤ŪʲФƤºݤˤԵ§뤫餳ȢɬפȤƤΤǤ롥analogy ϿޤƤ٤
Postal, P. Aspects of Phonological Theory. New York: Harper & Row, 1968.
ѲΤʤǤξüϤȤ櫓ŪʸݤǤ롥ǤŪĴΥͥ륮Τǡ夤ȯȤʤ꤬Ǥ롥̵ͭˤʤ롥첻Ǥۣ첻 schwa [ə] ͳƾüҲǤƾü롥ʹ֤˴ŤθݤǤ롥
üޤּΡײѲȤäơ߳˿ʹԤȤϸ¤ʤ19ɥĤǯʸˡ ( Neogrammarians ) οäƼĥƤΤΡºݤˤϡѲθäФưΧȤϸ¤ʤषǶóȻ ( lexical diffusion ) ȤƤ褦ˡѲˤϸä˥褦ˤƽ˿ʹԤ⾯ʤʤüˤĤƤСäФưΧ˺ѤϤΤ褦˸ơ֤в᤹ˤäƷ֥饹֤ǾüοƩΨ®٤˺ФƤ㤬롥֥饹Ǥû֤Ǿüλ뤬̤η֥饹ǤϾüٱ䤷ꡤޤ̤η֥饹ǤϾüɤθ褹ʤɤȤȤ⤢ꤦ롥Τ褦ʲѲǤϡ쳰ŪʡŪʡװˤ곫Ϥ줿Ѳ֥饹ζ̤ȤŪʡʵǽŪʡװˤäĴȤȤˤʤ롥
ѸˤλȤƤϡߤ˴Ϣ2Ĥθü롥
(1) űѸ줫Ѹ˻Ϥޤä -n ξüΧ˻Ϥޤä褦˸ơѸˤϷ֥饹Ȥ˿ʹԤλۤʤäƤѲ̾ñƻǤ -n ξü®䤫äѲ̾ʣǤ٤줿 (Moore, "Loss")ѸǤϡ̾ʣȤƤ -n Ͼü٤줿Ф꤫षĥۤɤǤ (Hotta 218)
(2) ƱűѸ줫Ѹ˻Ϥޤä첻ֻǤ̾ <e> ֤졤[ə] ȯ줿ˤξüΧ˻Ϥޤä褦˸ơѸοʹԤλϷ֥饹Ȥ˰ۤʤäƤ̾ζޤǤϸ첻Ϥ褯ü[2010-10-11-1]εǸ褦˷ƻζʣȼѲñˤȤơޤ餯ưˤƤ⡤14ޤŪ褯ݤ줿 (Minkova, "Forms" 166; Ϣ Moore, "Earliest" ⻲)
(1), (2) ξǡ̾졦ƻʣɸȤ䤬̤ƤΤ⤷(2) ˴ؤơMinkova (186) Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The analysis proposed here assumes that the status of the final -e as a grammatical marker is stable in the plural, for both diachronic inflexional types. Yet in maintaining the syntactically based strong - weak distinction in the singular, -e is no longer independently viable. As a plural signal it is still salient, possibly because of the morphological stability of the category of number in all nouns, so that there is phrase-internal number concord within the adjectival noun phrases. Another argument supporting the survival of plural -e comes from the continuing number agreement between subject noun phrases and the predicate, in other words a morphologically explicit opposition between the singular and the plural continues to be realized across the system.
ȳʤѸˤܼۤΤƵäΥƥϸߤޤǷ³ƤѸˤͤȤθüȷ֥饹δϢ϶̣
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
Minkova, Donka. "The Forms of Speech" A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 159--75.
Minkova, Donka. The History of Final Vowels in English: The Sound of Muting. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991.
Moore, Samuel. "Loss of Final n in Inflectional Syllables of Middle English." Language 3 (1927): 232--59.
Moore, Samuel. "Earliest Morphological Changes in Middle English." Language 4 (1928): 238--66.
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